2014年沈阳师范大学外国语学院850翻译理论与实践考研真题【圣才出品】
2014年沈阳师范大学615社会学理论考研真题【圣才出品】
2014年沈阳师范大学615社会学理论考研真题
沈阳师范大学
2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
科目代码：615
科目名称：社会学理论
适用专业名称：社会学\人口学\人类学\民俗学
一、名词解释（共8题，每题5分，合计40分）
1．社会不平等
2．社会整合
3．社会化
4．社会流动
5．二元社会结构
6．社会动力学
7．理想类型
8．入世禁欲主义
二、简答（共6题，每题10分，合计60分）
1．初级群体的基本特点。
2．斯梅尔塞的集合行为理论。
3．科层制的特征。
4．孔德的“社会静力学”。
5．米尔斯的权力精英理论。
6．马克斯·韦伯的价值中立原则。
三、论述题（共2题，每题25分，合计50分）
1．涂尔干在其社会学理论中是如何运用社会事实概念的？
2．试运用社会分层理论分析当下中国社会的富二代、官二代等“二代”现象。
2012年沈阳师范大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题【圣才出品】
2012年沈阳师范大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题科目代码：357科目名称：英语翻译基础一、词语翻译。
(共30题，每题1分，合计30分)1.英译汉。
将下列单词或短语译成汉语（共15题，每题1分，合计15分）。
1)Archilles’heel2)Adoration of the Magi3)American Indian Movement 4)euthanasia5)eleven-plus6)Emmy Award7)The Boston Tea Party8)Arlington National Cemetery9)Dear John Letter 10)The Emancipation Proclamation11)the Maldives12)Moby-Dick13)Ode to a Nightingale14)Piccadilly Circus15)fundamentalism2.汉译英。
将下列单词或短语译成英语（共15题，每题1分，合计15分）。
1)《纯真时代》2)亚马逊雨林3)《坎特伯雷故事集》4)《资本论》5)启蒙时代6)落基山脉7)五大湖8)大英博物馆9)英国下院10)金门桥11)格林尼治时间12)大熔炉13)转基因食品14)欧盟15)《吉尼斯世界纪录》二、句子翻译。
（共20题，每题2分，合计40分）1.把下列谚语、名言翻译成汉语。
（共5题，每题2分，合计10分）。
请考生必须写出句子的引申意义，只译出表面意义会减分。
1）It is all Greek to me.2）All lay loads on a willing horse.3）Clogs to clogs is only three generations.4）In the country of the blind,the one-eyed man is king.5）In wine there’s truth.2.把下列句子译成汉语。
2014年考研英语一真题完整版（文字）
2014年考研英语⼀真题完整版（⽂字） 2014年紧张的考研已经顺利结束，相信各位莘莘学⼦未辜负之前的努⼒，⼩编在这⾥先预祝⼤家取得优异好成绩，店铺为⼤家提供2014年英语考研真题及答案解析，趁着紧张的⽓氛还未落幕，希望各位学友能够准确估分，还有更多资讯尽在栏⺫及考研答案栏⺫，期待您的关注。
2014年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语(⼀)试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 ,we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional , social ,and personal 5 . Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 .Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11___, because these connections are made through effort and fluctuate __12_ mental effort. Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step __13__ and developed the first "brain training Program"designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental __14__. The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 1. [A] where [B] when [C] that [D] why 2. [A] improves [B] fades [C] recover [D] collapses 3. [A] unless [B] while [C] once [D] if 4. [A] damaging [B] limited [C] uneven [D] obscure 5. [A] relationship [B]environment [C] welling [D]outlook 6. [A] figures [B] finds [C] points [D] turns 7. [A] responses [B] roundabout [C] workouts [D] associations 8. [A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions 9. [A] channel [B] sequence [C] process [D] condition 10. [A] feature [B] excel [C] persist [D] believe 11. [A] however [B]moreover [C]otherwise [D] therefore 12. [A] instead of [B] according [C] apart from [D] regardless 13. [A] further [B] back [C] aside [D] around 14. [A] framework [B] stability [C] flexibility [D] sharpness 15. [A] hurries [B] reminds [C] allows [D] forces 16. [A] hold [B] track [C] order [D] pace 17. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on 18. [A] constantly [B] habitually [C] irregularly [D] unusually 19. [A] put [B] carry [C] build [D] take 20. [A] idle [B] familiar [C] risky [D] effective Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency ."George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed, "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland ,your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it –supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood .It is as though 20 years of ever –tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened .The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker”who had no fundamental right to benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance”, conditional on actively seeking a job: no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week ,one of the least generous in the EU. 21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to [A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. [B] encourage jobseeker’ s active engagement in job seeking. [C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. [D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefit. 22.The phase “to sigh on”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means [A]to check on the availability of jobs at the job centre. [B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the government. [C]to register for an allowance from the government. [D]to attend a governmental job-training program. 23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme? [A]A desire to secure a better life for all. [B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed. [C]An urge to be generous to the claimants. [D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. 24.According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel [A]uneasy. [B]enraged. [C]insulted. [D]guilty. 25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree? [A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness. [B]Osborne’s reform will reduce the risk of unemployment. [C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs. [D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional. Text 2 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession --- with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money. Tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states; a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically. In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency . After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have stared liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow. 26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to [A] the growing demand from clients [B] the increasing pressure of inflation [C] the prospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financial rewards 27. which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states? [A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies [B] Receiving training by professional associations [C] Admissions approval from the bar association [D] Pursuing a bachelors degree in another major 28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from [A] the rigid bodies governing the profession [B] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance [C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers. [D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism 29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because [A] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits. [B] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession. [C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade. [D] keeps lawyers form lidding law-firm shares. 30. In the text ,the author mainly discusses. [A] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America. [B] a problem in America’s legal profession ard solutions to it. [C] the role undergraduate studies in America’s legal education. [D] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes. Text 3 The US$3 million Fundamental Physics is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is fair from the only one of this type. As a New Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for research have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephones-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there ere some legitimate concerns about how science prize-both new and old –are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life science include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research – as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobel were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy. As much as some science may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize of they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to sciencerather go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism- that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. 31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as [A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth. [B] a handsome reward for researchers. [C] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes. [D] an example of bankers’investments. 32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit [A] the profit-oriented scientists. [B] the achievement-based system. [C] the founders of the new awards [D] peer-review-led research. 33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves [A] legitimate concerns over the new prizes. [B] controversies over the recipients's status. [C] the joint effort of modern researchers. [D] the demonstration of research finding. 34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels? [A] History has never cast doubt on them. [B] their endurance has done justice to them. [C] They are the most representative honor. [D] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute. 35. The author believes that the new awards are [A] unworthy of public attention. [B] subject to undesirable changes . [C] harmful to the culture of research. [D] acceptable despite the criticism. Text 4 The Hear of the Matter ,”the just –released report by the American Academy of Arts and sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably，however，the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2010，leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal，state and local government，universities，foundations， educators，individual benefactor and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Science .Among the commission’s51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism. The goals identified in the report are generally admirable .Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history andAmerican government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs. Unfortunately, despite 2.5 years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda. Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets and self-reliance-as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and something legitimate, intellectual investigation. The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education . Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. 36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report? [A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D]Tolerant 37. Influential figures in the congress required that the AAAS report on how to [A] define the government’s role in education [B] safeguard individuals’ rights to education [C] retain people’s interest in liberal education [D] keep a leading position in liberal education 38. According to paragraph 3,the report suggests [A] an exclusive study of American history. [B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects. [C] the application of emerging technologies. [D] funding for the study of foreign languages. 39. the author implies in paragraph 5 that professors are [A] supportive of free markets [B] conservative about public policy. [C] biased against classical liberal ideas. [D] cautious about intellectual investigation. 40. which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the matter” [B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter” [C] The AAAS’s contribution to Liberal Education [D] Progressive Policy vs Liberal Education Part B Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) [A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. [B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600,this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. [C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites [D]Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The revaluing settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850,when Copan collapsed. [E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft . allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields. [F]Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologists Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologists Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’ interpretations of these engravings eventually him to find the Minoan palace atKnossos(Knossos), on the island of Crete, in 1900. [G]Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such is small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map site and the landscapes around sites. Two-and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. 41→A→42→E→43→44→44→45 Section III Translation Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break allsigns of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works. This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him. Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behaviour and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression. Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of catharsis. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50) One could paraphrase much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living. Section IV Writing Part A 51. Directions: Write a letter of about 100words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students physical condition . You should include the details on the you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter .Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address (10 points) Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) 考研频道推荐链接：。
[考研类试卷]2014年东北师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2014年东北师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2014年东北师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 vulnerability2 biotic community3 productive power4 exchange rate5 deport6 letter of credit7 herd capacity8 arthritis9 arbitration clause10 chronic disease11 equality and mutual benefit12 feast day13 drug trafficking14 Honduras15 ASEAN汉译英16 版图17 汇款(额)18 优化19 领事裁判权20 阁下21 无息贷款22 裁军23 政治大国24 可行性25 耐受力26 维修和置换27 生殖性克隆28 国情29 腐败30 弱势群体英译汉31 Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) is one of the best known and most influential American novelist and short-story writers. In all his life, Hemingway was fascinated by war—in World War I, he worked for the Red Cross on the Italian Front, in the Spanish Civil War and World War II, he served as a war reporter. His experiences and observations provided him with materials and backgrounds for many of his best works, in which he concerned himself with man's courage in facing strong physical forces."Grace under pressure "was Hemingway's definition of courage. In his view, life is painful and complex. The only way to survive is to face what comes with honor, dignity,strength, knowledge and endurance. Hemingway's overall message, as established in The Old Man and the Sea (1952), his nearly flawless short novel which gained him the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize in 1954, is that although life is a lonely, losing battle, it is a struggle that a man can dominate in such a way that his loss has dignity and is itself a victory.32 There is relatively little literature available on the impacts of extreme climate events on livestock. Nevertheless, storms, blizzards and droughts are an important concern for livestock operations. In addition to the direct effects on animals, storms may result in power outages that can devastate farms that are heavily dependent upon electricity for daily operations. This was exemplified by the 1998 ice storm in eastern Ontario and southern Quebec, when the lack of power left many dairy farmsunable to use their milking machines. This threatened the health of the cows (due to potential mastitis) and caused significant revenue losses. Milk revenue was also lost through the inability to store the milk at the proper temperature. Furthermore, the lack of electricity made it difficult to provide adequate barn ventilation and heating, thereby making the animals more susceptible to illness.(From Impact of Climatic Changes)33 As elsewhere, Castrol has adopted a premium pricing strategy in Vietnam, which is consistent with the company's attempt to build a global brand image of high quality. Castrol oil costs about US $1.5 per liter in Vietnam, about three times as much as the price of cheaper oil imported from Taiwan and Thailand. Despite the high price of its product, Castrol claims it is gaining share in Vietnam as its branding strategy wins converts. Castrol has had to tailor its distribution strategy to Vietnam's unique conditions. In most countries where it operates, Castrol divides the country into regions and has a single distributor in each region. (From Case study: Castrol Oil in Vietnam) 汉译英34 辽宁省位于中国东北地区南部，东临朝鲜。
2014年沈阳师范大学615社会学理论考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年沈阳师范大学615社会学理论考研真题及详解沈阳师范大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：615科目名称：社会学理论适用专业名称：社会学\人口学\人类学\民俗学一、名词解释（共8题，每题5分，合计40分）1．社会不平等答：社会不平等是对垂直分化所产生的各阶级、各阶层之间关系的集中概括，是指各阶级、阶层对相对稀缺的社会价值物在占有量、获取机会和满足需求的程度上存在着差异性。
阶级、阶层存在的必要前提是特定社会价值物的相对稀缺，人类社会中不平等现象长期、普遍存在的两个重要因素：①人类需求具有不断发展的潜能，这是人类区别于动物的一个显著特征；②人类需求具有社会性，许多人类追求的事物所包含的价值量，本身就取决于它的稀缺性，即只有借助社会比较及通过社会不平等状态显示出它的稀缺性时，其价值才能增加，才是值得人们追求的。
2．社会整合答：社会整合，是指社会不同的因素、部分结合成为一个协调统一的社会整体的过程，亦称社会一体化。
社会学常论及的社会整合有文化整合、制度整合、规范整合和功能整合。
最先提出社会整合思想并致力于研究社会整合的是法国社会学家迪尔克姆，后来美国社会学家帕森斯进一步发挥了社会整合概念并将其纳入了自己的结构功能主义的理论体系。
迪尔克姆的社会整合理论主要分析了社会整合形成的原因、社会整合与个人是什么关系、团体意识对社会和个人起什么作用等三个问题。
他认为社会整合有两种基本类型：“机械团结”和“有机团结”。
迪尔克姆认为，社会问题的产生与社会整合程度的高低有密切关系。
3．社会化答：社会化，是指个体在与社会的互动过程中，逐渐养成独特的个性和人格，从生物人转变成社会人，并通过社会文化的内化和角色知识的学习，逐渐适应社会生活的过程。
在此过程中，社会文化得以积累和延续，社会结构得以维持和发展，人的个性得以健全和完善。
社会化是一个贯穿人生始终的长期过程。
4．社会流动答：社会流动，是指人们在社会关系空间中从一个地位向另一地位的移动。
2014年四川师范大学外国语学院212翻译硕士俄语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年四川师范大学外国语学院212翻译硕士俄语考研真题及详解I.Прочитайтепредложенияивыберитеправильныйвариант（30баллов）.1.МыдавнонепереписываемсясАндреем.Ивдругонвзяли_____мнеподробноеписьмо.A.писалB.пишетC.написалD.напишет【答案】C【解析】句意是“我和安德烈好久没写信。
考查固定用法。
他突然就给我写了一封长长的信。
”“взяли＋完成体动词过去时”可译为“突然就……”，表意外。
选择C。
2.Иванвыросвбольшой,_____семье.A.дружескойB.дружнойC.дружественнойD.дружелюбной【答案】B【解析】句意是“伊万是在一个大而和睦的家庭里长大的。
”考查形容词近义词辨析。
дружеский友好的，友爱的вдружескойатмосфере在友好气氛中，дружескаявстречаспорт.友谊[比]赛。
дружный和睦的，友好的，дружнаясемья友好家庭，дружныйколлектив和睦的集体，符合题意。
友好的，友谊的дружественныестраны友好的国家；友邦дружественныйакт-友谊行为，一般用于国家间。
дружелюбный亲睦的，友善的дружелюбныеотношения友善的关系дружелюбныйвзгляд友善的目光。
选择B。
3.Онсправилсясэтойработойбез_____затруднений.A.любыхB.иныхC.каждыхD.всяких【答案】D【解析】句意是“他能够轻而易举地胜任这份工作。
”考查固定搭配。
безвсякихзатруднений“一点也不费力、轻而易举地”。
选择D。
2014年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Grammar & Vocabulary (20 Points)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1. Richard lives in _____, but he is leading _____.A. a palace of a house, the hell of a lifeB. the palace of a house, a hell of a lifeC. a palace of the house, a hell of a lifeD. a palace of a house, a hell of a life【答案】D【解析】句意：Richard住在如宫殿般的房子中，却过着地狱般的生活。
本题考查的是冠词的用法，palace，house，hell，life前面都应该加a，故答案为D。
2. He must have waited here for a long time, _____?A. mustn’t heB. hasn’t heC. didn’t heD. doesn’t he【答案】C【解析】句意：他一定在这儿等了很长一段时间，不是吗？本题考查的是反义疑问句的用法，must have done表示对过去事实的推测,表示动作的时候用did当助动词,表示状态时用was，该题是动作，故答案是C。
3. Individuals who are subjects of research should participate knowingly in research and _____ the opportunity to decide if they want to participate.A. gaveB. givingC. givenD. be given【答案】D【解析】句意：研究的对象应该对该研究了如指掌，应该有权利决定加不加入研究当中去。
沈阳师范大学二外法语2014考研真题
A Dépêche-te B Dépêches-toi C Dépêche D Dépêche-toi
plupart du monded’accord avec nous.
A es B sont C est Dêtre
3.Il est trop jeuneon puisse lui confier ce travail.
police a généralement une mauvaise façon de _____l’accusé.
A interroger B demander C exiger D délier
sociétéconnut un nouvel essor après ________par un groupe industriel lorrain.
9.Depuis la rentrée,c’est le meilleur livre que je (lire).
10.Je serais libre dès que je (finir)mon travail.
三、把下列句子译成法语（共10题，每题2分，合计20分）
1.法国有很多的山脉和河流。
2.他们最近制造了一些快速交通工具。
3.这个展览会什么时候举行？
4.他自以为很有学问，从来不听别人的话。
5.瞧，田野上空飘着一些气球。
6.你对你所说的有把握吗？你没有弄错？
7.有些人认为这种比赛太危险。
8.建一个网球场至少要7万欧元。
9.好主意，我完全同意你的意见。
10.系主任建议他留校当老师。
四、把下列文章译成汉语（共1题，每题15分，合计15分）
2.Hier soir,entre 6 heures et 7 heures,Catherine(se promener)avec moi.
2014年沈阳师范大学331社会工作原理[专业硕士]考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
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2014年沈阳师范大学331社会工作原理[专业硕士]考研真题及详解2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：331科目名称：社会工作原理适用专业名称：社会工作考生注意：请将答案写在答题纸上，写在本题签及草纸上无效。
考试后本题签同答题纸一并交回。
一、名词解释（共5题，每题6分，合计30分）1．矫治社会工作2．结果评估3．个别化4．社会支持5．直接介入二、简答题（共8题，每题10分，合计80分）1．社会工作者与志愿者的关系。
2．社会环境的特点。
3．马斯洛的需要层次论。
4．学龄期阶段的主要特征及面临的主要问题。
5．社会工作的基本要素。
6．教育性督导的内容。
7．接案的重要意义。
8．预估的原则。
三、论述题（共2题，每题20分，合计40分）1．中国社会福利思想对社会工作价值观的影响。
2．人本主义社会工作的主要观点及应用。
参考答案2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：331科目名称：社会工作原理适用专业名称：社会工作考生注意：请将答案写在答题纸上，写在本题签及草纸上无效。
考试后本题签同答题纸一并交回。
一、名词解释（共5题，每题6分，合计30分）1．矫治社会工作答：矫治社会工作也称为矫正社会工作，是指将社会工作实施于矫正体系中，是专业人员或志愿人士在社会工作专业价值观指引下，运用社会工作的理论、知识、方法和技术，为罪犯(或具有犯罪危险性的人员)及其家人，在审判、监禁、社区矫正或刑释期间，提供思想教育、心理辅导、行为纠正、信息咨询、就业培训、生活照顾，以及社会环境改善等方面服务，使罪犯消除犯罪心理结构，修正行为模式，适应社会生活的一种福利服务活动。
矫治社会工作具有福利性、特殊性、系统性、专业性等特点。
矫正社会工作是司法矫正体系中的社会福利服务，贯穿于对罪犯进行司法矫正的各个方面以及整个过程，其主要内容包括司法判决前的服务、监禁场所中的服务、社区矫正中的服务以及刑满释放后的服务四个方面。
2014年英语翻译硕士考研真题
2014 年英语翻译硕士考研真题 第一部分短语翻译。 英译汉部分(1'*15=15') CATTI GRE GDP play of words Kumara Jiva semantic translation cultural untranslatability descriptive translation studies idiomatic expressions in English ideological conflict interpreter's booth negative transfer of culture over-loaded translation Robinson Crusoe Gone with the Wind （今年考了好多翻译理论里的专有名词。。）
Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than thebitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “comebetween” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, forpeople are not the captives or victims of others---they are free agents,working out their own destinies for good or for ill.
We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of thechildren “belonging” to their parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else. Eachperson belongs to himself, and to God. Children are entrusted to their parents,and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right toremove them from their parents’ trusteeship.
写作与翻译考研真题(A卷)
II. Translate the following into Englishቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ (35 points, 7 points for each item)
1）新书《蚁族》（Ant Tribes）描绘了北漂大学毕业生的生活，他们就像蚂蚁，头脑聪明，但作为个体微不足道，只有在群落中“聚族而居”才能获得力量。
Will You Decide to Have Two Kids With Relaxation Of One-Child Policy?
You should write at least 300 words. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
3)Like Socrates, I suppose I could say that I loved wisdom, since I after all knew who was wise and who was not, and that I wanted to behave like the former and not the latter. But actual wisdom is something that escapes me.
姓名：报考专业：准考证号码：
2014年西北师范大学外语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年西北师范大学外语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I. Translate the following terms, proper names and phrases into English/Chinese.(30 points)Section A. translate the following terms into English. (15 points)1. 理论研究【答案】theoretical research2. 副教授【答案】associate professor3. 单亲家庭【答案】single parent family4. 白手起家【答案】start from scratch5. 必修课【答案】compulsory course6. 国际奥林匹克委员会【答案】International Olympic Committee7. 印花税【答案】stamp tax8. 光盘行动【答案】“Clear your plate” campaign9. 中国汉字听写大会【答案】Dictation Assembly of Chinese Characters10. 选边站【答案】take side11. 人均国民生产总值【答案】gross national product per capita12. 《西游记》【答案】Journey to the West13. 微信【答案】Wechat14. 国际货币基金组织【答案】International Monetary Fund15. 门诊部【答案】outpatient departmentSection B. translate the following terms into Chinese. (15 points) 1. literature review【答案】文献综述2. housing project for low-income families【答案】安居工程3. to rationally readjust the employment structure【答案】合理调整就业结构4. compensation for demolition【答案】拆迁补偿费5. tertiary industry【答案】第三产业6. CPI【答案】居民消费价格指数7. Warsaw 2013【答案】华沙20138. IAEA【答案】国际原子能机构9. invitation for bid【答案】招标10. poverty-stricken areas 【答案】贫困地区11. medical cuisine【答案】健康饮食12. shadow puppetry 【答案】皮影13. RSVP【答案】请回复14. Associated Press【答案】美国联合通讯社15. Red Star Over China【答案】《西行漫记》（《红星照耀中国》）II. Paragraph translation. (120 points)Section A. translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. (60 points) To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He didn’t do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone.Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your bias. If an opinion contrary toyour own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology, there is only opinion. So, whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own.【参考译文】为了避免人类易于陷入的各种愚蠢的见解，并不需要什么超凡的天才。
沈阳师范大学外国语学院242二外俄语历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题
2012年沈阳师范大学242二外俄语考研 真题及详解
2013年沈阳师范大学242二外俄语考研 真题及详解
2014年沈阳师范大学242二外俄语考研 真题及详解
2012年沈阳师范大学242二外俄语考研真题及详解 一、单项选择题（共20题，每题1分，合计20分） 1．Спасибо _____ за совет. А. вам Б. вас В. вами 【答案】A 【解析】句意：谢谢您的建议。спасибо的接格为кому за что，表示“谢 谢”。 2．Куда ходят люди, _____ они болеют? А. как Б. когда В. чтобы 【答案】Б 【解析】句意：人们病了的时候去哪。когда表示“当……时”。 3．Студенты любят _____ в читальных залах. А. учиться Б. заниматься В. выучить 【答案】Б
Б. Пушкину В. Пушкин 【答案】А 【解析】句意：他们在家里读普希金的作品。читать кого表示“读某人 的作品……”。 14．Мои родители любят _____ телевизор. А. смотрели Б. смотрят В. смотреть 【答案】В 【解析】句意：我父母喜欢看电视。любить后接动词不定式。 15．_____ вы не переводите текст? А. Чтобы Б. Почему В. Куда 【答案】Б 【解析】句意：你为什么不翻译文章？Почему用于疑问句，表示“为什 么”。 16．Я часто езжу _____ к моему хорошему другу Виктору. А. в гости Б. в гостях
沈阳师范大学外国文学2014考研专业课试题
2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
科目代码： 847 科目名称：外国文学适用专业名称：比较文学与世界文学
考生注意：请将答案写在答题纸上，写在本题签及草纸上无效。
考试后本题签同答题纸一并交回。
一、填空题（共10题，每题1分，共10分）
1.希腊神话包括神的故事和_____两部分。
2.被誉为“悲剧之父”的古希腊悲剧家是______。
3.恩格斯在评价但丁时指出：“他是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是______的最初一位诗人。
”
4.“英国诗歌之父”是______。
5.薄伽丘的代表作是《______》。
6.答尔丢夫是喜剧《》中的主要人物。
7.《波斯人信札》是法国启蒙作家______的作品。
8.雨果的《》是法国浪漫主义运动的宣言。
9.诗集《恶之花》的作者是法国诗人_____。
10.《等待戈多》的作者是_____。
二、解释下列术语（共4题，每题5分，合计20分）
1.骑士文学
2.自然主义文学
3.意识流小说
4.迷惘的一代
三、简答题（共3题，每题20分，合计60分）
1.简述哈姆莱特的性格特征及其悲剧根源。
2.《悲惨世界》的思想价值。
3.《老人与海》的叙事艺术。
四、论述题（共2题，每题30分，合计60分）
1.结合作品谈谈《玩偶之家》所揭示的社会问题。
2.选择你所熟悉的一位外国作家，试论述他（她）对中国文学创作的影响。
共1页，第1页。
(NEW)沈阳师范大学外国语学院846语言学历年考研真题汇编
目 录2012年沈阳师范大学外国语学院850语言学考研真题2013年沈阳师范大学外国语学院851语言学考研真题2014年沈阳师范大学外国语学院849语言学考研真题2012年沈阳师范大学外国语学院850语言学考研真题科目代码：850科目名称：语言学I. 解释下列术语（共5题，每题4分，合计20分）1．aphasia2．IC analysis3．productivity (as a property of language)4．locutionary act5．phonemeII. 简单回答下列问题（共5题，每题8分，合计40分）1．What is meant by “arbitrariness” according to Saussure?2．Is there a general trend in language change?3．What are the crucial features of diglossia in the narrow sense of the term? 4．Why is spoken language primary and writing secondary?5．Explain sentence meaning and utterance meaning.III. 用语言学理论分析下列各题（共4题，每题10分，合计40分）1．Study the follow note. Name at least 4 ways Tom uses for showing politeness.Dear Professor Wang,I’m writing to apologize for my failure to turn up for our appointment yesterday. One of my best friends came to see me. We haven’t seen eachother for more than 5 years. Please pardon me. I wonder if it is possible to have another appointment sometime this weekend. Thank you.Yours truly,Tom2．How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?a. The television drank my water.b. His dog writes poetry.3．We can use the pattern “it is…” (the cleft construction) to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it? Please emphasize every possible part of the following sentence:I saw an ambulance before the building yesterday.4．Think of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle proposed by P. Grice. Explain the violation of maxims in the cases below and point out their possible implicature.(1) A: Could you define the term gynecology?B: Well, gynecology is gynecology. That’s it.(2) A: I like this popular song so much. How about you?B: I often hear classical music.(3) A: Let’s dine out with the kids this weekend.B: Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.A: London’s the capital of the United States.B: Yes, Beijing’s the capital of Japan.IV. 回答下列问题（共2题，每题25分，合计50分）1．Saussure puts forwards the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please explain the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs: langue and parole vs. competence and performance.2．Make a comment on the following statement based on your own experience:There exists a close relationship between language and culture. In other words, a successful master of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture.2013年沈阳师范大学外国语学院851语言学考研真题科目代码：851科目名称：语言学I. 解释下列术语（共5题，每题4分，合计20分）1．Minimal pairs2．Cultural transmission3．Cooperative Principle4．Diglossia5．Move-αII. 简单回答下列问题（共5题，每题8分，合计40分）1．What are the well-known theories about the origin of language? 2．What are the criteria of a compound word?3．What is speech act theory?4．What is speech community?5．What is the difference between stabilization and fossilization?III. 用语言学理论分析下列各题（共4题，每题10分，合计40分）1．Tell the sense relation between A and B in each of the first four pairs, and the one in the last sentence:A. She got a tulip.B. She got a flower.A. You haven’t returned the book to me.B. You received a book from me.A. The boy chased the dog.B. The dog was chased by the boy.A. Mark is a bachelor.B. Mark is married.The blackboard has a bad temper.2．Identify the bound morphemes in the following words:the teacher’s booksit’s snowing heavilythe shortened stickthe smallest monkey jumped over the moonto walk carelessly3．How would you describe the short exchange in terms of indirect speech act?Motorist: My car needs a new exhaust system.Mechanic: I’ll be busy with the other car all day.4．Comment briefly on the British linguist Palmer’s argument that “there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms. We can treat male/female, married/single, alive/dead as gradable antonyms on occasions. Someone can be very male or more married and certainly more dead than alive.”IV. 回答下列问题（共2题，每题25分，合计50分）1．What is the difference between the western notion of face and the Chinese notion of face?2．Try to understand the following two paragraphs, and describe and comment what two contrasting approaches or perspectives of language studies each of the quotes represents.a) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. (Chomsky)b) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. (Halliday)2014年沈阳师范大学外国语学院849语言学考研真题科目代码：849科目名称：语言学I. 解释下列术语（共5题，每题4分，合计20分）1．arbitrariness2．langue3．accoustic phonetics4．componential analysis5．interlanguageII. 简单回答下列问题（共5题，每题8分，合计40分）1．Explain the four major XPs.2．Give at least one example to illustrate overgeneralization in error analysis.3．What is idiolect?4．What are the three kinds of antonyms?5．What’s Krashen’s Input Hypothesis?III.用语言学理论分析下列各题（共4题，每题10分，合计40分）1．Identify the morphemes (derivative or inflectional morphemes) used in the following sentences.It’s snowing heavily.The artist decided to donate all his pictures to the gallery.China will make a greater contribution to humanity.That is a desirable economic reform.2．Point out the ambiguity involved in each of the following sentences. They are flying planes.He is an associate editor and professor.They fed her dog biscuits.They are lying on the grass.He saw a piece of wood.3．Draw a tree structure for each sentence.1) You know that I love her.2) The children argued over whether bats had wings.4．Give the pragmatic presupposition for each of the following sentences.1) My father’s car needs repairing.2) The former president of Africa died at 95.3) You should stop eating raw oysters.4) Catherine pretends she knows nothing about this event.5) We greatly appreciate your helping us in the experiment.IV 回答下列问题（共2题，每题25分，合计50分）1．Choose one from the three schools of modern linguistics and comment on its main contribution: The Prague School, The Copenhagen School and The London School.2．Discuss the five major causes of language change.。
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2014年沈阳师范大学外国语学院850翻译理论与实践考研真题
科目代码：850
科目名称：翻译理论与实践
一、从翻译史的角度简述下列名词（共4题，每题5分，合计20分）
1. 鲁迅
2. 玄奘
3. 严复
4. 林则徐
二、词汇翻译（共15题，每题2分。
合计30分）
将句子里的划线词汇翻译成相应的汉语，翻译时可以做相应的变化，如hesitate既可译成“犹豫”，也可以翻译成“犹犹豫豫”或“犹豫再三”等，但以现在语境中的词义为最优选择，所以，英语的名词未必翻译成汉语的名词。
1. As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies.
2. Furthermore, cycads removed from their native habitats —and consequently from insects native to those habitats —are usually infertile.
3. T o use a computer analogy, minor rounding-off errors occur commonly and are analogous to imprecision.
4. Influenced by the view of some 20th century feminists, some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage.
5. Exercise can increase your metabolic rate.
6. The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce.
7. Most striking among the lots of asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement.
8. The kinship relations structured and unified tribes and clans when societies were smaller.
9. How scholars view these attempts to impart alphabetic literacy has consequently been colored by historians’judgments of the consequences of missionary activity.
10. A cornerstone of classical empiricism has been the notion that every true
generalization must be confirmable by specific observations.
11. Hardy wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely
recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.
12. If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant for the reason that they
are at greater risk of being captured, then individuals on average would have to be more vigilant in smaller groups.
13. Modern archaeological finds still can contribute much to the study of ancient
literature.
14. Guttmann emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out
what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’cultural heritage.
15. Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.
三、英汉翻译（共1题，合计50分）
Books are the best of things, well used; abused, among the worst. What is the right use? What is the one end which all means go to effect? They are for nothing but to inspire. I had better never see a book, than to be warped by its attraction clean out of my own orbit, and made a satellite instead of a system. The one thing in the world, of value, is the active soul. This every man is entitled to; this every man contains within him, although, in almost all men, obstructed, and as yet unborn. The book, the college, the school of art, the institution of any kind, stop with some past utterance of genius. This is good, say they, let us hold by this. They pin me down. They look backward and not forward. But genius looks forward: the eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hind head; man hopes, genius creates.
I would not be hurried by any love of system, by any exaggeration of instincts, to underrate the Book. We all know, that, as the human body can be nourished on any food, though it were boiled grass and the broth of shoes, so the human mind can be fed by any knowledge. There is then creative reading as well as creative writing. When the mind is braced by labor and invention, the page of whatever book we read becomes luminous with manifold allusion. Every sentence is doubly
significant, and the sense of our author is as broad as the world. We then see, what is always true, that, as the seer’s hour of vision is short and rare among heavy days and months, so is its record perchance, the least part of his volume.
四、汉英翻译（共1题，合计50分）
最令人怵目惊心的一件事，是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下的移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经縮短了一部分。
再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命又缩短了一天。
因为时间即生命。
没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少人珍视他的时间。
如果想在有生之年做一点什么事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生，那么就不可浪费光阴。
这道理人人都懂,可是很少人真能积极不懈的善为利用他的时间。
我自己就是浪费了很多时间的一个人。
我不打麻将，我不经常的听戏看电影，几年中难得一次，我不长时间看电视，通常只看半个小时，我也不串门子闲聊天。
有人问我：“那么你大部分时间都做了些什么呢？”我痛自反省，我发现，除了职务的必须及人情上所不能免的活动之外，我的时间大部分都浪费了。
我应该集中精力，读我所未读过的书。
我应该利用所有时间，写我所要写的东西。
但是我没能这样做。
我的好多的时间都糊里糊涂的混过去了，“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
”。