Design and Strength Analysis of A Spherical Connector for Lifting Subsystem in Deep Sea Mining S
《土木工程专业英语》陈瑛_邵永波主编_全文经典翻译之欧阳德创编
Chapter 1 . Structural Mechanics 结构力学1.1 Classification and Behavior of StructuralSystems and Elements系统结构和元素的分类和作用1.2 Determinate and Indeterminate Structures 静定和超静定结构1.3Structural Dynamics 结构动力学Chapter 2. Structural Material 土木工程材料2.1 Materials for Concrete and Mix Proportion 砼材料及配比2.2 Properties of Concrete 砼的性能2.3 Steel Materials 钢材料2.4 Structural Steel Shapes 型钢Chapter 3. Structural Design concepts 结构设计3.1 Load conditions and Load Paths 负载条件和加载路径3.2 Limit State Design 极限状态设计Chapter 4. Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构4.1 Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲性能4.2 Shear and Diagonal Tension in Reinforced Concrete Beam钢筋混凝土梁的剪切和斜拉4.3Bond , Anchorage, and Development Length连接，锚固，基本锚固长度Chapter 1 . Structural Mechanics 结构力学1.1 . Classification and Behavior of Structural Systems and Elements系统结构和元素的分类和作用Common rigid elements include beams, columns or struts, arches, flat plates, singly curved plates, and shells having a variety of different curvatures. Flexible elements include cables (straight and draped) and membranes(planar, singly curved, and doubly curved). In addition, there are a number of other types of structures that are derived from these elements(e.g, frames, trsses, geodesic domes, nets, etc. )(figure 1.1)常见的刚性元件包括梁，柱，支撑，圆拱，平板，单向板弯曲面，具有不同的曲率的翘体。
architectural practices
architectural practicesArchitectural Practices: Creating Functional and Aesthetic SpacesIntroduction:Architectural practices play a crucial role in shaping the world we live in. From soaring skyscrapers to humble residential homes, architecture combines functionality with aesthetic appeal to create spaces that enhance our lives. In this article, we will take astep-by-step approach to understand the process and principles behind architectural practices.1. Conceptualizing the Design:The first step in any architectural practice is conceptualizing the design. Architects draw inspiration from various sources, including natural elements, cultural influences, and client requirements. They analyze the site's context, weather conditions, and social aspects to develop a design concept that addresses these factors. This conceptualization phase is crucial as it sets the foundation for the rest of the architectural process.2. Initial Design Development:Once the design concept is established, architects proceed to develop the initial design. This involves translating the concept into drawings and plans. Architects use a variety of tools and techniques, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software, to create detailed floor plans, elevations, sections, and three-dimensional models. These drawings help visualize the design and ensure that it meets functional requirements and regulations.3. Functional Analysis:Functionality is a core aspect of architectural practices. Architects analyze the spatial requirements of the building, considering factors such as circulation, ergonomics, and accessibility. They also study the programmatic needs, determining the relationships between different spaces and their functionalities. This functional analysis ensures that the design optimizes space usage and accommodates the intended activities.4. Material Selection and Sustainability:Sustainability has become a significant consideration in modern architectural practices. Architects carefully select materials that are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and long-lasting. They explore sustainable building techniques, such as green roofs, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting systems, to minimize the building's impact on the environment. By embracing sustainable practices, architects contribute to a more eco-friendly and sustainable future.5. Structural Design and Engineering:Architectural practices incorporate structural design and engineering principles to ensure the safety and stability of the building. Architects collaborate with structural engineers to design the structural system, considering factors such as load-bearing capacity, seismic resistance, and wind loads. They also account for materials' properties, such as their strength and durability, to create a solid and structurally sound building.6. Construction Documentation and Specifications:Architects prepare detailed construction documentation, includingplans, sections, and specifications, to guide builders during construction. These documents outline construction details, material specifications, and quality standards. Architects also collaborate with contractors and suppliers to address any queries or concerns during the construction process. Clear and comprehensive construction documentation ensures the design intent is maintained during construction.7. Project Management and Coordination:Architectural practices involve project management and coordination to ensure a successful outcome. Architects oversee the project's progress, ensuring that it adheres to the design intent and meets the client's expectations. They coordinate with various stakeholders, including builders, subcontractors, and suppliers, to ensure smooth execution. Effective project management ensures that the project stays on schedule, within budget, and meets all necessary standards.8. Interior Design and Finishes:Interior design is an essential aspect of architectural practices.Architects collaborate with interior designers to create cohesive interior spaces that complement the overall design. They select finishes, such as flooring, wall treatments, and lighting, that enhance the aesthetics of the space. Architects ensure that the interior design aligns with the functional requirements and design intent, creating a harmonious and pleasing environment.9. Post-Construction Evaluation:Once the building is completed, architects conductpost-construction evaluations to assess the performance of the design and identify any areas for improvement. They analyze factors such as energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and user satisfaction. Feedback from the occupants of the building helps architects refine their future designs and continuously improve their architectural practices.Conclusion:Architectural practices involve a step-by-step process that combines creativity, functionality, and sustainability to create inspiring spaces. From conceptualizing the design topost-construction evaluations, architects work diligently to bring their vision to life. By considering the site context, incorporating sustainable practices, and ensuring structural integrity, architects shape our built environment in a way that enhances our lives and fosters a sustainable future.。
SWOT Analysis
Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.
Your Logo
Aim of SWOT Analysis?
To help decision makers share and compare ideas.
Detract the organization from its ability to attain the core goal and influence its growth. Weaknesses are the factors which do not meet the standards we feel they should meet. However, weaknesses are controllable. They must be minimized and eliminated. Examples - Limited financial resources, Weak spending on R & D, Very narrow product line, Limited distribution, Higher costs, Out-of-date products / technology, Weak market image, Poor marketing skills, Limited management skills, Under-trained employees.
Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.
What is SWOT Analysis?
WEAKNESSES
Characteristics that place the firm at a disadvantage relative to others.
Mechanical Design of Structures
Mechanical Design of Structures Mechanical design of structures is a critical aspect of engineering that involves the creation and development of various types of structures, such as buildings, bridges, and industrial facilities. This process requires a deep understanding of mechanical principles, materials science, and structural analysis to ensure that the resulting structures are safe, reliable, and cost-effective. One of the key considerations in mechanical design is the selection of appropriate materials for the structure. This involves evaluating the mechanical properties of different materials, such as strength, stiffness, and durability, to determine the most suitable option for the specific application. Factors such as environmental conditions, load requirements, and cost constraints must also be taken into account when choosing materials for a structure. In addition to material selection, the design process also involves the calculation and analysis of the structural elements to ensure that they can withstand the anticipated loads and forces. This requires the use of advanced engineering software and mathematical modeling to simulate the behavior of the structure under different conditions. By conducting thorough structural analysis, engineers can identify potential weak points and make necessary adjustments to improve the overall performance and safety of the structure. Furthermore, mechanical design of structures also involves the consideration of various external factors, such as seismic activity, wind loads, and temperature variations. These environmental factors can have a significant impact on the structural integrity of a building or bridge, and must be carefully evaluated during the design process. Engineers must incorporate appropriate safety measures and design features to mitigate the effects of these external forces and ensure the long-term stability of the structure. Moreover, the mechanical design of structures also plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability and energy efficiency of buildings and infrastructure. By incorporating innovative design solutions, such as passive solar heating, natural ventilation, and energy-efficient materials, engineers can reduce the environmental impact of structures and contribute to a more sustainable built environment. This aspect of mechanical design requires a holistic approach that considers not only the structural integrity, but also the environmental and socialimplications of the design. In conclusion, the mechanical design of structures is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of mechanical principles, materials science, and structural analysis. By carefully considering material selection, conducting thorough structural analysis, and addressing external factors and sustainability concerns, engineers can create safe, reliable, and sustainable structures that meet the needs of society. This field of engineering is essential for the development of our built environment and plays a critical role in shaping the world around us.。
The Evolution Wars 达尔文进化论之战
美英报刊文章阅读
（精选本）（第五版）
UNIT TWO
LESSON SIX
PART ONE
WARMING UP
Firstly, let's appreciate a video.
I:\Creationism Bites - In The Beginning . . ._标 清.kux
PART TWO
part four (Para11-14): The biologists answer that there are no holes in Darwin.
part five (Para15-17): One wonders what shall be taught in schools.
CIE化学大纲2010
6
stimulate students, create and sustain their interest in Chemistry, and understand its
relevance to society.
2
CHEMISTRY 9701 A/AS LEVEL 2010
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3 be suitably prepared for employment and/or further studies beyond A level.
The syllabus aims are to:
1
provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical chemistry, a
worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study
General Certificate of Education (International) Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level
CHEMISTRY 9701
For examination in June and November 2010
砂土抗剪强度的主要影响因素及其研究现状分析
砂土抗剪强度的主要影响因素及其研究现状分析高金翎(上海大学土木工程系上海200072)中图分类号：TU441文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7894（2013）33-0110-07摘要砂土的抗剪强度是砂土的重要力学指标之一，研究砂土的抗剪强度对于工程实践具有重要的指导意义。
研究表明，影响砂土抗剪强度的主要因素有砂土的密实度、表面粗糙度、颗粒形状、颗粒级配以及试验条件的差异等。
本文从砂土抗剪强度理论出发，分析和总结了在上述各项因素作用下砂土抗剪强度的变化规律和研究现状，并提出了目前砂土抗剪强度研究中存在的一些问题，为进一步深入研究砂土的抗剪强度问题奠定了基础。
关键词砂土抗剪强度库伦公式现状发展Analysis of the Main Factors on the Shear Strength of Sandy Soil and the Current Research Situation//Gao Jin-lingAbstract Shear strength is one of the important mechanics in-dexes of the sandy soil,so the research on the shear strength of sandy soil plays an important role in engineering practice.Several studies show that compactness,the roughness of the surface,par-ticle shape,grain size distribution and test conditions and so on have an influence on the shear strength of sandy soil.Based on the theory on the shear strength of sandy soil,this paper analyzes and summarizes the change rules and the research status of the shear strength of sandy soil under the action of the above factors. At last,the author comes up with the problems existing in the current research on the shear strength of sandy soil and lays a foundation for further researches.Key words sandy soil;shear strength;Coulomb formula;current situation;development砂土是地基土中比较常见的一种土质类型。
UBC_vol2(16章节地震计算翻译)
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE, VOLUME 2Chapter 16STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTSNOTE: This chapter has been revised in its entirety.Division I—GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTSSECTION 1601 — SCOPEThis chapter prescribes general design requirements applicable to all structures regulated by this code.SECTION 1602 — DEFINITIONSThe following terms are defined for use in this code:ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the ele -ments by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed spe -cified allowable stress (also called working stress design).BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixedequipment incorporated into the building or other structure.DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least twoopposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or otherindependent supports.FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load specified in Sec-tions 1606 through 1611 and a load factor. See Section 1612.2 forcombinations of factored loads.LIMIT ST ATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (ser -viceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by the use and occu-pancy of the building or other structure and do not include deadload, construction load, or environmental loads such as wind load,snow load, rain load, earthquake load or flood load.LOAD AND RESIST ANCE F ACT OR DESIGN (LRFD) is amethod of proportioning structural elements using load and resist -ance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and wood structures.STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The term “strength design” is used in the design of con-crete and masonry structures.SECTION 1603 — NOTATIONS D =dead load.E =earthquake load set forth in Section 1630.1.E m =estimated maximum earthquake force that can be devel-oped in the structure as set forth in Section 1630.1.1.F =load due to fluids.H =load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil.L =live load, except roof live load, including any permittedlive load reduction.L r =roof live load, including any permitted live loadreduction.P =ponding load.积水荷载流体荷载土壤和土壤中水的侧向压力产生的荷载 活荷载，屋顶活荷载除外，包括任何允许的活荷载减少。
Lesson19 Structural Analysis
Basic principles 基本原理
The law of equilibrium is basic in structural analysis.
平衡原理是结构分析的基础。
It is useful in computing external reactions of beams，trusses，frames， arches and other structures, as well as internal stresses.
Structural Analysis
For earthquake forces，a building designed with a conventional rectangular configuration is analysed by the equivalent lateral load method prescribed by the local building code．
如果计算显示反力平衡了荷载（结构、人群、存放的材料等 的重量，车辆荷载，风力和地震力），那么结构就处于静力平衡 状态。
The next step is determination of internal forces and unit stresses in the components of the structure.
保证结构安全的一种方法是确定由荷载产生的应力、应变 比公认的设计规范所容许的应力、应变小。
This determination of stresses and strains in structures is a primary objective of structural analysis.
在结构中确定应力和应变是结构分析的主要的目的。
热轧产品基本知识及标准
热轧产品基本知识及标准1、热连轧钢板产品简介：热连轧钢板、带产品，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成带钢。
从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。
由于热连轧钢板产品具有强度高，韧性好，易于加工成型及良好的可焊接性等优良性能，因而北广泛应用于船舶、汽车、桥梁、建筑、机械、压力容器等制造行业。
随着热轧尺寸精度、板形、表面质量等控制新技术的日益成熟以及新产品的不断问世，热连轧钢板、带产品得到了越来越广泛的应用并在市场上具有越来越强的竞争力。
一般说明热连轧钢板产品，钢种规格品种繁多，用途广泛，从一般的工程结构至汽车、桥梁、船舶、锅炉压力容器等制造，都得到大量使用。
各种不同用途，对钢板的材质性能、表面质量及尺寸、外形精度等要求也各不相同，因此，必须对热轧钢板产品的品种、材质、特性及其用途有所了解，才能做到经济、合理利用。
2、力学性能考虑要点力学性能名词术语（1）力学性能：钢板的力学性能式指钢板在受力作用下所显示与弹性或非弹性反应相关或涉及应力——应变关系的性能。
抗拉强度、屈服点、伸长率及冲击吸收功是表示热轧钢板力学性能的主要指标。
其大小表示钢材抵抗各种作用的能力的大小，是评定钢板材料质量的主要判据，也是钢板制件设计时选材和进行强度计算的主要依据。
（2）力学性能实验：测定热轧钢板力学性能的实验主要有拉伸试验及冲击试验等。
（3）屈服强度：试样在拉伸过程中，负荷不增加或开始有所降低而试样仍能继续伸长（变形）时的应力。
钢材的屈服强度愈低，产生永久变形所需的力愈小，即愈容易成形加工。
（4）抗拉强度：试样拉伸时，在拉断前所承受的最大应力。
当材料所受的外应力大于其抗拉强度时，将会发生破裂，因此，钢板材料的抗拉强度愈大，则表示它愈能承受大的外应力而不断裂。
AS 2159-2009 Piling Design and Construction
AS 2159—2009Australian Standard ® Piling—Design and installationAS 2159—2009 s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee CE-018, Piling. It was approved onbehalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 19 June 2009.This Standard was published on 4 November 2009.The following are represented on Committee CE-018:• Australian Building Codes Board•Australian Geomechanics Society• AUSTROADS• Concrete Institute of Australia • Engineers Australia• Monash University• Piling and Foundation Specialists Federation • University of SydneyThis Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 08180.Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals thatcontributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on theCommittee and through the public comment period.Keeping Standards up-to-dateAustralian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology andsystems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editionsare published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they areusing a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have beenpublished since the Standard was published.Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects canbe found by visiting w w .auStandards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers tonotify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email atmail@.au , or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009AS 2159—2009Australian Standard ®Piling—Design and installationOriginated as AS 2159—1978.Third edition 2009. COPYRIGHT© Standards AustraliaAll rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or byany means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photocopying, without the writtenpermission of the publisher.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009AS 2159—2009 2PREFACEThis Standard was pre pare d by the Standards Australia Committe e CE-018, Piling, tosupersede AS 2159—1995.The objective of this Standard is to provide requirements for design and installation of pilesfor supporting structur e s. Th e obj e ct of this r e vision is to align with updat e dAS 1170 Standards and reflect changes in practice since the previous edition.Major changes to the previous edition are as follows:(a) Revision of the overall Standard.(b) Re vision of the se tting of stre ngth re duction factors, that is, the se le ction of the‘safety’ level appropriate to the installation being designed.(c)Revision of the negative skin friction requirements. (d) Revision of durability requirements to assist designers to achieve predicted life.(e ) Include re quire me nts for ne we r pile type s and installation me thods including ste e lscrew piles, jacking, screwing and screwed cast in place.(f)Requirement for some testing to be ‘normative’. (g) Inclusion of new types of test including rapid pile testing.The te rms ‘normative ’ and ‘informative ’ have be e n use d in this Standard to de fine theapplication of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral partof a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirementsof this Standard.Notes to the text contain information and guidance and are not considered to be an integralpart of the Standard.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 20093 AS 2159—2009CONTENTSPageFOREWORD (5)SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL1.1 SCOPE (6)1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES (6)1.3 DEFINITIONS (7)1.4 NOTATION (10)1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES (13)SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION2.1 GENERAL (15)2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED (15)SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DESIGN (16)3.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (16)3.3 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITYDESIGN (17)SECTION 4 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN4.1 GENERAL (20)4.2 ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS (20)4.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN (21)4.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH (24)4.5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN FORSERVICEABILITY (29)4.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICEABILITY (29)SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION (32)5.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STRENGTH DESIGN (32)5.3 CONCRETE AND GROUT PILES (33)5.4 STEEL PILES (36)5.5 COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES (36)5.6 TIMBER PILES (37)SECTION 6 DURABILITY DESIGN6.1 GENERAL (38)6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DURABILITY DESIGN (38)6.3 ACID SULFATE SOILS (38)6.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES (39)6.5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF STEEL PILES (42)6.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF TIMBER PILES (45)SECTION 7 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS7.1 GENERAL (47)7.2 TOLERANCES AND DEFECTS (47)s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009AS 2159—2009 4Page7.3 DISPLACEMENT PILES—PREFORMED (48)7.4 DISPLACEMENT PILES—DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE (52)7.5 DISPLACEMENT PILES—SCREWED CAST IN PLACE (53)7.6 NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES (54)7.7 RECORDS OF DATA (57)SECTION 8 TESTING8.1 SCOPE (60)8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (60)8.3 PILE LOAD TESTING (62)8.4 STATIC LOAD TESTING (65)8.5 HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING (67)8.6 BI-DIRECTIONAL LOAD TESTING (68)8.7 RAPID LOAD TESTING (69)8.8 INTEGRITY TESTING (69)APPENDICESA STATIC LOAD TEST (71)B HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING (78)C RAPID PILE TESTING (81)D INTEGRITY TESTING (85)E LIMIT STATES—SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS (89)BIBLIOGRAPHY (90)s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 20095 AS 2159—2009FOREWORDDecisions in pile design are based on design formulae, empirical and practical experience,and the accumulated records of a large number of applications of proprietary systems (bothsuccessful and otherwise). As such, there is a great need for flexibility, experience,engineering judgement and commonsense in designing and constructing a piled footingsystem. In a real sense, these requirements are in conflict with the need to make unqualifiedmandatory statements and, as a result, many of the stipulations of this Standard are shortand simple when, in other cases, extensive arrays of multiple choices are provided. Whereapplicable, explanatory notes are added to some clauses in this Standard and additionalcommentary is provided.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009AS 2159—2009 6STANDARDS AUSTRALIAAustralian StandardPiling—Design and installationS E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L1.1 SCOPEThis Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, c onstruc tion and testing ofpiled footings for c ivil engineering and building struc tures on land or immediate inshorelocations. It does not extend to offshore (deepwater) construction.NOTES:1 AS 5100 series should be considered for the design of footings for road bridges.2 Where the strength o r serviceability o f an existing structure is to be evaluated, the generalprinciples o f this Standard sho uld be applied. The actual pro perties o f the materials in thestructure should be used.3 The durability requirements are appropriate for structures with design life within ±20% of thetarget design life.1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCESThe normative documents referenced in this Standard are the following:NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.AS1012Methods of testing concrete (all Parts) 1163Structural steel hollow sections 1170Structural design actions 1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia1289 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes 1289.6.3.1 Part 6.3.1: Soil strength and c onsolidation tests—Determination of the penetration resistance of a soil—Standard penetration test (SPT) 1289.6.5.1 Part 6.5.1: Soil strength and c onsolidation tests—Determination of the static cone penetration resistance of a soil—Field test using a mechanical and electrical cone or friction-cone penetrometer 1379 Specification and supply of concrete 1450 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes 1554 Stru c tural steel welding 1554.1 Part 1: Welding of steel structures 1579 Arc-welded steel pipes and fittings for water and waste-water 1604 Specification for preservative treatment 1604.1 Part 1: Sawn and round timber 1720 Timber stru c tures 1720.1 Part 1: Design methods s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 20097 AS 2159—2009AS2758 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes2758.1 Part 1: Concrete aggregates2832Cathodic protection of metals 2832.2Part 2: Compact buried structures 2832.3 Part 3: Fixed immersed structures3600 Concrete structures3818 Timber—Heavy structural products—Visually graded3818.3 Part 3: Piles3972 Portland and blended cements4100 Steel structures5100 Bridge design5100.5 Part 5: Concrete5100.6 Part 6: Steel and composite constructionAS/NZS1170Structural design actions 1170.0Part 0: General principles 1594Hot-rolled steel flat products 3678 Structural steel—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs3679 Structural steel3679.1 Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections3679.2 Part 2: Welded I sections4671 Steel reinforcing materialsASTMC 566-97 Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate byDrying1.3 DEFINITIONSFor the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.1.3.1 Bored cast in place pileA pile, with or without a liner, formed by excavating or boring a hole in the ground andsubsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete.1.3.2 Cased pile A pile formed in the ground by installing a liner and partially or wholly filling it with plain or reinforced concrete after excavation. 1.3.3 Cone penetration test (CPT) A test in accordance with AS 1289.6.5.1, to determine the penetration resistance of a soil. 1.3.4 Continuous flight auger pile (CFA) A pile formed in the ground by drilling with a hollow flight auger that is subsequently and progressively withdrawn, with the cavity below the auger tip being gradually filled with concrete or cement grout injected under pressure. 1.3.5 Design action s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009AS 2159—2009 81.3.6 Design action effect (E d )Action effect computed from the design values of the actions or design loads.1.3.7 Design geotechnical strength (R d,g )The product of the design ultimate geotechnical strength (R d,ug ) and the geotechnical strength reduction factor (φg ).1.3.8 Design lifePeriod of time during which a structure or a structural element, when designed, is assumed to perform for its intended purpose with expected maintenance but without major structural repair being necessary.1.3.9 Design serviceability load (E ds )The load on a pile corresponding to the serviceability limit state.1.3.10 Design structural strength (R d,s )The product of the design ultimate structural strength (R d,us ) and the structural strength reduction factor (φs ).1.3.11 Design ultimate geotechnical strength (R d,ug )An estimate of the ultimate geotechnical strength assessed using calculations in accordance with Section 4 of this Standard.1.3.12 Design ultimate structural strength (R d,us )The limit state at which static equilibrium is lost, or at which structural elements fail.NOTE: The design ultimate structural strength may be assessed using calculations in accordance with Section 5 of this Standard.1.3.13 Driven cast in place pileA pile formed by driving a liner, which is either permanent or temporary, and filling with plain or reinforced concrete.1.3.14 Driven preformed pileA prefabricated pile installed in the ground by driving.1.3.15 DurabilityAbility of a structure or a structural element to maintain adequate performance for a given time under expected actions and environmental influences.1.3.16 End-bearing pileA pile where the major component of the resistance of the pile is contributed by the force developed at the base of the pile. 1.3.17 Footing A part of a structure in direct contact with and transmitting load to the supporting foundation. 1.3.18 Foundation The soil, subsoil or rock, whether built-up or natural, upon which a structure is supported. NOTE: The term ‘foundation’ is commonly used to mean both the footing and the ground supporting the footing. 1.3.19 Friction pile s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 20091.3.20 Ground anchorA tendon anchored into the ground by bond and used to provide a reaction for test loading piles.1.3.21 Large displacement pilesPreformed or cast in place piles, generally with a solid cross-section dimension of at least 300 mm, installed by driving, screwing, pushing, vibrating or similar methods, which cause a displacement such that significant stresses are induced in the surrounding soils, which may increase the load capacity of the pile and cause displacement of the surrounding soils. 1.3.22 Limit stateCondition for which a system is designed, and beyond which it ceases to fulfil its intended function and becomes unfit for use.NOTE: There are recognized limit states, e.g., for fire, serviceability, stability and strength.1.3.23 PileA structural member that is driven, screwed, jacked, vibrated, drilled or otherwise installed in the ground so as to transmit loads to the underlying soil or rock and provide a foundation for structure. 1.3.24 Pile groupNumber of piles installed in close proximity and usually having a common pile cap. 1.3.25 Pile head Top of a pile. 1.3.26 Pile heaveDisplacement (usually vertical) of a pile caused by the driving, or by external ground movements, of piles in close proximity. 1.3.27 Raking pileA pile installed at an angle to the vertical.1.3.28 Serviceability limit state (SLS), serviceabilityA limit state beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met, such as unacceptably large displacements, vibrations, cracking, spalling and other local damage. 1.3.29 SetPermanent penetration of a driven pile or liner per blow of the hammer.1.3.30 Small displacement pilesPreformed or cast in place piles, generally with a hollow cross-section or a solid cross-section dimension less than 300 mm, installed by driving, screwing, pushing, vibrating or similar methods, which cause a small displacement such that significant stresses or displacements are not induced in the surrounding soils. 1.3.31 Standard penetration test (SPT)A test in accordance with AS 1289.6.3.1, to determine the penetration resistance of a soil. 1.3.32 Steel screw pilesPreformed small displacement piles installed by rotating a steel pipe, which has one or more spiral flights (helices) welded to it.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 20091.3.33 Temporary compressionThe temporary pile-head deflection during a hammer blow, comprising elastic deflection of the pile cushion, the pile and the soil. 1.3.34 Test pilePile subjected to a loading test with the primary purpose of establishing the load deformation characteristics, and/or the ultimate structural strength of the pile, and/or the ultimate geotechnical strength of the pile/soil system. 1.3.35 Test ultimate geotechnical strength (R t,ug )An estimate of the ultimate geotechnical strength assessed from a load test carried out in accordance with Section 8 of this Standard. 1.3.36 Toe The base of the pile.1.3.37 Ultimate geotechnical strength (R ug )The resistance developed by an axially or laterally loaded pile or pile group at which static equilibrium is lost or at which the supporting ground fails. 1.4 NOTATIONThe symbols used in this Standard are listed below. Unless a contrary indication appears elsewhere, the symbols used in this Standard shall be as defined below. The notations in Clause 3.3, relating to load and combinations in AS 1170.4, have not been incorporated in this table.TABLE 1.1 NOTATIONSymbol Term Text referenceA b Plan area of pile baseClauses 4.4.1, 4.4.2 bA ′ Net area of pile base resisting uplift, i.e., the differencebetween cross-sectional areas of the pile base and the pile shaft Clause 4.4.2 A g Area of the pile cross-section Clause 5.3.3(b)ARR Average risk rating for overall designClause 4.3.2, Table 4.3.2 (C) A s Surface area of pile in intimate contact with soil Clauses 4.4.1, 4.4.2 A scCross-sectional area of compression reinforcement Clause 5.3.3(b)c Pile wave speed Paragraph C2.2, Appendix C d Pile diameterClause 5.6.3.2, Table 8.4.3.1 d b Diameter of longitudinal steel Clause 5.3.7 d t Pile base (toe) diameter Tables 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2 D d Dowel diameterClause 5.6.3.2 D Overall minimum width of pile in plane of bending Clause 5.2.2(b) EAverage Young’s modulus of pileTables 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2(continued )s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009TABLE 1.1 (continued)Symbol Term Text referenceE dDesign action effectClauses 1.3.6, 3.2.2(b),5.4.2.3, 3.2.2(d), 4.3.1, 5.2.1, 8.3.3.4, Paragraph B8,Appendix B, Tables 8.3.3.2, 8.3.3.4 and E1, Appendix E E ds Design serviceability loadClauses 1.3.9, 4.6.3(a), Paragraph B8, Appendix B, Tables 8.3.3.2, 8.3.3.3, 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2 and E1, Appendix EF eh Bending moments, shear forces and axial actions induced by heave due to unloading of ground due to excavation Clauses 3.3.1.2(d), 3.3.2(b) F em Bending moments, shear forces and axial actions induced by lateral ground movementsClauses 3.3.1.2(c), 3.3.2(b) F es Compressive and tensile actions in the pile induced by vertical ground movementsClauses 3.3.1.2(b), 3.3.2(b) F nfActions due to negative frictionClauses 3.3.1.2(a), 3.3.2(b), 4.6.3, Tables 8.3.3.3, 8.4.3.1 and E1, Appendix E f b Ultimate base pressure for compression pile Clause 4.4.1 f bt Ultimate base pressure for uplift pile Clause 4.4.2 c f ′ Characteristic concrete strengthTable 6.4.3 cmf ′ Characteristic strength of concrete at relevant age Clause 7.3.3.1(a), Table 7.3.3.1 f m,s Average skin friction for condition of full mobilization—Compression pileClause 4.4.1 f m,st Average skin friction for condition of full mobilization—Tension pileClause 4.4.2f sy Yield stress for reinforcement in concrete piles Clauses 7.3.3.1(b), 7.3.2.g Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s 2) Paragraph C5.4, Appendix C h Depth to cut-offClause 7.2.1(b)IRR Individual risk rating for risk factor Clause 4.3.2, Tables 4.3.2(A), 4.3.2(B)kConcrete placement factor Clause 5.2.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.6 K Testing benefit factorClause 4.3.1 l 1 Minimum edge distance to head of pileClause 5.6.3.2 L nf Length of the test pile in contact with ground expected to undergo long-term settlement Tables 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2 L Pile lengthTables 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2,Paragraph C2.3, Appendix C M d Design bending moment Clause 5.2.2 N d Design axial loadClause 5.2.2(b) pPercentage of total piles tested that meet the specified acceptance criteriaClause 4.3.1(continued )s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009TABLE 1.1 (continued)Symbol Term Text referenceP gMaximum test load for assessment of geotechnical ultimate limit state R t,ugClauses 8.3.3.1, 8.3.3.2,8.3.3.4, 8.5.2, Paragraph A3.1, Appendix A, Paragraph B1, Appendix B, Tables 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2, A1, A2, Appendix A p o Total overburden pressure at base level Clause 4.4.1 P max Pile jacking installation forceClause 7.3.4.1P sMaximum test load for assessment of pile performance at serviceability limit state = E dsClauses 8.3.3.1, 8.3.3.2, Paragraph B1, Appendix B, Tables 8.3.3.2, 8.3.3.3, 8.4.3.1, 8.5.2, A1, A2, A3, Appendix A, B1, Appendix B P uMaximum test load for assessment of design geotechnical ultimate limit stateClauses 8.3.3.1, 8.3.3.2,Paragraph A3.1, Appendix A and Paragraph B1,Appendix B Tables 8.3.3.2, 8.3.3.3, 8.4.2, 8.4.3.1, A1, Appendix AR d,g Design geotechnical strength of pileClauses 1.3.7, 3.2.2(c), 3.2.2(d), 4.3.1, Table E1, Appendix ER d,s Design structural strength of pileClauses 1.3.10, 3.2.2(c), 3.2.2(d), 5.2.1, 5.4.2.3, Table E1, Appendix E R t,ugUltimate geotechnical strength of a pile as assessed from a load test carried out in accordance with Section 8 of this Code Clauses 1.3.35, 8.4.2.2, 8.4.3.5, Tables 8.3.3.2, 8.3.3.3, E1, Appendix E R ugUltimate geotechnical strength of pile. This is estimated either by calculation (R d,ug ) or by test (R t,ug ) Clauses 1.3.37, 7.3.4.1, Tables 8.3.3.2, 8.4.2, E1, Appendix ER us Ultimate structural strength of pileClauses 5.2.1, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, Table E1, Appendix E R d,ugDesign ultimate geotechnical strength of pile (ultimate load capacity)Clauses 1.3.7, 1.3.11, 4.3.1, 4.3.3, 4.4.2, 4.4.4, 8.2.4, Table E1, Appendix E R d,g,c Design ultimate geotechnical strength of combined pile and raft foundationClause 4.4.4, Table E1, Appendix ER d,us Design ultimate structural strength of pileClause 1.3.10, 1.3.12, R d,ug,s Design ultimate geotechnical strength of shallow or raft footing, for the net area in contact with the supporting groundClause 4.4.4, Table E1, Appendix ER d,ug,szDesign ultimate geotechnical strength of pile in stable zone, i.e., the soil strata not subject to externally imposed ground settlementsClause 4.6.3, Table E1, Appendix E S u Ultimate value of various actions appropriate for particular combinations Clause 3.3.2(b) W Weight of pileClauses 4.4.1, 4.4.2w i Weighting factor for individual risk ratings Clause 4.3.2, Tables 4.3.2(A) γCoefficient of jacked pressureClause 7.3.4.1s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009TABLE 1.1 (continued)Symbol Term Text referenceδ Pile movementsClause 3.2.3φgGeotechnical strength reduction factor for single piles or pilegroupsClauses 4.3.1, 4.4.4, 4.6.3, 8.3.3.4, Paragraph B8, Appendix B, Table 8.3.3.2 φgb Basic geotechnical strength reduction factor given in Clause 4.3.2Clauses 4.3.1, 4.3.2 φgs Geotechnical strength reduction factor for the shallow or raft footingClause 4.4.4φs Structural strength reduction factor for single piles or pile groupsClauses 1.3.10, 5.2.1, 5.3.1, 5.3.4, 5.3.5, 5.4.2.3 φtfIntrinsic test factorClause 4.3.11.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES 1.5.1 GeneralThe classification of pile types used in this Standard is illustrated in Figure 1.5. Pile typesare broadly classified into ‘displacement’ and ‘non-displacement’ piles and further subdivided on the basis of the method of pile installation and formation. 1.5.2 Displacement pilesDisplacement piles are defined as those that displace the ground through which they are being installed. To operate as a displacement pile, the displaced volume shall approximate the pile volume.Displacement piles may be installed by hammering, pushing, screwing, vibrating or other means to force them into the ground.Displacement piles may be one of the following: (a)Preformed Solid and hollow sections that are installed in the ground and left in position. Such piles may be extended by splicing on additional lengths of piling. Preformed piles may be fabricated from— (i)concrete, reinforced or prestressed; (ii) steel—H Section, tube and other sections; (iii) timber; or(iv) a combination of concrete, steel or timber sections. (b)Driven cast in place Pile formed in situ by driving a tubular liner to form a void, which is then wholly or partially filled with concrete or grout. The liner may be either— (i)permanent —made of concrete or steel with open or closed ends of constant or tapered section; or(ii) temporary —steel tube extracted during concreting or grouting, with or withoutan expanded base. (c)Screwed cast in place Piles formed in situ by screwing a threaded tube into the ground with concrete placement as the screw head is withdrawn.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 20091.5.3 Non-displacement piles 1.5.3.1 GeneralPiles formed in situ by removing soil, using either rotary drilling, percussion, reverse circulation, grabbing, chiselling and mechanical or hand excavation methods, to form a void, which is then filled with concrete or grout. During removal of the soil, the sides of the excavated void may or may not be supported. 1.5.3.2 SupportedThe support may be either— (a) permanent —using steel, concrete or other liners; or (b)temporary —using— (i)steel, concrete or other liners or timber shoring; (ii) drilling fluids; or (iii) continuous flight augers. 1.5.3.3 UnsupportedPiles in which the ground is left exposed during excavation.1.5.4 Partial displacement, post-grouted and preloaded non-displacement piles Various techniques, such as partial displacement augers, post-grouting of the shaft or base and preloading the base of non-displacement piles, are used to improve the performance of non-displacement piles.Soil and rock displaced during installationSoil and rock removed before or duringinstallationLarge displacementSmall displacementSteelScrewOpen tubeOther sections H section PreformedCast in placePermanentlinerScrewedDrivenTemporar y linerConcreteTimberCompositeConcrete shellClosed steel tubeReinforcedPrestressedSuppor tedUnsuppor tedTemporar y Suppor tShoring or liners Drilling fluid Soil on continuousflight augerDisplacement pilesNon-displacement pilesPermanent Suppor tSteel linerConcrete linerOtherFIGURE 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE TYPESs e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009S E C T I O N 2 S I T E I N V E S T I G A T I O N2.1 GENERALFor any site on which it is proposed to install piles, site investigation shall be carried out toprovide sufficient information to fulfil the requirements of Clause 2.2. When planning the site investigation, existing relevant information shall be taken into account.NOTE: The intention of this Section is to ensure that adequate information is available for design and construction.2.2 INFORMATION REQUIREDAppropriate site investigations shall provide information on geotechnical conditions according to AS 1726, as follows: (a) The geotechnical design of piles.(b) Assessment of geotechnical conditions for pile construction or installation. (c)Some additional site-specific aspects, including— (i)potential for ground heave—damage to adjacent structures or neighbouring piles;(ii) vibration effects—potential for damage to adjacent structures; (iii) expansive soil problems;(iv) potential difficulties with pile cap construction; (v)groundwater conditions; (vi) negative friction effects;(vii) near-surface conditions or lateral load design, if relevant;(viii) possible obstructions to installation, e.g., boulders or old footings or piles; (ix) potential for slope instability; (x)effects of excavation or scour; (xi) effects of contaminated sites;(xii) an assessment of the site surface for the provision of a safe work platform forpiling equipment;(xiii) potential for acid sulfate soils; and(xiv) potential for weak or compressible layers, or caverns below the pile base,including soils below lava flows. (d)Assessment of the potential effects of site conditions on pile durability.NOTE: The site investigation should obtain information on all materials that might influence the strength and serviceability performance of the structure. Due account should be taken of the range of foundation options that might apply. This should include testing of the soil and groundwater for aggressive agents, including sulphate, chloride and pH, to ensure appropriate exposure classification in regard to durability.s e d b y H A T C H A S S O C I A T E S o n 30 N o v 2009。
科技英语综合教程练习答案
Keys:第一章科技英语阅读第一节科技英语主要特点I.1.The first three sentences in Passage One are all constructed with passive voice while thefirst three sentences in Passage Two are constructed with active voice. Therefore, the language in Passage One sounds more formal and objective than that of Passage Two.2.The words spoken by Sheila in Passage Two are informal. Examples: "There's Ravi atthe home of that American doctor." (Contracted form); "A wonderful guy." (Incomplete sentence); "Ravi looks sweet, doesn 't he?" (Question tag).3.In the second paragraph of Passage One, "it" refers to "to use insecticide regularly, on avery large scale."4.In the second paragraph of Passage Two, "through" means "finish" or "complete."5.Passage One is written for academic purpose and Passage Two mainly for entertainment. II.Passage OneA blast of hot air is sent into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is blown into the furnace through pipes. These pipes are installed around the circumference of the blast furnace eight feet above the bottom.While the coke is burning and iron is melting, gas is formed at the top of the chamber. This is led off from the top of the furnace to be used. It contains carbon monoxide, which is combustible. Part of this gas is used for making the air blast hot. It is led off into stoves.Passage TwoAll elements are composed of discrete units called atoms, which are the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element. Atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and electrically neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons, which have approximately the same mass, are clustered in the nucleus in the center of the atom. Electrons, which are tiny in comparison to the other units, orbit the nucleus at high speed. Atoms that have an equal number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. Those that have gained or lost electrons, and therefore are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.第二节科技、半科技英语专业术语I.1. D (自动驾驶仪)2. F (生物钟)3. I (热核的)4. G (地热的)5. B (微波)6. J (放射疗法)7. E (光周期)8. A (超导体)9. H (远距离操纵器) 10. C (超显微/滤过性病毒)II.1. 一位从事航空医学研究的医生2. 防止计算机犯罪的措施3. 一种新型除霜器4. 一个用光电池驱动的玩具5. 一辆装有自动报警器的汽车6. 隔音材料7. 一种广泛使用的杀虫剂（农药）8. 用放射性碳做的试验9. 电信业的发展10. 一台通用机床III.1. in-(Inorganic)2. radio- (radioactive)3. hydro- (Hydrotherapy)4. -free (caffeine-free)5. infra- (infrared) / ultra- (ultrared)6. mono- (monorail)7. aero- (Aerodynamics) 8. -fold (33-fold)9. geo- (geocentric) 10. -proof (weatherproof)11. bio- (biotechnology) 12. anti- (antibiotic)IV. 发电站 2. 矿物燃料 3. 太阳黑子 4. 航天探测器 5. 滚珠轴承6. 涡轮7. 航天飞机8. 树木的年轮9. 离心调速器10. 心肌功能V.1. flow2. laws3. law4. conserved5. transferred6. transformed7. bond8. thermodynamics9. work 10. law 11. degraded 12. work13. law 14. state 15. disorder 16. energy17. law 18. biological 19. metabolically 20. cellVI.1.很明显，许多家用电器的加热和照明作用都依靠电阻。
九年级历史文化发展英语阅读理解25题
九年级历史文化发展英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Ancient Egypt is one of the most fascinating civilizations in history. The ancient Egyptians made remarkable achievements in various fields.They were masters of architecture. The pyramids are the most famous symbols of ancient Egypt. These massive structures were built as tombs for the pharaohs. The construction of the pyramids required great engineering skills and a large workforce.In addition to architecture, the ancient Egyptians also excelled in art. Their wall paintings and sculptures are known for their beauty and detail. Many of these artworks depict scenes from daily life, religious ceremonies, and battles.The social structure of ancient Egypt was hierarchical. At the top were the pharaohs, who were considered divine beings. Below the pharaohs were the nobles, priests, and officials. The common people made up the largest part of the population and worked as farmers, artisans, and laborers.Religion played a central role in ancient Egyptian society. The ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses. They built temples to worship these deities and performed elaborate religious ceremonies.The civilization of ancient Egypt had a profound influence on latercultures. Many of their achievements, such as their writing system (hieroglyphics), architecture, and art, have inspired generations of people.1. The pyramids were built as tombs for ___.A. noblesB. priestsC. pharaohsD. artisans答案：C。
2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷英语真题(解析版)
A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.
3.What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum?
6.What does the author think of himself?
A.Socially ambitious.B.Physically attractive.
C.Financially independent.D.Digitally petent.
7.What can we learn about the author as a journalist?
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Group Size”标题下“We require one chaperone (监护人) per ten children.(我们要求每十个孩子有一个监护人)”可知，10个孩子需要1个监护人，那么30个孩子则需要3个监护人。故选C。
3题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Guidelines”标题下“Children are not allowed unacpanied in all areas of the Museum.(无人陪伴的儿童不得进入博物馆的所有区域)”可知，儿童必须在监护人陪伴下才能进入博物馆，即儿童不能单独进入博物馆进行探索。与选项D“Exploring the place alone.(独自探索博物馆)”属于同义替换，故选D。
A.He lacks experience in his job.B.He seldom appears on television.
现代工程设计院的核心竞争力和发展的关键_林振华
林业调查规划20031Sept128(3):19~23Forest Inventory and PlanningCN53-1172/S ISSN1671-3168现代工程设计院的核心竞争力和发展的关键*林振华(福建省林业调查规划院,福建福州350003)摘要:结合工程设计院实际情况,借鉴国家、区域、企业综合实力和竞争力的研究方法,阐述工程设计院综合实力和核心竞争力的概念框架;分析工程设计院管理面临的形势和任务;明确市场定位和发展目标;增加科技进步投入。
创建与时代要求相适应的管理体制和运行机制来构建和提升工程设计院的核心竞争力。
关键词:现代工程设计院;核心竞争力;综合实力中图分类号:F270文献标识码:A文章编号:1671-3168(2003)03-0019-05Core Competitive Strength and Critical Points in Development ofModern Engineering Design Institu teLIN Zhen-hua(Fujian Institu te of Forest Inventory and Planning,Fuzhou Fujian350003,China)Abstract:According to the actual situation of engineering design institute,and using the study method on compositive strength and competitive ability of national,regional or that of enterprises for reference,the con-ception framework of compositive strength and core competitive strength of engineering design institute was de-scribed.The situation and task of administration of engineering design were analyzed,the market orientation and development objectives were identified,and the importance of increase input and promote scientific progress was emphasized.Creating administrative system and operational mechanism adapted to the develop-ment was proposed to be a critical prerequisite for establishing or increasing the competitive strength of eng-i neering design institute.Key words:modern engineering design institute;core competitive strength;compositive strength1现代工程设计院的综合实力和核心竞争力111北京奥运会设施规划设计方案的启示2002年3月28日,北京市政府和北京奥组委向社会发布了5北京奥运行动规划(征求意见稿)6。
弯曲强度的英文
弯曲强度的英文Exploring the Concept of Flexural StrengthThe concept of flexural strength is a crucial aspect of materials science and engineering, as it determines the ability of a material to withstand bending forces without failing. Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, is a measure of a material's resistance to breaking under a bending load. It is an essential property to consider when designing structures, components, and products that will be subjected to bending forces, such as beams, bridges, and various consumer goods.The flexural strength of a material is influenced by a variety of factors, including the material's composition, microstructure, and the presence of defects or flaws. In general, materials with a higher flexural strength are better able to resist bending and are less likely to fail under such loads. Understanding the factors that affect flexural strength is crucial for engineers and researchers who are responsible for selecting and designing materials for applications that involve bending.One of the primary factors that influence a material's flexuralstrength is its composition. Different materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, have inherently different flexural strengths due to their atomic and molecular structures. Metals, for example, typically have higher flexural strengths due to the strong metallic bonds between their atoms, while ceramics and some polymers may have lower flexural strengths due to their more brittle nature.The microstructure of a material is another important factor that affects its flexural strength. The arrangement and distribution of atoms, grains, and defects within the material can significantly impact its ability to resist bending. In general, materials with a more uniform and controlled microstructure tend to have higher flexural strengths, as they are less susceptible to localized stress concentrations and crack propagation.In addition to composition and microstructure, the presence of defects or flaws within a material can also significantly impact its flexural strength. Defects, such as voids, cracks, or inclusions, can act as stress concentrators, leading to premature failure under bending loads. Careful manufacturing and processing techniques are essential for producing materials with minimal defects and maximizing their flexural strength.The testing of flexural strength is a critical step in the development and evaluation of materials for various applications. There are severalstandard test methods, such as the three-point and four-point bending tests, which are used to determine the flexural strength of a material. These tests involve applying a controlled bending load to a specimen and measuring the stress required to cause failure. The results of these tests provide valuable information about the material's behavior under bending and can be used to optimize design and manufacturing processes.In recent years, advances in materials science and engineering have led to the development of new materials with enhanced flexural properties. For example, the use of composite materials, which combine different materials with complementary properties, has enabled the creation of structures and components with improved flexural strength and other desirable mechanical properties. Additionally, the incorporation of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, into traditional materials has demonstrated the potential to significantly enhance their flexural strength and overall performance.As the demand for more efficient, durable, and cost-effective products continues to grow, the importance of understanding and optimizing the flexural strength of materials has become increasingly crucial. Engineers and researchers are continuously working to develop new and improved materials, as well as refine existing ones, to meet the evolving needs of various industries, from aerospace andconstruction to consumer electronics and medical devices.In conclusion, the concept of flexural strength is a fundamental aspect of materials science and engineering, influencing the design, performance, and reliability of a wide range of products and structures. By understanding the factors that affect flexural strength and the techniques used to measure and optimize it, engineers and researchers can create materials and designs that are better equipped to withstand the bending forces they will encounter in real-world applications.。
Marine Structural Analysis and Design
Marine Structural Analysis and Design佚名【期刊名称】《海洋工程装备与技术》【年(卷),期】2015(000)004【摘要】<正>王迎光编上海交通大学出版社出版定价:$68.00内容简介:The material in this book has been continuously developed since the author started to teach Modern Ship Structural Design in the Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2004.The subject of marine structural analysis and design is so broad that it is not possible to incorporate every aspect of this sub-【总页数】1页(P233-)【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P【相关文献】1.Geometry Design and Tooth Contact Analysis of Crossed Beveloid Gears for Marine Transmissions [J], ZHU Caichao;SONG Chaosheng;LIM Teik Chin;VIJAYAKAR Sandeep2.Optimum Environmental Load Design Criterion for Marine Structures Based on Investment and Benefit Analysis [J],3.Design Analysis of a Lightweight Solar Powered System for Recreational Marine Craft [J], Daniel Tamunodukobipi;Nitonye Samson;Adumene Sidum4.Analysis and Design of Marine Structures （MARSTRUCT）6th International Conference on Marine Structures8 - 10 May 2017, Lisboa, Portugal [J],5.Design and Comparative Analysis of Small Modular Reactors for Nuclear Marine Propulsion of a Ship [J], Monirul Hoque;A. Z. M. Salauddin;Md. Reaz Hasan Khondoker因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。