Evidence of probiotics in prevention of allergy and asthma.
去甲泽拉木醛通过抑制AKT
关系仍需要进一步探究。
综上所述，TLR4介导的炎症反应在帕金森病发病机制中的作用被广泛关注，本研究证实，MPTP 诱导的帕金森病小鼠模型同样存在TLR4活化的现象，并可能通过“肠-脑”轴双向作用加剧炎症级联反应。
而白藜芦醇可能通过抑制LPS 诱导的TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB 信号通路的激活缓解炎症反应，修复肠道屏障，并减少α-syn 在肠道的累积，进而发挥保护多巴胺能神经元的效应。
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theendocannabinoid system［J］.Clin Nutr,2020,39(4):1264-75.［37］Lei JR,Tu XK,Wang Y,et al.Resveratrol downregulates the TLR4 signaling pathway to reduce brain damage in a rat model of focalcerebral ischemia［J］.Exp Ther Med,2019,17(4):3215-21.［38］Wang P,Chen Q,Tang ZQ,et al.Uncovering ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease via bioinformatics and machine learning,andreversed deducing potential therapeutic natural products［J］.FrontGenet,2023,14:1231707-18.［39］黄庆洋,纪东东,田绣云,等.小檗碱通过激活Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4通路抑制小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的铁死亡［J］.南方医科大学学报,2022,42(6):937-43.［40］Mirzaei H,Sedighi S,Kouchaki E,et al.Probiotics and the treatment of Parkinson's disease:an update［J］.Cell Mol Neurobiol,2022,42(8):2449-57.（编辑：林萍） J South Med Univ,2024,44(2):270-279··279肺癌是全球最常诊断的癌症之一，也是癌症相关死亡的主要原因，其中非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC ）是肺癌最常见的一种亚型，占比达80%［1,2］。
循证护理实践推荐
・1692・护士进修杂志2019年9月第34卷第18期官而促进其乳汁分泌，通过哺乳提示牌为产妇构建隐蔽、舒适、安全的私人空间，便于产妇于无人干扰环境中对母乳喂养方式技巧与经验等进行充分尝试探索,16-,体会感悟初为人母的愉悦，上述种种为初产妇母乳喂养行为营造了积极有效的生理心理条件，易于赢得母乳喂养自我效能的提升，使初产妇于产后初期就构建起良好泌乳循环，同时受益于乳头凹陷的有效改善与纠正、科学合理的母乳喂养姿势与行为等所带来的成功含接吸吮等，最终成功提高了首次母乳喂养成功率“词。
综上所述，无缝隙衔接多元专项护理管理模式可有效改善初产妇乳头凹陷情况，有利于提升乳头凹陷初产妇母乳喂养自我效能及首次母乳喂养成功率$参考文献,1-李素梅•母乳喂养失败的原因探讨及对护理措施的建议:J-.当代医药论丛，2012,10(4):444.余艳芸，郝加虎•初产妇产后抑郁现状及影响因素研究:J-.中国现代医生，2014(14):4-7.彭检妹，梁玮伦，陈妙芬，等•综合方法矫正乳头凹陷对促进母乳喂养成功影响的研究:J-.中国妇幼保健，2014,19(16)：2500-2501李海苗，徐军，刘桂兰，等.护理综合干预对乳头凹陷产妇产后母乳喂养成功率的观察□：•中国生育健康杂志，2015,26()：262-264李海苗，徐军，刘桂兰，等.护理综合干预对乳头凹陷产妇产后母乳喂养成功率的观察□：•中国生育健康杂志，2015,26()：262-264董建兰，居伟.急诊ICU患者转运交接中无缝隙护理管理实施的有效性分析:J-.长江大学学报：自然科学版,2014(36)：162-164王兰云，鲁静，阮芳.多元化护理干预对妊娠合并糖尿病患者的影响中华全科医学2012,10(8):1317-1318：8：关艳霞，黄晓岭,强丽霞，等.专项护理在肺部感染性疾病患者治疗中的效果评估:J-.中华医院感染学杂志，2015,25(24)：5733-5735田怡，牙祖蒙.先天性乳头内陷的手术治疗进展[J-.重庆医学,200837(2)201-202,10：刘延锦，王敏，董小方，等.中文版母乳喂养自我效能简式量表的信效度研究:J：.中国实用护理杂志，2016,32(18)：1361-1364,11：乔立芹，王艳•早期母婴皮肤接触)1小时对产妇初次实施母乳喂养的影响,：•中外女性健康研究2016(9):13.,12：张婉婉，盛芝仁.乳头凹陷产妇母乳喂养自我效能现状及影响因素分析•护理与康复2015,14(1):13-15.,13：路妍妍，高永梅，朴丽，等.信息动机行为技巧模型对乳头凹陷初产妇母乳喂养自我效能的影响研究:J：.护士进修杂志，201631(13)：1166-1168,14：National population and Family Planning Commission Imple-mentationplanofnationalwomen'sandchildren'sdevelopmentprogramfor2011-2020yearsbythestatepopulationandfam-ilyplanningcommission,J：ChineseJournalofFamilyPlan-ning201321(1)：5-7,15：Yan C,Zhiren S,Wanwan Z,et al.Impact of breastfeeding self-e f icacyinterventionamonguniparawithinvertednipples,J：Chinese Journal of Modern Nursing"2016"22(5)：659-663,16：李琴芳，胡惠琼.产妇乳头凹陷矫126例的临床效果,：.临床医学研究与实20161(12)：116,17：李娉霞，雪丽霜，葛圆，等.产后乳房按摩最佳时间及其对母乳喂养的影响,：•护士进修杂志201429(4):358-359.,18：刘歆.乳头凹陷产妇自我效能对母乳喂养成功率的影响研究:J：.现代实用医学201527(5):692-693.(修回日期"019-06-29)•循证护理实践推荐•临床问题益生菌预防婴幼儿变应性疾病和食物过敏症的现有最佳证据是什么？证据描述•益生菌能够显著减少婴幼儿湿疹(BB0.82,95%C"0.70〜0.95)$然而，当结局指标局限为特应性湿疹时,两组的差异尚没有统计学意义BR0.80,95%C"0.62〜1.02)[1：$(Level1)•使用含有鼠李糖乳酸杆菌的益生菌有助于高风险婴幼儿减少过敏1$(Level1)•目前尚没有发现益生菌对其他变应性疾病或食物过敏症的益处[1：$(Level1)实践推荐推荐使用益生菌减少婴幼儿湿疹$(GradeA)参考文献[1]Osborn D A,sinn J K.Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity,：.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2007(4):D6475.(Level1)本证据来自于国外循证资源，在应用该证据时，应考虑具体的临床情境、专业判断和患者意愿，做出本土化决策$——摘自“复旦大学循证护理中心微信公众号”。
口腔微生物及益生菌对口腔疾病的防治
·1JOURNAL OF RARE AND UNCOMMON DISEASES, FEB. 2024,Vol.31, No.2, Total No.175【第一作者】刘诚敬，男，主要研究方向：口腔微生物。
E-mail：****************【通讯作者】刘诚敬·综述·口腔微生物及益生菌对口腔疾病的防治刘诚敬*石河子大学医学院 (石河子 832000)【摘要】口腔中具有人体第二复杂的微生物群，它们是人体微生物的重要组成部分,对于人体疾病的发生和防治中起着非常重要的作用。
随着对益生菌的研究的深入，学者发现口腔益生菌对口腔疾病具有很好的防治作用，在口腔医学中逐渐得到重视。
本文就微生物的重要性、口腔微生物的复杂性、口腔微生物与健康的关系以及口腔中的益生菌对龋齿、牙周病、口臭等口腔疾病的防治作用进行梳理探究，期望对于口腔微生物和益生菌相关的口腔保健与疾病防治有所裨益。
【关键词】口腔微生物，益生菌，口腔疾病的防治【中图分类号】R781【文献标识码】ADOI:P re v e n t i o n a n d Treat m e n t o f O ra l D i s ea s e s b y O ra l Microorganisms and ProbioticsLIU Cheng-jing *.School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, ChinaAbstract: The oral cavity has the second complicated microorganisms of the human body. which act as an essential part of human microorganisms and playa very important role in the occurrence and prevention of human diseases. With the deepening of probiotics, it is found that oral probiotics have a good prevention and treatment effect on oral diseases, and gradually achieve attention in oral medicine. This article combines the importance of microorganisms, the complexity of oral microorganisms, the relationship between the microbians and health of the oral cavity, and the probiotic in the oral cavity. Related oral health is beneficial to the prevention and control of the disease.Keywords: Oral Microorganisms, Probiotics, Prevention and Treatment Effect on Oral Diseases1 微生物的重要性 人体并非独立单一的有机体，而是一个通过与诸多微生物、共生体共存，而共同构成一个完整系统。
益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果
中国当代医药2020年8月第27卷第24期CHINA MODERN MEDICINE Vol.27No.24August 2020·妇幼医学·婴幼儿腹泻是临床上一种较为常见的肠道疾病,主要表现为腹泻、呕吐等症状,其中腹泻分为急性腹泻和慢性腹泻。
急性腹泻一般多以感染性为主,慢性腹泻的常见原因为乳糖不耐受。
因为婴幼儿的主要能量来源为乳糖,乳糖酶的缺乏使母乳或奶制品中的乳糖不能被分解吸收,随后引起肠腔渗透压增高导致渗透性腹泻;乳糖不耐受为未水解的乳糖被结肠吸收后经细菌分解产生大量的气体,易引发腹胀、腹泻等症状[1]。
因乳糖不耐受易导致婴幼儿营养不良、能量摄入不足、贫血,从而影响体格发育和智能发育。
因此,婴幼儿慢性腹泻治疗的关键在于解决乳糖不耐受。
但是有部分诊断为乳糖不耐受的婴幼儿,使用乳糖酶后腹益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果张莹黄鸣剑张凯真广州市海珠区妇幼保健院儿科,广东广州510000[摘要]目的探讨益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果。
方法选取2019年8月~2020年1月我院收治的36例乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各18例。
对照组采用乳糖酶治疗,观察组采用益生菌(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散)+乳糖酶治疗。
比较两组患儿的治疗效果、腹泻次数、吐奶次数、体重变化。
结果观察组患儿的临床治疗总有效率(94.44%)高于对照组(83.33%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);治疗后,观察组患儿的腹泻次数、吐奶次数少于对照组,体重高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。
结论益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻效果显著,可以有效减少患儿的腹泻次数和吐奶次数,增加患儿的体重,值得临床推广应用。
[关键词]益生菌;乳糖酶;乳糖不耐受;婴幼儿;慢性腹泻[中图分类号]R725.7[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1674-4721(2020)8(c)-0151-03Clinical effect of probiotics combined with Lactase in the treatment of chronic diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance in infants and young chil⁃drenZHANG Ying HUANG Ming-Jian ZHANG Kai-Zhen Department of Pediatrics,Haizhu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510000,China[Abstract]Objective To explore the clinical effect of probiotics combined with Lactase in the treatment of chronic di⁃arrhea caused by lactose intolerance in infants and young children.Methods A total of 36children with chronic diar⁃rhea caused by lactose intolerance admitted to our hospital from August 2019to January 2020were selected as the re⁃search objects,and they were divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method,with 18cases in each group.The control group was treated with Lactase,and the observation group wastreated with probiotics (Clostridium Caseate Bivalent Viable Powder)combined Lactase.Treatment effect,number of di⁃arrhea,number of vomiting and weight changes were compared between two groups of children.Results The total effec⁃tive rate of treatment of children in the observation group was 94.44%,which was higher than that of the control group of 83.33%,the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).After treatment,the numbers of diarrhea and milking in the observation group were fewer than those in the control group,and the weight was higher than that in the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion The combination of probiotics and Lactase is effective in treating chronic diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance in infants and young children.It can effectively re⁃ducing the frequency of diarrhea and vomiting in children,increasing the weight of children,and is worthy of clinical application.[Key words]Probiotics;Lactase;Lactose intolerance;Infants and young children;Chronic diarrhea[基金项目]广东省广州市海珠区科技计划项目(海科工商信计2018-31)151·妇幼医学·中国当代医药2020年8月第27卷第24期CHINA MODERN MEDICINE Vol.27No.24August 2020泻症状改善不明显,因此考虑是否有部分婴幼儿同时存在肠道菌群失调加重其腹泻症状[2]。
双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊联合三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌
双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊联合三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌胡可伟;张振玉;刘顺英;朱小兵【摘要】自20世纪80年代Warren和Marshall发现幽门螺杆菌(Hp)以来,已确认Hp是慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡的最主要的病因,也是诱发胃癌的Ⅰ类致癌因子[1].目前Hp的一线根除方案是三联疗法,二线方案为四联疗法.国内外统计表明,Hp对常用抗生素的耐药率越来越高,根除率逐年下降,且抗生素应用可引起胃肠道菌群失调等不良反应[2-3].近年来有研究发现益生菌在体内外均能抑制Hp的定植及生长,从而提高Hp的根除率,并减少不良反应的发生.本研究旨在比较双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊(培菲康)联合三联疗法是否能提高Hp根除率,培菲康联合三联疗法是否能和四联疗法相媲美.【期刊名称】《临床荟萃》【年(卷),期】2012(027)007【总页数】2页(P610-611)【关键词】螺杆菌,幽门;抗菌药;菌群失调;益生菌【作者】胡可伟;张振玉;刘顺英;朱小兵【作者单位】南京医科大学附属南京第一医院消化科,江苏南京210006;南京医科大学附属南京第一医院消化科,江苏南京210006;南京同仁医院消化科,江苏南京211103;南京梅山医院消化科,江苏南京211103【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R573.9自20世纪80年代Warren和Marshall发现幽门螺杆菌（Hp）以来，已确认Hp是慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡的最主要的病因，也是诱发胃癌的I类致癌因子［1］。
目前Hp的一线根除方案是三联疗法，二线方案为四联疗法。
国内外统计表明，Hp对常用抗生素的耐药率越来越高，根除率逐年下降，且抗生素应用可引起胃肠道菌群失调等不良反应［2－3］。
近年来有研究发现益生菌在体内外均能抑制Hp的定植及生长，从而提高Hp的根除率，并减少不良反应的发生。
本研究旨在比较双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊（培菲康）联合三联疗法是否能提高Hp根除率，培菲康联合三联疗法是否能和四联疗法相媲美。
meta分析：益生菌在防治儿童特应性皮炎中的作用
ｔｉｏｎ ｃａｎ ｍｏｄｕｌａｔｅ ａｂｅｒｒａｎｔ ｉｍｍｕｎｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｏｆ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒｍａｔｉｔｉｓ．Ｔｏ ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅ ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ ｏｒａｌ ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ ｉｓ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｔｒｅａｔ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒ ｍ ａｔｉｔｉｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｆａｎｔｓ ｂｙ ｍｅｔａ—ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ． Ｍ ｅｔｈｏｄｓ Ｅｌｉｇｉｂｌｅ ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ ａｎｄ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｓｅａｒｃｈ ｏｆ ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃ ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ．Ａｌｌ ｒａｎｄｏｍｉｚｅｄ ｔｒ ｉａ ｌ ｓ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｐｒ ｏ — ｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ ｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｐｌａｃｅｂｏ ｉｎ ｈｉｇｈ—ｒ ｉｓｋ ｉｎ ｆ ａｎｔｓ ｏｒ ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ｗｉｔｈ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒ ｍ ａｔｉｔｉｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ．Ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｗａｓ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍ ｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ Ｍ ａｎａｇｅｒ ４．３．１．Ｓｕｂａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ／ｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ Ｗａ ｓ ａｌｓｏ ｐｅｒ ｆｏｒ ｍ ｅｄ．Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ Ｆｉｖｅ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｔｒｉ— ａｌｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ．Ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒ ｍ ａｔｉｔｉｓ ｗｅｒｅ １８．５％ （９５％ ＣＩ：０．１６ —０．２１） （１２８ ｏｆ ６９１ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ ｐｒｏ— ｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ ｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ） ａｎｄ ２６．５％ （９５％ ＣＩ：０．２３ —０Ｉ３０）（１ ８６ ｏｆ ７０２ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｎ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ）．Ｔｈｅ ｏｄｄ ｒａｔｉｏ （ＯＲ） ｗａｓ ０．５５ （９５％ ＣＩ：０．３３ — ０．９０）．Ｏｎｌｙ １ ｔｒｉａｌ ｏｆ ｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒｍ ａｔｉｔｉｓ ｉｓ ｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅ ｔｏ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ ａｎｄ Ｗ ＭＤ ａｂｏｕｔ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ ｏｆ ＳＣＯＲＡＤ ｗｅｒｅ ６．３０ （９５％ Ｉ ： ０．２８ — １２．３２）．Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ Ｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃ ｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｈａｓ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｅｆｅｃｔ ｉｎ ｐｒ ｉｍａｒｙ ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒ ｍ ａｔｉｔｉｓ ｉｎ ｉｎ ｆａｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｈｅｌｐｆｕｌ ｆｏｒ ｔｒｅａｔｉｎｇ ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ｗｉｔｈ ａｔｏｐｉｃ ｄｅｒ－ ｍａｔｉｔｉｓ．Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍ ｏｒｅ， ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ ｓｈｏｗ ａ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｙ ｅｆｅｃｔ ｏｎ ｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌ ａｎｄ ｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｃ ｉｍｍｕｎｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ．
益生菌用于幽门螺杆菌根除治疗的研究进展
益生菌用于幽门螺杆菌根除治疗的研究进展作者：罗宜辉刘代华来源：《医学信息》2014年第07期幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori，Hp）感染是慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌等疾病的主要致病因素，并被划定为胃癌的Ⅰ类致癌原，我国的平均感染率为59%左右，目前Hp的根除率不断下降.寻找新的治疗药物及方案是目前急需解决的问题.研究发现联合益生菌、某些中成药[1]、胃粘膜保护剂[2]等可提高根除率.其中的益生菌颇受国内外学者的关注，本文拟对益生菌治疗HP机制的研究进展及尚待解决的问题进行如下综述。
1 益生菌治疗HP感染的机制1.1 抗炎作用有学者发现乳酸杆菌株能有效地抑制小鼠体内的Hp，减轻小鼠胃黏膜组织的炎症反应[3]。
这可能与益生菌稳定粘膜屏障、分泌粘蛋白、调整宿主免疫反应有关.益生菌也可能通过活化Hp感染中细胞因子信号抑制物（SOCS）的表达和信号转导来发挥抗炎作用[4]。
Kabir [5]等发现乳酸杆菌可以抑制HP感染所致IL-8的分泌，降低胃粘膜的炎症反应.赵东等[6]发现益生菌可显著降低小鼠的致炎因子IL-8、IFN-γ水平，减轻胃黏膜中性粒细胞的浸润，并促进抗炎因子IL-4、IL-10的生成进而诱导Th2细胞免疫应答.1.2 抑制黏附可能机制是[7]：益生菌分泌的某些抗细菌黏附的活性物质；某些益生菌可与Hp竞争黏附于胃黏膜结合位点，即所谓的"夺位"作用.体外实验显示：约氏乳杆菌Lal、唾液乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌可以抑制Hp对肠上皮细胞HT29或胃内皮细胞NKN45的黏附[8]。
动物实验也证实[9]，预先给予乳酸杆菌可以阻止或减少无菌鼠的Hp定植，这可能与乳酸杆菌阻碍了Hp的黏附有关.刘祥等[10]等的研究提示乳酸杆菌wR22能大量粘附于胃上皮细胞，显著减低幽门螺杆菌在上皮细胞的粘附密度.也有学者认为，益生菌可能通过分泌某种抗菌物质而阻止Hp粘附在胃上皮细胞[11]。
苏格兰 围术期预防的抗菌药物使用
KEY TO EVIDENCE STATEMENTS AND GRADES OF RECOMMENDATIONS
LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 1++ 1+ 12++ 2+ 23 4 High quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a very low risk of bias Well conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a low risk of bias Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a high risk of bias High quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies High quality case control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal Well conducted case control or cohort studies with a low risk of confounding or bias and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal Case control or cohort studies with a high risk of confounding or bias and a significant risk that the relationship is not causal Non-analytic studies, eg case reports, case series Expert opinion
黄连提取物对高饲养密度下肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响
DOI：10.15906/11-2975/s.20210611饲养密度一直是家禽养殖业严重关注的问题，其表示在一个特定饲养区域养殖的家禽数量。
蒋守群等（2004）报告，高饲养密度会降低肉鸡生长性能，增加死亡率和腿部患病风险，甚至影响胴体品质。
因为饲养密度过大，会对肉鸡产生应激，进而影响肉鸡免疫系统，降低对病毒或细菌感染的抵抗能力。
Feddes等（2002）认为，高密度饲养可能导致肉鸡微环境中温度较高，最终导致氧化应激增加，微生物群和抗氧化状态失衡。
上述研究结果表明，动物免疫功能和抗氧化能力受到饲养密度的影响。
近年来许多中草药被广泛应用于治疗胃肠炎、炎症、腹泻等疾病，其中黄连已被证明具有许多生物活性，包括增强免疫力、抗菌活性、抗氧化和抗炎作用（靳二辉等，2019）。
黄连提取物的主要活性物质为黄连素，Wang等（2008）研究发现，黄连素可以提高营养物质消化率和生长性能，可以降低高温环境下肉鸡氧化应激。
我们假设提高肉鸡饲养密度会导致应激，降低肉鸡生长性能，但这可能通过营养调控措施加以缓解或消除。
因此，本试验旨在研究高密度饲养条件下肉鸡日粮添加黄连提取物对其生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响。
1 材料与方法1.1 动物分组与日粮设计 试验将640只平均体重为（42.12±0.16）g的肉仔鸡随机分为4组（T1～T4），每组4个重复，每个重复40只。
T1组肉鸡在高密度（20/m2）下饲喂基础日粮，T2组肉鸡在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）下饲喂基础日粮，T3组肉鸡在高饲养密度下饲喂基础日粮+20黄连提取物对高饲养密度下肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响杨仕群1，阳 刚1，舒 刚2（1.宜宾职业技术学院，四川宜宾 644003；2.四川农业大学，四川成都 611830）[摘要]文章旨在研究高密度饲养条件下肉鸡日粮添加黄连提取物对其生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响。
试验将640只平均体重为（42.12±0.16）g的肉鸡随机分为4组（T1～T4），每组4个重复，每个重复40只。
丹尼斯克介绍。2011.2.14修
• Strategy：To create value through：organic and acquisitive growth by
leveraging and strengthening our market access, applications and technology platforms ；talented and engaged people.利用和加强市场准入，应用和技术平台 来创造有机增长；重视人才
丹尼斯克简介
—Innovation is key to Danisco
• 年销售额的6.5%投入研发 • 2009/10年度投入10.6 人民币（销售总额164亿人民币）
• 1059名全职研发人员 （2009年10月）
• 拥有9300多份有效专利（2009年12月）
丹尼斯克的菌种业务
丹尼斯克菌种 : 在菌种方面有着108
罗纳普朗克并购 Marschall
Texel 的创立 (合并 Lacto-Labo, Eurozyme 和Marschall), 并100%归属罗纳普朗克 Texel 改为罗地亚食品部门 丹尼斯克收购 Visby (冷冻和冻干菌种) 丹尼斯克收购罗地亚食品并建立丹尼斯克菌种部门
应用
Yoghurt, Fresh Cheese， Sour cream,Cottage Cheese etc.
效果
控制酵母和霉菌的生长， 和一些异型乳酸菌的生 长。
弗氏丙酸杆菌谢氏亚种， 副干酪乳杆菌
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. Shermanii Lactobacillus rhamnosus
功效 控制酸化程度，质地，色泽 和风味的形成 适用于各种肠衣的形成 不同厚度和类型的表册南方 形成
抗菌药物相关性腹泻及艰难梭菌感染的治疗
概述
抗菌药物相关性腹泻（antibiotic associated diarrhea，AAD）：是伴随抗菌药物的使用而发 生的，无法用其他原因解释的腹泻。
属于药物相关性腹泻的一种。
住院接受抗生素治疗的病人中，AAD 的发生 率为5%-39%。
薛冬梅, 马明华, 余自成. 抗生素相关性腹泻治疗新进展[J]. 世界临床药物, 2014(7):435-438.
贾天野,汤一苇,曲芬.美国艰难梭菌感染临床诊治相关指南摘要[J].传染病信息,2015,28(04):193-196.
微生态制剂的治疗
微生态制剂又称微生态调节剂 ✓ 原籍菌制剂：菌株来源于人体肠道原籍菌群，
服用后可以直接补充原籍菌，发挥作用，如 双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、酪酸梭菌、粪链球菌等。 ✓ 共生菌制剂：菌株来源于人体肠道以外，与 人体原籍菌有共生作用，服用后能够促进原 籍菌的生长与繁殖，或直接发挥作用，如芽 孢杆菌、枯草杆菌等。 ✓ 真菌制剂：如布拉氏酵母菌。
1515
艰难梭菌腹泻（CDI）
临床表现：
• 主要是在24h内有3次或以上的未成形大便； • 粪便中检测到艰难梭菌毒素或产生毒素的梭状芽孢杆
菌； • 肠镜检查或病理学检查提示假膜性结肠炎； • 大部分患者有8周内应用抗菌药物或抗肿瘤药物治疗史。
流行病学：
Ø CDI常在医疗机构中流行，住院患者易感。 Ø CD无症状定植率在新生儿和小于1岁的婴幼儿中最高，
✓ 金春. 抗生素相关腹泻识别与处理[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2016, 36(02):168-171.
1313
AAD发生的危险因素
年龄≥65岁，禁食，使用抑酸剂，白蛋白≤30g/L，侵袭性操作，入住ICU， 住院天数≥10d，使用抗生素种类≥3种，抗生素用药时间≥10d都是AAD的
xx配方奶粉的婴儿配方奶粉说明书
1. Reducing the risk of allergy:「大量臨床研究顯示，使用經過臨床驗證、效果明確的pHF水解蛋白 配方奶粉，能使嬰兒的敏感風險（特別是濕疹）降低約42%。
因此，國際權威組織建議嬰兒出生後的頭六個月，若因各種原因不能餵哺母乳或者母乳不足時，應儘早使用pHF水解蛋白配方奶粉以降低敏感風險。
」2. Reducing the risk of respiratory symptoms due to cow milk allergy: 食物很有可能是嬰幼兒最大機會接觸到的致敏原。
如果6個月以下的BB有呼吸道症狀如咳嗽、鼻敏感，而媽媽未能以全母乳餵哺…… 可考慮用降低牛奶蛋白致敏性的配方奶粉來銜接母乳，相信可以減低嬰幼兒有呼吸道症狀的機會。
」3. Easy digestion and absorption: 「部分水解蛋白配方中的蛋白質被分解為小分子，因而容易被BB 尚在發育中的消化系統消化和吸收，更適合BB的倍嫩腸胃。
」4. Being a “Comfort milk” 「 BB容易嘔奶、胃氣脹、硬便便，晚晚扭計瞓唔好？xx 配方奶粉專為BB幼嫩腸胃研發，舒緩腸胃不適。
BB食得好、瞓得好！…」Partially hydrolysed Infant Formula: a Better Alternative forBabies Who are Not Breastfed?………Myths and the Latest Scientific EvidenceDr. Tam Yat Cheung, AlfredSpecialist in Paediatrics and Past President of theHong Kong Society of Paediatric Respirology and AllergyMore and more brands of partially hydrolysed formula (pHF) are now available in Hong Kong. Advertisements claim it gives extra health benefits that cannot be provided by ordinarily infant formula.The claimed health benefits of pHF products include:Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Hong Kong Association April 2017Infant & Young Child Feeding n Nutrition in PerspectivePartially Hydrolysed Formulas available in Hong Kong:Through a manual search of MIMS and formula milk manufacturers’ websites, the following brands of partially hydrolysed whey-based formula are found being marketed locally for infants and youngchildren:• Aptamil ProExpert HA (Danone)• Enfamil A+ Gentle Care (Mead Johnson)• NAN PRO (Nestle)• Similac Total Comfort (Abbott)• S26 HA (Wyeth)For children who cannot be breastfed, is partially hydrolysed formula truly a better alternative? As health professionals, how would you advise parents? We invited Dr. Alfred Tam to review and summarise for us the most up-to-date evidence in this subject.What is Partially Hydrolysed Formula?Hydrolysed formula is created by breaking proteins in cow’s milk into smaller fragments using enzymatic hydrolysis. Extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF) contains peptides predominantly less than 3 kilo Dalton (kD) (95-99%), while peptide size in partially hydrolysed formula(pHF) are larger, with 5-18% of the peptides larger than 5kD. It is thought that peptides need to be 10-70kD to be allergenic.What does the latest evidence show? Any controversies? What do the authorities say?On allergy and eczema preventionIt was thought that reducing exposure to intact cow’s milk allergen (protein) will lessen the risk of developing cow’s milk allergy, eczema (being one of the common symptoms of cow’s milk allergy) and perhaps other allergies that may develop later.Studies were done mainly for infants with high risks of developing allergy. The German Infant Nutritional Intervention (GINI) study, started in the 1990’s and carried on till recently, has been the most widely quoted study that supports that view. The most recent published result showed that cumulative incidence of eczema was consistently lower at 15 years follow up in the pHF and eHF-C (Casein) group compared to cow’s milk formula group, but not in the eHF-W (Whey) group, although only the eHF-C group showed a lower prevalence at 15 years(1). However, this study has been criticized for its small sample size and bias in case selection. Another RCT published in 2011 comparing pHF, soy formula and cow’s milk did not show any benefits(2).Two meta-analyses, published in 2013 and 2016, have concluded that the evidence of pHF in preventing eczema and/or allergy development in high risk infants is lacking(3,4). Hence the present state of evidence suggests that pHF formula does not help prevent eczema or allergy in high risk infants, let alone the general population. There is no evidence that pHF can prevent respiratory allergy. Moreover, there is absolutely no evidence that pHF has any role in the treatment of eczema or other symptoms of cow’s milk allergy.Given the controversies, how would you advise your clients in a consultation?1. Exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months is the most effective allergy prevention for all infants.2. There is no particular proven effective preventive measure for the general population other thanbreastfeeding.3. For high risk infants who cannot be breastfed, the evidence for partially hydrolysed formula isweak and inconsistent, and recommendation is not very clear at the moment.4. Partially hydrolysed formula has no role in the treatment of cow’s milk allergy.On easy digestion, gas, night crying, infant colic, and related symptomsInfants presenting with these symptoms may have functional gastrointestinal disorders, which are common occurrences but the pathogenesis remains unclear. Many modern formulas are manufactured using partially hydrolysed cow milk protein in combination with an array of other additives such as prebiotics, probiotics, etc. While there has not been any randomized controlled trial comparing pHF with other formulas or breastfeeding in managing these functional disorders, limited evidence exists for some of the other additives. These formulas are often marketed as “Comfort Milks”.In future issues, we shall explore the other additives and their claimed benefits. Watch this space!部分水解蛋白配方奶粉(pHF)真的如廣告聲稱可以降低嬰兒的敏感風險嗎？經學術文獻的搜證，香港兒童呼吸及過敏學會前會長﹅兒科專科醫生譚一翔有以下建議:• 對於所有嬰兒： 在首6個月以全母乳餵哺是預防敏感的最有效方法。
徐州市儿童医院胃肠道门诊微生态制剂使用情况的调查分析
徐州市儿童医院胃肠道门诊微生态制剂使用情况的调查分析王庆学;韩琳【摘要】目的：研究分析我院(徐州市儿童医院)门诊关于微生态制剂的使用情况，为临床治疗胃肠道疾病提供相应的理论支持。
方法选择我院门诊接受治疗的胃肠道疾病患者的处方资料300张作为研究对象，其中使用过微生态制剂的处方共计208张，将微生态制剂与其他药物合用的处方共计124张。
分析我院微生态制剂及其在各类疾病中的应用情况以及微生态制剂与其他药物的合用情况。
结果在抽查的300张处方中，涉及微生态制剂的处方共计208张，占比69.33%。
其中微生态制剂主要为4种，分别是培菲康、思连康、妈咪爱以及复方嗜酸乳杆菌片。
我院门诊中使用的微生态制剂主要用于治疗腹痛和急慢性肠炎等肠道疾病，二者在微生态制剂中占比分别为20.19%和18.27%，在总处方数中占比分别为14.00%和12.67%。
微生态制剂合用抗生素的处方数构成比为36.39%，显著高于合用止泻药的20.16%，合用抗酸药的19.35%，合用胃肠动力药的24.19%，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
结论微生态制剂在我院门诊中的使用率较高，治疗肠道类疾病的涉及面较广，在与其他药物的合用情况中，抗生素位居首位，临床上应对微生态制剂的合理应用进行重点关注，值得重视。
【期刊名称】《现代消化及介入诊疗》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【总页数】3页(P273-275)【关键词】胃肠道;门诊;微生态制剂;调查【作者】王庆学;韩琳【作者单位】221008 江苏省徐州市泉山区徐州市社会福利院门诊部;221006 徐州市儿童医院药学部【正文语种】中文目前，伴随临床医务人员对微生态制剂认识的提高，门诊已逐渐频繁应用微生态制剂调节患者肠道菌群失调，从而防治多发的急慢性腹泻和便秘等病症[1]。
唐睿晗等人[2]报道称，抗生素的滥用以及配伍不当等现象对微生态制剂的药效影响较大。
尽管可以通过微生态制剂在人体肠道内进行菌群重建，但若能掌握医院门诊中微生态制剂的使用情况，则可辅助医务人员更好地实施药物治疗。
欧洲儿童急性胃肠炎处理循证指南英文版
欧洲儿童急性胃肠炎处理循证指南英文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1European Guideline for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in ChildrenIntroductionAcute gastroenteritis is a common condition in children, with symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The European Guideline for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for healthcare professionals to effectively diagnose and treat this condition in children.DiagnosisThe diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis in children is primarily based on clinical symptoms. Healthcare professionals should perform a thorough physical examination and take a detailed medical history to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms. Laboratory tests such as stool culture and rapid diagnostic tests for viral pathogens may be considered in certain cases.TreatmentFluid management is a key aspect of the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is recommended as the first-line treatment for mild to moderate dehydration. Healthcare professionals should encourage parents to continue breastfeeding or formula feeding during episodes of acute gastroenteritis.Antimicrobial therapy is generally not recommended for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children, as the condition is typically self-limiting and resolves on its own. However, in certain cases of bacterial gastroenteritis, antibiotics may be considered based on the results of bacterial culture and sensitivity testing.Nutritional management is important in children with acute gastroenteritis to prevent malnutrition and promote recovery. Parents should be encouraged to offer small, frequent meals that are easily digestible and to avoid high-fat and high-fiber foods.PreventionPreventive measures for acute gastroenteritis in children include good hand hygiene, proper food handling and preparation, and vaccination against rotavirus. Healthcareprofessionals should educate parents and caregivers about these preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection.ConclusionThe European Guideline for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children provides evidence-based recommendations for healthcare professionals to effectively diagnose and treat this common condition in children. By following these recommendations, healthcare professionals can improve the outcomes of children with acute gastroenteritis and reduce the burden of this condition on families and healthcare systems.篇2European Evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in ChildrenIntroductionAcute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common illness in children worldwide, with a significant burden on healthcare systems and families. This evidence-based guideline aims to provide recommendations for the management of AGE in children in Europe, based on the latest evidence and expert consensus.DiagnosisThe diagnosis of AGE in children should be based on clinical symptoms, including diarrhea and vomiting, and may be confirmed by laboratory tests if necessary. It is important to assess the hydration status of children with AGE, as dehydration is a common complication.TreatmentThe mainstay of treatment for children with AGE is rehydration. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the preferred method of rehydration for children with mild to moderate dehydration. Intravenous fluids may be necessary for children with severe dehydration or inability to tolerate oral fluids.NutritionChildren with AGE should continue to receive their usual diet, as long as they are able to tolerate it. Breastfeeding should be encouraged in infants with AGE, as it helps to maintain hydration and provides important nutrients. Avoiding restrictive diets, such as the BRAT diet, is not recommended.MedicationsThe use of medications, such as antiemetics or antibiotics, is not routinely recommended for children with AGE. Antidiarrhealmedications should be avoided, as they may prolong the illness and increase the risk of complications. Probiotics may be considered for children with AGE, as they have been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea.PreventionPreventive measures, such as hand hygiene and vaccination, are important in reducing the incidence of AGE in children. Proper handwashing techniques should be taught to children and caregivers, and vaccination against rotavirus should be recommended in areas where the vaccine is available.ConclusionThe management of acute gastroenteritis in children should focus on rehydration, nutrition, and supportive care. This evidence-based guideline provides recommendations for the management of AGE in children in Europe, based on the latest evidence and expert consensus. By following these recommendations, healthcare providers can help to reduce the burden of AGE on children and families in Europe.篇3European children acute gastroenteritis treatment evidence-based guidelineAcute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common condition in children worldwide, with symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Treatment of AGE in children is important to prevent dehydration and other complications. In Europe, there are guidelines developed by experts in the field to provide evidence-based recommendations for the management of AGE in children.The European children acute gastroenteritis treatment evidence-based guideline recommends the following:1. Fluid management: The guideline recommends oral rehydration therapy as the first-line treatment for children with mild to moderate dehydration. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) containing a balanced amount of sodium, sugar, and water are recommended for rehydration. Intravenous fluids should be reserved for children with severe dehydration or inability to tolerate oral fluids.2. Diet: The guideline recommends a normal diet for children with AGE, including breastfeeding for infants. Avoiding restriction of normal diet has been shown to improve outcomes in children with AGE.3. Probiotics: The guideline recommends the use of specific probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, for thetreatment of AGE in children. Probiotics have been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea and overall illness in children with AGE.4. Antibiotics: The guideline does not recommend routine use of antibiotics for the treatment of AGE in children, as most cases are caused by viral infections. Antibiotics should only be considered in specific cases, such as suspected bacterial infection or severe illness.5. Antiemetics: The guideline recommends against the routine use of antiemetics in children with AGE, as they have not been shown to improve outcomes and may have side effects.6. Monitoring: The guideline recommends close monitoring of children with AGE, including assessment of dehydration status, hydration, and urine output. Regular evaluation of symptoms and signs of improvement is important for timely intervention if needed.Overall, the European children acute gastroenteritis treatment evidence-based guideline provides healthcare providers with clear recommendations for the management of AGE in children. Following these guidelines can help improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications in children with AGE.。
双岐杆菌三联活菌散联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗小儿抗生素相关性腹泻
１１ 一般资料 将 ２０１８年 １月至 ２０１９年 ２月 １００例接受抗生
素治疗的患儿随 机 分 为 两 组，观 察 组 ５０例，男 ２７ 例，女 ２３例，年龄：１～６岁，年龄平均（３０２±１３０） 岁；对照组 ５０例，男 ２３例，女 ２７例，年龄：１～５岁， 年龄平均（２８６±１２８）岁。两组年龄、性别不存在 统计学意义（Ｐ＞００５）。 １２ 方法
第 １７卷第 ４期 ２０１９年 １２月
延安大学学报（医学科学版） ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＹａｎａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（ＭｅｄＳｃｉ）
Ｖｏｌ１７Ｎｏ４ Ｄｅｃ２０１９
双岐杆菌三联活菌散联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗 小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床疗效
葛雯雯，贺巧峰 ，雷东红
（榆林市第一医院，陕西 榆林 ７１９０００）
Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｐｌｕｓｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｏｎｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｆ ａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉａｒｒｈｅａｉｎｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ＧＥＷｅｎｗｅｎ，ＨＥＱｉａｏｆｅｎｇ ，ＬＥＩＤｏｎｇｈｏｎｇ
（ＦｉｒｓｔＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌｏｆＹｕｌｉｎＣｉｔｙ，Ｙｕｌｉｎ７１９０００，Ｃｈｉｎａ） Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＯｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅＴｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｖｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｉｎｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｏｎａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ －ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉａｒｒｈｅａ．Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ１００ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｗｈｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｆｒｏｍ Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ２０１８ｔｏＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ２０１９ｗｅｒｅ ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏ２ｇｒｏｕｐｓ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ，５０ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｅｒｅｔｒｅａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃｓａｌｏｎｅ，ａｎｄ５０ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｉｎｔｈｅｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｕｐｗｅｒｅｔｒｅａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ．Ｔｈｅｔｈｅｒａｐｅｕｔｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｔｗｏｇｒｏｕｐｓｗｅｒｅｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ．Ｒｅ ｓｕｌｔｓＴｈｅｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉａｒｒｈｅａｉｎｔｈｅｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｕｐｗａｓ４．００％，ｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｏｆａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ－ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉａｒｒｈｅａｗａｓ（１３．９６±１．１７）ｄ，ｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐｗａｓ２０．００％，（１０．５９±１．０２）ｄ，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｔｈｅｏｂ ｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｕｐｗａｓｔｒｅａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｌａｒｇｅｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎｅＴｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆＨ．，ＬａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓａｎｄＢｉｆｉｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｗｅｒｅｎｏｔｏｂｖｉ ｏｕｓｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ，Ｐ＞０．０５，ｂｕｔｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ，Ｐ＜０．０５．ＴｈｅｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆＩｇＧ，ＩｇＡａｎｄＩｇＭ ｉｎｔｈｅｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｕｐｗｅｒｅｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｏｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ，Ｐ＜０．０５．ＣｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｏ ｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃｔｈｅｒａｐｙｃａｎｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉａｒｒｈｅａｉｎｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ，ｄｅ ｌａｙｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｉｔ，ａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｉｍｍｕｎｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｆｌｕｃｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｆｌｏｒａ． Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｐｅｄｉａｔｒｉｃ；Ａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉａｒｒｈｅａ；Ａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ；Ｐｒｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ
怎样预防耐药问题英语作文
怎样预防耐药问题英语作文How to Prevent Antibiotic Resistance。
Antibiotics are a type of medicine that can kill bacteria or stop them from growing. They have been a powerful tool in treating bacterial infections since their discovery. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the development of antibiotic resistance, which is a serious public health threat. In this essay, I will discuss the causes of antibiotic resistance and suggest some ways to prevent it.The causes of antibiotic resistance are multifactorial. One major cause is the overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals. Antibiotics are often prescribed for viral infections, which they are ineffective against, and for minor bacterial infections that could be treated with other methods. In addition, antibiotics are widely used in animal agriculture to promote growth and prevent disease, which contributes to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Another cause of antibiotic resistance is the misuse of antibiotics. Many people do not take antibiotics as directed, such as stopping the medication early or saving leftover antibiotics for later use. This can lead to the survival of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic, which can then spread to others.To prevent antibiotic resistance, we need to take action on several fronts. First, we need to reduce the overuse of antibiotics. This can be done by educating the public and healthcare providers on the appropriate use of antibiotics, promoting the use of alternative treatments, and implementing policies to restrict the use ofantibiotics in animal agriculture.Second, we need to improve the use of antibiotics. This can be done by ensuring that antibiotics are prescribed only when necessary, that patients take antibiotics as directed, and that healthcare providers follow guidelines for the appropriate use of antibiotics.Third, we need to develop new antibiotics and alternative treatments for bacterial infections. This can be done by investing in research and development of new antibiotics, promoting the use of vaccines to prevent infections, and exploring alternative treatments such as probiotics and phage therapy.In conclusion, antibiotic resistance is a seriouspublic health threat that requires action from all stakeholders. By reducing the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, improving the use of antibiotics, and developing new antibiotics and alternative treatments, we can prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations.。
富硒双歧杆菌缓解5-FU导致的化疗性肠粘膜炎的药效学研究
富硒双歧杆菌缓解5-FU导致的化疗性肠粘膜炎的药效学研究邱玉爽;纪瑞;邵雷;陈代杰;谭俊【摘要】通过腹腔注射5-FU建立小鼠肠黏膜炎模型,探讨富硒长双歧杆菌(Selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum,Se-B.longum)能否改善5-FU所致的小鼠肠黏膜炎.将健康BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组,分别灌胃生理盐水、生理盐水和Se-B.longum(Se 0.3 mg/kg BW,1×106 bacteria/只)6 d,然后5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组小鼠均腹腔注射5-FU(250 mg/kg),观察小鼠腹泻及死亡情况,5 d后处死小鼠,计算体重变化、脏器指数及考察肠道组织变化;将健康BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组,分别灌胃生理盐水、生理盐水和Se-B.longum(Se 0.3 mg/kg BW,1×106 bacteria/只)6 d,然后5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组小鼠均腹腔注射5-FU(300 mg/kg),观察小鼠死亡情况,绘制生存曲线.Se-B.longum能缓解5-FU导致的正常小鼠的肠粘膜炎、降低小鼠死亡率.%In order to evaluate the effects of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum (Se-B.longum) on 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis in healthy mice,Se-B.longum (Se 0.3 mg/kg BW,1×106 bacteria/mice) was administered to mice for 6 days before administration of 5-FU (250 mg/kg,single dose).Body weight loss,liver index,spleen index,diarrhea and impaired small intestine induced by 5-FU was significantly alleviated by Se-B.longum (P<0.05).Se-B.longum (Se 0.3 mg/kg BW,1×106 bacteria/mice) significantly decreased mortality induced by 5-FU (300 mg/kg,single dose).As a result,Se-B.longum could relieve the intestinal mucositis and the mortality induced by 5-FU in normal mice.【期刊名称】《工业微生物》【年(卷),期】2017(047)004【总页数】5页(P19-23)【关键词】富硒长双歧杆菌;5-FU;化疗性肠粘膜炎【作者】邱玉爽;纪瑞;邵雷;陈代杰;谭俊【作者单位】中国医药工业研究总院上海医药工业研究院,创新药物与制药工艺国家重点实验室,上海 201203;中国医药工业研究总院上海医药工业研究院,创新药物与制药工艺国家重点实验室,上海 201203;中国医药工业研究总院上海医药工业研究院,创新药物与制药工艺国家重点实验室,上海 201203;中国医药工业研究总院上海医药工业研究院,创新药物与制药工艺国家重点实验室,上海 201203;中国医药工业研究总院上海医药工业研究院,创新药物与制药工艺国家重点实验室,上海201203【正文语种】中文5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil，5-FU)是用于治疗消化道肿瘤和乳腺癌的基本药物，但是其毒副作用明显，如引起化疗性肠粘膜炎(chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis，CIM)，临床症状上主要表现为恶心、呕吐、食欲下降、体重减轻和腹泻等，甚至死亡[1,2]。
益生菌对雌激素代谢及相关妇科疾病的研究
益生菌对雌激素代谢及相关妇科疾病的研究摘要：人类肠道内包含的微生物与人类宿主之间保持着动态平衡，一旦发生微生物群落失调，可能会影响雌激素的代谢从而导致很多相关妇科疾病。
妇科疾病可能改变全身各部位的微生物群，反过来，微生物群的组成可以影响妇科疾病的疗效。
通过益生菌或微生物移植对微生物群进行调节，可能有助于提高妇科疾病的治疗效果。
本文综述了雌激素代谢与常见妇科疾病的关系，分析了益生菌调控体内雌激素代谢的主要途径，并总结了益生菌用于常见妇科疾病治疗及预后的临床方法，以期为益生菌在雌激素依赖性妇科疾病的预防和治疗提供理论参考。
关键词：益生菌；雌激素；妇科疾病Effects of probiotics on estrogen metabolism and related gynecological diseases Abstract: There is a dynamic balance between the microorganisms in the human intestine and the human host. Once the microbial community is out of balance, it may affect the metabolism of estrogen, which leads to many related gynecological diseases. Gynecological diseases may change the microbial groups in all parts of the body, in turn, the composition of the microbiota can affect the efficacy of gynecologic diseases. Probiotics or microbial transplantation to regulate the microbiota may help to improve the therapeutic effect of gynecological diseases.This paper reviews the relationship between estrogen metabolism and common gynecological diseases, analyzes the main ways of probiotics regulating estrogen metabolism in vivo, and summarizes the clinical methods of probiotics in the treatment and prognosis of common gynecological diseases, in order to provide theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of estrogen dependent gynecological diseases by probiotics.Key words: probiotics; estrogen; gynecological diseases1.引言越来越多的研究发现，人类肠道内的微生物菌群在疾病的发生与治疗中都起着关键的作用。
动物双歧杆菌BB-12功能介绍
双歧杆菌BB-12功能介绍双歧杆菌是于1899年从母乳喂养的婴儿粪便中发现并分离出来的。
它们是人体肠道固有菌群的常见组成部分（Reuter 2001）。
双歧杆菌BB-12源自科汉森收集的乳品发酵剂，被鉴定为动物双歧杆菌乳双歧亚种，是唯一获得全基因序列的双歧杆菌菌株。
在食品中具有很高的稳定性，作为冻干粉稳定性也很高。
BB-12®对口味、外观或食物的口感没有副作用，在益生菌食品中能够存活到被食用为止。
从1985年开始在世界范围内用于食品和食品补充剂，没有发现任何副作用。
被美国FDA认为“GRAS”，此外，BB-12@还获得了丹麦医疗局的批准，作为自然疗法/草药产品，并被丹麦兽医和食品局接受用于食物产品。
BB-12@也被瑞典、波兰和奥地利当局批准，作为医药产品中的一种益生菌。
国家发改委公众营养与发展中心组织专家对进行论证认为：“BB12可有效促进肠道菌群平衡，并提高人体免疫力”，并于2005年获得中国卫生部新资源证书。
全世界多个国家都已批准BB-12用于食品当中。
2011年11月中国卫生部正式批准用于婴幼儿食品。
2007年11月19日，国家发改委宏观院公众营养与发展中心组织专家论证会，对丹麦科汉森公司生产并引入中国的动物双歧杆菌BB12功能性试验研究报告进行了充分论证。
通过对北京联合大学保健食品功能学检测中心和北京医院联合进行的人体试验结果，以及国外对双歧杆菌BB12及其含乳制品的大量科学文献的审查，以金宗濂教授为组长的专家论证组一致认为，BB12 产品具有调节人体肠道菌群和提高人体免疫力的功能。
此次论证会，对BB12在我国各种食品中的应用及广大公众健康水平的提高具有重大意义。
（资料来源：《食品工业科技2007年第12期》）BB-12具有出色的耐酸和耐胆汁功能，优良的肠道黏附能力。
抑制病原菌、增强屏障功能以及免疫相互作用都是BB-12®的作用机理，并且已经得到验证的。
在糖代谢中产生L(+)乳酸，在婴儿中耐受性好。
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Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005 Oct;4(5):599-604.
Evidence of probiotics in prevention of allergy and asthma.
Björkstén B1.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
bengt.bjorksten@cfa.ki.se Abstract
Previous research into the causes of allergic diseases was mostly focussed on potential risk factors in the environment, with little success, however. Over the past 10 years, focus has therefore more been directed against protective factors that could enhance the development of tolerance to allergens which were previously encountered early in life, but are now lost in modern affluent societies. In particular, the role of childhood infections has been discussed, but so far these studies have not been conclusive. Recent epidemiological studies and experimental research suggest that themicrobial environment and exposure to microbial products in infancy modifies immune responses and enhances the development of tolerance to ubiquitous allergens. The intestinal microflora may play a particular role in this respect, as it is the major external driving force in the maturation of the immune system after birth and animal experiments have shown it to be a prerequisite for normal development of oral tolerance. The composition of the microflora differs between healthy and allergic infants and in countries with a high and low prevalence of allergies. These differences are apparent within the first week of life, or even in the maternal vaginal flora during pregnancy and thus precede clinical symptoms. The use of live microorganisms that might be beneficial to health has a long tradition and the safety is well documented. Prospective intervention studies, in which the gut flora was modified from birth have yielded encouraging results and may suggest a new mode of primary prevention of allergy in the future.。