lecture-D1

合集下载

lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)

lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)

III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反,作为屈折语的英语则表现为:
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达,词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富,用以标示语法范畴,表达语法意义(名词 有单复数形式,形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式,代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态),并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上,形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式,表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化(affixation)突出,词缀种类齐全且灵活多变,构 词法上以派生构词(derivation)为主。 词类分明,结构形式严谨,语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 (overt) ,结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则,表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。


IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译

以上对比分析表明,汉语和英语在表意手段上,前者以词汇 手段为主,后者以形态手段为主,汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势,选用符合译语(target language)语言习惯的表 意手段,灵活变通,兼容互补,恰当再现源语(source language)的语法和逻辑意义。例如: 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子,是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱,是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程1Unit3词汇和例句

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程1Unit3词汇和例句

1. campus 大学或学院的校园All freshman students live on campus. When they are in their second year at college, they may live off campus.所有大学一年级的学生都住在校园里。

大学二年级时,他们可以住在校外。

2. scholarship 学问学识学术研究This book series is regarded as a magnificent work of scholarship.这本丛书被认为是学术巨著。

3. Frontier (思想的)前沿;(知识的)新领域They were very excited about their work on the frontiers of medicine, for they were developing a medicine that might be able to cure lung cancer.4. Transform 使改观;使变形;使转化The president of the university said that they were trying their best to transform their university into a top school in the country.大学的校长表示他们正竭尽全力把他们的学校建设成全国的一流大学。

5. Electronics1)电子设备;电子仪器Storms, thunder and lightning can affect a car’s electronics.暴雨和雷电会影响汽车的电子设备。

2)电子学;电子技术He is an electronics engineer, but he likes to write with a pen instead of a computer.他是电子工程师,但是他喜欢用笔写字,而不是用电脑打字。

tpo-1-听力单词

tpo-1-听力单词

tpo-1-听力单词Conversation 1 (2)Lecture1 .......................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

Lecture2 . (7)Conversation2 (9)Lecture3 (11)Lecture4 (12)Conversation 11. librarian [laɪ'breərɪən]n. 图书馆员;图书管理员2. suppose [sə'pəʊz]conj. 假使…结果会怎样vt. 假设;认为;让(虚拟语气);推想vi. 猜想;料想3. literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]n. 文学;文献;文艺;著作4. psychology [saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ]n. 心理学;心理状态5. article ['ɑːtɪk(ə)l]n. 文章;物品;条款;[语] 冠词vt. 订约将…收为学徒或见习生;使…受协议条款的约束vi. 签订协议;进行控告6. focus ['fəʊkəs]n. 焦点;中心;清晰;焦距vt. 使集中;使聚焦vi. 集中;聚焦;调节焦距n. (Focus)人名;(瑞典)福库斯7. interpretation [ɪntɜːprɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n]n. 解释;翻译;演出8. material [mə'tɪərɪəl]n. 材料,原料;物资;布料adj. 重要的;物质的,实质性的;肉体的9. reserve [rɪ'zɜːv]n. 储备,储存;自然保护区;预备队;缄默;[金融] 储备金vt. 储备;保留;预约vi. 预订n. (Reserve)人名;(法)勒塞尔夫10. journal ['dʒɜːn(ə)l]vt. 比拟,喻为;[语]构成n. 比较n. (Compare)人名;(意)孔帕雷10. movement ['muːvm(ə)nt]n. 运动;活动;运转;乐章11. separately ['sep(ə)rətlɪ]adv. 分别地;分离地;个别地12. impressionism [ɪm'preʃənɪzəm]n. 印象派,印象主义13. century ['sentʃʊrɪ]n. 世纪,百年;(板球)一百分14. style [staɪl]n. 风格;时尚;类型;字体vt. 设计;称呼;使合潮流vi. 设计式样;用刻刀作装饰画n. (Style)人名;(英)斯泰尔15. texture ['tekstʃə]n. 质地;纹理;结构;本质,实质16. landscape ['læn(d)skeɪp]n. 风景;风景画;景色;山水画;乡村风景画;地形vt. 对…做景观美化,给…做园林美化;从事庭园设计vi. 美化(环境等),使景色宜人;从事景观美化工作,做庭园设计师17. scene [siːn]n. 场面;情景;景象;事件18. stresses [stresiz]n. 强调( stress的名词复数);重音;压力;重力v. 重读( stress的第三人称单数);使承受压力;给…加压力(或应力19. aspect ['æspekt]n. 方面;方向;形势;外貌20. blurry ['blɜːrɪ]adj. 模糊的;污脏的;不清楚的blurry: 模糊的| 效果模糊| 睡眼惺松的21. foreground ['fɔːgraʊnd]n. 前景;最显著的位置22. impression [ɪm'preʃ(ə)n]n. 印象;效果,影响;压痕,印记;感想23. remind [rɪ'maɪnd]vt. 提醒;使想起24. cattle ['kæt(ə)l]n. 牛;牲畜(骂人的话);家畜;无价值的人n. (Cattle)人名;(意)卡特莱25. observe [əb'zɜːv]vi. 观察;说;注意到;评论vt. 观察;遵守;说;注意到;评论26. humans ['hju:mənz]n. [人类] 人类(human的复数形式)27. element ['elɪm(ə)nt]n. 元素;要素;原理;成分;自然环境n. (Element)人名;(德)埃勒门特;(英)埃利门特28. pumpkinsn. 南瓜(pumpkin的复数)29. realistic [rɪə'lɪstɪk]adj. 现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的30. perfect ['pɜːfɪkt]n. 完成式adj. 完美的;最好的;精通的vt. 使完美;使熟练n. (Perfect)人名;(英)珀费克特31. wrap [ræp]n. 外套;围巾vt. 包;缠绕;隐藏;掩护vi. 包起来;缠绕;穿外衣32. chaotic [keɪ'ɒtɪk]adj. 混沌的;混乱的,无秩序的33. vibrant ['vaɪbrənt]adj. 振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的n. (Vibrant)人名;(德)维布兰特34. accessible [ək'sesɪb(ə)l]adj. 易接近的;可进入的;可理解的35. appreciate [ə'priːʃɪeɪt; -sɪ-]vi. 增值;涨价vt. 欣赏;感激;领会;鉴别36. attend [ə'tend]vi. 出席;致力于;照料;照顾vt. 出席;上(大学等);照料;招待;陪伴37. instructor [ɪn'strʌktə]n. 指导书;教员;指导者38. illustration [ɪlə'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 说明;插图;例证;图解39. convince [kən'vɪns]vt. 说服;使确信,使信服40. agency ['eɪdʒ(ə)nsɪ]n. 代理,中介;代理处,经销处41. portrait ['pɔːtrɪt]n. 肖像;描写;半身雕塑像n. (Portrait)人名;(法)波特雷42. challenge ['tʃælɪn(d)ʒ]n. 挑战;怀疑vt. 向…挑战Lecture21. geology [dʒɪ'ɒlədʒɪ]n. 地质学;地质情况2. determine [dɪ'tɜːmɪn]v. (使)下决心,(使)做出决定vt. 决定,确定;判定,判决;限定vi. 确定;决定;判决,终止;[主用于法律]了结,终止,结束3. feature ['fiːtʃə]n. 特色,特征;容貌;特写或专题节目vt. 特写;以…为特色;由…主演vi. 起重要作用4. particular [pəˈtɪkjələ(r)]n. 详细说明;个别项目adj. 特别的;详细的;独有的;挑剔的5. analysis [ə'nælɪsɪs]n. 分析;分解;验定6. formation [fɔː'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. 形成;构造;编队7. fundamental [fʌndə'ment(ə)l]n. 基本原理;基本原则adj. 基本的,根本的8. sandstone ['sæn(d)stəʊn]n. [岩] 砂岩;沙岩9. solidified [sə'lidəfaid]adj. 凝固的;固化的,变硬的v. 凝固,团结(solidify的过去式和过去分词形式)10. regular ['regjʊlə]n. 常客;正式队员;中坚分子adj. 定期的;有规律的;合格的;整齐的;普通的adv. 定期地;经常地n. (Regular)人名;(以)雷古拉尔11. essentially [ɪ'senʃ(ə)lɪ]adv. 本质上;本来12. ancient ['eɪnʃ(ə)nt]n. 古代人;老人adj. 古代的;古老的,过时的;年老的13. fairly ['feəlɪ]adv. 相当地;公平地;简直n. (Fairly)人名;(英)费尔利14. flattened ['flætnd]adj. 没精打采的;垂头丧气的v. 平整;打倒(flatten的过去分词)15. conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l]adj. 符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的16. wisdom ['wɪzdəm]n. 智慧,才智;明智;学识;至理名言n. (Wisdom)人名;(英)威兹德姆17. refinement [rɪ'faɪnm(ə)nt]n. 精制;文雅;[化工][油气][冶] 提纯18. actually ['æktjʊəlɪ; -tʃʊ-]adv. 实际上;事实上19. obvious ['ɒbvɪəs]adj. 明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的20. huge [hjuːdʒ]adj. 巨大的;庞大的;无限的n. (Huge)人名;(英)休奇21. revolutionary [revə'luːʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ]n. 革命者adj. 革命的;旋转的;大变革的22. grain [greɪn]n. 粮食;颗粒;[作物] 谷物;纹理vt. 使成谷粒vi. 成谷粒n. (Grain)人名;(法)格兰23. geologist [dʒɪ'ɒlədʒɪst]n. 地质学家,地质学者24. material [mə'tɪərɪəl]n. 材料,原料;物资;布料adj. 重要的;物质的,实质性的;肉体的25. radioactive [,reɪdɪəʊ'æktɪv]adj. [核] 放射性的;有辐射的26. purpose ['pɜːpəs]n. 目的;用途;意志vt. 决心;企图;打算27. magma ['mægmə]n. [地质] 岩浆;糊剂n. (Magma)人名;(英)马格马28. crystallize ['kristə,laiz]vt. 使结晶;明确;使具体化;做成蜜饯vi. 结晶,形成结晶;明确;具体化29. sample ['sɑːmp(ə)l]n. 样品;样本;例子adj. 试样的,样品的;作为例子的vt. 取样;尝试;抽样检查n. (Sample)人名;(英)桑普尔30. range [reɪn(d)ʒ]n. 范围;幅度;排;山脉vt. 漫游;放牧;使并列;归类于;来回走动vi. (在...内)变动;平行,列为一行;延伸;漫游;射程达到31. establish [ɪ'stæblɪʃ; e-]vi. 植物定植vt. 建立;创办;安置32. assumption [ə'sʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n]n. 假定;设想;担任;采取33. efficient [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt]adj. 有效率的;有能力的;生效的34. accurate ['ækjʊrət]adj. 精确的35. predict [prɪ'dɪkt]vi. 作出预言;作预料,作预报vt. 预报,预言;预知36. continent ['kɒntɪnənt]n. 大陆,洲,陆地adj. 自制的,克制的37. evidence ['evɪd(ə)ns]n. 证据,证明;迹象;明显vt. 证明38. planet ['plænɪt]n. 行星n. (Planet)人名;(法)普拉内;(西、葡)普拉内特Conversation21. approach to接近;约等于;通往…的方法2. elementary [elɪ'ment(ə)rɪ]adj. 基本的;初级的;[化学] 元素的3. observation [ɒbzə'veɪʃ(ə)n]n. 观察;监视;观察报告4. requirement [rɪ'kwaɪəm(ə)nt]n. 要求;必要条件;必需品5. prepare [prɪ'peə]vt. 准备;使适合;装备;起草vi. 预备;做好思想准备6. astronomy [ə'strɒnəmɪ]n. 天文学7. planet ['plænɪt]n. 行星n. (Planet)人名;(法)普拉内;(西、葡)普拉内特8. mythology [mɪ'θɒlədʒɪ]n. 神话;神话学;神话集9. introduce [ɪntrə'djuːs]vt. 介绍;引进;提出;采用10. Jupiter ['dʒuːpɪtə]n. [天] 木星;朱庇特(罗马神话中的宙斯神)11. solar ['səʊlə]n. 日光浴室adj. 太阳的;日光的;利用太阳光的;与太阳相关的n. (Solar)人名;(法、英、意、西、塞、捷)索拉尔12. research [rɪ'sɜːtʃ; 'riːsɜːtʃ]n. 研究;调查vt. 研究;调查vi. 研究;调查[ 过去式researched 过去分词researched 现在分词researching ] 13. presentation [prez(ə)n'teɪʃ(ə)n]n. 展示;描述,陈述;介绍;赠送14. literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]n. 文学;文献;文艺;著作15. exactly [ɪg'zæk(t)lɪ; eg-]adv. 恰好地;正是;精确地;正确地16. stuff [stʌf]n. 东西;材料;填充物;素材资料vt. 塞满;填塞;让吃饱vi. 吃得过多17. experience [ɪk'spɪərɪəns; ek-]n. 经验;经历;体验vt. 经验;经历;体验Lecture3 1. archeology [,ɑːkɪ'ɒlədʒɪ]n. 考古学(等于archaeology)archeology: 考古学| 考古| 青铜挥麈2. concentrate ['kɒns(ə)ntreɪt]n. 浓缩,精选;浓缩液vi. 集中;浓缩;全神贯注;聚集vt. 集中;浓缩3. inhabitant [ɪn'hæbɪt(ə)nt]n. 居民;居住者4. agricultural [æɡrɪ'kʌltʃərəl]adj. 农业的;农艺的5. impressive [ɪm'presɪv]adj. 感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的6. accomplish [ə'kʌmplɪʃ; ə'kɒm-]vt. 完成;实现;达到7. brick [brɪk]n. 砖,砖块;砖形物;心肠好的人adj. 用砖做的;似砖的vt. 用砖砌n. (Brick)人名;(英、法、瑞典)布里克8. volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk]n. 火山岩adj. 火山的;猛烈的;易突然发作的9. entire [ɪn'taɪə; en-]adj. 全部的,整个的;全体的n. (Entire)人名;(英)恩泰尔10. roof [ruːf]n. 屋顶;最高处,顶部;最高限度vt. 给…盖屋顶,覆盖n. (Roof)人名;(英)鲁夫11. diagonal [daɪ'æg(ə)n(ə)l]n. 对角线;斜线adj. 斜的;对角线的;斜纹的12. plaster ['plɑːstə]n. 石膏;灰泥;膏药vt. 减轻;粘贴;涂以灰泥;敷以膏药;使平服n. (Plaster)人名;(英、德)普拉斯特13. chimney ['tʃɪmnɪ]n. 烟囱14. hatchway ['hætʃweɪ]n. 舱口;天窗15. grave [greɪv]n. 墓穴,坟墓;死亡adj. 重大的;严肃的;黯淡的vt. 雕刻;铭记n. (Grave)人名;(英)格雷夫;(德、瑞典)格拉弗;(法)格拉夫;(俄、葡)格拉韦16. burial ['berɪəl]n. 埋葬;葬礼;弃绝adj. 埋葬的17. protection [prə'tekʃ(ə)n]n. 保护;防卫;护照18. evidence ['evɪd(ə)ns]n. 证据,证明;迹象;明显vt. 证明19. violent ['vaɪəl(ə)nt]adj. 暴力的;猛烈的20. indicate ['ɪndɪkeɪt]vt. 表明;指出;预示;象征21. excavation [ekskə'veɪʃ(ə)n]n. 挖掘,发掘22. speculate ['spekjʊleɪt]vi. 推测;投机;思索vt. 推断23. cereal ['sɪərɪəl]n. 谷类,谷物;谷类食品;谷类植物adj. 谷类的;谷类制成的24. suppose [sə'pəʊz]conj. 假使…结果会怎样vt. 假设;认为;让(虚拟语气);推想vi. 猜想;料想25. significance [sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ns]n. 意义;重要性;意思Lecture41. biology [baɪ'ɒlədʒɪ]n. (一个地区全部的)生物;生物学2. species ['spiːʃiːz; -ʃɪz; 'spiːs-]n. [生物] 物种;种类adj. 物种上的3. marmot ['mɑːmət]n. [脊椎] 旱獭,[脊椎] 土拨鼠n. (Marmot)人名;(法)马尔莫4. rodent ['rəʊd(ə)nt]n. [脊椎] 啮齿动物adj. 啮齿类的;咬的,嚼的;侵蚀性的5. variety [və'raɪətɪ]n. 多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化6. behavioral [bi'heivjərəl]adj. 行为的7. observe [əb'zɜːv]vi. 观察;说;注意到;评论vt. 观察;遵守;说;注意到;评论8. reside [rɪ'zaɪd]vi. 住,居住;属于9. climate ['klaɪmət]n. 气候;风气;思潮;风土10. available [ə'veɪləb(ə)l]adj. 有效的,可得的;可利用的;空闲的11. describe [dɪ'skraɪb]vt. 描述,形容;描绘12. territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl]n. 地方自卫队士兵adj. 领土的;区域的;土地的;地方的13. ritual ['rɪtʃʊəl]n. 仪式;惯例;礼制adj. 仪式的;例行的;礼节性的14. emerge [ɪ'mɜːdʒ]vi. 浮现;摆脱;暴露15. process ['prəʊses]n. 过程,进行;方法,步骤;作用;程序;推移adj. 经过特殊加工(或处理)的vt. 处理;加工vi. 列队前进16. separate ['sep(ə)reɪt]n. .分开;抽印本adj. 单独的;分开的;不同的;各自的;vt. 使分离;使分开;使分居vi. 分开;隔开;分居17. offspring ['ɒfsprɪŋ]n. 后代,子孙;产物18. edible ['edɪb(ə)l]n. 食品;食物adj. 可食用的19. contrast ['kɒntrɑːst]n. 对比;差别;对照物vt. 使对比;使与…对照vi. 对比;形成对照20. aggressive [ə'gresɪv]adj. 侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的21. meadow ['medəʊ]n. 草地;牧场n. (Meadow)人名;(英)梅多22. cooperation [kəʊ,ɒpə'reɪʃ(ə)n]n. 合作,协作;[劳经] 协力。

Lecture1

Lecture1

Lecture1:Preferences and Choice0.1Preferences1.Let X denote a set of alternatives/objects/goods.A preference relationof an economic agent is a binary relation,denoted by<,over X.The relation describes what the agent wants.For any x;x02X,x<x0means that the economic agent consider x to be at least as good as x0.(I will call<the weak preference relation.)2.The standard approach in economics is to learn what people learn fromtheir choices and avoid making any direct assumptions about preferences over any two alternatives.3.Instead,we assume that,overall,people preferences are internal consistentor rational.(In economics the two concepts more or less mean the same thing.)4.Axioms of Rational Preferences:(a)Completeness:For any two bundles x and x0,it is that either x<x0,or x0<x,or both.(b)Transitivity:For any three choices x;x0,and x00,if x<x0and x0<x00;then x<x00:If an agent likes x better than x0,and x0better than x00,then hemust like x better than x00.5.If both x<x0and x0<x,then the agent is indi¤erent between x andx0.We use the notation to represent the indi¤erence relation.If x<x0 and x x0,then the agent strictly prefers x to x0.We use to represent the strict preference relation.6.The transitivity of<implies the transitivity of and the transitivity of,and vice versa.So,we can equivalently state our axioms as(a)Completeness:For any two bundles x and x0,it is that either x x0,x0 x,or x x0.(b)Transitivity:For any three choices x;x0,and x00,if x x0and x0 x00;then x x00;andif x x0and x0 x00;then x x00:17.Showing the equivalence or4and6are not hard.For example:to showthat the transitivity of<implies the transitivity of ,we suppose,by way of contradiction,that there are x;x0,and x00such thatx x0and x0 x00;but x x00:(Note that x is not strictly better x0is equivalent to x0is as good as x.) By the transitivity of weak preference,x00<x<x0)x00<x0)(:8.Other relations can be derived from the axioms.For example,we canshow thatif x x0and x0<x00;then x x00:9.How restrictive and how realistic are these axioms?Transitivity seems tobe a natural property.It makes no sense to like a better b,b better than c,and then c strictly better than a.If that is really the case,will the agent exchange b for a,then c for b,and…nally pays something extra to exchange a for c?Nevertheless,as Rubinstein’s survey shows intransitive stated preferences is not all that uncommon.10.Examples of Non-Transitive Decision Rule(Rubinstein):(a)The Condorcet Paradox of Majority Rule:Suppose each object x hasthree characteristics:x1;x2;x3.The rule states that x x0i¤thereexists i;j2f1;2;3g,i=j such that x i>x0i and x j>x0j.Andx x0if x x0and x0 x:(b)x x0if x x0>1;and x x0if x x0and x0 x:0.2Choice1.(Here we are following Rubinstein.)For any set A X,a choice functionC(A)of an economic agent is the element that the agent would choose from A.2.Formally,preferences,represented by ,and choice,represented by C aredi¤erent mathematical objects.(The former is a binary relation on X;the second a function de…ned over the power set of A.)3.Nevertheless,the two concepts are closely related.A choice function Cis induced by if for all A X,C (A)is a one of the best elements of A (according to ).We say that a player is rational if his preferences satisfy completeness and transitivity and his choice behavior follows C .4.Rational choice behavior vs.rationalizable behavior.Some economists ar-gue it does not matter whether consumers are really rational(in the sense2of choosing the best alternatives according to a well-de…ned preference re-lation);all that matters is that consumers behave as if they are rational.An example,I think,from Milton Friedman:Expert billiard players do not understand physics,but they play as if they do.And we can predict what an expert player will do from the laws of physics.5.There is a long debate on the methodology of economics.We won’t pursueit here.6.But what does behaving“as if”rational mean in our current context?7.We say that a choice function C satis…es condition*for all A B XC(B)2A=)C(A)=C(B):(1) Condition*says that if an agent chooses x from a set B,then he will also choose x from any subset A of B that contains x.This condition is called The Weak Law of Revealed Preference in the context of classical consumer demand theory(which concerns choice from budget sets).It is commonly stated in a slightly di¤erent way:For all B X,if x2B and x=C(B),thenC(B)2A)C(A)=x:(2) If an agent chooses C(B)and not x when x is also in B,then the agent will never choose x whenever C(B)belongs to the choice set.Try to prove that(1)and(2)are equivalent.8.Proposition:If C satis…es*,then there is a rational preference relationsuch that C=C .9.Proof:See Rubinstein pp.28.10.The proposition means that as long as the behavior is internally consistentin the sense of*,we can come up with preferences such that the choice “appears”to be rational.11.Let X be a…nite subset of<2.Do the following choice rules satisfy theWA?(a)C (A)=x2A such that x2 10,and x1>x01for all x02f x2A s.t.x2 10g.In words,this rule picks the x which has the greatest…rst componentamong all members of A whose second component is greater than10.(b)C (A)=x2A such that there exists x02A such that x2>x02,and x1>x01for all x02f x2A s.t.x2>x002for some x002A g.In words,this rule picks the x which has the greatest componentamong all members of A whose second component is not the lowestin A.30.3The Psychology of Choice1.Psychologists and behavioral economists have discovered choice behaviornot captured by or systematically our axioms0.3.1Anchoring1.Reference:Ariely,Loewenstein,Prelec,2003,“Coherent Arbitrariness”Stable Demand Curves without Stable Preferences,Quarterly Journal of Economics.2.There are many experiments showing that consumers’willingness to payfor a certain object can be in‡uenced by normatively irrelevant anchors.For example,in one experiment,subjects are…rst asked whether they are willing to buy an object at a price equal to the…nal two digits of the subject’s ID number.They are then asked to state their precise willingness to pay for the same object.The result of the experiment is that subjects with greater ID numbers are willing to pay signi…cantly more for the good.3.The point is that there is an arbitrary component in people preferences.Our willingness to pay for real estate may be in‡uenced by the recent real estate price.4.Ariely et al shows that the impact of anchoring can be systematic andlong lasting such that choice remains coherent.0.3.2Endowment E¤ect1.Endowment E¤ects is the phenomenon that the minimum selling priceconsumers demand for an object that they currently own are often higher than the maximum price they are willing to pay for the object when they do not own the object in the…rst place.This is also referred to as loss aversion.0.3.3Framing(Tversky and Kahneman,cited in Rubinstein pp.32)1.Subjects are asked to consider the following hypothetical situation:Anoutbreak of disease is expected to cause600deaths in the US.Some sub-jects are asked to choose between the following two alternatives:a.400people will die.b.With probability1/3,0people will die and with probability2/3,600will die.Other subjects are asked to choose between:c.200people will be savedd.With probability1/3,all600will be saved,and with probability2/3,none will be saved.42.Note that a is equivalent to c and b is equivalent to d,except that a andb are stated in terms of lives lost,whilec and d in terms lives saved.The di¤erent wording makes a huge di¤erence.A sizable majority of the subjects choose b in the…rst case,and c in the second.3.We don’t state it as a formal axiom,but it seems reasonable that anyde…nition of rational behavior should require that preferences between a pair of alternatives should determine on the substance of the alternatives, and not on how they are presented.4.The standard explanation of the observed choice pattern is that peopletreat gains and loss in lives di¤erently.Wordings that focus on the certain deaths of400people in a and a1/3probability of zero deaths in c leads people to choose a.0.3.4Reason-Based Choiceersky and Sha…r(1992)(cited by Sha…r et.al.)conduct an experimentin which subjects are asked to make hypothetical choices.High Con‡ict:Suppose you are considering buying a CD player and have not yet decided what model to buy.There are two models on sale in an electronic store:a popular SONY model for$99,a top-of-the-line AIWA model for$169.Both substantially below listed price.Results:27%buy SONY,27%buy AIWA,46%not buying any.Low Con‡ict:Same scenario except that only the SONY model is avail-able.Results:66%buy SONY,34%not buy.Dominance:Same as the…rst.Except that the AIWA model is an inferior one and is selling at$105.Results:73%buy SONY,3%buy AIWA,24%not buy.2.Note that each subject is making one choice.Nevertheless,the resultsseems to violate condition*.Comparing the High Con‡ict treatment to the Low Con‡ict treatment,we see that adding the top-of-the-line AIWA model actually increases the number of subjects not buying.On the other hand,adding the inferior AIWA model increases the number of subjects buy the SONY model.3.The result suggests that preferences between two objects are a¤ected byother choices in the choice set.In the High Con‡ict treatment,subjects do not have a clear reason to choose SONY or AIWA.SONY is cheaper but AIWA is of higher quality.So they choose not be buy.4.Marketing research suggests consumers do not like to choose the mostexpensive or the lowest quality alternatives.Adding a really expensive TV set may improve the sale of the expensive one.55.Recent research also…nds that employees are less likely to enroll in pensionplans with too many options.6.Further Reading:Context-dependent Preferences,Tversky and Simon-son,Management Science1993,Laibson and Choy on401K,references cited by Rubinstein.6。

lecture的意思用法大全

lecture的意思用法大全

lecture的意思用法大全lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥,教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形:过去式: lectured; 现在分词:lecturing; 过去分词:lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或谴责”。

lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或谴责某人”。

lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。

说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。

lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆匆看了一遍。

His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。

They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。

lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。

说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。

lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。

lecture还可作“责备”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。

“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。

lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿,真让我感到羞辱。

He lectured to his students on modern writers.他给学生们讲了关于现代作家的一课。

托福听力tpo64 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo64  lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo64lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But theUnited States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well, you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lowerprices.Right?Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goodsB.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countriesC.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisionsD.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade2.Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropicalclimates?A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural productionB.To explain how demand for a product determines its costC.To describe how domestic shortages are createdD.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage3.According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.C.It consistently exports more than it imports.D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.4.The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs. What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on2answers.]A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.5.Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantageB.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costsC.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industryD.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level6.Why does the professor say this:say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her pointB.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understandC.To prepare the class for a shift to a new topicD.To return to a point she made earlier答案C D A AD B A译文请听经济学课上的部分内容。

Lecture 1-绪论

Lecture 1-绪论

loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.

2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.

他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.

Lecture 分类词汇完整版

Lecture 分类词汇完整版

Lecture 分类词汇完整版1. 生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus 病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology 昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater 水下的marine 海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue(动植物细胞的)组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care 产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimen物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的,遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe微生物yeast 酵母(菌)bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering 遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2. 动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order 目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate 灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物(如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等)herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠;蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms(昆虫等)群flock (牛、羊等)群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生;卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的;流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed(名词)品种;(动词)繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn(鱼、虾、蛙等)孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct 消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel 松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak(老鼠等)吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp(鸟、虫的叫声)vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork 鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage 羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill(鸟)嘴beak(鹰等的)嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3. 海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝;蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼;乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎;鳎目鱼plaice鲽,红斑比目鱼4. 植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette(叶的)丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud花蕾petal 花瓣peel / skin果皮shell(硬)果壳husk(干)果壳/(玉米)苞叶trunk树干bark 树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle 丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie 大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇(灌木)fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses 石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds 种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的;不生育的futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物(淀粉)glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant 绿油油的,嫩绿的,翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree 针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper 刺柏;杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron 杜鹃花rose 玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily 百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato 番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage 卷心菜wheat 小麦rye 黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5. 气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict 预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front 冷锋warm air mass热气团current(气)流moisture潮湿,水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity 湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate饱和dew露frost 霜fog / mist 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水condense浓缩crystal 水晶体sheet (水、冰、雪的)一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation(雨、露、雪等)降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm 沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐;浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析;卫星云图6. 地质学crust地壳mantle 地幔core地核continental crust 大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble 碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead 铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium 钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier 冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山(平缓)(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山(陡峭)eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera (开口较大的)火山口depression洼地,凹陷处;盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river 科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7. 考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologist人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人(科)homogeneous 同以种族(种类)的tribe 部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique 古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age 青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude高度/ 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent 南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布;喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial 地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra苔原,冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊;分水岭abyss 深渊territory 版图;领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世;纪;代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics 天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology 宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation 星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury 水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn 土星Uranus天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin旋转satellite 卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet 彗星space / outer space太空,外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman 宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula 星云space debris 太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球;光球层chromospheres 色球;色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子(发生在光球层)flare耀斑(发生在色球层)solar prominence日珥(发生在色球层)convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪,干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image 影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10. 环保相关ecology 生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora 植物群rain forest雨林food chain 食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution 空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes (有毒的)废气waste 废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater 污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel(噪音)分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable 不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy 潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage 水源缺乏offshore spillage 近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission(汽车废气的)排放soot烟尘El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12. 新技术发明相关13. 人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic 批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist 女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor业主mortal 犯人precursor先驱figurehead 名誉领袖disciple 学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent 杰出的versatile (人)多才多艺的/(物)多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive 感人的prodigious巨大的classic 经典的posthumous死后的14. 发展史文学pose散文diary日记autobiography 传记editorial 社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose 描写性essay随笔poetry 诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb 谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue 尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra(管弦)乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound dru 击鼓foot beat跺脚note 音符score乐谱movement 乐章fanatical 狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp 竖琴horn号;喇叭clarinet 单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony和声rest 休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude 序曲epilogue尾声政治经济subsistence存活,生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系,血缘关系commodity商品check支票;收据;账单bank loan 银行贷款interest 利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义(认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法);保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕,富足sophisticated世故的,老练的;复杂的,尖端的建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing 辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator 电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色,色素canvas油画布brush 画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original 原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture 雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine小雕像bust 半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。

2019年英语专业八级真题听力 Mini-lecture(1)

2019年英语专业八级真题听力 Mini-lecture(1)

Body Language and Mind肢体语言和意识Good morning,everyone.大家早上好。

In today's lecture,I'd like to focus on how our body langu age reveals who we are.在今天的课上,我主要来讲讲我们的肢体语言如何揭示出我们是什么样的人。

We're really fascinated with body language,and particula rly interested in other people's bodylanguage.我们对肢体语言十分感兴趣,尤其是其他人的肢体语言。

You know,we're sometimes interested in an awkward int eraction,or a smile,or a contemptuous glance,or maybe a very awkward wink,or handshake.你们知道的,我们有时会对一次尴尬的交流、微笑、轻蔑一瞥感兴趣,也有可能对尴尬的眨眼或握手感兴趣。

So what kind of body language am I talking about?那么,你们知道我说的是哪种肢体语言吗?I am interested in power dynamics--that is the nonverba l expressions of power and dominance.我对动力学感兴趣——这是权力和支配地位的非语言表达。

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and domin ance?那么,权力和支配地位的非语言表达是什么呢?Well,this is what they are.下面,我来阐述它们的含义。

Lecture 1

Lecture 1
Grammar for Business
L1 P resen t T en se
01.P resen t S im p le
一般现在时
02.P resen t C o n tin u o u s
现在进行时
03.P resen t P erfect
现在完成时
04. Speaking Strategy-Discussing
Q:What 1 .......i.s........ (be) Skype? A:Skype 2 ......i.s......... (be) a software programme that 3.....a..ll.o..w...s... (allow) users to make
telephone calls over the Internet. Q: 4D.o..e..s...Skype...h. av..e.. (Skype / have) any advantages over the usual telephone providers? A:Yes. Calls to other users of the service 5..d..o..n..'.t..c.o..s..t (not cost) anything. It also 6....i.n..c.l.u..d..e..s.
02 Present continuous
Read this job advertisement. a Which verb describes a பைடு நூலகம்emporary activity? b Which verb describes a changing situation?
2A Forming the present continuous

第三版新视野大学英语读写教程1unit1_unit6答案解析全

第三版新视野大学英语读写教程1unit1_unit6答案解析全

Unit 11.选词填空explore(v.勘探,探测) transmit(v.传送,传递,传播) resource(n.资源) emerge(v.出现,为···所公认) yield(v.产生,出产,屈从,让步) pose(v.摆姿势,导致) assume(v.认为,假定,假设) confidence(n.信任信赖,自信心) inherit(v.沿袭,秉承,继承) comprehensive(a.综合的,多方面的)1. Given the chance to show his ability, he regained confidence and began to succeed in school.2. It is so difficult to explore the bottom of the ocean because some parts are very deep.3. It was about 30 seconds before Alex emerged from the water; we were quite scared.4. We often assume that when other people do the same things as we do, they do them for the same reasons; but this assumption is not always reasonable.5. There is widespread concern that the rising unemployment may pose a threat to social stability.6. After a(n) comprehensive physical exam, my doctor said I was in good condition except that my blood pressure was a little high.7. It is well known that China is a country with rich natural resources and a very big population.8. Some people believe that the earth can yield enough food to support at least twice its present population.9. Sam inherited the gift of imagination from his family, but he lacked the driving power to take action.10. A bee that has found honey is able to transmit to other bees the information they need in order to collect the honey.2.15选10attain赢得,获得,得到 fascinating迷人的,吸引人fulfill履行,执行pursue追求,致力于 available可获得的可利用的 qualify使合适,合格raise提升,增加 passion强烈的爱好,热爱 virtually实际上classify分类归类 acquire获得,取得,学到 fashionable流行的especially特别的 sample样品,标本 prosperous繁荣的University students come from different parts of the country with various purposes. However, a closer look at their reasons for studying at the university will enable us to (1)classify them roughly into three groups: those who have a(n) (2)passion for learning, those who wish to (3)attain a bright future, and those who learn with no definite purpose. Firstly, there are many students who learn simply because they (4)pursue their goal of learning. Some read a wealth of British and American novels because they are keenly interested in literature. Others sit in front of the computer screen, working on a new program, (5)virtually day and night, because they find some computer programs (6)fascinating, and they dream of becoming a "Bill Gates" one day. Secondly, there are students who work hard mainly for a better and more (7)prosperous future. It seems that the majority of students fall into this group. After admission to the university, they read books after books to (8)acquire knowledge from all of the resources which are (9)available to them, and finally, to succeed in the future job market. Thirdly, there are still some students who learn without a clear goal. They takecourses, finish homework, enjoy life on campus, but don't want to (10)sample anything new or challenging. They have no idea what they will be doing after college. And they may end up with nothing in their lives.3.选词组open the door to 给···以机会 in advance 预先,提前all at once 同时,一下子 reap the benefits (of) 得享(某事物)的好处make the most of 最大限度的利用某物 over time逐渐地,慢慢地get by过活,活的去 stand a chance (of)有(做成某事)的希望remind ... of 使某人想起 take pleasure in乐于做某事1. My family got by on my father's unemployment benefit after he lost his job.2. Many subway riders read books or listen to music in order to make the most of their time on the way to work.3. In order to make sure he would be able to attend the meeting, I called him up two weeks in advance.4. Experts say our company is amazing in that sales have been increasing steadily over time .5. In order to reap the benefits of the physical exercise, you have to exercise regularly, and for at least half an hour each time.6. They all tried to talk all at once , but I couldn't hear anything they said.7. Yellow flowers in the field always remind me of my childhood in the countryside.8. We have been practicing for so long and so hard that our team should stand a chance of winning the game.9. Research on genes will open the door to exciting new medical treatments.10. Every one of you has made a contribution and I take pleasure in acknowledging what each of you has done to make this academic convention such a success.4.翻译Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying t he fundamentals (基础) of modern Western philosophy. He is a mysterious figure known chiefly t hrough the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of h is most famous student Plato. Socrates has become well known for his contri bution to the field of ethics. His method of teaching, known as the Socrat ic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of disc ussions. He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of e pistemology (认识论) and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a stron g foundation for Western philosophy that followed. Socrates was the most col orful figure in the history of ancient philosophy. His fame was widespreadin his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he co nstructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect (宗派).苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家,被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。

托福听力tpo57 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo57   lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo57 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a theater history class. The class is discussing 18th-century plays in Europe and the United States.MALE PROFESSOR: By far the most popular genre of plays during the 18th century was the sentimental comedy. Now, in order to sort of get our heads around what a sentimental comedy is, where it came from, and why on earth it was so popular, we need to understand what sentimentality was, as a philosophical movement. So, uh, during the 18th century, some thinkers, uh, philosophers, political theorists uh cameup with this idea of sentimentality. The main point in sentimentality is that-that people are inherently good, people are good by nature. In the past, in other times, some people had believed or claimed that men and women are naturally selfish, or naturally evil; during the seventeenth century there was a very popular theory, known as-as the “social contract,” set out by thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, which argued that people are naturally selfish …. Eh, during the eighteenth century, on the other hand, eh thinkers associated with sentimentality came along and said no, no, no, people are naturally good. Yes, Diane, question?FEMALE STUDENT: Yeah, sorry to interrupt, but… why was it called—that first one, uh, the “social contract”—why was it called that? I mean, if people are supposed to be naturally selfish, isn’t that the opposite of being social?MALE PROFESSOR: Uh. the emphasis was more on the contract part. If people are naturally inclined to do what’s in their own self-interest, then, in order to have people living together in peace, you-you needed to develop some kind of a social contract, a sort of agreement—I won’t hit you over the head and take your stuff if you don’t hit me over the head and take my stuff... But, in the eighteenth century, the sentimental theorists came along and said that people are naturally good. FEMALE STUDENT: Hard to believe sometimes if you watch the evening news.MALE PROFESSOR: Okay. If you try to argue that people are naturally good, you’re going to have to answer the question: “What about the fact that bad things happen? How do we account for the fact that people do bad things?” Sentimental theorists claimed that evil deeds happen because people are led astray by bad influences. That is, people can be pressured, or seduced, or tricked into doing something wrong. And, uh, the other question that comes up in relation to sentimentality is: “If you are led astray, how can you be redeemed? Can you be brought back to your state of natural goodness?” What do you think?MALE STUDENT: I think, yeah, if you think people are basically good, then you probably also think they can be, you know, brought back to being good again.MALE PROFESSOR: That’s right. And they said you do this by appealing to a person’s natural instincts, trying to return them or connect them to their natural state, especially via the emotions. Making someone cry, then, could make them good again. Uh, picture, for example, uh, the evil villain, smirking at his latest, uh, robbery and theft, who happens to see a lost child, walking down the street, sobbing, and he starts to sniffle and cry and maybe his heart goes out to this, this lost child, and he wants to he the child and somehow he realizes that he’s been bad—or rather, been behaving badly—since according to sentimentalist theory, he was never truly bad to begin with.Alright, that’s sort of the hallmark of sentimentality, and it’s what became the driving force behind sentimental comedies.MALE STUDENT: I, I don’t get why they’re comedies—they don’t sound funny …MALE PROFESSOR: You’re right, a sentimental comedy is not specifically funny. The goal isn’t to make the audience laugh; in fact, the goal’s to make the audience cry. Thus, a sentimental comedy will usually depict someone virtuous, but in some sort of distress. Perhaps a good virtuous man or woman who, who’s suffering financial hardships, and uh, we see them desperate for food, barely able to survive, tempted to, to rob someone. But they resist that temptation and still triumph in the end. And again, seeing this, the audience is expected to cry, and thus reconnect with their natural emotional state…题目1.What is the lecture mainly about? [Click on 2 answers.]A. Story elements that make comedies funnyB. A type of play that was popular in the pastC. Opposing theories about human natureD. Theories about roles that people play in society2.Why does the professor mention social contract theory?A. To provide the historical setting for the development of sentimental theoryB. To give an example of a theory proposed by sentimental philosophersC. To explain the basic concept underlying all sentimental comediesD. To offer one explanation for the influence sentimental comedies had on society3.According to the professor, what two questions did sentimental theorists need to answer about their theory?[Click on 2 answers.]A. Why do people do bad things?B. How can people resist bad influences?C. How is it possible for people to feel good when they do bad things?D. Can people who do bad things become good again?4.According to the professor, what is a typical sentimental comedy usually about?A. A good person who tries to help othersB. A good person in a desperate situationC. A person who encourages others to behave badlyD. A bad person who is punished in the end5.What does the professor imply is the fundamental objective of sentimentalcomedies?A. To make people aware of social problemsB. To remind people that money does not always bring happinessC. To help people forget about their problemsD. To encourage people to be true to their inner nature6.What does the professor imply when he says this?A. Sentimental comedies preceded the development of sentimental theory.B. Sentimental comedies were surprisingly funny.C. It is difficult to understand why sentimental comedies were once so popular.D. It is not known exactly where the first sentimental comedies were presented.答案BC A AD B D C译文旁白:在戏剧历史课上听一部分讲座。

D1试题

D1试题

Turn overInstructions to CandidatesWrite your answers for this paper in the D1 answer book provided.In the boxes on the answer book, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature.Check that you have the correct question paper.Answer ALL the questions.When a calculator is used, the answer should be given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.Do not return the question paper with the answer book.Information for CandidatesFull marks may be obtained for answers to ALL questions.The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).There are 8 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 75.There are 8 pages in this question paper. The answer book has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.Advice to CandidatesYou must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.You should show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers without working may not gain full credit.Printer’s Log. No.M34282AThis publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2009 Edexcel Limited.W850/R6689/57570 3/5/4/3*M34282A*M34282A 2M34282A3Turn overM34282A 4M34282A5Turn overM34282A 6M34282A7TurnoverM34282A 8Examiner’s use onlyTeam Leader’s use onlyTurn overPaper Reference(s)6689/01Edexcel GCEDecision Mathematics D1Advanced/Advanced SubsidiaryWednesday 20 May 2009 – AfternoonAnswer BookDo not return the question paper with the answer bookThis publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2009 Edexcel Limited. Printer’s Log. No.M34282AW850/R6689/57570 3/5/4/3*M34282A0116*2*M34282A0216*13Turn over*M34282A01316*14*M34282A01416*15*M34282A01516*16*M34282A01616*。

lecture1专业英语的特点

lecture1专业英语的特点
The strength of the structural material is higher and higher to satisfy the increasing demand of modern industry.
构造材料的强度越来越高,目的就是满足不断增长的现代工业需求。
(2) What does a furnace do? It heat-up a material. The function of a furnace is to heat-up a material.
Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。 Consider a high-pressure chambeammar Features
(5) 复杂长句使用频繁〔准确、精炼〕
为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系,使用大量从句
It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.
图1所示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下的应用。
1.3 Grammar Features
2) The term “structure〞, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a material’s atoms.
中心是客观现象及事物本身,而非动作的发出者,把论证说明的对象

绿色能源与环境保护Lecture1

绿色能源与环境保护Lecture1

Reference
Evaluation Method
Attendance points: 10 points credit will be possible for perfect attendance. Presentation: 40 points Final Exam: Points earned on the final exam will be prorated to a maximum of
“50" before assigning final grades.
Pollution from Petroleum Utilization
World Energy Consumption Trends by Source
World Energy consumption by Source
CO2 emission from different energy source
– At the upper end, the material becomes non-volatile at about 1100°F (atmospheric equivalent boiling point)
– resins and asphaltenes – contain varying degrees sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and heavy metals such as vanadium and nickel.
CC
-Linked by conjugated double bonds in ring structures
-Aromatics
• Saturated Aliphatic HC (n-alkanes or n-paraffins)

lecture1

lecture1
OH N
O N N M O
形成螯合物的沉淀剂 和沉淀反应
• 丁二酮肟:能与Ni2+形成2:1的螯合物, 四个氮原子以平面正方形的构型分布在 中心离子的周围,形成二个五员环的难 溶化合物,于氨性溶液中沉淀,它是分 离Ni2+的有效沉淀剂。
H O 2 CH3 C N OH CH3 C N OH + Ni
吸附或吸留作用的共沉淀剂
• 常用于此类的无机共沉淀剂通常生成非 非 晶沉淀,其表面积大,与溶液中微量元 晶沉淀 素接触机会多,吸附量也大,有利于痕 量元素的共沉淀;而且非晶形沉淀的聚 集速率快,可将吸附在表面的微量元素 很快地包藏起来,提高了富集的效率。 另外,许多硫化物(如PbS, CdS, SnS2) 等除了具有上述特点外,还易发生后沉 淀,有利于微量元素的富集。
54.02 47.45 48.73 52.32 55.36
35.48
38.14
45.32
30.30 29.05
oleic acid
58.49
36.99
0 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00
沉淀分离
沉淀的转化作用
• 用一种难溶化合物,使存在于溶液 中的微量元素转化成更为难溶的物 质而使其得到分离的方法。如: CdS/Cu2+,Hg2Cl2/M,CaCO3/Pb2+
无机共沉淀剂
• 无机共沉淀剂除极少数(如汞化合物) 可以经灼烧挥发除去外,在大多数情况 下需分离载体元素和痕量待测元素,因 此只有当载体离子容易被掩蔽或不干扰 测定时才方便使用。
2+
O Ni H N C CH3 + 2 H+ N C CH3 O

lecture1-橡胶的物理特性

lecture1-橡胶的物理特性

© Dassault Systèmes, 2008
泡沫橡胶:结构
• 泡沫橡胶由多面体单元在三个维度组集而成。 • 泡沫橡胶单元可以是开放的(例如,海绵)或者是封闭的(例如,泡沫浮 选)。 • 泡沫橡胶材料的典型例子是细胞状聚合体,例如衬垫、填料和利用泡 沫优秀能量吸收性能的包装材料。
© Dassault Systèmes, 2008
© Dassault Systèmes, 2008
固体橡胶:损伤
• 变形可能导致交键产生损伤 • Mullins 作用明确给出了由于刚度损伤引起的参考损失值。
© Dassault Systèmes, 2008
固体橡胶:真实的应力 – 应变关系
• 典型的单轴拉伸曲线 • 加载/卸载循环给出了损伤、滞后现象和永久应变
泡沫橡胶
© Dassault Systèmes, 2008
泡沫橡胶
• 海绵橡胶或人造泡沫橡胶(我们一般称为泡沫橡胶)具有下列特性: • 人造泡沫橡胶由橡胶材料组成,弹性变形的应变值很大(拉伸应变达到
500%或更多,压缩应变达到90%或更多)
• 人造泡沫橡胶与可压泡沫的明显不同在于其可以承受不能恢复的( 非弹性)变形。 • 泡沫的多孔性使其能够承受非常大的体积变形,这与固体橡胶刚好相反 ,固体橡胶几乎是不可压缩的。 • 固体橡胶的泊松比 → 0.5 • (高孔隙)橡胶的泊松比 → 0.0
• 单元壁转动和排列导致刚度增加
• 拉伸应变大致在0.33左右时,单元壁充分排列。 继续拉伸将使得单元壁的拉伸应变增加。
© Dassault Systèmes, 2008
泡沫橡胶
• 应变较小时,压缩和拉伸试验得到的泡沫橡胶的泊松比 0.33 • 单元壁的弯曲没有引起显著的侧向变形。 • 但是,拉伸过程中泊松比 是非零的,是由于单元壁的排列和拉伸引起的。 • 泡沫加工过程中常常导致单元包含不同的主要尺寸(Principaldimensions) 。 • 形状的各项异性将导致不同方向上有不同的荷载响应。 • 然而,Abaqus 软件中的 hyperfoam 材料模型不考虑初始的各向异性。 平均值大约为

Lecture整理

Lecture整理

Lecture 01工作流定义:工作流是指整个或部分业务过程在计算机支持下的全自动或半自动化的技术。

工作流关注的主体是过程。

它将信息处理中的过程抽出来,研究其结构、性质及实现等。

解决的主要问题是:使在多个参与者之间按照某种预定义的规则传递文档、信息或任务的过程自动进行, 从而实现某个预期的业务目标,或者是促使此目标的实现。

在适当的时间将适当的信息传递给适当的人用适当的工具进行处理。

一个工作流包括一组活动以及它们之间的顺序关系,过程及活动的启动和终止条件,以及对每个活动的描述。

活动activity:是一个工作的逻辑单元,不可再分的过程(原子过程)。

过程的结构:顺序、选择、并行、循环。

大部分过程都可以用这四种基本结构来建模。

元模型是用来定义语义模型的构造和规则的,通常称为定义表达模型的语言的模型。

工作流的元模型是用于描述工作流内部的各个元素、元素之间关系及其属性的。

工作流管理系统WFMS:是一个完全定义、管理和执行工作流的系统,它通过计算机表示的工作流逻辑来驱动软件有序地运行。

工作流引擎Workflow Engine:为工作流实例提供运行时期的执行环境的软件服务器或引擎。

功能:1.解释过程定义2.控制过程实例—创建、激活、挂起、终止等3.为过程的活动导航,可能要包含顺序或者平行的操作、最后时间期限、对工作流相关数据进行解释4.参与者签名和退出5.确定任务项目,实现用户意图;提供接口,支持用户交互6.维护工作流控制数据和工作流相关数据,在应用程序间或者用户间传递工作流相关数据7.提供调用外部程序的接口,连接所有工作流相关数据8.提供控制、管理和审查功能组件接口:1.过程定义导入、导出接口:转换格式和API调用,从而支持过程定义信息间的互相转换。

2.客户端应用程序接口:通过这个接口工作流机可以与任务表处理器交互,代表用户资源来组织任务。

然后由任务表处理器负责,从任务表中选择、推进任务项。

3.应用程序调用接口:允许工作流机直接激活一个应用工具来执行一个活动。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

λ
∆Σ k πRλ ≈ ,与k无关。 rk R+b
1 讨论:f (θ 0 , θ k ) = (1 + cos θ ) = ?? 2
结论:Ak随着k的增加缓慢减少。缓慢程度可以用一个数值计算来说明:
2
<< R,b。可用∆r代替dr :
λ ~ 600 nm,R ~ 1m,b ~ 1m,k = 10 4 λ 2 2 2
泊松亮斑成像— 泊松亮斑成像—无透镜成像技术
A B 高亮度源 光滑球
B’ A’
B’
A’
泊松成像的特点: 泊松成像的特点:
• 使用于高亮度物体的成像 • 泊松成像没有景深限制 • 不存在如透镜色散引起的色像差
*半波带半径公式 半波带半径公式
R 2 + ( R + b) 2 − (b + k ) 2 2 ρ k = R sin α k = R ⋅ 1 − cos 2 α k ;cos α k = 2 R ( R + b)
衍射的一般特点: 衍射的一般特点:
1、限制与展宽
ρ
∆θ ∆θ ∆θ
发散角、波长和限制尺度的关系:
ρ ⋅ ∆θ ~ λ
2、衍射图样和衍射屏的结构一一对应,结构越细微,相应的衍射图样 越扩大。
微结构
衍射图样
DNA的X光衍射照片 的 光衍射照片
创新需要多学科交叉 克里克、沃森、威尔金斯,1962年 诺贝尔奖。上世纪,研究DNA结构的 弗兰克林、威尔金斯、鲍林都是物理学家或化学家,所以,有人说:是物理 学“剑走偏锋”,助产了现代生物学。
惠更斯-菲涅耳原理 一、 惠更斯 菲涅耳原理
菲涅耳是法国物理学家和铁路工程师。 1788年5月10日生于布罗利耶,1806年毕业于巴 黎工艺学院,1809年又毕业于巴黎桥梁与公路 学校。1823年当选为法国科学院院士,1825年 被选为英国皇家学会会员。1827年7月14日因肺 菲涅耳 Augustin1788-1827) (Augustin-Jean Fresnel 1788-1827) 病医治无效而逝世,终年仅39岁。 菲涅耳的科学成就主要有两个方面。一是衍射。他以惠更斯原理和 干涉原理为基础,用新的定量形式建立了惠更斯--菲涅耳原理,完善了光 的衍射理论。另一成就是偏振。他与D.F.J.阿拉果一起研究了偏振光的干 涉,确定了光是横波(1821);他发现了光的圆偏振和椭圆偏振现象 (1823),用波动说解释了偏振面的旋转;他推出了反射定律和折射定 律的定量规律,即菲涅耳公式;解释了马吕斯的反射光偏振现象和双折 射现象,奠定了晶体光学的基础。
惠更斯原理 光扰动同时到达的空间曲面被称为波面或波前,波前上的每一点都可 光扰动同时到达的空间曲面被称为波面或波前, 以看成一个新的扰动中心,称为子波源或次波源 次波源, 以看成一个新的扰动中心,称为子波源或次波源,次波源向四周发出次 下一时刻的波前是这些大量次波面的公切面,或称为包络面; 波;下一时刻的波前是这些大量次波面的公切面,或称为包络面;次波 中心与其次波面上的那个切点的连线方向给出了该处光传播方向。 中心与其次波面上的那个切点的连线方向给出了该处光传播方向。
*利用半波带方法的相干叠加矢量图解对衍射现象的说明 利用半波带方法的相干叠加矢量图解对衍射现象的说明
(1)对于圆孔衍射现象的说明 )
A1 A3
Ak=2m+1
A0 A4 A2 O
如果k=2m+1为奇数,
~ U ( P0 ) = A1 − A2 + A3 − A4 + ... + A2 m +1 ≈ A1 = 2 A0 即轴上衍射光振幅约等 于 2 A0,中心为亮斑。 I ( P0 ) = 4 A0 = 4 I 0
k
下一个问题,振幅Ak=???? 下一个问题,振幅A
振幅关系
惠更斯—菲涅耳衍射原理:
1 1 ∆Σ k cosθ 0 =1 Ak ∝ f (θ 0 ,θ k ) ,f (θ 0 ,θ k ) = (cos θ 0 + cos θ ) → (1 + cos θ ) rk 2 2
?? ??
球冠面积:Σ = 2πR 2 (1 − cos α ),于是环带的面积为: dΣ = 2πR 2 sin(α )dα
夫琅禾费衍射:光源—衍射屏—接受屏之 夫琅禾费衍射: 间距离为无限远。
衍射巴比涅原理(互补衍射屏) 衍射巴比涅原理(互补衍射屏)
衍射屏 Σa+Σb= Σ0 自由畅通
−i ~ U (P) = −i (cos θ 0 + cos θ ) ~ e ikr U 0 (Q ) dS ∫∫+ Σ ) 2 r λ (Σ0 =Σ a b (cos θ 0 + cos θ ) ~ e ikr U 0 (Q ) dS ∫∫) 2 r (Σb
cos θ k = ( R + b ) − R − (b + k 2 )
λ
kλ = 1 − 0.003 2 Rb 2R f (θ10000 ) ≈ 1 − 0.0015 = 9.9985 ≈ 1,可以看出倾斜因子的 变化非常缓慢!! → cos θ k ≈ 1 −
k = 3 mm << R ,b ,所以近似为: 2
~ ~ U ( P) = ∫∫ dU ( P)
(Σ)
S Σ
P
dU ( P)= ???
~~
基尔霍夫衍射积分公式: 基尔霍夫,(G.R. Kirchhoff, 1824—1887) 德国物理学家。
−i ~ U (P) =
(cos θ 0 + cos θ ) ~ e ikr U 0 (Q ) dS ∫∫) λ (Σ 2 r
*利用半波带方法的相干叠加矢量图解对衍射现象的说明 利用半波带方法的相干叠加矢量图解对衍射现象的说明
(2)对于圆屏衍射的泊松亮斑的说明 )
A1 A3 A 2m+1
A2m A2
如果k=2m为偶数,
即轴上衍射光强约等于I 0 = (− A0 ) ,中心为亮斑。
2
~ U ( P0 ) = − A2 m + A2 m +1 − A2 m + 2 + A2 m +3 + ... ≈ − A0
R R+b
f (θ 0 , θ1 ) ≈ 1
∆Σ1 A1 = f (θ 0 , θ1 ) A(Q ) λ r1 1
∆Σ k πRλ ≈ rk R+b
a A(Q ) = R
a A(Q ) = R a A0 = R+b
a A1 ≈ π R+b
a A0 ≈ ⋅ 2 R+b
π
问题:为什么两种方法求解的 不相等?在推导中是否有“过分”的近似? 问题:为什么两种方法求解的A0不相等?在推导中是否有“过分”的近似?
第四章 光的衍射
第四章 光的衍射
1、 惠更斯-菲涅耳原理 2、 圆孔和圆屏菲涅耳衍射、波带片(现代光学基础) 现代光学基础) 现代光学基础 3、 夫琅禾费单缝衍射 4、 夫琅禾费圆孔衍射和光学仪器的分辨本领 5、 位移-相移定理(现代光学基础) 现代光学基础) 现代光学基础 6、 一维光栅、二维光栅 7、三维光栅—x射线晶体衍射
U ( P0 ) = ∑ ∆U i
i
相位关系??振幅系
相位关系: 相位关系:
场点到各个半波带的光程差递增λ/2,故此各个半波带对场点扰动的贡献依 次相差π,
~ ~ ~ ~ ∆U1 = A1 , ∆U 2 = − A2 , ∆U 3 = A3 ,... ∆U k = (−1) k +1 Ak ,... 则: ~ U ( P0 ) = ∑ (−1) k +1 Ak
2
中心亮斑光强为自由光 强的 4倍。
*利用半波带方法的相干叠加矢量图解对衍射现象的说明 利用半波带方法的相干叠加矢量图解对衍射现象的说明
(2)对于圆屏衍射的泊松亮斑的说明 )
A1 A3 A 2m+1
A4 A2
如果k=2m+1为奇数,
~ U ( P0 ) = A2 m +1 − A2 m + 2 + A2 m +3 + ... ≈ A0 即轴上衍射光振幅约等于A0,中心为亮斑。
cos θ 0 + cos θ , 2 均对场点扰动有贡献
和菲涅耳的衍射积分公式的主体结构式相同的,基尔霍夫的新贡献是:
(1) ( 2) ( 3)
明确了倾斜因子, f (θ 0 , θ ) = 闭合面上的各个次波源 给出了比例系数, K = −i
λ
=
1
λ
Ia (P) = Ib (P)
~ ~ Ua (P) = −Ub (P)
圆孔和圆屏菲涅耳衍射、 二、 圆孔和圆屏菲涅耳衍射、波带片
*衍射图样及其特征 衍射图样及其特征
泊松亮斑(Poisson spot): 泊松亮斑(Poisson spot): 数学家泊松(粒子学说的信奉者)利用惠更斯—菲涅耳衍射原理,计算出 圆屏衍射中心竟会是一亮斑,这在泊松看来是十分荒谬的,影子中间怎么会 出现亮斑呢?这差点使得菲涅尔的论文中途夭折。但菲涅耳的同事阿拉果 (Franois arago)在关键时刻坚持要进行实验检测,结果发现真的有一个亮点如 同奇迹一般地出现在圆盘阴影的正中心,位置亮度和理论符合得相当完美。
对衍射图样及其特征的分析: 对衍射图样及其特征的分析: (1)、半波带方法 半波带方法—对波前次波源的一种特殊编组方式。 半波带方法
以光源s为球心,以R为半径作闭合球面,球面为等相位的波前,点源与场点 P0 的连线通过该波前M0 点,M0P0=b;尔后以P0 为中心,分别以b+λ/2, b+2λ/2, b+3λ/2,…为半径分割波前,形成一系列环带,相邻环带到场点的光程差均为半 波长,故称这些环带为半波带。 半波带的面积依次为∆Σ1,∆Σ2,∆Σ3…,对场点的贡献依次为∆U1,∆U2,∆U3…, 则总扰动为: ~ ~
相关文档
最新文档