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英国大宪章原文及其中文译文

英国大宪章原文及其中文译文

英国大宪章原文及其中文译文以下为英国《大宪章》的原文及中文译文:原文:Magna Carta - the Great CharterJohn, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his bailiffs and faithful subjects, greeting.Know that we, out of the reverence for God and the salvation of our soul and the souls of all our ancestors and heirs, for the honour of God and the exaltation of holy Church and the reform of our realm, on the advice of our venerable father, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, of the bishops and other servants of God whom we have called together for this purpose, have granted to God and to the holy Church, and by this our present charter have confirmed for evermore, that the Church of England shall be free, and shall have all her whole rights and liberties inviolable.中文译文:大宪章-《伟大特许状》英格兰国王约翰,依据神的恩典,拥有爱尔兰之主、诺曼底和阿基坦公爵和安茹伯爵的头衔,致函各位大主教、主教、宗座修道院院长、伯爵、男爵、法官、森林官、治安官、管家、仆人,以及所有他的代理人和忠实的臣民,请安。

雅典宪章

雅典宪章

雅典宪章(1933年8月 国际现代建筑学会拟订于雅典)一 定义和引言城市与乡村彼此融会为一体而各为构成所谓区域单位的要素。

城市都构成一个地理的,经济的,社会的,文化的和政治的区域单位的一部分,城市即依赖这些单位而发展。

因此我们不能将城市离开它们所在的区域作单独的研究,因为区域构成了城市的天然界限和环境。

这些区域单位的发展有赖于下列各种因素:(1)地理的和地形的特点――气候,土地和水源;区域内及区域与区域间之天然交通。

(2)经济的潜力―― 自然资源(包括土壤、下层土,矿藏原料,动力来源,动植物);人为资源(包括农工业产品);经济制度和财富的分布。

(3)政治的和社会的情况――人口的社会组织,政体及行政制度。

所有这些主要因素集合起来,便构成了对任何一个区域作科学的计划之唯一真实的基础,这些因素是:(1)互相联系的,彼此影响的。

(2)因为科学技术的进步,社会政治经济的改革而不断的变化。

自有历史以来,城市的特征,均因特殊的需要而定:如军事性的防御,科学的发明,行政制度,生产和交通方法的不断发展。

由此可知,影响城市发展的基本因素是经常在演变的。

现代城市的混乱是机械时代无计划和无秩序的发展造成的。

二 城市的四大活动居住、工作、游息与交通四大活动是研究及分析现代城市设计时最基本的分类。

下面叙述现代城市的真实情况,并提出改良四大活动缺点的意见。

三 居住是城市的第一活动现在城市的居住情况。

城市中心区的人口密度太大,甚至有些地区每公顷的居民超过一千人。

过度拥挤在现代城市中,不仅是中心区如此。

因为十九世纪工业的发展,即在广大的住宅中亦发生同样的情形。

在过度拥挤的地区中,生活环境是非常不卫生的。

这是因为在这种地区中,地皮被过度的使用,缺乏空旷地,而建筑物本身也正在一种不卫生和败坏的情况中。

这种情况,因为这些地区中的居民收入太少,故更加严重。

因为市区不断扩展,围绕住宅区的空旷地带亦被破坏了,这样就剥削了许多居民享受邻近乡野的幸福。

文言文 联合国宪章

文言文 联合国宪章

文言文,作为中国古代的书面语言,与现代的联合国宪章之间存在显著的语言和文化差异。

将联合国宪章的内容用文言文表达,实际上是一个挑战性的翻译和文化适应问题。

然而,我可以尝试以一种近似的文言文风格来概括联合国宪章的基本精神。

昔人立国,各有法度,然天下纷扰,战乱频仍。

联合国之设,盖为谋世界和平,共商国是,俾各国相安无事,人民安居乐业。

宪章所定,皆以和平、安全、公正、进步为宗旨,务使各国遵循,不相侵凌。

凡联合国会员国,无论大小强弱,皆应平等相待,互不干涉内政。

有争端之事,应秉公议决,不得私自用武。

各国皆应尊重人权,保护人民基本自由,不得以任何理由剥夺之。

且联合国以和平方式解决国际争端为己任,遇有战事,应尽力调停,俾双方息兵罢战。

若调解不成,不得已而用兵,亦必以最小之损害,求最大之和平效果。

此外,联合国尚致力于经济社会发展,促进国际合作,以谋共同繁荣。

凡此种种,皆联合国宪章之大义所在,各国皆应恪守不渝。

需要注意的是,这只是一种近似的文言文翻译,实际上联合国宪章的内容更为复杂和详细。

此外,由于文言文和现代汉语在表达方式和词汇上存在很大的差异,因此这种翻译可能并不完全准确或符合文言文的规范。

自由大宪章 通行译本(1)

自由大宪章 通行译本(1)

自由大宪章通行译本(1)自由大宪章通行译本自由大宪章,是人类政治发展历史上的重要事件。

它源于英国的一次大规模的政治危机。

在当时,国王约翰想给亲信们掌握的特权更多,为此大量征税,引发了人民的不满甚至是暴动。

为了解决这个问题,国王和当时的贵族们开会商讨解决之道,于是就有了这份具有里程碑意义的文书。

作为一份宪章,它有着非常明确的宗旨:“为了神的荣耀和基督教信仰的荣誉,为了我们的国王、君主、和所有参加宪章的人的利益,我们一致同意遵守这份宪章。

”同时,它也包含了很多实质性的条款,比如规定国王必须遵循法律,禁止不公正的征税,要求尊重私人财产等等。

这些条款在当时的英国社会里具有很大的革命性。

这份宪章的最明显特点就是它的限制性。

它限制了国王的权力,并让人们看到了一种新的政治秩序的可能性。

它规定国王必须遵循法律,而不是随意行使权力,这是一个非常新颖的观念。

同时,它也规定了一系列的人权条款,比如保护私人财产,确保公平审判等等。

这些条款在当时的英国社会里非常具有前瞻性和意义。

自由大宪章的意义是非常深远的。

它不仅为英国的政治制度奠定了基础,同时也对后来的世界政治发展产生了重要影响。

它所表述的人权原则至今仍然被视为西方文明的核心价值观之一。

自由大宪章为世界政治发展的进程注入了新的思想,推动了人类社会向更加公正、自由、民主的方向发展。

总之,以自由大宪章作为素材去创作,可以摆脱单一的“历史知识”讲解,而更多地融入自己的观点和思考。

对于一个初学者而言,可以选择对宪章具体条款进行阐述,或是拓展到历史背景、特定事件或人物上;对于一个高年级或有相关阅读经验的学生而言,则可以更多地从自身的经历和思考出发,以少许史实为铺垫,去探讨宪章的含义,以及它如何衍生出更多的政治理念。

无论哪种方式,都能为学生开启思考新的窗口,并有可能引发对公民意识、人权尊重等方面的探讨。

英国大宪章原文及其中文译文

英国大宪章原文及其中文译文

英国大宪章原文及其中文译文The Magna Carta (The Great Charter)1215(Clauses marked (+) are still valid under the charter of 1225, but with a few minor amendments. Clauses marked (*) were omitted in all later reissues of the charter. In the charter itself the clauses are not numbered, and the text reads continuously. The translation sets out to convey the sense rather than the precise wording of the original Latin.)JOHN, by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justices, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his officials and loyal subjects, Greeting.KNOW THAT BEFORE GOD, for the health of our soul and those of our ancestors and heirs, to the honour of God, the exaltation of the holy Church, and the better ordering of our kingdom, at the advice of our reverend fathers Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England, and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry archbishop of Dublin, William bishop of London, Peter bishop of Winchester, Jocelin bishop of Bath and Glastonbury, Hugh bishop of Lincoln, Walter Bishop of Worcester, William bishop of Coventry, Benedict bishop of Rochester, Master Pandulf subdeacon and member of the papal household, Brother Aymeric master of the knighthood of the Temple in England, William Marshal earl of Pembroke, William earl of Salisbury, William earl of Warren, William earl of Arundel, Alan de Galloway constable of Scotland, Warin Fitz Gerald, Peter Fitz Herbert, Hubert de Burgh seneschal of Poitou, Hugh deNeville, Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, Philip Daubeny, Robert de Roppeley, John Marshal, John Fitz Hugh, and other loyal subjects:+ (1) FIRST, THAT WE HAVE GRANTED TO GOD, and by this present charter have confirmed for us and our heirs in perpetuity, that the English Church shall be free, and shall have its rights undiminished, and its liberties unimpaired. That we wish this so to be observed, appears from the fact that of our own free will, before the outbreak of the present dispute between us and our barons, we granted and confirmed by charter the freedom of the Church's elections - a rightreckoned to be of the greatest necessity and importance to it - and caused this to be confirmed by Pope Innocent III. This freedom we shall observe ourselves, and desire to be observed in good faith by our heirs in perpetuity.TO ALL FREE MEN OF OUR KINGDOM we have also granted, for us and our heirs for ever, all the liberties written out below, to have and to keep for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs:(2) If any earl, baron, or other person that holds lands directly of the Crown, for military service, shall die, and at his death his heir shall be of full age and owe a `relief', the heir shall have his inheritance on payment of the ancient scale of `relief'. That is to say, the heir or heirs of an earl shall pay £100 for the entire earl's barony, the heir or heirs of a knight l00s. at most for the entire knight's `fee', and any man that owes less shall pay less, in accordance with the ancient usage of `fees'(3) But if the heir of such a person is under age and a ward, when he comes of age he shall have his inheritance without `relief' or fine.(4) The guardian of the land of an heir who is under age shalltake from it only reasonable revenues, customary dues, and feudal services. He shall do this without destruction or damage to men or property. If we have given the guardianship of the land to a sheriff, or to any person answerable to us for the revenues, and he commits destruction or damage, we will exact compensation from him, and the land shall be entrusted to two worthy and prudent men of the same `fee', who shall be answerable to us for the revenues, or to the person to whom we have assigned them. If we have given or sold to anyone the guardianship of such land, and he causes destruction or damage, he shall lose the guardianship of it, and it shall be handed over to two worthy and prudent men of the same `fee', who shall be similarly answerable to us.(5) For so long as a guardian has guardianship of such land, he shall maintain the houses, parks, fish preserves, ponds, mills, and everything else pertaining to it, from the revenues of the land itself. When the heir comes of age, he shall restore the whole land to him, stocked withplough teams and such implements of husbandry as the season demands and the revenues from the land can reasonably bear.(6) Heirs may be given in marriage, but not to someone of lower social standing. Before a marriage takes place, it shall be' made known to the heir's next-of-kin.(7) At her husband's death, a widow may have her marriage portion and inheritance at once and without trouble. She shall pay nothing for her dower, marriage portion, or any inheritance that she and her husband held jointly on the day of his death. She may remain in her husband's house for forty days after his death, and within this period her dower shall be assigned to her.(8) No widow shall be compelled to marry, so long as she wishes to remain without a husband. But she must give security that she will not marry without royal consent, if she holds her lands of the Crown, or without the consent of whatever other lord she may hold them of.(9) Neither we nor our officials will seize any land or rent in payment of a debt, so long as the debtor has movable goods sufficient to discharge the debt. A debtor's sureties shall not be distrained upon so long as the debtor himself can discharge his debt. If, for lack of means, the debtor is unable to discharge his debt, his sureties shall be answerable for it. If they so desire, they may have the debtor's lands and rents until they have received satisfaction for the debt that they paid for him, unless the debtor can show that he has settled his obligations to them.* (10) If anyone who has borrowed a sum of money from Jews dies before the debt has been repaid, his heir shall pay no interest on the debt for so long as he remains under age, irrespective of whom he holds his lands. If such a debt falls into the hands of the Crown, it will take nothing except the principal sum specified in the bond.* (11) If a man dies owing money to Jews, his wife may have her dower and pay nothing towards the debt from it. If he leaves children that are under age, their needs may also be provided for on a scale appropriate to the size of his holding of lands. The debt is to be paid out of the residue, reserving the service due to his feudal lords. Debts owed to persons other than Jews are to be dealt with similarly.* (12) No `scutage' or `aid' may be levied in our kingdom without its general consent, unless it is for the ransom of our person, to make our eldest son a knight, and (once) to marry oureldest daughter. For these purposes ouly a reasonable `aid' may be levied. `Aids' from the city of London are to be treated similarly.+ (13) The city of London shall enjoy all its ancient liberties and free customs, both by land and by water. We also will and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall enjoy all their liberties and free customs.* (14) To obtain the general consent of the realm for the assessment of an `aid' - except in the three cases specified above - or a `scutage', we will cause the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and greater barons to be summoned individually by letter. To those who hold lands directly of us we will cause a general summons to be issued, through the sheriffs and other officials, to come together on a fixed day (of which at least forty days notice shall be given) and at a fixed place. In all letters of summons, the cause of the summons will be stated. When a summons has been issued, the business appointed for the day shall go forward in accordance with the resolution of those present, even if not all those who were summoned have appeared.* (15) In future we will allow no one to levy an `aid' from his free men, except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a knight, and (once) to marry his eldest daughter. For these purposes only a reasonable `aid' may be levied.(16) No man shall be forced to perform more service for a knight's `fee', or other free holding of land, than is due from it.(17) Ordinary lawsuits shall not follow the royal court around, but shall be held in a fixed place.(18) Inquests of novel disseisin, mort d'ancestor, and darrein presentment shall be taken only in their proper county court. We ourselves, or in our absence abroad our chief justice, will send two justices to each county four times a year, and these justices,with four knights of thecounty elected by the county itself, shall hold the assizes in the county court, on the day and in the place where the court meets.(19) If any assizes cannot be taken on the day of the county court, as many knights and freeholders shall afterwards remain behind, of those who have attended the court, as will suffice for the administration of justice, having regard to the volume of business to be done.(20) For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. In the same way, a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court. None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood.(21) Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals, and in proportion to the gravity of their offence.(22) A fine imposed upon the lay property of a clerk in holy orders shall be assessed upon the same principles, without reference to the value of his ecclesiastical benefice.(23) No town or person shall be forced to build bridges over rivers except those with an ancient obligation to do so.(24) No sheriff, constable, coroners, or other royal officials are to hold lawsuits that should be held by the royal justices.* (25) Every county, hundred, wapentake, and tithing shall remain at its ancient rent, without increase, except the royal demesne manors.(26) If at the death of a man who holds a lay `fee' of theCrown, a sheriff or royal official produces royal letters patent of summons for a debt due to the Crown, it shall be lawful for them to seize and list movable goods found in the lay `fee' of the dead man to the value of the debt, as assessed by worthy men. Nothing shall be removed until the whole debt is paid, when the residue shall be given over to the executors to carry out the dead man s will. If no debt is due to the Crown,all the movable goods shall be regarded as the property of the dead man, except the reasonable shares of his wife and children.* (27) If a free man dies intestate, his movable goods are to be distributed by his next-of-kin and friends, under the supervision of the Church. The rights of his debtors are to be preserved.(28) No constable or other royal official shall take corn or other movable goods from any man without immediate payment, unless the seller voluntarily offers postponement of this.(29) No constable may compel a knight to pay money for castle-guard if the knight is willing to undertake the guard in person, or with reasonable excuse to supply some other fit man to do it.A knight taken or sent on military service shall be excused from castle-guard for the period of this servlce.(30) No sheriff, royal official, or other person shall take horses or carts for transport from any free man, without his consent.(31) Neither we nor any royal official will take wood for our castle, or for any other purpose, without the consent of the owner.(32) We will not keep the lands of people convicted of felony in our hand for longer than a year and a day, after which they shall be returned to the lords of the `fees' concerned.(33) All fish-weirs shall be removed from the Thames, the Medway, and throughout the whole of England, except on the sea coast.(34) The writ called precipe shall not in future be issued to anyone in respect of any holding of land, if a free man could thereby be deprived of the right of trial in his own lord's court.(35) There shall be standard measures of wine, ale, and corn (the London quarter), throughout the kingdom. There shall also be a standard width of dyed cloth, russett, and haberject, namely two ells within the selvedges. Weights are to be standardised similarly.(36) In future nothing shall be paid or accepted for the issue of a writ of inquisition of life or limbs. It shall be given gratis, and not refused.(37) If a man holds land of the Crown by `fee-farm', `socage', or `burgage', and also holds land of someone else for knight's service, we will not have guardianship of his heir, nor of the land that belongs to the other person's `fee', by virtue of the `fee-farm', `socage', or `burgage', unless the `fee-farm' owes knight's service. We will not have the guardianship of a man's heir, or of land that he holds of someone else, by reason of any small property that he may hold of the Crown for a service of knives, arrows, or the like.(38) In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witnesses to the truth of it.+ (39) No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawfuljudgement of his equals or by the law of the land.+ (40) T o no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice.(41) All merchants may enter or leave England unharmed and without fear, and may stay or travel within it, by land or water, for purposes of trade, free from all illegal exactions, in accordance with ancient and lawful customs. This, however, does not apply in time of war to merchants from a country that is at war with us. Any such merchants found in our country at the outbreak of war shall be detained without injury to their persons or property, until we or our chief justice have discovered how our own merchants are being treated in the country at war with us. If our own merchants are safe they shall be safe too.* (42) In future it shall be lawful for any man to leave and return to our kingdom unharmed and without fear, by land or water, preserving his allegiance to us, except in time of war, for some short period, for the common benefit of the realm. People that have been imprisoned or outlawedin accordance with the law of the land, people from a country that is at war with us, and merchants - who shall be dealt with as stated above - are excepted from this provision.(43) If a man holds lands of any `escheat' such as the `honour' of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other `escheats' in our hand that are baronies, at his death his heir shall give us only the `relief' and service that he would have made to the baron, had the barony been in the baron's hand. We will hold the `escheat' in the same manner as the baron held it.(44) People who live outside the forest need not in future appear before the royal justices of the forest in answer to general summonses, unless they are actually involved in proceedings orare sureties for someone who has been seized for a forest offence.* (45) We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or other officials, only men that know the law of the realm and are minded to keep it well.(46) All barons who have founded abbeys, and have charters of English kings or ancient tenure as evidence of this, may have guardianship of them when there is no abbot, as is their due.(47) All forests that have been created in our reign shall at once be disafforested.River-banks that have been enclosed in our reign shall be treated similarly.* (48) All evil customs relating to forests and warrens, foresters, warreners, sheriffs and their servants, or river-banks and their wardens, are at once to be investigated in every county by twelve sworn knights of the county, and within forty days of their enquiry the evil customs are to be abolished completely and irrevocably. But we, or our chief justice if we are not in England, are first to be informed.* (49) We will at once return all hostages and charters delivered up to us by Englishmen as security for peace or for loyal service.* (50) We will remove completely from their offices the kinsmen of Gerard de Athée, and in future they shall hold no offices in England. The people in question are Engelard de Cigogné',Peter, Guy, and Andrew de Chanceaux, Guy de Cigogné, Geoffrey de Martigny and his brothers, Philip Marc and his brothers, with Geoffrey his nephew, and all their followers.* (51) As soon as peace is restored, we will remove from the kingdom all the foreign knights, bowmen, their attendants, andthe mercenaries that have come to it, to its harm, with horses and arms.* (52) To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or rights, without the lawful judgement of his equals, we will at once restore these. In cases of dispute the matter shall be resolved by the judgement of the twenty-five barons referred to below in the clause for securing the peace (§ 61). In cases, however, where a man was deprived or dispossessed of something without the lawful judgement of his equals by our father King Henry or our brother King Richard, and it remains in our hands or is held by others under our warranty, we shall have respite for the period commonly allowed to Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, or an enquiry had been made at our order, before we took the Cross as a Crusader. On our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once render justice in full.* (53) We shall have similar respite in rendering justice in connexion with forests that are to be disafforested, or to remain forests, when these were first a-orested by our father Henry or our brother Richard; with the guardianship of lands in another person's `fee', when we have hitherto had this by virtue of a `fee' held of us for knight's service by a third party; and with abbeys founded in another person's `fee', in which the lord of the `fee' claims to own a right. On our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once do full justice to complaints about these matters.(54) No one shall be arrested or imprisoned on the appeal ofa woman for the death of any person except her husband.* (55) All fines that have been given to us unjustiy and against the law of the land, and all fines that we have exacted unjustly,shall be entirely remitted or the matter decided by a majority judgement of the twenty-five barons referred to below in the clause for securing the peace (§ 61) together with Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be present, and such others as hewishes to bring with him. If the archbishop cannot be present, proceedings shall continue without him, provided that if any of the twenty-five barons has been involved in a similar suit himself, his judgement shall be set aside, and someone else chosen and sworn in his place, as a substitute for the single occasion, by the rest of the twenty-five.(56) If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them. A dispute on this point shall be determined in the Marches by the judgement of equals. English law shall apply to holdings of land in England, Welsh law to those in Wales, and the law of the Marches to those in the Marches. The Welsh shall treat us and ours in the same way.* (57) In cases where a Welshman was deprived or dispossessed of anything, without the lawful judgement of his equals, by our father King Henry or our brother King Richard, and it remains in our hands or is held by others under our warranty, we shall have respite for the period commonly allowed to Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, or an enquiry had been made at our order, before we took the Cross as a Crusader. But on our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once do full justice according to the laws of Wales and the said regions.* (58) We will at once return the son of Llywelyn, all Welshhostages, and the charters delivered to us as security for the peace.* (59) With regard to the return of the sisters and hostages of Alexander, king of Scotland, his liberties and his rights, we will treat him in the same way as our other barons of England, unless it appears from the charters that we hold from his father William, formerly king of Scotland, that he should be treated otherwise. This matter shall be resolved by the judgement of his equals in our court.(60) All these customs and liberties that we have granted shall be observed in our kingdomin so far as concerns our own relations with our subjects. Let all men of our kingdom, whether clergy or laymen, observe them similarly in their relations with their own men.* (61) SINCE WE HAVE GRANTED ALL THESE THINGS for God, for the better ordering of our kingdom, and to allay the discord that has arisen between us and our barons, and since we desire that they shall be enjoyed in their entirety, with lasting strength, for ever, we give and grant to the barons the following security: The barons shall elect twenty-five of their number to keep, and cause to be observed with all their might, the peace and liberties granted and confirmed to them by this charter.If we, our chief justice, our officials, or any of our servants offend in any respect against any man, or transgress any of the articles of the peace or of this security, and the offence is made known to four of the said twenty-five barons, they shall come to us - or in our absence from the kingdom to the chief justice - to declare it and claim immediate redress. If we, or in our absence abroad the chiefjustice, make no redress within forty days, reckoning from the day on which the offence was declared to usor to him, the four barons shall refer the matter to the rest of the twenty-five barons, who may distrain upon and assail us in every way possible, with the support of the whole community of the land, by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, or anything else saving only our own person and those of the queen and our children, until they have secured such redress as they have determined upon. Having secured the redress, they may then resume their normal obedience to us.Any man who so desires may take an oath to obey the commands of the twenty-five barons for the achievement of these ends, and to join with them in assailing us to the utmost of his power. We give public and free permission to take this oath to any man who so desires, and at no time will we prohibit any man from taking it. Indeed, we will compel any of our subjects who are unwilling to take it to swear it at our command.If-one of the twenty-five barons dies or leaves the country, or is prevented in any other way from discharging his duties, the rest of them shall choose another baron in his place, at their discretion, who shall be duly sworn in as they were.In the event of disagreement among the twenty-five barons on any matter referred to them for decision, the verdict of the majority present shall have the same validity as a unanimous verdict of the whole twenty-five, whether these were all present or some of those summoned were unwilling or unable to appear.The twenty-five barons shall swear to obey all the above articles faithfully, and shall cause them to be obeyed by others to the best of their power.We will not seek to procure from anyone, either by our own efforts or those of a third party, anything by which any part ofthese concessions or liberties might be revoked or diminished. Should such a thing be procured, it shall be null and void and we will at no time make use of it, either ourselves or through a third party.* (62) We have remitted and pardoned fully to all men any ill-will, hurt, or grudges that have arisen between us and our subjects, whether clergy or laymen, since the beginning of the dispute. We have in addition remitted fully, and for our own part have also pardoned, to all clergy and laymen any offences committed as a result of the said dispute between Easter in the sixteenth year of our reign (i.e. 1215) and the restoration of peace.In addition we have caused letters patent to be made for the barons, bearing witness to this security and to the concessions set out above, over the seals of Stephen archbishop of Canterbury, Henry archbishop of Dublin, the other bishops named above, and Master Pandulf.* (63) IT IS ACCORDINGLY OUR WISH AND COMMAND that the English Church shall be free, and that men in our kingdom shall have and keep all these liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably in their fulness and entirety for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all things and all places for ever.Both we and the barons have sworn that all this shall be observed in good faith and without deceit. Witness the abovementioned people and many others.Given by our hand in the meadow that is called Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of June in the seventeenth year of our reign (i.e. 1215: the new regnal year began on 28 May).英国大宪章1215年受命于天的英格兰国王兼领爱尔兰宗主,诺曼第与阿奎丹公爵、安茹伯爵约翰,谨向大主教,主教,住持,伯爵,男爵,法官,森林宫,执行吏,典狱官,差人,及其管家吏与忠颇的人民致候。

宪章文本

宪章文本

在立法上,法国在184C年就颁布了“历史性建筑法案》,1962年颁布了保护历史地段的《马尔罗法令》,而中国却没有一个相关的保护城市历史建筑和历史街区的法规。

目前执行的《文物保护法》只针对单个的文物个体。

因此,一些地方的古城全被拆光了。

中国推行的城市改造的建设方针,使城市“现代”了,却把优秀的城市历史文化遗产给破坏了。

阮仪三:前面讲过了需加快史化遗产保护立法与教育的问题。

还有保护理念的问题。

以中国的传统历史建筑为例,这些建筑以砖木结构为主,使用寿命就是五六十年,往往因为超负荷使用,年久失修成为了危房。

于是它们就在“不破不立”的思维下成为'广“城市改造”的目标,拆光旧房建新房,搞得“干城一貌”。

这就是文化遗产保护的理念问题。

在欧洲,人家是“旧城复兴”或“旧城更新”,而我们是“旧城改造”。

《国际古迹保护及修复宪章》(雅典宪章)二次大战后,针对战后重建问题在联合国教科文组织倡导下,先后成立了国际文物工作者理事会(简称ICOM)及保护和修复文物国际研究中心(简称ICCROM)。

1964年ICOM在威尼斯召开会议通过了《国际古迹保护与修复宪章》即著名的《威尼斯宪章》,强调:“世世代代人民的历史古迹,饱含着过去岁月的信息留存至今,成为人们古老的活的见证。

人们越来越意识到人类价值的统一性,并把古代遗迹看作共同的遗产,认识到为后代保护这些古迹的共同责任。

将它们真实地、完整地传下去是我们的职责。

古代建筑的保护与修复指导原则应在国际上得到公认并作出规定,这一点至关重要。

”宪章提出以下一些重要概念,促成了60年代末、70年代初世界范围内城市历史建筑和遗产保护的国际潮流的出现。

①历史古迹的概念不仅包括单个建筑物,而且包括能从中找出一种独特的文明、一种有意义的发展或一个历史事件见证的城市或乡村环境。

这不仅适用于伟大的艺术作品,而且还适用于随时光的流逝而获得文化意义的过去一些较为朴实的艺术品。

②古迹的保护至关重要的一点在于日常维护,保护与修复的目的旨在把它们既作为历史见证,又作为艺术品予以保护。

华盛顿宪章

华盛顿宪章

保护历史城镇与城区宪章(华盛顿宪章)(国际古迹遗址理事会第八届全体大会于1987年10月在华盛顿通过)序言与定义一、所有城市社区,不论是长期逐渐发展起来的,还是有意创建的,都是历史上各种各样的社会的表现。

二、本宪章涉及历史城区,不论大小,其中包括城市、城镇以及历史中心或居住区,也包括其自然的和人造的环境。

除了它们的历史文献作用之外,这些地区体现着传统的城市文化的价值。

今天,由于社会到处实行工业化而导致城镇发展的结果,许多这类地区正面临着威胁,遭到物理退化、破坏甚至毁灭。

三、面对这种经常导致不可改变的文化、社会甚至经济损失的惹人注目的状况,国际古迹遗址理事会认为有必要为历史城镇和城区起草一国际宪章,作为《国际古迹保护与修复宪章》(通常称之为《威尼斯宪章》)的补充。

这个新文本规定了保护历史城镇和城区的原则、目标和方法。

它也寻求促进这一地区私人生活和社会生活的协调方法,并鼓励对这些文化财产的保护。

这些文化财产无论其等级多低,均构成人类的记忆。

四、正如联合国教科文组织1976年华沙——内罗毕会议《关于历史地区保护及其当代作用的建议》以及其他一些文件所规定的,“保护历史城镇与城区”意味着这种城镇和城区的保护、保存和修复及其发展并和谐地适应现代生活所需的各种步骤。

原则和目标一、为了更加卓有成效,对历史城镇和其他历史城区的保护应成为经济与社会发展政策的完整组成部分,并应当列入各级城市和地区规划。

二、所要保存的特性包括历史城镇和城区的特征以及表明这种特征的一切物质的和精神的组成部分,特别是:(一)用地段和街道说明的城市的形制;(二)建筑物与绿地和空地的关系;(三)用规模、大小、风格、建筑、材料、色彩以及装饰说明的建筑物的外貌,包括内部的和外部的;(四)该城镇和城区与周围环境的关系,包括自然的和人工的;(五)长期以来该城镇和城区所获得的各种作用。

任何危及上述特性的威胁,都将损害历史城镇和城区的真实性。

三、居民的参与对保护计划的成功起着重大的作用,应加以鼓励。

联合国教科文组织宪章

联合国教科文组织宪章

联合国教科文组织宪章1. 语重心长:只要你肯改过自新,祝你早日改邪归正之举成,还望本将军相信。

2. 立志高远:常言道:志当存高远,欲求霸业,必须磨砺细心。

3. 认真负责:袁绍拜你为左军师,你可要好好辅佐主公,认真负责。

4. 英勇无畏:身先士卒,英勇无畏,是一个指挥官最基本的品质。

5. 扫荡沙场:将军扫荡沙场,士兵兴奋不已,为国家立下汗马功劳。

6. 聚精会神:在战场上,我们每一个人都必须聚精会神,如临大敌。

7. 勇冠三军:将军乃是我们军队的头号人物,英勇异常,勇冠三军。

8. 不畏强敌:在战斗中不畏强敌,表现出了战士们所拥有的勇气和决心。

9. 包罗万象:这本书包罗万象,内容丰富,人物性格鲜明,值得一读。

10. 卓越杰出:你在沙场上的表现卓越杰出,成为了我们军队的中坚力量。

11. 瞪目结舌:当听到将军的计划时,所有的人都瞪目结舌,对将军的信心倍增。

12. 高瞻远瞩:将军高瞻远瞩,立志成为一代霸主,为我们国家开创新局面。

13. 聪明智慧:你的军事才能让人们叹为观止,你的聪明智慧为军队带来了无尽的力量。

14. 奋发有为:我们的将士们奋发有为,同心协力为国家的荣誉而奋斗。

15. 肝胆相照:这次作战,我们的战士们肝胆相照,共同迎接着胜利的到来。

16. 擅长谋略:你在战争中擅长谋略,像独行侠一样破敌于无形。

17. 勇往直前:勇往直前是一名成功的军人必备的品质,能够掌控整个战场。

18. 火眼金睛:你的火眼金睛看破敌人的一举一动,为我们的胜利助力不少。

19. 义薄云天:我们这些军人,义薄云天,为国家而战,为民族的荣誉而奋斗。

20. 万众一心:在遭遇一次次挫折后,我们的军队还是万众一心,展现出了其无比的坚韧。

公司宪章范本标准版

公司宪章范本标准版

公司宪章范本标准版
1. 公司名称
公司名称:[填写公司名称]
2. 公司目的
公司的目的是为了 [填写公司的宗旨、目标和经营范围] 3. 公司股东
公司股东的名字和股权比例如下所示:
- [股东1姓名]:股权比例 [填写股权比例]
- [股东2姓名]:股权比例 [填写股权比例]
- [股东3姓名]:股权比例 [填写股权比例]
...
- [股东N姓名]:股权比例 [填写股权比例]
4. 公司管理
公司的管理结构如下:
- 董事会:由 [填写董事会成员人数] 名董事组成,负责公司的
决策和管理。

- 高级管理团队:由[填写高级管理团队成员人数] 名成员组成,负责公司的日常运营和业务发展。

- 监事会:由 [填写监事会成员人数] 名监事组成,负责监督公
司的财务状况和运营情况。

5. 公司财务
公司财务的相关事项如下:
- 资本金:公司的资本金为 [填写资本金金额]。

- 财务报告:公司将按照法律法规的要求,定期编制和公布财
务报告。

6. 公司章程的修改和生效
公司章程可以根据需要进行修改。

修改章程需要通过董事会和股东大会的决议,按照法律规定的程序进行。

公司章程自最新修订版本生效。

---
以上是公司宪章范本标准版的内容,根据具体情况进行适当的修改和补充。

联合国宪章中文版

联合国宪章中文版

联合国宪章【题注】(1945年6月26日订于旧金山)本宪章于1945年10月24日生效。

中国系联合国原始成员国,分别于1945年6月26日和1945年9月28日签署和批准宪章。

【章名】全文我联合国人民同兹决心欲免后世再遭今代人类两度身历惨不堪言之战祸,重申基本人权,人格尊严与价值,以及男女与大小各国平等权利之信念,创造适当环境,俾克维持正义,尊重由条约与国际法其他渊源而起之义务,久而弗懈,促成大自由中之社会进步及较善之民生,并为达此目的力行容恕,彼此以善邻之道,和睦相处,集中力量,以维持国际和平及安全,接受原则,确立力法,以保证非为公共利益,不得使用武力,运用国际机构,以促成全球人民经济及社会之进展,用是发愤立志,务当同心协力,以竟厥功。

爰由我各本国政府,经齐集金山市之代表各将所奉全权证书,互相校阅,均属妥善,议定本联合国宪章,并设立国际组织,定名联合国。

【章名】第一章宗旨及原则第一条联合国之宗旨为:一、维持国际和平及安全;并为此目的:采取有效集体办法、以防止且消除对于和平之威胁,制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏;并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势。

二、发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据之友好关系,并采取其他适当办法,以增强普遍和平。

三、促成国际合作,以解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化、及人类福利性质之国际问题,且不分种族、性别、语言、或宗教、增进并激励对于全体人类之人权及基本自由之尊重。

四、构成一协调各国行动之中心,以达成上述共同目的。

第二条为求实现第一条所述各宗旨起见,本组织及其会员国应遵行下列原则:一、本组织系基于各会员国主权平等之原则。

二、各会员国应一秉善意,履行其依本宪章所担负之义务,以保证全体会员国由加入本组织而发生之权益。

三、各会员国应以和平方法解决其国际争端,俾免危及国际和平、安全、及正义。

四、各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力,或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法,侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立。

JAC宪章(电子版)

JAC宪章(电子版)

JAC宪章第1章愿景制造更好的产品,创造更美好的社会第一条我们矢志追求为全球客户制造高品质的汽车产品,创建世界知名汽车品牌。

第二条让环境因我们的不断进步而变得更加和谐,让社会因我们的不懈努力而变得更加美好。

第2章使命为客户创价值为员工谋幸福为国家做贡献第三条“为客户创价值”是我们存在的意义。

让客户因我们的产品和服务不断创造财富,不断获得愉悦体验。

第四条“为员工谋幸福”是我们的基本职责。

不断满足员工物质与精神需求,不断改善员工的工作和生活环境,使每位员工都在工作中活出生命的意义。

第五条“为国家做贡献”是我们义不容辞的责任。

立足自主,创新发展,不断推动产业升级,持续提升效益,做优秀的企业公民,成为强大中国的基石。

第3章核心价值观敬客经营第六条以客户为中心,以诚信为基础,专注为客户创造价值,持续追求客户满意。

第七条产品规划要坚持客户导向,充分挖掘市场真实需求。

产品开发要坚持价值导向,有效满足客户核心利益诉求。

产品制造要坚持营销导向,实现优质高效的订单交付。

产品销售要坚持服务导向,有效解决客户的后顾之忧,超越客户期望。

第八条创新服务营销模式,提高服务能力,确保“信息准确、反应敏捷、处理有效、客户满意”。

第九条把客户满意度作为评价和改进各项业务经营成效的关键指标。

质量为本第十条质量是生存发展之本,视品质为生命,以品质塑品牌,坚定不移地走“质量效益型道路”。

第十一条要树立鲜明的质量荣辱观:以崇尚质量为荣,以漠视质量为耻;以系统预防为荣,以消极应付为耻;以标准作业为荣,以随心所欲为耻;以数据说话为荣,以弄虚作假为耻;以主动服务为荣,以推诿扯皮为耻;以客户满意为荣,以客户抱怨为耻。

第十二条不重视质量的干部就是不合格的干部,不重视质量的员工就是不合格的员工。

第十三条基于国际视野持续完善质量管理体系,建立以客户满意为标准的质量评价体系和激励机制,持续提升质量管理水平。

第十四条持续推动员工自主改善,任何有助于质量改进的行为都应及时得到奖励,有效培育提升产品质量内在的动力。

巴拉宪章文本

巴拉宪章文本

ArticlesArticle 1DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Charter:1.1 Place means site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings or other works, and may include components, contents, spaces and views.1.2 Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations.Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects.Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups.1.3 Fabric means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents, and objects.1.4 Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance.1.5 Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction.1.6 Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration.1.7 Restoration means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material.1.8 Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric.1.9 Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use.1.10 Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices that may occur at the place.1.11 Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance.1.12 Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchment. 1.13 Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place.1.14 Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is not at the place.1.15 Associations mean the special connections that exist between people and a place.1.16 Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses.1.17 Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place.Conservation PrinciplesArticle 2 Conservation and management2.1 Places of cultural significance should be conserved.2.2 The aim of conservation is to retain the cultural significance of a place.2.3 Conservation is an integral part of good management of places of cultural significance.2.4 Places of cultural significance should be safeguarded and not put at risk or left in a vulnerable state.Article 3 Cautious approach3.1 Conservation is based on a respect for the existing fabric, use, associations and meanings. It requires a cautious approach of changing as much as necessary but as little as possible.3.2 Changes to a place should not distort the physical or other evidence it provides, nor be based on conjecture.Article 4 Knowledge, skills and techniques4.1 Conservation should make use of all the knowledge, skills and disciplines which can contribute to the study and care of the place.4.2 Traditional techniques and materials are preferred for the conservation of significant fabric. In some circumstances modern techniques and materials which offer substantial conservation benefits may be appropriate.Article 5 Values5.1 Conservation of a place should identify and take into consideration all aspects of cultural and natural significance without unwarranted emphasis on any one value at the expense of others.5.2 Relative degrees of cultural significance may lead to different conservation actions ata place.Article 6 Burra Charter Process6.1 The cultural significance of a place and other issues affecting its future are best understood by a sequence of collecting and analysing information before making decisions. Understanding cultural significance comes first, then development of policy and finally management of the place in accordance with the policy.6.2 The policy for managing a place must be based on an understanding of its cultural significance.6.3 Policy development should also include consideration of other factors affecting the future of a place such as the owner's needs, resources, external constraints and its physical condition.Article 7 Use7.1 Where the use of a place is of cultural significance it should be retained.7.2 A place should have a compatible use.Article 8 SettingConservation requires the retention of an appropriate visual setting and other relationships that contribute to the cultural significance of the place.New construction, demolition, intrusions or other changes which would adversely affect the setting or relationships are not appropriate.Article 9 Location9.1 The physical location of a place is part of its cultural significance. A building, work or other component of a place should remain in its historical location. Relocation is generally unacceptable unless this is the sole practical means of ensuring its survival.9.2 Some buildings, works or other components of places were designed to be readily removable or already have a history of relocation. Provided such buildings, works or other components do not have significant links with their present location, removal may be appropriate.9.3 If any building, work or other component is moved, it should be moved to an appropriate location and given an appropriate use. Such action should not be to the detriment of any place of cultural significance.Article 10 ContentsContents, fixtures and objects which contribute to the cultural significance of a place should be retained at that place. Their removal is unacceptable unless it is: the sole means of ensuring their security and preservation; on a temporary basis for treatment or exhibition; for cultural reasons; for health and safety; or to protect the place. Such contents, fixtures and objects should be returned where circumstances permit and it is culturally appropriate.Article 11 Related places and objectsThe contribution which related places and related objects make to the cultural significance of the place should be retained.Article 12 ParticipationConservation, interpretation and management of a place should provide for the participation of people for whom the place has special associations and meanings, or who have social, spiritual or other cultural responsibilities for the place.Article 13 Co-existence of cultural valuesCo-existence of cultural values should be recognised, respected and encouraged, especially in cases where they conflict.Conservation ProcessesArticle 14 Conservation processesConservation may, according to circumstance, include the processes of: retention or reintroduction of a use; retention of associations and meanings; maintenance, preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation and interpretation; and will commonly include a combination of more than one of these.Article 15 Change15.1 Change may be necessary to retain cultural significance, but is undesirable where it reduces cultural significance. The amount of change to a place should be guided by the cultural significance of the place and its appropriate interpretation.15.2 Changes which reduce cultural significance should be reversible, and be reversed when circumstances permit.15.3 Demolition of significant fabric of a place is generally not acceptable. However, in some cases minor demolition may be appropriate as part of conservation. Removed significant fabric should be reinstated when circumstances permit.15.4 The contributions of all aspects of cultural significance of a place should be respected. If a place includes fabric, uses, associations or meanings of different periods, or different aspects of cultural significance, emphasising or interpreting one pe riod or aspect at the expense of another can only be justified when what is left out, removed or diminished is of slight cultural significance and that which is emphasised or interpreted is of much greater cultural significance.Article 16 MaintenanceMaintenance is fundamental to conservation and should be undertaken where fabric is of cultural significance and its maintenance is necessary to retain that cultural significance.Article 17 PreservationPreservation is appropriate where the existing fabric or its condition constitutes evidence of cultural significance, or where insufficient evidence is available to allow other conservation processes to be carried out.Article 18 Restoration and reconstructionRestoration and reconstruction should reveal culturally significant aspects of the place.Article 19 RestorationRestoration is appropriate only if there is sufficient evidence of an earlier state of the fabric.Article 20 Reconstruction20.1 Reconstruction is appropriate only where a place is incomplete through damage or alteration, and only where there is sufficient evidence to reproduce an earlier state of the fabric. In rare cases, reconstruction may also be appropriate as part of a use or practice that retains the cultural significance of the place.20.2 Reconstruction should be identifiable on close inspection or through additional interpretation.Article 21 Adaptation21.1 Adaptation is acceptable only where the adaptation has minimal impact on the cultural significance of the place.21.2 Adaptation should involve minimal change to significant fabric, achieved only after considering alternatives.Article 22 New work22.1 New work such as additions to the place may be acceptable where it does not distort or obscure the cultural significance of the place, or detract from its interpretation and appreciation.22.2 New work should be readily identifiable as such.Article 23 Conserving useContinuing, modifying or reinstating a significant use may be appropriate and preferred forms of conservation.Article 24 Retaining associations and meanings24.1 Significant associations between people and a place should be respected, retained and not obscured. Opportunities for the interpretation, commemoration and celebration of these associations should be investigated and implemented.24.2 Significant meanings, including spiritual values, of a place should be respected. Opportunities for the continuation or revival of these meanings should be investigated and implemented.Article 25 InterpretationThe cultural significance of many places is not readily apparent, and should be explained by interpretation. Interpretation should enhance understanding and enjoyment, and be culturally appropriate.Conservation PracticeArticle 26 Applying the Burra Charter process26.1 Work on a place should be preceded by studies to understand the place which should include analysis of physical, documentary, oral and other evidence, drawing on appropriate knowledge, skills and disciplines.26.2 Written statements of cultural significance and policy for the place should be prepared, justified and accompanied by supporting evidence. The statements of significance and policy should be incorporated into a management plan for the place. 26.3 Groups and individuals with associations with a place as well as those involved in its management should be provided with opportunities to contribute to and participate in understanding the cultural significance of the place. Where appropriate they should also have opportunities to participate in its conservation and management.Article 27 Managing change27.1 The impact of proposed changes on the cultural significance of a place should be analysed with reference to the statement of significance and the policy for managing the place. It may be necessary to modify proposed changes following analysis to better retain cultural significance.27.2 Existing fabric, use, associations and meanings should be adequately recorded before any changes are made to the place.Article 28 Disturbance of fabric28.1 Disturbance of significant fabric for study, or to obtain evidence, should be minimised. Study of a place by any disturbance of the fabric, including archaeological excavation, should only be undertaken to provide data essential for decisions on the conservation of the place, or to obtain important evidence about to be lost or made inaccessible.28.2 Investigation of a place which requires disturbance of the fabric, apart from that necessary to make decisions, may be appropriate provided that it is consistent with the policy for the place. Such investigation should be based on important research questions which have potential to substantially add to knowledge, which cannot be answered in other ways and which minimises disturbance of significant fabric.Article 29 Responsibility for decisionsThe organisations and individuals responsible for management decisions should be named and specific responsibility taken for each such decision.Article 30 Direction, supervision and implementationCompetent direction and supervision should be maintained at all stages, and any changes should be implemented by people with appropriate knowledge and skills.Article 31 Documenting evidence and decisionsA log of new evidence and additional decisions should be kept.Article 32 Records32.1 The records associated with the conservation of a place should be placed in a permanent archive and made publicly available, subject to requirements of security and privacy, and where this is culturally appropriate.32.2 Records about the history of a place should be protected and made publicly available, subject to requirements of security and privacy, and where this is culturally appropriate.Article 33 Removed fabricSignificant fabric which has been removed from a place including contents, fixtures and objects, should be catalogued, and protected in accordance with its cultural significance. Where possible and culturally appropriate, removed significant fabric including contents, fixtures and objects, should be kept at the place.Article 34 ResourcesAdequate resources should be provided for conservation.________________________________________Australia ICOMOS 1999Format and HTML/CSS markup by Peter Marquis-Kyle 1999-2001。

董事会宪章标准版

董事会宪章标准版

董事会宪章标准版第一部分:引言本董事会宪章(以下简称“宪章”),旨在明确和规范董事会的运作和职责。

宪章旨在为董事会成员提供指导,以确保公司的良好治理和可持续发展。

第二部分:董事会的组成与任命2.1 董事会由董事组成。

董事由股东大会选举产生或根据公司章程约定进行任命。

2.2 董事会应保持适度的规模和多样化,以确保代表各方利益的成员能够参与并作出决策。

2.3 董事会成员的任期应根据公司章程的规定确定。

董事连任次数不得超过公司章程规定的限制。

2.4 董事会应定期评估成员的绩效和适用性,以确保董事的能力和素质与公司的战略目标相匹配。

第三部分:董事会的职责与权利3.1 董事会应制定并推动公司的战略目标。

董事应积极参与战略规划过程,并确保公司的决策与战略目标一致。

3.2 董事会应监督公司的经营管理,包括财务状况、风险管理和合规情况。

董事有责任确保公司遵守适用的法律法规和商业伦理。

3.3 董事会应选择并监督公司高级管理人员,并确保公司具备合适的领导力和人才管控机制,以实现公司的长期增长和竞争优势。

3.4 董事会应定期审查和更新公司的治理结构和运作程序,以确保公司的内部控制和决策机制的有效性。

第四部分:董事的责任与义务4.1 董事有义务以公司利益为优先考虑,并按照适用的法律法规和公司章程履行职责。

董事应保守公司的商业机密和机构秘密。

4.2 董事应遵守法律法规和商业伦理,避免利益冲突和不当行为。

董事应遵循公司的行为准则和合规政策。

4.3 董事应履行尽职调查义务,确保对公司的决策和行为负责。

董事应参与并充分发挥自己在决策中的独立和审慎判断。

第五部分:董事会运作与决策程序5.1 董事会应按照公司章程和宪章的规定召开会议。

董事会会议应由董事长或执行董事主持,并记录会议记录。

5.2 董事会应制定决策程序和投票规则,以确保决策的公平性和有效性。

5.3 董事会应鼓励董事之间的积极互动和意见交流,以确保决策的多元化和全面性。

第六部分:宪章的修订与遵守6.1 宪章的修订应经过董事会的批准,并按照适用法律法规和公司章程的程序进行。

《威尼斯宪章》纲要

《威尼斯宪章》纲要

《威尼斯宪章》纲要《威尼斯宪章》纲要威尼斯宪章的主要思想在“保存胜于修复思想”指导下, 新制定的威尼斯宪章由7 个主题、共16 条组成。

在“前言”部分提出了两个影响深远的重要思想。

一是真实性,“将古迹遗址所有丰富的真实性传递下去是我们的职责”。

二是认识到文化的差异性, 在强调形成公认国际准则的同时, 要求“各国在各自的文化和传统范畴内负责实施这一规划”。

宪章主要包括以下概念和原则:1.历史古迹的概念不仅包括单独的建筑物, 也包括建筑群和其所处的环境。

2.加强历史古迹的保存。

虽然古迹的利用是必要的,但不得改变它的布局或装饰; 要保护古迹所处的环境, 不允许随意迁移, 也不允许随意转移装饰物。

3.只有在必需的情况下才能开展修复工作。

不允许重建; 结构和材料的真实性必须尊重; 任何添加须区别于原物; 尽可能使用传统技术。

4.考古发掘必须由专家来实施, 遗址恢复不得随意建设, 以免曲解其意。

5.一切行动都应有记录, 并存放于公共档案馆中。

——节选自《威尼斯宪章:回顾、评述与启示》曾纯净罗佳明《宪章》分六个部分,共计十六条,分别是:“定义”,(第1、2 条);“宗旨”(第3 条):“保护”(第4、5、6、7、8 条);“修复”(第9、10、11、12、13、 14条);“发掘”(第15 条):和“出版”第一部分“定义”明确了历史古迹的范畴不仅包括单个建筑,而且包括它赖以存在的环境;不仅包括伟大的艺术作品,而且包括民间朴实的艺术品。

同时强调对古迹保护与修缮应当采取对研究和保护有利的一切科学技术。

第二部分“宗旨”,指出保护与修复古迹的目的旨在“把它们既作为历史见证,又作为艺术品”予以保护。

第三部分“保护”,共五条;第一条强调了“日常维护的至关重要性”。

第二条:指出对历史古迹的合理使用有利于古迹的保护,强调这种使用“决不能改变建筑的布局或装饰”;第三条,谈了古迹的保护包含对一定规模环境的保护以及对在保护区域内拆改建设的限制:第四条规定,除非出于保护古迹的需要或因国家、国际极为重要的利益需要,不得随意对古迹进行搬迁;第五条规定对构成古迹的雕塑、绘画或装饰品只有在非移动而不能确保其保存的情况下才准许进行移动。

1868年的宪章誓言内容

1868年的宪章誓言内容

1868年的宪章誓言内容
五条御誓文的内容:
一是应广泛建立协商会议,并通过公开讨论决定所有事项。

二是所有阶级,无论高低,都要团结一致,大力开展国家事务管理。

三是普通民众都可以成为民事和军事官员,都应该被允许追求自己的理想,这样就不会有任何不满。

四是过去的邪恶习俗应该被打破,一切都基于自然的正义法则。

五是应在全世界范围内寻求知识,以加强帝国统治的基础。

誓言概述了明治天皇统治时期的主要目标和行动方针,为日本的现代化奠定了法律阶段。

这也是建立了一个城市化进程,因为所有阶层的人都可以自由地转移工作,去城市寻求更好的工作。

在整个明治时代直到进入二十世纪,它仍然具有影响力。

誓言结束了被幕府独家垄断的政治,旨在鼓舞士气、能够民主参政,以期获得对新政府更多的支持。

英国《自由大宪章》

英国《自由大宪章》

自由大宪章(1215)受命于天的英格兰国王兼领爱尔兰宗主,诺曼底与阿奎丹公爵、安茹伯爵约翰,谨向大主教,主教,住持,伯爵,男爵,法官,森林官,执行吏,典狱官,差人,及其管家吏与忠顺的人民致候。

由于可敬的神父们,坎特伯里大主教,英格兰大教长兼圣罗马教会红衣主教斯提芬;杜伯林大主教亨利……暨培姆布卢克大司仪伯爵威廉;索斯伯利伯爵威廉……等贵族,及其他忠顺臣民谏议,使余等知道,为了余等自身以及余等之先人与后代灵魂的安全,同时也为了圣教会的昌盛和王国的兴隆,上帝的意旨使余等承认下列诸端,并昭告全国:(1)首先,余等及余等之后嗣坚决应许上帝,根据本宪章,英国教会当享有自由,其权利将不受干扰,其自由将不受侵犯。

关于英格兰教会所视为最重要与最必需之自由选举,在余等与诸男爵发生不睦之前曾自动地或按照己意用特许状所颁赐者,——同时经余等请得教王英诺森三世所同意者——余等及余等之世代子孙当永以善意遵守。

此外,余等及余等之子孙后代,同时亦以下面附列之各项自由给予余等王国内一切自由人民,并允许严行遵守,永矢勿渝。

(2)任何伯爵或男爵,或因军役而自余等直接领有采地之人身故时,如有已达成年之继承者,于按照旧时数额缴纳承继税后,即可享有其遗产。

计伯爵继承人于缴纳一百镑后,即可享受伯爵全部遗产;男爵继承人于缴纳一百镑后,即可享受男爵全部遗产;武士继承人于最多缴纳一百先令后,即可享受全部武士封地。

其他均应按照采地旧有习惯,应少交者须少交。

(3)上述诸人之继承人如未达成年,须受监护者,应于成年后以其遗产交付之,不得收取任何继承税或产业转移税。

(4)凡经管前款所述未达成年之继承人之土地者,除自该项土地上收取适当数量之产品,及按照习惯应行征取之赋税与力役外,不得多有需索以免耗费人力与物力。

如余等以该项土地之监护权委托执行吏或其他人等,俾对其收益向余等负责,而其人使所保管之财产遭受浪费与损毁时,余等将处此人以罚金,并将该项土地转交该采地中合法与端正之人士二人,俾对该项收益能向余等或余等所指定之人负责。

翻译工作者宪章

翻译工作者宪章

翻译工作者宪章中英文版本宪章于1963年9月在杜布罗夫尼克(南斯拉夫)召开的国际翻译工作者联合会(国际译联)第四次代表大会上通过。

当时参加国际译联的有23个国家的翻译工作者团体。

国际翻译工作者联合会认为,翻译工作在当代世界被看作是一种经常、普遍和必不可少的活动形式;翻译工作能够使各国人民进行精神与物质上的交流,丰富各国人民的生活,促进人们之间的了解;尽管从事翻译工作的环境各有不同,但当前必须把翻译工作看作是一种固定、独立的职业。

希望以正式文件的形式,阐明与翻译工作者的职业密切相关的几项共同原则,以便着重指出翻译工作的社会职能,明确翻译工作者的权利和义务,奠定翻译工作者道德规范的基础,改善翻译工作者从事翻译工作的经济条件与社会环境,为翻译工作者及其职业团体提供某些活动方针,借以肯定翻译工作是一种固定、独立的职业。

有鉴于此,国际翻译工作者联合会特公布本宪章,作为翻译工作者从事翻译活动的指针。

第一章翻译工作者的义务1、翻译工作作为一种脑力劳动其目的是将文学、科学方面的材料从一种语言译成另一种语言,从事这一工作的人承担着由该工作性质产生的特殊义务。

2、不管翻译工作者与使用译文的个人和机关建立的是什么关系或合同,译文概由翻译工作者负责。

3、凡是翻译工作者不同意的或与翻译工作者业务职责相抵触的对原文的解释,翻译工作者应该加以拒绝。

4、任何译文都应忠实于原意,准确表达原文的思想和形式,遵守这种忠实的原则是翻译工作者法律上与道德上的义务。

5、然而,正确的译文不应同逐字翻译混为一谈,因为翻译的忠实并不排除文字上的必要改变,以便使人能够用另一种语言在另一个国家体会到原作的形式、气氛及其内在含意。

6、翻译工作者应通晓原文,更重要的是要精通用来进行翻译的语言。

7、翻译工作者应该知识广博,对所译对象应有足够了解,对不熟悉的工作不予承担。

8、翻译工作者在职业活动中应该不作任何不诚实的竞争;翻译工作者不能接受低于法律专门决议、习惯或者他所在的职业团体明文规定的报酬。

《北京宪章》原文

《北京宪章》原文

北京宪章(国际建筑师协会第20届世界建筑师大会1999年6月在北京通过)在世纪交会、千年转折之际,我们来自世界各个国家和地区的建筑师,聚首在东方的古都北京,举行国际建协成立半年世纪以来的第20次大会。

未来由现在开始缔造,现在从历史中走来,我们总结昨天的经验与教训,剖析今天的问题与机遇,以期21世纪时能够更为自觉地把我们的星球──人类的家园──营建得更加美好、宜人。

与会者认为,新世纪的特点和我们的行动纲领是:变化的时代,纷繁的世界,共同的议题,协调的行动。

1、认识时代1.1 20世纪:“大发展”和“大破坏”20世纪既是人类从未经历过的伟大而进步的时代,又是史无前例的患难与迷惘的时代。

20世纪以其独特的方式丰富了建筑史:大规模的技术和艺术革新造就了丰富的建筑设计作品;在两次世界大战后医治战争创伤及重建中,建筑师的卓越作用意义深远。

然而,无可否认的是,许多建筑环境难尽人意;人类对自然、以及对文化遗产的破坏已经危及其自身的生存;始未料及的“建设性破坏”屡见不鲜;“许多明天的城市正由今天的贫民所建造”。

100年来,世界已经发生了翻天覆地的变化,但是有一点是相同的,•即建筑学和建筑职业仍处在发展的十字路口。

1.2 21世纪:“大转折”时光轮转,众说纷纭,但认为我们处在永恒的变化中则是共识。

令人瞩目的政治、经济、社会改革和技术发展、思想文化活跃等,都是这个时代的特征。

在下一个世纪里,变化的进程将会更快。

在新的世纪里,全球化和多样化的矛盾将继续存在,并且更加尖锐。

如今,一方面,生产、金融、技术等方面的全球化趋势日渐明显,全球意识成为发展中的一个共同取向:另一方面,地域差异客观存在,国家之间的贫富差距正在加大,地区冲突和全球经济动荡如阴云笼罩。

在这种错综复杂的、矛盾的情况下,我们不能不看到,现代交通和通讯手段致使多样的文化传统紧密相连,综合乃至整合作为新世纪的主题正在悄然兴起。

对立通常引起人们的觉醒,作为建筑师,我们无法承担那些明显处于我们职业以外的任务,但是不能置奔腾汹涌的社会、文化变化的潮流于不顾。

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在立法上,法国在184C年就颁布了“历史性建筑法案》,1962年颁布了保护历史地段的《马尔罗法令》,而中国却没有一个相关的保护城市历史建筑和历史街区的法规。

目前执行的《文物保护法》只针对单个的文物个体。

因此,一些地方的古城全被拆光了。

中国推行的城市改造的建设方针,使城市“现代”了,却把优秀的城市历史文化遗产给破坏了。

阮仪三:前面讲过了需加快史化遗产保护立法与教育的问题。

还有保护理念的问题。

以中国的传统历史建筑为例,这些建筑以砖木结构为主,使用寿命就是五六十年,往往因为超负荷使用,年久失修成为了危房。

于是它们就在“不破不立”的思维下成为'广“城市改造”的目标,拆光旧房建新房,搞得“干城一貌”。

这就是文化遗产保护的理念问题。

在欧洲,人家是“旧城复兴”或“旧城更新”,而我们是“旧城改造”。

《国际古迹保护及修复宪章》(雅典宪章)二次大战后,针对战后重建问题在联合国教科文组织倡导下,先后成立了国际文物工作者理事会(简称ICOM)及保护和修复文物国际研究中心(简称ICCROM)。

1964年ICOM在威尼斯召开会议通过了《国际古迹保护与修复宪章》即著名的《威尼斯宪章》,强调:“世世代代人民的历史古迹,饱含着过去岁月的信息留存至今,成为人们古老的活的见证。

人们越来越意识到人类价值的统一性,并把古代遗迹看作共同的遗产,认识到为后代保护这些古迹的共同责任。

将它们真实地、完整地传下去是我们的职责。

古代建筑的保护与修复指导原则应在国际上得到公认并作出规定,这一点至关重要。

”宪章提出以下一些重要概念,促成了60年代末、70年代初世界范围内城市历史建筑和遗产保护的国际潮流的出现。

①历史古迹的概念不仅包括单个建筑物,而且包括能从中找出一种独特的文明、一种有意义的发展或一个历史事件见证的城市或乡村环境。

这不仅适用于伟大的艺术作品,而且还适用于随时光的流逝而获得文化意义的过去一些较为朴实的艺术品。

②古迹的保护至关重要的一点在于日常维护,保护与修复的目的旨在把它们既作为历史见证,又作为艺术品予以保护。

为社会公用之目的的使用古迹永远有利于古迹的保护。

③凡传统环境存在的地方必须予以保存,决不允许任何导致改变主体和颜色关系的新建、拆除或改动。

古迹不能与其所见证的历史和其产生的环境分离。

除非出于保护古迹之需要,或因国家或国际之极为重要利益而证明有其必要,否则不得全部或局部搬迁古迹。

作为构成古迹整体一部分的雕塑、绘画或装饰品,只有在非移动而不能确保其保存的唯一办法时方可进行移动。

④修复过程是高度专业性工作,其目的旨在保存和展示古迹的美学和历史价值,应以尊重原始材料和确凿文献为依据。

任何不可避免的添加都必须与该建筑的构成有所区别,并且必须要有现代标记。

无论在任何情况下,修复之前及之后必须对古迹进行考古及历史研究。

⑤各个时代为一古迹之建筑物所做的正当贡献必须予以尊重,修复的目的不是追求风格的统一。

当一座建筑物含有不同时期的重叠作品时,揭示底层只有在特殊情况下,在被去掉的东西价值甚微,而被显示的东西具有很高的历史、考古或美学价值,并且保存完好足以说明这么做的理由时才能证明其具有正当理由。

⑥预先就要禁止任何的重建。

《关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议(内罗毕建议)》联合国教科文组织大会于1976年10月26日至11月30日在内罗毕举行第十九届会议:考虑到历史地区是各地人类日常环境的组成部分,它们代表着形成其过去的生动见证,提供了与社会多样化相对应所需的生活背景的多样化,并且基于以上各点,它们获得了自身的价值,又得到了人性的一面;考虑到自古以来,历史地区为文化、宗教及社会活动的多样化和财富提供了最确切的见证,保护历史地区并使它们与现代社会生活相结合是城市规划和土地开发的基本因素;考虑到面对因循守旧和非个性化的危险,这些昔日的生动见证对于人类和对那些从中找到其生活方式缩影及其某一基本特征的民族,是至关重要的;注意到整个世界在扩展或现代化的借口之下,拆毁(却不知道拆毁的是什么)和不合理不适当重建工程正给这一历史遗产带来严重的损害;考虑到历史地区是不可移动的遗产,其损坏即使不会导致经济损失,也常常会带来社会动乱;考虑到这种情况使每个公民承担责任,并赋予公共当局只有他们才能履行的义务;考虑到为了使这些不可替代的财产免受它们所面临的退化甚至全部毁坏的危险,各成员国当务之急是采取全面而有力的政策,把保护和复原历史地区及其周围环境作为国家、地区或地方规划的组成部分;注意到在许多情况下缺乏一套有关建筑遗产及其与城市规划、领土、地区或地方规划相互联系的相当有效而灵活的立法;注意到大会已通过了保护文化和自然遗产的国际文件,如:《关于适用于考古发掘的国际原则的建议》(1956)、《关于保护景观和遗址的风貌与特征的建议》(1962)、《关于保护受到公共或私人工程威胁的文化财产的建议》(1972);希望补充并扩大这些国际文件所确定的标准和原则的适用范围;收到关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议,该问题作为本届会议第27项议程;第十八次会议决定该问题应采取向各成员国的建议的形式。

于1976年11月26日通过本建议。

大会建议各成员国应通过国家法律或其他方式制订使本建议所规定的原则和准则在其所管辖的领土上生效的措施,以适用以上规定。

大会建议各成员国应将本建议提请与保护历史地区及其周围环境有关的国家、地区和地方当局、事业单位、行政部门或机构以及各种协会的注意。

大会建议各成员国应按大会决定的日期和形式向大会提交有关本建议执行情况的报告。

一定义1 为本建议之目的:(1)“历史和建筑(包括本地的)地区”系指包含考古和古生物遗址的任何建筑群、结构和空旷地,它们构成城乡环境中的人类居住地,从考古、建筑、史前史、历史、艺术和社会文化的角度看,其凝聚力和价值已得到认可。

在这些性质各异的地区中,可特别划分为以下各类:史前遗址、历史城镇、老城区、老村庄、老村落以及相似的古迹群。

不言而喻,后者通常应予以精心保存,维持不变。

(2)“环境”系指影响观察这些地区的动态、静态方法的、自然或人工的环境。

(3)“保护”系指对历史或传统地区及其环境的鉴定、保护、修复、修缮、维修和复原。

二总则2 历史地区及其环境应被视为不可替代的世界遗产的组成部分。

其所在国政府和公民应把保护该遗产并使之与我们时代的社会生活融为一体作为自己的义务。

国家、地区或地方当局应根据各成员国关于权限划分的情况,为全体公民和国际社会的利益,负责履行这一义务。

3 每一历史地区及其周围环境应从整体上视为一个相互联系的统一体,其协调及特性取决于它的各组成部分的联合,这些组成部分包括人类活动、建筑物、空间结构及周围环境。

因此一切有效的组成部分,包括人类活动,无论多么微不足道,都对整体具有不可忽视的意义。

4 历史地区及其周围环境应得到积极保护,使之免受各种损坏,特别是由于不适当的利用、不必要的添建和诸如将会损坏其真实性的错误的或愚蠢的改变而带来的损害,以及由于各种形式的污染而带来的损害。

任何修复工程的进行应以科学原则为基础。

同样,也应十分注意组成建筑群并赋予各建筑群以自身特征的各个部分之间的联系与对比所产生的和谐与美感。

5 在导致建筑物的规模和密度大量增加的现代城市化的情况下,历史地区除了遭受直接破坏的危险外,还存在一个真正的危险:新开发的地区会毁坏临近的历史地区的环境和特征。

建筑师和城市规划者应谨慎从事,以确保古迹和历史地区的景色不致遭到破坏,并确保历史地区与当代生活和谐一致。

6 当存在建筑技术和建筑形式的日益普遍化可能造成整个世界的环境单一化的危险时,保护历史地区能对维护和发展每个国家的文化和社会价值作出突出贡献。

这也有助于从建筑上丰富世界文化遗产。

三国家、地区和地方政策7 各成员国应根据各国关于权限划分的情况制定国家、地区和地方政策,以便使国家、地区和地方当局能够采取法律、技术、经济和社会措施,保护历史地区及其周围环境,并使之适应于现代生活的需要。

由此制定的政策应对国家、地区或地方各级的规划产生影响,并为各级城市规划,以及地区和农村发展规划,为由此而产生的共构成制订目标和计划重要组成部分的活动、责任分配以及实施行为提供指导。

在执行保护政策时,应寻求个人和私人协会的合作。

四保护措施8 历史地区及其周围环境应按照上述原则和以下措施予以保护,具体措施应根据各国立法和宪法权限以及各国组织和经济结构来决定。

立法及行政措施9 保护历史地区及其周围环境的总政策之适用应基于对各国整体有效的原则。

各成员国应修改现有规定,或必要时,制定新的法律和规章以便参照本章及下列章节所述之规定,确保对历史地区及其周围环境的保护。

它们应鼓励修改或采取地区或地方措施以确保此种保护。

有关城镇和地区规划以及住宅政策的法律应予以审议,以便使它们与有关保护建筑遗产的法律相协调、相结合。

10 关于保护历史地区的制度的规定应确立关于制订必要的计划和文件的一般原则,特别是:适用于保护地区及其周围环境的一般条件和限制;关于为保护和提供公共服务而制定的计划和行动说明;将要进行的维护工作并为此指派负责人;适用于城市规划,再开发以及农村土地管理的区域;指派负责审批任何在保护范围内的修复、改动、新建或拆除的机构;保护计划得到资金并得以实施的方式。

11 保护计划和文件应确定:被保护的区域和项目对其适用的具体条件和限制;在维护、修复和改进工作中所应遵守的标准;关于建立城市或农村生活所需的服务和供应系统的一般条件;关于新建项目的条件。

12 原则上,这些法律也应包括旨在防止违反保护法的规定,以及防止在保护地区内财产价值的投机性上涨的规定,这一上涨可能危及为整个社会利益而计划的保护和维修。

这些规定可以包括提供影响建筑用地价格之方法的城市规划措施,例如:设立邻里区或制定较小型的开发计划,授予公共机构优先购买权、在所有人不采取行动的情况下,为了保护、修复或自动干预之目的实行强制购买。

这些规定可以确定有效的惩罚,如:暂停活动、强制修复和适当的罚款。

13 个人和公共当局有义务遵守保护措施。

然而,也应对武断的或不公正的决定提供上诉的机制。

14 有关建立公共和私人机构以及公共和私人工程项目的规定应与保护历史地区及其周围环境的规定相适应。

15 有关贫民区的房产和街区以及有补贴住宅之建设的规定,尤其应本着符合并有助于保护政策的目的予以制订或修改。

因此,应拟定并调整已付补贴的计划,以便专门通过修复古建筑推动有补贴的住宅建筑和公共建设的发展。

在任何情况下,一切拆除应仅限于没有历史或建筑价值的建筑物,并对所涉及的补贴应谨慎予以控制。

另外,应将专用于补贴住宅建设的基金拨出一部分,用于旧建筑的修复。

16 有关建筑物和土地的保护措施的法律后果应予以公开并由主管官方机构作出记录。

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