翻译讲义

Chapter Two Comparison Between English & ChineseLexical Differences:1 Word Meaning1) absolutely equivalent meaningUsu. Proper names; technical terms; names of objects2) partly equivalent meaning3) no equivalent meaningUsu. Newly-appeared words; or those only existing in one culture4) poly-meaning wordsA) Usually children have no school on Saturdays.B) This professor doesn’t belong to any school.C) Both of his sons graduated from the law school.D) At the beginning of every term we have a school meeting.E) She attended a dancing school when she was five.2 CollocationTo cut wheat 割麦子To cut cake 切蛋糕To cut finger-nails 剪（或修）指甲To cut branches from a tree 砍掉树上的枝丫To cut a stone into an image of Buddha 把石头雕刻成佛像To cut a hole in a wall 在墙上挖一个洞吃药to take medicine吃后悔药to regret吃香to be very popular吃惊to be surprised吃苦to bear hardships吃透to have a thorough grasp吃斋to be a vegetarian for religious reasons吃馆子to dine out吃鸭（零）蛋to get a zero in an exam or to score nothing in a game 吃一堑，长一智 a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit3 Word orderUsu. the use of attributive and adverbial is different.Classroom practice:1. soft pillow ___________ soft music ___________soft cushion ___________ soft wood ___________soft money ___________ soft drink ___________soft breeze ___________ soft light ___________soft voice ___________ soft fire ___________soft hat ___________ soft words ___________soft answer ___________ soft goods ___________soft heart ___________ soft water ___________2 . regular reading ___________ regular flights ___________regular job ___________ regular visitor ___________regular speed ___________ regular gasoline ___________regular verb ___________ regular army ___________3 . run into debt ___________ run for presidency ___________run wild ___________ run a factory ___________run the streets ___________ run a fever ___________run to the extremes ___________ run to seed ___________Chapter Three Lexical TranslationSection One Choice of word meaningOne with the help of word class1. The net income of the peasants in the county averages 8458 Yuan this year.2. Though an average student with average intelligence, his achievements surprised all of the students and teachers.3. Tom’s school work is above the average.4. 十年树木，百年树人。

5. 树大招风。

6. 年轻人应该树立远大的理想。

classroom practice:1. And not only has won, but because it has won, has been in the right.2. For that is what going to war means, it means saying that might is right.3. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of bribery.4. All came right in the end.5. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.6. Like knows like.7. His wife likes her pet dog more than him.8. Like father, like son.9. He acts like he is the manager.10. It will clear up very like.Two with the help of context1. It’s time to go aboard.2. The local government is planning to develop that area.3. At present, all the country are developing tourism.4. Many girls developed the habit of eating between meals.5. This course is to develop one’s English speaking skills.6. Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals.7. Please develop your idea in detail.8. Further investigations developed the truth that they did tell lies.Classroom practice:1. A mouse is the carrier of many kinds of virus.2. She always takes offense at her husband’s remarks.3. The engine is running properly.4. A good idea ran through her mind5. His family runs several restaurants.6. This time he eventually decided to run for the presidency.7. Her eyes ran with tears at the terrible news.8. He is the last man to do this silly thing.9. His father died last Monday.10. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.11. He is the last person for such a job.12. Lucinda was the last to arrive this morning.13. Last week I came across a former classmate whom I haven’t seen for twenty years.14. Last summer his family have traveled to Singapore.Three with the help of collocation1．Computer is labeled as one of the greatest inventions in the 20th century. 2．He has great ears and eyes.3．Premier Zhou En’lai has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.4．Yao Ming is a great NBA player.5 。

What a great idea!6．—How about your exam?—Great!7．Don’t annoy him. He has a great temper recently.Classroom practice：1. It was a good dinner.2. He is a good chess player.3. She speaks good English.4. I have done a good day’s work.5. It was a girl with good manners.6. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.7. She proved to be a good listener.Section Two Extension of word meaningOne from concrete to abstract meaning:1. I was not one to let my heart rule my head.2. He is the champion of the colonial regime and of the racial segregation.3. The skin is a natural spacesuit of the human body.4. They have their smiles and tears.5. He is a jovial, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women.Classroom practice：1. The see-sawing situation of this match appealed millions of audience.2. Every life has its roses and thorns.3. There is a mixture of the tiger and the fox in the character of the imperialists.4. Don’t always poke your nose into others’ personal aff airs.5. Are you licking my boots? Even so, I won’t lend you another penny any more.6. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.7. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.8. Talk of their affairs was in the air overnight.9. You’re barking up the wrong tree. He has nothing to do with this.10. The bottom line of the problem was that the recession did not show the least sign of bottoming out.11. Such conduct is known in all languages as piracy.12. He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.Two from abstract to concrete meaning:1. Many changes take place during the transportation.2. All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.3. Under those conditions, all international morality or international laws become impossible.Classroom practice：1. Great minds think alike.2. As a mother, no matter where she goes or where she is, what she can never cut off is the connection between her and her children.3. The Great Wall is a mus t for most foreign visitors to Beijing.4. Two years’ working is a must to the people who want to take up graduated examination.5. They know where they’ve come from, they know where they’re at, and they know where they’re going.6. The President now is on a poverty tour.7. At that time he was just a nobody.8. More and more voices have been raised demanding the reelection of the presidency.9. When he saw me, he gave me the go-by.10. He always boasts that his family has money to burn.11. Popular rejoicing will go on for a week.12. Have you read any humor recently?Section Three Emotional features of wordsOne commendatory & derogatory words:1. He was polite and always gave advice willingly.2. This film star possesses a charming figure.3. Their rude manners offended many of us.4. He is a black sheep in our class.Classroom practice：1. The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.2. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.3. The reckless driver died in a traffic accident.4. The old guy is always trying to be different and has a whole bag of tricks.5. This general is really wise and resourceful.6. China is a responsible power in this world.7. Comrade Lei Feng is a warmhearted person.8. Because of the war, many innocent people died miserably.9. Her father was always drunk and even her family were often laughed at by the neighbors.10. These children have been carefully taken care of.Two neutral words:1. He keeps boasting that he once had a glorious past.2. Our country boasts in rich natural resources and talent resources.3. Mary always gets what she wants by playing office politics.4. Though a son of a famous politician, he himself showed least interest in politics.5. Have the results of the exam been issued?6. Some day your rash acts will lead to severe results, young man!7. We did achieve satisfactory results with the application of the new technology.Classroom practice：1. Parents always influence their children.2. The side-effect of this medicine will influence patients’ health.3. His father’s being a very famous politician influenced his career greatly.4. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.5. He was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.6. You’re flattering me by saying that.7. This is our scheme for this term.8. The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt.9. We know Peter to be industrious and clever.10. He is too clever for us.11. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.12. As luck would have it, I was just out when you came.13. He is restless at any time.14. When a boy, Edison had restless curiosity.15. She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.16. For hundreds of years scientists have been persistent in exploring the secret of the outer space.17. In the near future what you’ll see here will surprise you.18. The youth are bound to have a bright future.19. History revealed to us that invaders would never have a good future.20. The peasants and workers were hand-in-glove with one another in the struggle against landlords and capitalists who worked hand-in-glove with each other.21. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.Section Four Conversion of Word ClassOne——>into verb(1) from noun into verb:1. Under severe attack, the enemy’s retreat was complete at the close of the day.2. After the Civil War, the US government called for the establishment of more professional and technical schools.3. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt,in accordance with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention.4. Though he is an amateur actor, he is a better player than you.5. No matter the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back 40 years ago.Classroom practice：1. The improbable pregnancy was big news for the woman’s family.2. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.3. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of the world’s most serious social problems.4. We wouldn’t have any idea when the boy was born.5. All the people at presence should take warning from this incident.6. You are old enough to take care of yourself.7. The vitality of science and technology must be based on education.8. His father is no drinker, nor smoker.9. Wherever you go, there are signs of human presence.10. There were also those who agreed with everything about the White Paper except its publication.(2) from prep. into verb1. What are you after?2. They decided to move away for a new settlement.3. Without any comment, he threw my proposal into the drawer.4. She cried out at the news.Classroom practice：1. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.2. Are you for or against the idea to have translation course?3. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine.4. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.5. Don’t bother; the meal will be on me.6. Every day his dad drives him to and from school.7. That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.8. Let’s get in and have a talk over a cup of tea.9. The President, together with his wife, will visit the Middle East.10. The term laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.(3) from adj. into verb1. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.2. The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.3. All of us are delighted with the decision4. The teacher was not quite satisfied with her answer.Classroom practice：1. Even having 8 years in contact with her, he is still not sure she will marry him at last.2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.3. They were not content with their present achievement.4. What she is concerned with is nothing but money and fame.5. Even after a whole month, they are still surprised at the fact that I won the first prize.6. I have been bored with being with you.7. I am not ashamed to confess that I am ignorant of what I do not know.8. He is indiscriminate in reading.9. We are hopeful that some day we could come back again.10. It was a very informative meeting.11. It is desirable to keep resistance as low as possible.12. That fellow is too talkative.(4) from adv. into verb1. The boy told me his father was out.2. Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over.3. Wait me here. I’ll be back soon.Classroom practice：1. Can you come with us? Anyway, it’s up to you.2. Time is up. I must be off now.3. That presidential candidate is in again.4. Our holiday is three weeks away.5. The match was over, but there were still many fans in the stadium, crying for the victory of their supporting team.6. Have another beer. It’s on me.7. Do you know her poem collection will be out soon?8. The performance is on.9. Open the window and let fresh air in.10. She is down with a bad cold.Two ——>into noun(1) from verb into noun1. To them, he personified the absolute power.2. Most US satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions.3. Two super go players from Japan were defeated one after another.4. Several buildings around were severely damaged in this explosion.Classroom practice：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the hall.3. Don’t you have such occasions when you are treated unfai rly?4. Our company does not guarantee anything.5. He acted as though he knew women far too well for such a low-graded pupil.6. We were all deeply moved by his persistent spirit.7. Such incidents must be paid attention to in the future.8. The board objected that the company had cheated for similar contract once.9. An electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the resistance.10. They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations.(2) from adj. into noun1. By the poor here, I mean those whose yearly income is below 20,000 Y uan.2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.3. The White family were religious.4. His prediction was objective and honest.Classroom practice：1. I think your husband is quite eloquent, considerate and elegant too, but a little she-man.2. Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.3. Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.4. It took a long presidential drive to get them talk again.5. Under given conditions, the harmful can be transformed into the beneficial.6. In fission processes, the fission fragments are very radioactive.7. This problem is no more important than that one.8. The rate of the unemployed rose up by 1% this month.9. I’ll never allow you to doubt when I am correct.10. Guests of the meeting spoke highly of the comfortable rooms of the hotel.(3) from adv. into noun1. Originally he is from Shandong.2. This area is still poor economically.Classroom practice：1. He is physically strong but mentally weak.2. It was officially proved that an armed helicopter was shot down by terrorists.3. It was obvious that he was emotionally disturbed.4. The paper said editorially that it was against the spirit of the Central Committee of our Party to refuse to solve the problem of husband and wife living in two separate places.5. This fellow is psychologically unhealthy.Three ——>into adj.1. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.2. Visitors were warmly welcomed.3. The promotion is a great success.4. It is a successfully translated version.Classroom practice：1. The security and warmth of the house were wonderful.2. Don’t ask me. I myself am a perfect stranger in this city.3. The puppet-show was performed with great regularity.4. She stupidly answered such a question.5. The board of the directors accepted the feasibility of the plan.6. After a busy and productive day, he felt deliciously tired.7. The teacher always complains about his students’ carelessness in doing homework.8. It is of great importance to follow the agreed terms of the contract.9. The terrorists in this area were entirely destroyed.10. There is no use regretting the past.Four Conversion between other word classes:1. Securities laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably and equally.2. The president had prepared meticulously for his journey.3. This is sheer nonsense.4. When she catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, her instinct is to win her over with charm.5. They two were in a clear minority.6. The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.7. They were sitting under a tree and talking of the universe.8. Please give an accurate translation of this sentence.9. About all these blaming questions, he listened with calm.10. Hearing a strange noise from the room, he headed into it in a hurry.11. In order to make better use of the materials, people have studied their properties.12. He was sure he had done the right thing.13. I have the honor to introduce my wife to you.14. At the airport the two presidents gave each other a warm hug.15. “You are right.” He said with a slow nod.Section Five Word AddingOne for the purpose of grammar1. On the table are lying a book, a pen and an empty cup.2. The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.3. He left the door behind without a word.4. She insisted that she had met him.5. She must be over forty.6. He promised to come, and he did.Classroom practice：1. They won victories in the past two years.2. The lion is the king of animals.3. She kept three pet animals: a dog, a cat and a little pig.4. He borrowed a pot, a bowl and two chopsticks and started his new life.5. After the match, I’ve got an important meeting.6. The chairman dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.7. He was a bank clerk.8. He has been working in the laboratory the whole afternoon.9. You should have come yesterday.10. They must have been out. The door was locked.11. Yesterday he went to a net bar and today he did again.12. When he left, he said he wouldn’t come back a nd would never and forever.Two for the purpose of meaning1. The crowds melted away.2. First you borrow, then you beg.3. He wandered in the yard, thinking what to take next.4. As a housewife, her everyday work is sweeping, cleaning and cooking.5. This report summed up the new achievements made in electron tubes, semiconductors and components.6. Her arrogance threw all her friends away.7. What beautiful flowers!8. Before the network, people have less one quick access for information.Classroom practice：1. Women don’t go shopping because things are cheap and fine.2. What enthusiasm young people show when they are in love!3. She’s such a woman: wherever she sits down and begins to talk, words pour out.4. Ideally, one day researchers will find out a therapy to cure cancer.5. The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.6. I’ll make a man of him. College is the place.7. Such is war: to the victor, the trophy; to the defeated, the costs.8. All bank clerks are on a strike for a pay claim.9. This is the best solution to your problem.10. Before television, people have more leisure activities after suppers.11. Being stable in air at ordinary temperature, mercury combines with oxygen if heated.12. It being a fine day, he decided to go out for a walk.13. Since 1980s, China has politically, militarily and economically developed rapidly.14. This is a thought-provokingly different explanation.15. She was more royal than the royals.16. Never drink before driving.17. Success is often just an idea away.18. It is more expensive than it was but not as good.19. The birds in the tree scattered away.20. At that time he was as poor as we are.Three for the purpose of rhetoric1. In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July the ping “ponged”.2. This great scientist was born in New England.3. The Rush Hour4. 牛郎织女the Cow herd and the Spinning Maid separated by the Milky Way — a couple living in two separate places.Classroom practice：1. There are scenes of all sorts, some grand and lofty horse-riding, some scenes of high life, and some of very middling indeed; some love-making for the sentimental, and some light comic business.2. Nixon learned that China would welcome a presidential visit.3. The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadows and banks and woods.4. Where there is water, there is life.5. The thief tiptoed into the house.6. It’s a bit fishy that she should have given away a villa like that.7. There is still prejudice and even some hatred, but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before.8. Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an early invasion of Europe.9. For expert man can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one.10. Though the couple have divorced, they haven’t cut off relations completely.11. As a matter of fact, they have never met before.12. Someday the minutes will have to come to light.13. You really look sweet tonight.14. The girls were all smiles on hearing the good news.15. In the savage fighting, Germany itself was laid waste, the towns and countryside were devastated and ravished, the people decimated.Section Six Word Deleting1. A horse has four legs.2. Put your book on the desk.3. We live and learn.4. It is a fine day today.5. A square has four equal sides.6. He still had four kids in his house to feed on.7. On October 1st, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was founded.8. It is impossible for him to work out the problem in such a short time.9. It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.10. There is another problem unsolved: where to get the technology.11. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?12. She is really foolish and stupid.13. They have done better than we have.14. The treat was pronounced null and void.15. The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that.Classroom practice：1. They had ground him beneath their heel; they had taken the best of him; they had murdered his father; they had broken and wrecked his wife; they had crushed his whole family.2. There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers o f nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.3. Instead of an old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved.4. University applicants who had worked a t a job would receive preference over those who had not.5. There was no snow; the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was died.6. But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.7. At long past, on June 6, 1944, after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked, the allies launched their long delayed western front.8. Capital is the only fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed.9. We have seven days a week and twenty-four hours a day.10. Fight when you can win; move away when you can not.11. She shook and trembled with fear.12. The room was cozy and comfortable.13. The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.14. It is never too late to mend.15. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.16. As it is late, let us go to bed.17. The Smiths found it rather difficult to persuade their son into getting rid of his bad habit.18. He’s dead and gone.19. There is still a myth that children can learn a foreign language faster and better than adults.20. The fox may grow gray, but never good.21. His father has died, but he still has a mother.22. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause and reason.23. The finished products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.24. There are different kinds of animals in a zoo.25. Where there is a will, there is a way.26. His father is a man who forgives and forgets.27. If I had known your attitude to this matter, I wouldn’t have come.28. When the conversation gets disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of breath.29. The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.30. Should any other clause in this contract be in conflict with the following supplementary conditions, the supplementary conditions should be taken as final and binding.Section Seven Word Repetition1. pregnant 身怀六甲；有孕在身2. bluntly 直截了当；直言不讳；开门见山3. hurriedly 匆匆忙忙；心急火燎；风风火火4. someday 有朝一日5. dreary 枯燥无味；精疲力竭6. bargain 讨价还价；斤斤计较7. cynical 玩世不恭；愤世嫉俗；冷嘲热讽8. appropriate 恰如其分；恰到好处9. furious 怒发冲冠；怒气冲天；怒不可遏10. gratitude 感恩戴德；感激不尽11. ingratitude 忘恩负义；过河拆桥12. prosperity 繁荣昌盛；欣欣向荣13. vivid 生动活泼14. grotesque 奇形怪状；奇奇怪怪15. cliché陈词滥调16. hesitate 彷徨犹豫17. arrogance 骄傲自大18. careless 粗心大意；马马虎虎19. rumors 流言蜚语20. calmness 镇定自若21. great contributions 丰功伟绩22. eternal glory to 永垂不朽23. in chaos 乌烟瘴气；杂乱无章24. street gossip 街谈巷议25. to be entirely on one’s own 举目无亲26. a length speech 长篇大论27. humble oneself 低三下四；奴颜婢膝29. a world of difference 天壤之别；截然不同；天差地别30. again and again三番五次；屡次三番Examples:1. People use natural science to understand and change nature.2. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.3. He is a military and commercial spy.4. Is she your family member or a relative?5. The damaged area urgently needs a great amount of food, drinking water, medicine and tents as well.6. Some developing countries develop much faster than the developed ones.7. He is the backbone and protector of his family.8. Wherever there is matter, there is motion.9. Each place has its own traditions and customs.10. Take whatever you like.11. They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an employee.12. Now we must first decide the target priorities.13. With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.14. We should be firm in determination and bold in exploration and practice.15. That crippled the plan.Classroom practice：1. There had been too much publicity about their relationship.2. These seemed to call into question the dominance not only of western power, but of western ideology.3. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.4. He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.5. If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.6. He became an oil baron—all by himself.7. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its communist party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.8. His children were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.。