About the impact of electronic commerce on the traditional enterprise marketing and corporate strate

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2025年研究生考试考研英语(二204)试卷与参考答案

2025年研究生考试考研英语(二204)试卷与参考答案

2025年研究生考试考研英语(二204)复习试卷与参考答案一、完型填空(10分)Part A: Cloze TestRead the following passage and choose the best word or phrase to fill in each of the blanks. Each blank has four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose one answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The rise of the Internet and social media has dramatically changed the way people communicate. (1) __________, these technological advancements have brought both benefits and challenges.1.A. HoweverB. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. ThereforeIn the past, communication was primarily (2)__________through letters and phone calls, which were time-consuming and limited in terms of (3) __________.2.A. conductedB. transmittedC. exchangedD. achieved3.A. speedB. reachC. clarityD. frequencyToday, (4)__________communication is instantaneous and allows for global connectivity. People can (5)__________with anyone, anywhere in the world, in just a few clicks.4.A. oralB. writtenC. digitalD. visual5.A. interactB. correspondC. correspond withD. communicateHowever, (6)__________these advantages, there are concerns about the quality of communication. The (7)__________of communication through social media can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.6.A. DespiteB. In light ofC. ConsideringD. Given7.A. speedB. volumeC. diversityD. complexityFor instance, (8)__________language often lacks the nuances and subtleties that are present in face-to-face interactions, which can (9)__________to miscommunication.8.A. informalB. formalC. writtenD. spoken9.A. contributeB. resultC. leadD. deriveMoreover, the (10)__________of social media can also have negative impacts on mental health. Excessive use of social media can lead to (11)__________and feelings of isolation.10.A. convenienceB. popularityC. accessibilityD. prevalence11.A. anxietyB. depressionC. fatigueD. stressTo mitigate these negative effects, it is important for individuals to(12)__________their use of social media and focus on(13)__________communication.12.A. controlB. reduceC. manageD. limit13.A. digitalB. writtenC. verbalD. face-to-faceIn conclusion, while the Internet and social media have revolutionized communication, it is crucial to recognize both the benefits and the challenges they present. By being mindful of our communication habits and seeking a balance, we can harness the power of technology while protecting our mental well-being.14.A. HoweverB. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Therefore15.A. conductedB. transmittedC. exchangedD. achieved16.A. speedB. reachC. clarityD. frequency17.A. oralB. writtenC. digitalD. visual18.A. interactB. correspondC. correspond withD. communicate19.A. DespiteB. In light ofC. ConsideringD. Given20.A. speedB. volumeC. diversityD. complexityAnswers:1.A2.C3.B4.C5.A6.A7.B8.A9.C10.D11.B12.C13.D14.A15.A16.B17.C18.A19.A20.B二、传统阅读理解(本部分有4大题,每大题10分,共40分)第一题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way people shop, creating both opportunities and challenges for businesses. Online shopping has become increasingly popular due to its convenience, wide variety of products, and competitive pricing. However, this shift has also led to the closure of many brick-and-mortar stores and has raised concerns about the future of traditional retail.1、Why has online shopping become increasingly popular?A. It is less convenient than traditional shopping.B. It offers a wider variety of products.C. It is more expensive than traditional shopping.D. It is less competitive than traditional shopping.2、What is one of the main reasons for the closure of many brick-and-mortar stores?A. The rise of e-commerce.B. Increased competition from other businesses.C. Higher operating costs.D. Lack of customer interest.3、What concerns have been raised about the future of traditional retail?A. The decline in sales at physical stores.B. The potential loss of jobs in the retail sector.C. The reduction in customer satisfaction.D. The increase in the number of online scams.4、According to the passage, what is one of the advantages of online shopping?A. It requires customers to leave their homes.B. It offers limited customer service options.C. It can lead to a decrease in the variety of products.D. It is more time-consuming than traditional shopping.5、What is the author’s main point about the impact of e-commerce on traditional retail?A. E-commerce is solely beneficial to consumers.B. E-commerce is causing the demise of traditional retail.C. E-commerce and traditional retail are complementary to each other.D. The impact of e-commerce on traditional retail is minimal.Answers:1.B2.A3.B4.B5.B第二题Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions below.In the age of information, the way we consume and process information has undergone a dramatic transformation. The advent of the internet and digital technology has revolutionized the way we access knowledge, communicate, and learn. One of the most significant changes is the shift from traditional print media to digital media.1、The first paragraph of the passage introduces the topic of:A. The impact of digital technology on traditional media.B. The evolution of information consumption over time.C. The role of the internet in modern society.D. The challenges of digital literacy in the information age.2、According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the transformation in information consumption?A. There has been a gradual shift from print media to digital media.B. There has been a complete elimination of print media.C. The consumption of both print and digital media has decreased.D. The popularity of print media has remained consistent.3、The author mentions “the advent of the internet and digital technology” as a significant factor. What does this imply about their impact?A. They have had a minimal impact on our lives.B. They have revolutionized the way we access and process information.C. They have only affected certain segments of the population.D. They have been detrimental to our ability to learn.4、The passage suggests that the shift to digital media has led to:A. An increase in the amount of time people spend reading.B. A decrease in the quality of information available.C. A more diverse range of information sources.D. A reliance on technology for all forms of learning.5、What is the overall tone of the passage?A. CriticalB. NeutralC. EnthusiasticD. PessimisticAnswers:1、B2、A3、B4、C5、B第三题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.In recent years, the rise of social media has dramatically changed the way we communicate and interact with each other. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become an integral part of our daily lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family across the globe. However, this convenience has come at a cost, as social media has also been linked to various negative effects on mental health.1、The passage mentions several social media platforms. Which of the following is NOT mentioned?A. FacebookB. LinkedInC. TwitterD. Instagram2、According to the passage, what is the primary concern regarding social media’s impact on mental health?A. It increases productivity in the workplace.B. It enhances social connections.C. It has a negative impact on mental health.D. It improves communication skills.3、The author suggests that the convenience of social media is:A. the only benefit of using these platforms.B. outweighed by its negative effects.C. a minor aspect of social media use.D. the main reason for its widespread popularity.4、Which of the following is an example of a negative effect of social media on mental health mentioned in the passage?A. Improved job opportunities.B. Increased self-esteem.C. Higher levels of stress and anxiety.D. Enhanced creativity.5、The author’s tone towards social media can best be described as:A. enthusiastic and supportive.B. critical and concerned.C. neutral and objective.D. negative and dismissive.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、C5、B第四题Reading Passage 1Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.In the United States, the history of women’s education dates back to thecolonial period. During this time, most women were educated at home, with the help of their mothers and other family members. However, as the country grew and the demand for educated women increased, the need for formal education for women also grew. The first women’s college, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, w as founded in 1837 by Mary Lyon. This college was a significant step in the history of women’s education, as it provided a place for women to receive a higher education.After the Civil War, the number of women’s colleges in the United States increased dramatically. Many of these colleges were founded by women who were educated themselves and believed that education was essential for women’s advancement. One of the most influential women’s colleges during this time was Vassar College, founded in 1861. Vassar was the first college in the United States to offer a co-educational curriculum.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the role of women in society began to change. As more women entered the workforce, the need for higher education became even more important. Women’s colleges began to offer more professional and vocational programs to prepare women for careers in medicine, law, and other fields. This period also saw the rise of the women’s suffrage movement, which advocated for women’s right to vote. The fight for suffrage brought women together and highlighted the importance of education in achieving equality.The 20th century was a time of significant change for women’s education. The number of women attending college increased dramatically, and the numberof women earning college degrees also grew. In 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments was passed, which prohibited discrimination based on sex in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. This law had a profoun d impact on women’s education, as it opened the door for more women to participate in higher education and pursue their careers.Today, women’s education has become an integral part of American society. Women are attending college and earning degrees in all fields of study. The history of women’s education in the United States is a testament to the determination and resilience of women who have fought for the right to be educated.1、What was the main purpose of the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary?A、To educate men.B、To provide a place for women to receive a higher education.C、To train women for teaching.D、To offer vocational programs.2、What was the significance of Vassar College during the post-Civil War period?A、It was the first college to offer a co-educational curriculum.B、It was the first women’s college to offer professional and vocational programs.C、It was the first college to admit African American students.D、It was the first college to offer a degree in women’s studies.3、What impact did the women’s suffrage movement have on women’s education?A、It led to the creation of more women’s colleges.B、It highlighted the importance of education in achieving equality.C、It resulted in the passage of Title IX.D、It reduced the number of women attending college.4、How did Title IX of the Education Amendments affect women’s education?A、It increased the number of women attending college.B、It reduced the number of women attending college.C、It had no impact on women’s education.D、It increased the number of women earning college degrees.5、What is the main point of the passage?A、The history of women’s education in the United States is a testament to the determination and resilience of women.B、Women’s education has always been a prio rity in the United States.C、The United States has always had a high percentage of women attending college.D、The role of women in society has not changed over time.三、阅读理解新题型(10分)Reading Comprehension Part B (New Type)PassageIn the era of digital transformation, the role of data analytics indecision-making has become increasingly significant. Organizations across various sectors are leveraging data analytics to gain insights, predict trends, and improve their operations. However, with the exponential growth of data, the need for skilled professionals in data analytics has surged. This passage discusses the importance of data analytics in modern business and the skills required to excel in this field.QuestionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.PassageData analytics is the process of examining large sets of data to uncover meaningful patterns, trends, and insights. It involves various techniques, such as statistical analysis, data mining, and machine learning, to extract valuable information from raw data. In today’s business environment, data analytics plays a crucial role in several aspects:1.Strategic Decision-Making: Data analytics enables businesses to make informed decisions based on factual evidence rather than intuition or guesswork. By analyzing historical data, companies can identify trends and patterns that may not be apparent through traditional analysis methods.2.Customer Insights: Understanding customer behavior is vital for businesses to develop effective marketing strategies and enhance customer satisfaction. Data analytics can help businesses uncover insights into customer preferences, buying habits, and feedback, leading to personalized marketing campaigns and improved customer experiences.3.Operational Efficiency: Data analytics can streamline business operations by identifying inefficiencies and suggesting improvements. For instance, analyzing supply chain data can help organizations optimize inventory levels and reduce costs.4.Predictive Modeling: Predictive analytics, a subset of data analytics, involves using historical data to make predictions about future events. This can be particularly useful in industries such as finance, healthcare, and retail, where anticipating future trends can lead to competitive advantages.Questions1.What is the primary purpose of data analytics in business decision-making?A. To enhance creativity and innovation.B. To base decisions on factual evidence.C. To eliminate the need for research.D. To provide entertainment for employees.2.According to the passage, how can data analytics benefit customer satisfaction?A. By reducing customer interaction.B. By providing personalized marketing campaigns.C. By increasing the number of competitors.D. By decreasing customer feedback.3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an aspect where data analytics can improve business operations?A. Supply chain management.B. Marketing strategies.C. Employee training.D. Inventory optimization.4.What is the main advantage of predictive analytics over traditional analysis methods?A. It requires less historical data.B. It can be used for a wider range of industries.C. It provides more accurate predictions.D. It is less time-consuming.5.Why is data analytics becoming increasingly important in modern business?A. Due to the decline in data availability.B. Due to the rise in data volume.C. Due to the decrease in skilled professionals.D. Due to the elimination of traditional analysis methods.Answers1.B. To base decisions on factual evidence.2.B. By providing personalized marketing campaigns.3.C. Employee training.4.C. It provides more accurate predictions.5.B. Due to the rise in data volume.四、翻译(本大题有5小题,每小题3分,共15分)第一题Translate the following passage into English.原文:“随着互联网的普及,人们获取信息的渠道越来越多样化。

成人大学电子商务英语考试作文

成人大学电子商务英语考试作文

成人大学电子商务英语考试作文E-commerce: Transforming the Way We Shop and Do BusinessE-commerce has revolutionized the modern business landscape and our daily shopping experience. It has brought about numerous benefits and changes.One of the significant advantages of e-commerce is the convenience it offers. Consumers can shop from the comfort of their own homes at any time, avoiding the hassle of going to physical stores. They have access to a vast array of products from all over the world, which greatly expands their choices.For businesses, e-commerce provides a platform to reach a wider customer base without the limitations of geographical boundaries. It reduces the costs associated with operating physical stores, such as rent and staff. Online stores can also gather valuable customer data to better understand their preferences and behaviors, enabling more targeted marketing and improved services.Moreover, e-commerce has spurred innovation in various aspects, including payment methods and delivery services. We now have secure online payment systems and efficient delivery options that ensure the smooth flow of goods.However, e-commerce also poses some challenges. Issues like online security and privacy concerns need to be addressed constantly. Competition is intense, and businesses need to continuously adapt and innovate to stay ahead.In conclusion, e-commerce has had a profound impact on our lives and will continue to shape the future of business and shopping. We should embrace its advantages while being vigilant about the associated challenges.。

电子商务在中国的现状及其影响英语作文

电子商务在中国的现状及其影响英语作文

电子商务在中国的现状及其影响英语作文The current situation of e-commerce in China is thriving and rapidly evolving. With the rise of internet and mobile technology, the e-commerce market in China has become one of the largest and most dynamic in the world. The scale and potential of e-commerce in China have attracted the attention of global businesses and investors.The impact of e-commerce in China is profound and far-reaching. It has transformed the way Chinese consumers shop and interact with businesses. The convenience and variety of products available online have led to a shift in consumer behavior and preferences. E-commerce has also opened up new opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses to reach a wider audience and compete in the market.The rapid growth of e-commerce in China has also had a significant impact on traditional retail and commerce. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have had to adapt to the changing landscape and integrate online and offline channels to stay competitive. Additionally, the logisticsand delivery infrastructure in China has seen significant investment and improvement to meet the demands of e-commerce.The government has also recognized the importance of e-commerce and has implemented policies and regulations to support its growth. This includes initiatives to promote cross-border e-commerce, improve consumer protection, and regulate online marketplaces. The government's support has contributed to the overall success and sustainability of e-commerce in China.Overall, the current state of e-commerce in China is a dynamic and influential force in the global market. Its impact on consumer behavior, business practices, and the economy as a whole cannot be understated.电子商务在中国的现状是蓬勃发展且迅速变化的。

电子商务英语作文

电子商务英语作文

电子商务英语作文The Impact of E-commerce on Traditional Retail。

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has revolutionized the way people buy and sell goods and services. With the rise of online shopping platforms such as Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay, traditional retail businesses are facing new challenges and opportunities. In this essay, we will explore the impact of e-commerce on traditional retail and discuss the implications for the future.One of the most significant impacts of e-commerce on traditional retail is the shift in consumer behavior. With the convenience of online shopping, more and more consumers are choosing to make their purchases online rather than in physical stores. This has led to a decline in foot traffic and sales for traditional retailers, especially in certain industries such as books, electronics, and clothing. As a result, many brick-and-mortar stores have been forced to adapt or close down.Another impact of e-commerce on traditional retail is the increase in competition. Online shopping platforms have made it easier for small businesses to reach a global audience, which has intensified competition in the retail industry. Traditional retailers now not only have to compete with other physical stores in their local area but also with online retailers from around the world. This has put pressure on traditional retailers to improve their customer experience, pricing, and product offerings in order to stay competitive.Furthermore, e-commerce has also changed the way traditional retailers operate. Many brick-and-mortar stores have embraced e-commerce by creating their own online stores or partnering with online marketplaces. This has allowed them to reach a wider audience and diversify their revenue streams. Additionally, some traditional retailers have integrated technology into their stores, such as implementing mobile payment systems, digital signage, and virtual reality experiences, in order to enhance the customer experience and stay relevant in the digital age.Despite these challenges, e-commerce has also presented new opportunities for traditional retail. For example, some retailers have leveraged e-commerce to expand their reach and enter new markets without the need for physical stores. Others have used e-commerce to collect valuable data about their customers' preferences and behavior, which has allowed them to personalize their marketing and improve their product offerings. Additionally, some traditional retailers have found success by offering unique in-store experiences that cannot be replicated online, such as personalized styling services, product demonstrations, and events.In conclusion, e-commerce has had a profound impact on traditional retail, changing consumer behavior, increasing competition, and forcing traditional retailers to adapt. While e-commerce has presented challenges for traditional retailers, it has also opened up new opportunities for growth and innovation. In the future, the most successful retailers will be those who can effectively integrate e-commerce into their business strategy while maintaining astrong physical presence and delivering exceptional customer experiences.。

电子商务 英语作文

电子商务 英语作文

电子商务英语作文The Impact of E-commerce on Traditional Retail。

With the rapid development of technology, e-commerce has become an increasingly popular way for people to shop. This trend has had a significant impact on traditional retail businesses. In this essay, we will explore the effects of e-commerce on traditional retail and discuss the implications for the future of retail.Firstly, the rise of e-commerce has led to increased competition for traditional retail businesses. With the convenience of online shopping, consumers are now able to compare prices and products from different retailers with just a few clicks. This has made it more challenging for traditional retailers to attract and retain customers. In addition, e-commerce platforms often offer lower prices and a wider variety of products, which further intensifies the competition.Secondly, the shift towards e-commerce has also changed consumer behavior. Many people now prefer the convenience of shopping online, as it saves time and allows them to shop from the comfort of their own homes. This has resulted in a decline in foot traffic for traditional retail stores, as more and more consumers choose to make their purchases online. As a result, traditional retailers have had to adapt their strategies in order to remain competitive in the changing retail landscape.Furthermore, e-commerce has also presented new opportunities for traditional retailers. Many brick-and-mortar stores have embraced e-commerce as a way to reach a wider audience and expand their customer base. By establishing an online presence, traditional retailers can tap into the growing market of online shoppers and increase their sales. Additionally, some retailers have adoptedomni-channel strategies, which integrate their online and offline channels to provide a seamless shopping experience for customers.Despite the challenges posed by e-commerce, traditionalretail businesses have the potential to thrive in the digital age. By leveraging their strengths, such as personalized customer service and the ability to offer a hands-on shopping experience, traditional retailers can differentiate themselves from e-commerce platforms and attract loyal customers. Additionally, traditional retailers can use e-commerce as a tool to enhance their business, rather than viewing it as a threat.In conclusion, the rise of e-commerce has had a profound impact on traditional retail businesses. While it has brought about increased competition and changes in consumer behavior, it has also presented new opportunities for traditional retailers to adapt and thrive in the digital age. By embracing e-commerce and leveraging their strengths, traditional retailers can continue to play a significant role in the retail industry. As technology continues to evolve, it will be essential for traditional retailers to innovate and evolve in order to remain competitive in the ever-changing retail landscape.。

e-commerce英语作文

e-commerce英语作文

e-commerce英语作文The Evolution and Impact of E-commerce.In the digital age, e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop, sell, and interact with businesses. Its rise has been meteoric, transforming traditional brick-and-mortar stores into virtual platforms accessible from anywhere in the world with an internet connection. This paper delves into the evolution of e-commerce, its impact on businesses, consumers, and the global economy, and its future prospects.Evolution of E-commerce.E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services using electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. It has come a long way from its humble beginnings in the early 1990s, when online shopping was still in its infancy.In the early days, e-commerce was primarily limited to a few pioneering companies offering basic products like books and music. These early platforms, such as Amazon and eBay, were simple and focused primarily on convenience and accessibility. They allowed customers to browse and purchase items without having to leave their homes.As technology advanced, e-commerce platforms became more sophisticated, offering a wider range of products and services. They also began to integrate features like user reviews, personalized recommendations, and secure payment gateways to enhance the shopping experience.Today, e-commerce has reached new heights, with online stores offering everything from groceries to luxury goods. Mobile commerce, or m-commerce, has further expanded the reach of e-commerce, allowing customers to shop on the go using their smartphones.Impact of E-commerce on Businesses.E-commerce has had a profound impact on businesses, reshaping the way they operate and market their products. Here are some of the key ways it has transformed the business landscape:1. Lower Operating Costs: E-commerce enables businesses to operate more efficiently, reducing costs associated with physical stores, inventory management, and distribution. Online platforms also allow for the automation of many tasks, further reducing labor costs.2. Global Reach: With an online store, businesses can reach customers anywhere in the world. This has opened up new markets and opportunities for growth, allowing small and medium-sized enterprises to compete on a global scale.3. Real-Time Data and Analytics: E-commerce platforms provide businesses with access to valuable data about their customers' behavior, preferences, and trends. This information can be used to make informed decisions about product development, marketing strategies, and pricing.4. Enhanced Customer Engagement: Online stores offer businesses the opportunity to engage with customersdirectly and build relationships. Features like live chat, social media integration, and personalized emails allow businesses to provide a more personalized and interactive shopping experience.Impact of E-commerce on Consumers.Consumers have also benefited significantly from the rise of e-commerce. Here are some of the ways it has improved their shopping experience:1. Convenience and Accessibility: E-commerce has made shopping more convenient than ever before. Customers can buy what they want, when they want, without having to leave their homes. Online stores are also accessible 24/7, allowing for flexible shopping hours.2. Greater Choice and Comparison: Online platformsoffer a wide range of products and services, giving consumers more choices than they would find in a physicalstore. Customers can also easily compare prices and features across different products to make informed decisions.3. Enhanced Customer Service: E-commerce has led to improved customer service, with online stores providing features like live chat, email support, and detailed product descriptions to assist customers. Many platforms also offer returns and refund policies that are more flexible and consumer-friendly.4. Deals and Discounts: E-commerce platforms oftenoffer deals, discounts, and coupons to attract and retain customers. This competition among online stores benefits consumers by driving down prices and providing better value for money.Impact of E-commerce on the Global Economy.The rise of e-commerce has also had a significant impact on the global economy. Here are some of the ways it has contributed to economic growth and development:1. Job Creation: E-commerce has led to the creation of millions of jobs across various sectors, including technology, logistics, and customer service. This has provided employment opportunities for people of different skills and backgrounds, contributing to economic growth.2. Increased Tax Revenue: As e-commerce transactions become more frequent and substantial, they have also contributed to increased tax revenue for governments. This revenue can be used to fund public services, infrastructure, and other critical programs.3. Global Supply Chain Optimization: E-commerce has facilitated the efficient movement of goods and services across borders, leading to the optimization of globalsupply chains. This has helped businesses reduce costs, increase productivity, and reach new markets.4. Driving Innovation: The rise of e-commerce has spurred innovation in areas like artificial intelligence,big data analytics, and mobile technology. Theseadvancements have not only improved the shopping experience but have also led to the development of new businesses and industries.Future Prospects of E-commerce.As technology continues to evolve, the future of e-commerce looks even more promising. Here are some trends that are likely to shape the industry in the coming years:1. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: AI and machine learning will play a crucial role in personalizing the shopping experience, predicting consumer behavior, and automating tasks like inventory management and customer service.2. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: AR and VR technologies will further enhance the online shopping experience, allowing customers to visualize products in their homes or try them on before making a purchase.3. Blockchain Technology: Blockchain, the technologyunderlying cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has the potential to revolutionize e-commerce by providing a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof platform for transactions.4. Sustainable E-commerce: As consumers become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases, sustainable e-commerce practices will become increasingly important. This includes using eco-friendly packaging, promoting sustainable products, and reducing waste.5. Cross-Border Shopping: With the continued globalization of e-commerce, cross-border shopping will become even easier, allowing consumers to buy products from anywhere in the world with ease.In conclusion, e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop, sell, and interact with businesses. Its impact on the global economy, businesses, and consumers has been profound, and its future prospects are exciting. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more innovations and transformations in the e-commerce industry in the coming years.。

电子商务的影响英文版

电子商务的影响英文版

1,The Influence of e-commerce on market and social .In the shifting to information economy, traditional commerce is out of the steps of time because of its lots of shortcomings. As the direct result from the development of cyber Internet technology, EC (Electronic Commerce) is the new direction of future business. EC includes EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and business on web. It is a definitely new business model. With the development of Internet, EC is booming all over the world and has been greatly used in many countries. Now, EC extends its antenna to all aspects of the society, and it has affected the field of international trade greatly. The application of EC in the field of international trade would provide the competitive superiority over traditional trade such as lower sales and marketing costs, more business partners to be reached, increased business efficiency, enhanced customer service, reductions in inventories, marketing globalization and trading verification, etc. After the entry into WTO, there are many opportunities and challenges to China’s international trade.Although the improvement of the transportation and the communication level gradually strengthens the unity of the international market, it is electronic commerce that makes the international market realize the unification in the true sense during a short time.A unified global hypothesized market has come into being. The Internet has covered more than 160 countries and areas all over theworld and has linked over ten thousand networks. The establishment of EC on the basis of the Internet has become a unified global hypothesized trading market.2,Google Advertising profit model(1)Googlebot(2)Bidding rank(3)AdWords(4)AdSense(5)Wireless technology3,Google bring convenience to our lifeGoogle, the first step was started by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who developed new online common search engine in student dormitory at Stanford University, and then quickly spread to the global information seekers. Google is currently being recognized as the world's largest search engine, it offers easy-to-use free services, users can be instantly got relevant search results. By the way, when you go back to your computer, Google is often made to the home page.In our daily life, we get used to search when we come across the unknown things. By this way, we can acquire the knowledge fast and totally, in surprise, we may even find some knowledge that we need but not consider before. With Google we can look for films, TV plays, music, pictures and software etc. The function that search engine is verypowerful, a word says, want to be less than only, be less than without search. For example, when someone asks us something what we don’t know, we always make a joke that “you can ask Google”. Obviously, it plays a necessary role in our minds.4,Google enterprise search benefits"The perfect search engine would understand exactly what you mean and give back exactly what you want" By Larry Page(Google co-founder)Google OneBox for Enterprise is a feature of the search appliances that connects directly to business applications – your phone book, CRM, ERP, financials system, business intelligence systems –and brings back this i nformation directly in search results. So, searching for a colleague’s name could bring back her phone number and email address. Inputting a customer name in the search box would connect to your CRM system and provide the latest information on that custome r’s status. Google OneBox for Enterprise provides secure, real-time access to any business application.By using the Google Search Appliance to connect to all the enterprise systems, applications and data repositories, search becomes the central gateway to enterprise information – just like it is on the web. Desktop, intranet, corporate network, enterprise applications and the Internet can all be available from a Google search box.。

The Impact of E-commerce on International Trade and Employment外文文献翻译

The Impact of E-commerce on International Trade and Employment外文文献翻译

The Impact of E-commerce on InternationalTrade and Employment(Partly)The benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms,prices,productivity.A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive,firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions.Many of the transactions can be done externally,via electronic markets.The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management.Moreover,ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services.In addition,information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs.Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task.E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm.The available empirical evidence on price is mixed.Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers.A more recent study,however,found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10per cent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the1United States.Evidence on demand sensitivity to price is also mixed,with some work suggesting a low and others a high price elasticity of demand.Evidence from countries were the use of information and communication technologies is widespread suggests substantial improvements in productivity. In an analysis of the contribution of information and communications technology to economic growth in nine OECD countries,over the past two decades,ICTs contributed between0.2and0.5%per year to economic growth. During the second half of the1990s,this contribution rose to0.3to0.9%per year.Effects were the largest in the United States,followed by Australia, Finland and Canada.Another study suggests that the rise of B2B e-commerce will in the long run increase the level of GDP by5per cent.In addition,it has been argued that Internet related technologies could increase the speed of financial operations,which raises the issue as to how interest rates should be set and whether the short end of interest setting needs to become shorter i.e.time units smaller than a day.Moreover,several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital,in the United States.Most importantly,productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing sectors but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology.In other words,users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity.In addition,the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs.Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries.The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.2E-commerce and International TradeThe use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier,faster,and less expensive.Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders.In fact,these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade.Finding the right supplier,specifying the product’s requirements and quality,negotiating the price,arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly.With the internet and e-commerce applications,a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity.In this respect,the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would.Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase.Especially,the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications,reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically,reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks.A study found ample evidence that,development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet,especially for developing countries.An evident from a1998survey of enterprises in15low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities.However,whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good.On the one hand,a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form.Examples of these include media products,such as text,film and computer software.On the other hand,most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will3continue to play a significant role.In this regard,world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44billion in1996,less than1per cent of total world trade.For most countries,trade in digital media products was less than 2%of total trade.The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade:the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about10%between1990and1996,1.5times faster than total world merchandise trade.E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services.The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable.Activities that were previously non-tradable(i.e.research and development,computing, inventory management,quality control,accounting,personnel management, marketing,advertising and distribution)will be traded through the use of e-commerce.All that is required is that the quality,speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate.International cross-border trade in a wide range of services,financial,legal,telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means.Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed;it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization.A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization.Indeed,the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors.As communications costs continue to fall,the potential for international outsourcing grows.As a result,outsourcing management and production activities will become more important.Obviously,some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce.In this respect,there have been attempts to identify industries or4sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology.For example,a research,based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings,increases in productivity,industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce,has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness.The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components,food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products.It is likely to expect that in other regions,these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing.At the same time,recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations are likely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce.The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports.Even if a country does not export any services,it can benefit from imports of services,paying for them in terms of goods.Cheaper availability of medical,engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet.Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use. For example,a study suggests that the extent to which a country is integrated into the global economy can play a role in its access to IT.Countries with greater contact,either via trade,tourism,or geographical location,with the outside world,are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries.Similarly,another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence,be more likely to adopt new technologies.Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage.According to figure1,although world trade volume fluctuated between2000and2010,it had5a positive situation until2008.After2008,it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again.World internet usage increased all regions between2000and2010.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade.For example,using data from20low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more,as a share of their total sales,than enterprises without connections.In addition,using a gravity model of trade,another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in1995and1996.The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries.In a second paper,same researchers find that exports of services to the United States grew more quickly for countries with greater internet penetration in a sample of31middle-and high-income countries.Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. However,they do not appear to export more to other developing countries and high-income countries with greater Internet penetration do not appear to export more to either developing or developed countries.These results make intuitive sense.First,Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer,rather than the enterprise,level in developed countries.In developing countries, contrarily,many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected.Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries,being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to6developed countries.Finally,because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region,communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.Employment and e-commerceAs e-commerce continues expanding,its impact on employment and wages will be the result of a complex set of interactive forces.Electronic commerce is expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be gained in information-related goods and services, entertainment,software and digital products,for instance.Indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.Jobs will be lost when e-commerce substitutes for the traditional way of doing business.The jobs most likely affected,as preliminary evidence suggests,are those in the retail sector, postal offices and travel agencies.However,the effects will not be uniform across countries,geographic areas,industries or skill groups.Evidence for the United States and the European Union reveals that employment in ICT-related industries and in the finance,business and commerce-related sectors account for almost one-third and one-fourth of total employment,respectively.More importantly,they accounted for28%and35% of job creation in1993-96.The increased demand for high-skill workers,with augmented managerial and executive responsibilities and a greater need for specialized expertise,who will command higher wages are viewed by some researchers as a cause of worsening of income distribution.Evidence for the U.S.seems to suggest that demand has shifted from low and middle-wage occupations and skills toward highly rewarded jobs and tasks requiring specific talent,training or management ability.Much of the labor demand shift is being explained by skill-biased7technical change.Overall,low wage,low-skill production,did not enjoy the wage increases that IT-intensive,high productivity growth industries experienced.Thus,real wages grew in IT-intensive industries,were wages were already relatively high and did not change in IT-poor industries that faced workforce reductions and were already employing low-wage workers.Among developing countries,countries best situated to benefit from e-commerce through export expansion are those with a substantial pool of skilled labor,capable of working on or near the frontier of computer technology. The case of India,which is already benefiting from e-exports in a big way,best illustrates this point.A consulting firm made a estimate to calculate the multiplier effects of e-commerce on employment in France,Germany,Italy and the U.K.By utilizing input-output framework and methodology,three types of economic effects were obtained–direct effects produced by e-commerce revenues in the industries directly involved,indirect effects generated by inter-industry linkages,and second order effects determined through the basic Keynesian income-consumption circuit from the value added generated in the first-order round.The results reveal that indirect and second-order effects for employment requirements are large enough to counterbalance the direct losses of jobs (assuming a100%substitution rate of e-commerce with traditional industries), with the exception of the case of Germany.This also confirms the potential of e-commerce to create jobs in the future.Their estimates also show that e-commerce businesses that rely on labor-intensive intermediaries will directly eliminate a larger share of direct jobs.This article concludes following results.Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would.Thus,the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce.The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers.8E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services.In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses.New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector,while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.The net employment gains and losses will depend on the demand for certain skills.9电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响(部分)电子商务对经济的促进作用体现在三个方面:企业,价格,生产力。

英文文献翻译-The Implications of Electronic Commerce for Fiscal Policy

英文文献翻译-The Implications of Electronic Commerce for Fiscal Policy

The Implications of Electronic Commerce for Fiscal PolicyAustanGoolsbee Partly as the result of historical circumstance, most people in the United States are not paying sales taxes on their purchases over the Internet. As a result, many state and local officials have become quite agitated that therise of the Internet will severely erode the state and local tax base. Their fear, asspelled out by Newman (1995), is that “state and local government finances arebecoming road kill on the information superhighway.” Although sales taxes onphysical goods have received most of the attention, other tax issues such as thetaxation of Internet access and international taxation of Internet commerce arealso important.In the last two years, a debate over taxes and the Internet has raged at thehighest levels. In 1998, Congress passed the somewhat misleadingly titled InternetTax Freedom Act. Contrary to popular impression, this act did not place a moratorium on sales taxes on Internet purchases, only on discriminatory taxes and onInternet access taxes. The act did create a commission to study the sales tax issues,but the commission was unable to reach a consensus (Advisory Commission, 2000).Congress has since proposed extending the Tax Freedom Act temporarily, but themajor issues have not been resolved.In this paper I will consider both sides of the relationship between electroniccommerce and fiscal policy. For the impact of electronic commerce on fiscal policy,I will pay particular attention to the potential sales tax revenue losses. The datasuggest that the potential losses are actually modest over the next several years. Iwill also consider the reverse relationship—how fiscal policy affects Internet commerce. Here the evidence suggests that taxes have a sizable effect. I point out,though, that this only supports special treatment if there is some positive externality. Without one, the tax system will lead to excessive on-line buying to avoid taxes.I will then deal with the neglected issue of taxes and Internet access, which cancreate large deadweight costs both because demand may be price-sensitive andbecause taxes can slow the spread of new technologies. Finally, I offer somediscussion of the international context of taxes and the Internet and the international temptations to raise rates on e-commerce.Taxes and Internet CommerceThe current rules for taxation of Internet commerce evolved from the rules onout-of-state catalog sellers. Many people mistakenly believe that state sales tax doesnot apply to out-of-state transactions. In fact, such taxes do apply, but are largelyunenforceable except in rather specific circumstances.The normal burden of collection for sales taxes resides with merchants. Whena customer buys something at the bookstore, the merchant collects and pays thesales tax to the state. The Supreme Court has ruled that a state has no jurisdictionto require an out-of-state merchant with no employees or other physical presencein a state—known as “nexus”.In other words, when Seattlebased sells a book to someone in California, the state of Californiacannot require the out-of-state retailer to add California sales tax to the purchase.In places where the merchant does have nexus, the state can make such a requirement. Amazon does collect sales tax on sales to state of Washington customers.The story does not end there, however. Every state with a sales tax also has a“use” tax of the same rate and the use tax applies to exactly those goods bought outof state where sales tax aren’t collected by the merchant. The use tax is levied on theconsumer. California customers ofAmazon are legally supposed to pay California usetax on their purchases. The enforcement costs of pursuing the revenues from thesenumerous small and undocumented transactions has proved prohibitive in mostcircumstances and so compliance rates, though unknown, are extremely low exceptin certain situations. Use tax compliance is very high for goods that must beregistered (like automobiles) as well as for taxable business purchases (for example,computers in many states), because larger companies are systematically audited foruse tax compliance.The Internet Tax Freedom Act of 1998 imposed two moratoria: one on newand discriminatory taxes on the Internet and the other on applying sales or othertaxes to monthly Internet access fees (grandfathering existing state taxes). Butneither of these provisions created a moratorium on sales taxes or use taxes becausesuch taxes are not new nor discriminatory. They have always been on the books andapply equally to all purchases. The issue is that use taxes simply haven’t beenenforced, making purchases effectively tax-free.The Implications of Internet Commerce for Tax CollectionsSince sales taxes account for about 33 percent of state revenues, it is easy tounderstand the fear politicians have of e-commerce. Some politicians have tendedtoward alarmism, arguing that in the near future revenue losses due to Internetcommerce may exceed $20 billion, but most of these claims are not based on actualdata (Graham, 1999).Any legitimate estimate of future revenue losses must begin with a forecast ofInternet sales, the most comprehensive of which comes from Forrester Research.Table 1 presents Forrester’s estimates of retail commerce in 1999 and their forecastfor 2004 by sector (Williams et al., 1999). Forrester foresees consumer spendingon-line rising dramatically for the next five years.One cannot simply multiply total sales by the average sales tax rate to get theamount of revenue loss caused by the Internet. For several of the categories, state salestax does not apply; for example, leisure travel and event tickets. Moreover, several ofthe categories such as automobiles, groceries/food, and flowers are likely either togenerate nexus or else are exempt from taxation. Sales in these cases do not lose taxrevenue. They are listed together as the first group of products in Table 1.For the second group of products, computers and computer software, thegrowth of Internet sales has largely cannibalized the mail-order sales of the samemerchants—for example, Dell On-line reducing sales of Dell’s catalog—rather thanthe sales of retail computer stores (see the discussion of Goolsbee, 2000a). Forpurposes of estimating sales tax revenue losses, I make the conservative guess thathalf of computer hardware and software sales on-line would have been bought fromcatalogs rather than in stores. In reality, the share is likely to be higher, at least forcomputer hardware.The third group of products in Table 1 are those where Internet sales fromout-of-state purchasers might plausibly involve the direct loss of tax revenue.Adding the total for these sectors to half of the on-line computer sales, the totaltax-losing on-line sales in 1999 were just under $9.7 billion. With an average salestax rate across states of 6.33 percent (Goolsbee, 2000b), the implied loss of taxrevenue is $612 million or 0.3 percent of the total sales tax revenue of $203 billion(U.S. GAO, 2000). Similar calculations are presented in Goolsbee and Zittrain(1999), Cline and Neubig (1999), McQuivey et al. (2000), and U.S. GAO (2000).Although current tax revenue losses are not large, future losses could be moreof a concern. Doing the same calculation for 2004, the total sales base becomesabout $109 billion and the lost revenue rises to about $6.88 billion. Assumingaverage growth in off-line sales of 5 percentannually, the possible loss of taxrevenue from the Internet amounts to 2.6 percent of projected 2004 sales taxrevenue, larger but still modest. If this calculation is projected further into thefuture, it will likely be more than a decade before the total revenue loss arising frome-commerce reaches, say, 10 percent of sales tax revenues. In the discussion oftaxing Internet sales, it’s worth remembering tha t current estimates put the taxrevenue loss from out-of-state catalog sales at around $6 billion, about 10 timeslarger than the revenue loss calculated above from Internet commerce (U.S. GAO,2000).Table 1Current and Projected On-line CommerceSource: Forrester (Williams et al., 1999).Even these estimates of lost sales tax revenues from e-commerce are probablybiased upward. First, this calculation assumes there are no behavioral responses totaxation. If raising taxes on Internet commerce leads people to buy fewer books,rather than just to divert their purchases back to retail bookstores, the revenuelosses here will be overstated. Second, some fraction of on-line spending even of thethird category of goods takes place in the state of the merchant, in which case nexusapplies and the retailer can be required to collect the sales tax. In the ForresterTechnographics 1999 data, for example, used in Goolsbee (2000c), about 7 percentof Dell customers were in Texas, where Dell is located. In general, people inCalifornia have much higher rates of on-line purchase—they make up 15 percentof on-line buyers but only about9.5 percent of nonbuyers—as well as a major shareof Internet businesses.The main wild card for estimating revenue loss is what fraction of on-linebusiness-to-business purchases may avoid paying use tax. On-line business-tobusiness sales are almost ten times larger than on-line retail sales, and many statestax numerous business purchases such as computers. Since the majority of on-linebusiness-to-business sales are carried out by very large firms who are audited fortheir use tax, my view is that the underpayment is pretty low. However, this view iscontroversial; for example, Bruce and Fox (2000) estimate tax revenue losses of upto $11 billion by 2003 with as much as 70 percent coming from lost revenue frombusiness-to-business sales.Generally, though, economists are skeptical about the wisdom of any sales taxon business purchases. These are intermediate goods. Sales taxes on businesspurchases will have a cascading effect, since the same output (not value-added) getstaxed repeatedly as it moves through the chain of production, and then taxed againwhen sold to consumers. A number of distortions will arise as a result, such as anincentive to produce products in-house rather than buy from other producers. AsVarian (2000) points out in his discussion of Internet taxation, the current systemof use taxes enforced on businesses and not on consumers is precisely the oppositeof whateconomic theory suggests. If businesses could use the Internet to avoidpaying use taxes, this might be lost tax revenue that makes society better off,although any efficiency gains must be balanced against the distortion created byshifting one type of business commerce to another.Overall, the revenue loss from the Internet is likely to be small. Even so,governments still might want to collect the tax if the cost of compliance is low. Themain costs of compliance seem to be collecting rate information for the severalthousand jurisdictions around the country and filling out the paper work. The factthat there are many different jurisdictions with different tax rates may not be tooserious a problem in a world of cheap software and databases. The more difficultcompliance issues revolve around differences in the sales tax base, with some statesexempting various items that other states tax. For example, some states tax clothing; some do not; and some tax clothing with various exceptions, such as onlypurchases over $500, or no tax except on fur and formal wear.It is important to remember that the states could make taxing interstatecommerce much easier if they would act to simplify or normalize their tax bases andrates. McLure (forthcoming) argues that equalizing the bases and setting one rateper state could serve as the basis for a grand political bargain. Thus far, however,few states have expressed a willingness to give up their discretionary powers, eventhough it would seem to be leaving money on the table. Estimates of the cost ofcompliance vary considerably, but one key factor is whether tax will be collected onvery small merchants whose compliance cost is high and sales are low. Since aboutthree-quarters of on-line retail is sold by 50 firms, the idea of exempting small firmsfrom such a tax would only reduce tax revenue slightly (Boston Consulting Group,1998). The most important issue for compliance is likely to be ensuring thatbusinesses can find tax rates and bases in a simple way and that they will not belegally at risk so long as they use the official database. The Impact of Tax Policy on Electronic CommerceAlthough electronic commerce appears to have had little impact on fiscalpolicy, the same cannot be said for the role of fiscal policy on e-commerce. Theevidence suggests that people are sensitive to local tax rates when deciding whetherto buy over the Internet. In Goolsbee (2000b), I show that in places where salestaxes are higher (that is, the relative price of buying on-line islower), individualsare significantly more likely to have bought on-line (controlling for individualcharacteristics). Moreover, this effect is unlikely to result from a spurious correlation of tax rates and technological sophistication, since those people in jurisdictions with higher tax rates do not appear more likely to use the Internet morefrequently, nor to own computers, nor to differ systematically on other measures oftechnological sophistication. They are only more likely to buy things on-line.Further, the tax effects are found with products where sales tax is relevant, likebooks, and not found in products where taxes aren’t releva nt, like mutual fundsand stocks.Based on these data, enforcing sales/use taxes on out-of-state purchaseswould reduce the number of on-line buyers by as much as 24 percent.This sensitivity of purchases to taxation has since been corroborated in otherstudies. In Goolsbee (2000c) I use updated data from 1999 and find a smaller butstill sizable elasticity of e-commerce. Brynjolfsson and Smith (2000) use data from individuals’ behavior at comparison shopping sites and find that individualsstrongly favor book sellers outside their own state where they do not have to paytaxes. Nonacademic survey data has also tended to suggest that taxes matter,though such studies do not control for other factors.Of course, the fact that applying taxes would reduce Internet commerce doesnot imply that such commerce should not be taxed.4 There is clearly an economicdistortion created from diverting commerce from retail stores to on-line venuessimply for the purpose of avoiding taxes. To justify lower tax rates for e-commercerequires some positive externality or some especially high cost of compliance.Plenty of candidates for such externalities have been nominated. There may bea network externality argument against penalizing Internet commerce at an earlystage of development, because current growth exerts a positive impact on futuregrowth (Goolsbee and Zittrain, 1999; Goolsbee and Klenow, 1999; Zodrow, 2000).Some make arguments that forbidding Internet taxation could reduce the marketpower of local retailers or limit the overall spending and size of state government(Trandel, 1992; Becker, 2000). But there are some counterbalancing reasons thatweigh against lower e-commerce tax rates, too. In Goolsbee (2000c), I find thatrecent adopters are much less sensitive to taxation than the early adopters were, butthat as shoppers gain experience, their tax sensitivity rises dramatically as they learnhow to game the system. Others argue that imposing taxes before an industry isestablished is the only politically feasible way to get such taxes passed.My view is that most arguments regarding externalities are based on politics,not economics. They are not the types of issues that are amenable to testing giventhe available data about the Internet, so they become matters of opinion. Moreover,even if the size (or direction) of the perceived externalities was known, the policyprescription would be unclear. Would a positive externality justify a complete salestax exemption as opposed to some lower (but positive) sales tax rate or would itwarrant some altogether different policy intervention? The strictly empirical questions are both easier to answer and more convincing than these questions.The Forgotten Issue of Taxing Internet AccessA largely neglected issue arising from the Internet Tax Freedom Act was themoratorium that forbad states from applying sales taxes to monthly Internet fees.I believe that this issue is extremely important and will move to the front burner ashigh-priced broadband connections become more prevalent.For perspective, total spending on Internet access was almost $10 billion in1999 (Kasrel etal., 1999). If all states applied sales taxes to these charges and therewere no behavioral responses, the $630 million of tax revenue collected wouldexceed the revenue loss from lost sales tax on-line. Imposing such access taxes islikely to be a tempting target once the moratorium expires, especially since theaverage annual income of Internet users exceeds $60,000.However, taxing Internet access may create considerable deadweight loss. First ofall, work on Internet usage seems to indicate that it is highly price sensitive (Varian,1999; Goolsbee, 2000d). High elasticities typically mean large distortions. But sincealmost all Internet service providers charge flat monthly fees, rather than per-hourcharges, applying taxes to access fees is not likely to have much impact on the hours ofuse. They may still influence the decision of whether to get access at all.The impact of taxes on the decision to adopt new technology can make thesedeadweight losses even larger. If there are fixed costs associated with expandingbroadband service to a city, anything that reduces profitability runs the risk ofdelaying or even preventing diffusion. In this case, as discussed in Romer (1994),the deadweight loss of the policy will be the entire consumer and producer surplusthat would have existed if the tax had not existed and the technology had spread(minus the fixed cost that need not be incurred, of course).Goolsbee (2000d) finds that allowing states to apply sales taxes to Internetaccess fees could significantly delay the spread of broadband in a number ofsmaller-sized markets, leading to dynamic losses more than twice as large as inconventional deadweight loss calculations and losses that would be a multiple ofthe revenue generated by the tax. However, this evidence is based on reportedwillingness-to-pay data and it would be useful to find whether similar results holdwith better information. The impact of taxation on innovation is a fruitful topic forfurther research.International ImplicationsThe taxation of Internet commerce has received considerable attention internationally, especiallyin Europe. However, Europe does not have anything like therevenue loss issues faced in the United States. European countries typically apply avalue-added tax (VAT) to purchases coming from other countries through customs.Further, for goods originating within the European Union, VAT is paid at eachstage of production, so it is much less of an issue revenue-wise, even if the final salewere to avoid paying tax (Nordhaus, 2000). Europe has recently expanded effortsto tax e-commerce, including an attempt to tax services bought on-line and downloaded digital goods such as on-line music. This type of tax provision is likely to beextraordinarily difficult to enforce and of extremely little revenue consequence inthe medium run even if enforcement were possible. Digital goods are a tiny fractionof on-line purchases and will continue to be small for many years.Although there is no academic evidence examining how much taxes contribute to the widely varying levels of e-commerce internationally, the anecdotalevidence is consistent with at least some effect. In the United States, buying on-linesaves consumers something like 6 percent relative to buying in stores. In Europe,VAT rates are more like 18 percent and there is no savings in buying on-line. InEurope, even in countries such as Sweden where on-line penetration is as high asin the United States, the share of on-line users that have ever purchased somethingon-line is less than half the U.S. level and total European e-commerce is less thanone-seventh of the U.S. level (Nordan et al., 2000). Also, most countries in Europehave high charges and taxes on Internet access and simultaneously much loweron-line penetration than the United States.European officials will face a powerful temptation when it comes to taxing Internet commerce. The majority of on-line merchants are located in the United States.There will be increasing pressure to put special taxes on e-commerce that will disproportionately affect U.S. merchants competing with domestic retailers. Thus far, nospecial e-commerce taxes exist. However, the question of future international taxes one-commerce remains very much up in the air. We have already seen a United Nationsproposal to tax e-mail in developed countries to pay for computer access in developingnations. The U.S. agenda in this area at the World Trade Organization is to argue foran agenda of no special taxes on Internet commerce. It will be interesting to seewhether other nations find this position persuasive.ConclusionAs a final thought regarding the domestic taxation of the Internet, the losses of taxrevenue due to e-commerce are likely to be small in the short run and rise over time.Conversely, any positive externalities for the economy as a whole arising from electronic commerce and the spread of Internet access are likely to be largest in the shortrun and diminish as the Internet becomes an established retail channel (GoolsbeeandZittrain, 1999). In such circumstances, choosing not to enforce on-line sales taxesaggressively for a few years, followed by equal treatment once the Internet is established, may be a desirable outcome as well as being a plausible political compromise.。

电商的英语作文

电商的英语作文

电商的英语作文The Impact of E-commerce on Modern Society。

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has revolutionized the way we buy and sell goods and services. With the rise of the internet and digital technology, e-commerce has become an integral part of modern society, transforming the way businesses operate and consumers shop. In this essay, we will explore the impact of e-commerce on various aspects of modern society.One of the most significant impacts of e-commerce isits effect on the retail industry. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores have faced increasing competition from online retailers, as more and more consumers turn to the internet to make their purchases. This shift in consumer behavior has forced many traditional retailers to adapt to thedigital landscape or risk being left behind. E-commerce has also given rise to new business models, such as dropshipping and online marketplaces, which have furtherdisrupted the retail industry.Another area that has been greatly impacted by e-commerce is the global economy. E-commerce has enabled businesses to reach customers beyond their local markets, opening up new opportunities for international trade. Small businesses and entrepreneurs now have the ability to sell their products and services to a global audience, leveling the playing field with larger corporations. On the other hand, e-commerce has also led to concerns about job displacement and the decline of local economies as more jobs move online.In addition to its economic impact, e-commerce has also transformed the way people work and live. The rise of online marketplaces and platforms has created new opportunities for freelancers and independent contractors to find work and build their own businesses. The gig economy, fueled by e-commerce, has enabled individuals to work remotely and on their own terms. However, this shift towards a more digital and remote workforce has also raised concerns about job security and the future of traditionalemployment.Furthermore, e-commerce has changed the way consumers access goods and services. The convenience of online shopping has led to a shift in consumer behavior, with more people choosing to make their purchases from the comfort of their own homes. This has had a profound impact on the retail and logistics industries, as companies work to meet the growing demand for fast and reliable shipping. Additionally, e-commerce has given rise to new trends in consumer behavior, such as the rise of subscription services and the sharing economy.On a broader scale, e-commerce has also raised important questions about privacy and security. As more transactions take place online, concerns about data protection and cybersecurity have become increasingly prevalent. Businesses and consumers alike must navigate the complex landscape of online security, as the threat of cyber attacks and data breaches looms large. This has led to a greater emphasis on building trust and transparency in the e-commerce ecosystem.In conclusion, e-commerce has had a profound impact on modern society, touching nearly every aspect of our lives. From the way we shop and work to the way businesses operate and the global economy functions, e-commerce has reshaped the world in which we live. As we continue to navigate the opportunities and challenges presented by e-commerce, it is essential to consider the broader implications of this digital revolution and work towards creating a more inclusive and sustainable future.。

电子商务出现以后英语作文

电子商务出现以后英语作文

电子商务出现以后英语作文The Emergence of E-commerce。

The emergence of e-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate and has had a profound impact on various aspects of our lives. With the advent of the internet, the world has become increasingly interconnected, allowing individuals and businesses to engage in online transactions and create new opportunities for economic growth. In this article, we will explore the history, benefits, and challenges of e-commerce, as well as its impact on society.The history of e-commerce can be traced back to the1960s when electronic data interchange (EDI) was introduced. EDI enabled businesses to exchange documents and conduct transactions electronically, reducing the need for paper-based processes. However, it was not until the 1990s thate-commerce truly took off with the widespread adoption of the internet. The development of secure online payment systems, such as PayPal, further facilitated the growth ofe-commerce, enabling consumers to make purchases onlinewith ease.One of the key benefits of e-commerce is its convenience. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse through a wide range of products and services from the comfort of their own homes. This has eliminated the needfor physical stores and expanded the reach of businesses beyond geographical boundaries. Additionally, e-commercehas enabled small businesses and entrepreneurs to competeon a level playing field with larger corporations, as they can now establish an online presence and reach a global audience.Another significant advantage of e-commerce is itscost-effectiveness. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores require significant investments in rent, utilities, and staff, whereas e-commerce businesses can operate with minimal overhead costs. This allows for competitive pricing, as online retailers can pass on the savings to consumers. Moreover, e-commerce has also created new job opportunities, particularly in the areas of web development, digitalmarketing, and logistics.E-commerce has also brought about a shift in consumer behavior. In the past, consumers relied heavily on physical stores for their shopping needs. However, with the convenience and variety offered by e-commerce platforms, online shopping has become increasingly popular. This shift has prompted businesses to adapt their strategies and invest in their online presence to remain competitive. Furthermore, e-commerce has facilitated the rise of customer reviews and ratings, which have become crucial in shaping consumer decisions.Despite its numerous advantages, e-commerce also poses challenges and concerns. One of the main concerns is the issue of security. With the increasing number of online transactions, there is a higher risk of cybercrime, such as identity theft and fraud. To address this, businesses and consumers must take measures to protect their personal and financial information. This includes using secure payment gateways, implementing strong passwords, and being cautious when sharing sensitive data online.Another challenge is the impact of e-commerce on traditional retail. As more consumers turn to online shopping, traditional brick-and-mortar stores may struggle to survive. This has led to the closure of many physical stores and job losses in the retail sector. To adapt tothis changing landscape, traditional retailers have been forced to integrate e-commerce into their business models or find innovative ways to enhance the in-store experience. For example, some retailers have introduced click-and-collect services, allowing customers to order online and pick up their purchases in-store.E-commerce has also raised concerns regarding its environmental impact. The rise in online shopping has led to an increase in packaging waste and carbon emissions from transportation. To mitigate these effects, some e-commerce companies have implemented sustainable practices, such as using eco-friendly packaging materials and optimizing delivery routes to reduce fuel consumption. However, more efforts are needed to ensure that e-commerce remains environmentally sustainable in the long run.In conclusion, the emergence of e-commerce has transformed the way businesses operate and has had a significant impact on society. Its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and global reach have made it an integral part of our daily lives. However, challenges such as security risks, the impact on traditional retail, and environmental concerns must be addressed to ensure the sustainable growth of e-commerce. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that e-commerce will continue to evolve and shape the future of commerce.。

电子商务导论英文作文

电子商务导论英文作文

电子商务导论英文作文Introduction to E-commerce。

E-commerce, also known as electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. In recent years, e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop and conduct business, making it faster, more convenient, and more accessible to people around the world.The growth of e-commerce has been fueled by a number of factors, including the rise of mobile technology, the increasing availability of high-speed internet, and the growing preference for online shopping among consumers. Today, e-commerce is a multi-billion dollar industry that encompasses a wide range of businesses, from small online shops to global giants like Amazon and Alibaba.One of the key benefits of e-commerce is its convenience. With just a few clicks, consumers can browseand purchase products from anywhere in the world, without ever leaving their homes. This has opened up new markets and opportunities for businesses, especially those that operate exclusively online.Another advantage of e-commerce is its ability to personalize the shopping experience. Online retailers can use data analytics to track customer behavior and preferences, and then tailor their offerings to meet those needs. This can lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty, as well as increased sales and profits.Despite its many benefits, e-commerce also faces a number of challenges. One of the biggest is security. With so much personal and financial information being exchanged online, it is essential that businesses take steps to protect their customers' data from hackers and other cyber threats.Another challenge is the need to balance the convenience of online shopping with the need to maintain a physical presence in the community. Many consumers stillprefer to shop at brick-and-mortar stores, and businesses that rely solely on e-commerce may struggle to build trust and establish a strong brand identity.Overall, however, e-commerce has transformed the way we do business and will continue to play a major role in the global economy for years to come. As technology continues to evolve and new opportunities emerge, businesses that embrace e-commerce will be well positioned to succeed in the digital age.。

电子商务发展对中国人民的影响英语作文

电子商务发展对中国人民的影响英语作文

电子商务发展对中国人民的影响英语作文The Impact of E-commerce Development on the Chinese PeopleIn recent years, the rapid development of e-commerce has profoundly influenced the lives of the Chinese people, shaping their shopping habits, work patterns, and social interactions. This essay aims to explore the far-reaching effects of e-commerce development on the Chinese society.Convenience and AccessibilityE-commerce has removed the geographical barriers, allowing Chinese consumers to shop from anywhere at any time. This convenience has significantly altered shopping habits. With just a few taps on a smartphone or clicks on a computer, consumers can purchase products from across the country or even the globe. From groceries to high-end fashion, everything is now accessible with just a few clicks.Economic Growth and EmploymentThe rise of e-commerce has also contributed to economic growth in China. It has created numerous business opportunities, fostering innovation and competition. Millions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have thrived due to the low entry barriers and wide market reach of e-commerce platforms. This, in turn, has generated employment opportunities, especially for the younger generation.Social ImpactBeyond economic growth, e-commerce has also had a profound impact on Chinese society. It has fostered a sense of community and connectivity, as people share their shopping experiences, product reviews, and recommendations with friends and family. Social media and e-commerce platforms have merged, creating a new form of social interaction where shopping and socializing go hand in hand.Challenges and OpportunitiesHowever, the rise of e-commerce has also presented some challenges, such as data privacy concerns, fraud, and uneven competition. The Chinese government has been active in addressing these issues, promoting a regulatory framework that protects consumer rights and ensures fair competition.Despite these challenges, the opportunities presented by e-commerce are vast. With continued innovation and technological advancements, e-commerce is expected to further transform the Chinese economy andsociety, bringing even more convenience, prosperity, and opportunities to its citizens.In conclusion, the development of e-commerce has had a profound impact on the Chinese people, reshaping their shopping habits, driving economic growth, and fostering social connectivity. While challenges remain, the opportunities presented by e-commerce are immense, promising a bright future for the Chinese society.。

互联网对购物的影响英语作文

互联网对购物的影响英语作文

互联网对购物的影响英语作文The Impact of the Internet on Shopping.The Internet has revolutionized the way we shop, providing us with convenience, variety, and accessibility like never before. With just a few clicks, we can browse through thousands of products, compare prices, and make purchases without leaving our homes. The impact of the Internet on shopping has been profound, transforming the retail industry and changing consumer behavior.Firstly, the Internet has made shopping more convenient. Gone are the days when we had to spend hours walking around crowded malls or waiting in long checkout lines. Now, wecan simply sit in front of our computers or use our mobile devices to shop online. We can shop anytime, anywhere, and have our purchases delivered right to our doorsteps. This convenience has made shopping a much more enjoyable experience.In addition, the Internet has expanded our choices.With countless online stores and platforms, we have accessto a wide range of products from all over the world. We can find unique items that may not be available in local stores. Moreover, we can easily compare prices and read reviews to make informed decisions. This has empowered consumers and given them more control over their shopping experience.Furthermore, the Internet has created a global marketplace. Small businesses and entrepreneurs can now reach customers beyond their local area and compete with larger companies. This has led to increased competition and lower prices, benefiting consumers. Moreover, the Internet has also allowed for the rise of online marketplaces and platforms that connect buyers and sellers directly, eliminating the need for intermediaries. This has further disrupted traditional retail models and created new opportunities for both businesses and consumers.However, the Internet has also brought about some challenges and concerns. One major issue is the risk offraud and scams. With the anonymity of the Internet, it iseasier for dishonest individuals to deceive unsuspecting shoppers. Therefore, it is important for consumers to be cautious and only shop from reputable websites and sellers. Additionally, the Internet has also contributed to the decline of brick-and-mortar stores, leading to job losses and the loss of the physical shopping experience. While online shopping offers convenience, some people still prefer the traditional way of shopping and enjoy the social aspect of visiting stores.In conclusion, the Internet has had a significant impact on shopping. It has made shopping more convenient, expanded our choices, and created a global marketplace. However, it has also brought challenges such as the risk of fraud and the decline of physical stores. Overall, the Internet has transformed the way we shop and continues to shape the future of retail.互联网对购物的影响。

电子经济对日常生活的影响英语作文

电子经济对日常生活的影响英语作文

电子经济对日常生活的影响英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Impact of E-commerce on Daily LifeIn recent years, the rise of e-commerce has significantly impacted our daily lives in numerous ways. From shopping for groceries online to ordering food delivery, the convenience and accessibility of e-commerce have revolutionized the way we live. In this article, we will explore the various ways in whiche-commerce has changed our daily routines and habits.One of the most significant impacts of e-commerce on daily life is how we shop for goods and services. With the rise of online shopping platforms such as Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay, consumers now have the ability to browse and purchase products from the comfort of their own homes. This has not only transformed the retail industry but has also made shopping more convenient and efficient for consumers. No longer do we have to visit physical stores to buy the products we need - we can simply order them online and have them delivered right to our doorstep.Another way in which e-commerce has changed our daily lives is in the realm of food delivery. With the rise of apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Grubhub, we can now order food from our favorite restaurants and have it delivered to our homes with just a few clicks. This has made dining out more accessible and convenient, especially for those who lead busy lifestyles or live in areas with limited dining options.Furthermore, e-commerce has also transformed the way we access services such as banking, healthcare, and entertainment. With online banking and mobile payment platforms like PayPal and Venmo, we can easily transfer money, pay bills, and manage our finances without ever having to visit a physical bank branch. Similarly, telemedicine services have made it possible to consult with healthcare providers remotely, saving time and resources for both patients and healthcare professionals. And with the rise of streaming services like Netflix and Hulu, we can now access a wide range of entertainment content from the comfort of our own homes.In addition to the convenience and accessibility ofe-commerce, it has also had a significant impact on the economy. The growth of online shopping has created new opportunities for businesses, allowing them to reach a wider audience andexpand their customer base. This has led to the creation of new jobs in the e-commerce sector and has boosted economic growth overall.Overall, the impact of e-commerce on our daily lives cannot be understated. From shopping for goods and services online to ordering food delivery and accessing online banking,e-commerce has revolutionized the way we live. As technology continues to advance and online shopping becomes more prevalent, it is clear that e-commerce will continue to shape our daily routines and habits for years to come.篇2The Impact of E-Commerce on Daily LifeIntroductionIn recent years, the rapid development of electronic commerce, or e-commerce, has had a significant impact on daily life. With the rise of online shopping, digital payments, and other technological advancements, the way people live, work, and interact has been transformed. This essay will explore the various ways in which e-commerce has influenced our daily lives.Impact on ShoppingOne of the most notable effects of e-commerce on daily life is the way people shop. Online shopping platforms such as Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay have made it easier than ever to browse and purchase products from the comfort of our homes. This has not only made shopping more convenient but also allows for a wider variety of products to be available to consumers. Additionally, with the rise of e-commerce, traditional brick-and-mortar stores have faced increased competition, leading to changes in the way they operate and serve customers.Impact on PaymentAnother significant impact of e-commerce on daily life is the shift towards digital payments. With the rise of mobile wallets, digital currencies, and online payment platforms such as PayPal and Venmo, people are now able to make transactions quickly and securely without the need for cash or physical credit cards. This has not only made financial transactions more convenient but has also led to a decrease in the use of traditional banking services.Impact on WorkE-commerce has also had a profound impact on the way people work. With the rise of remote work and freelancing opportunities, individuals now have more flexibility in how andwhere they work. This has allowed people to achieve a better work-life balance and has opened up new opportunities for those looking to pursue a career in e-commerce or digital marketing. Additionally, the growth of e-commerce has created new job opportunities in areas such as digital advertising, customer service, and logistics.Impact on Social InteractionsThe rise of social media and e-commerce platforms has also changed the way people interact with each other. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have become key channels for businesses to engage with customers and market their products. Additionally, e-commerce platforms often include social features such as user reviews, recommendations, and sharing options, allowing people to connect with others and make informed purchasing decisions.Challenges and ConcernsWhile e-commerce has brought about many benefits, it has also raised concerns about privacy, data security, and the impact on traditional businesses. As more of our personal information is shared online, the risk of identity theft and cyber attacks increases. Additionally, the rise of e-commerce has led to theclosure of many brick-and-mortar stores, leading to job losses and economic disruptions in some communities.ConclusionIn conclusion, e-commerce has had a profound impact on daily life, influencing the way we shop, pay for goods and services, work, and interact with others. While there are challenges and concerns associated with the growth ofe-commerce, it has brought about many benefits and opportunities for individuals and businesses alike. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that the influence ofe-commerce on daily life will only continue to grow in the years to come.篇3The Impact of the Digital Economy on Daily LifeIntroductionThe digital economy has revolutionized the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. With the rapid advancements in technology, our daily lives have been transformed in ways we could never have imagined. The digital economy encompasses a wide range of activities, frome-commerce and digital marketing to artificial intelligence andblockchain technology. In this essay, we will explore the impact of the digital economy on our daily lives and how it has shaped the way we live and work.E-commerce and Online ShoppingOne of the most noticeable impacts of the digital economy on daily life is the rise of e-commerce and online shopping. Gone are the days when we had to visit physical stores to make a purchase. Now, with just a few clicks, we can order products online and have them delivered right to our doorstep. This convenience has changed the way we shop and has made it easier than ever to find and purchase the products we need.Digital PaymentsAnother important aspect of the digital economy is digital payments. With the rise of online shopping and e-commerce, digital payment methods have become increasingly popular. Services like PayPal, Venmo, and Apple Pay have made it quick and easy to send and receive money, pay bills, and make purchases online. Digital payments have made our lives more convenient and have reduced the need for cash and physical forms of payment.Remote Work and TelecommutingThe digital economy has also had a significant impact on the way we work. With the rise of remote work and telecommuting, many people are now able to work from the comfort of their own homes or from anywhere in the world. This flexibility has allowed people to achieve a better work-life balance and has made it easier to balance work and personal commitments. In addition, advances in digital communication tools like Slack, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams have made it easier than ever to collaborate with colleagues and work together on projects, regardless of where they are located.Digital Marketing and Social MediaDigital marketing and social media have also had a profound impact on our daily lives. With the rise of social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, companies can now reach a larger audience and target their marketing efforts more effectively. This has led to a proliferation of targeted advertisements and personalized content, which has changed the way we consume information and make purchasing decisions. Social media has also made it easier to connect with friends and family, share updates, and stay informed about current events.Artificial Intelligence and AutomationFinally, artificial intelligence and automation have had a significant impact on our daily lives. From virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars and automated customer service bots, AI has become an integral part of our everyday lives. These technologies have made it easier to perform tasks, access information, and communicate with others, but they have also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the ethical implications of AI.ConclusionIn conclusion, the digital economy has had a profound impact on our daily lives, shaping the way we shop, work, communicate, and interact with the world around us. Advances in technology have made our lives more convenient, efficient, and connected, but they have also raised new challenges and concerns. As we continue to navigate the ever-changing digital landscape, it is important to consider the implications of these technologies and their impact on society as a whole. By staying informed and aware of these developments, we can harness the power of the digital economy to improve our lives and create a more sustainable and equitable future.。

我对电子商务繁荣的看法英语作文

我对电子商务繁荣的看法英语作文

我对电子商务繁荣的看法英语作文The Prosperity of E-commerce from My PerspectiveIntroductionWith the rapid development of technology, e-commerce has become increasingly popular in recent years. As a young consumer who grew up in the digital age, I have witnessed firsthand the boom of e-commerce and its impact on our lives. In this essay, I will share my views on the prosperity of e-commerce and discuss its significance in today's society.The Convenience of Online ShoppingOne of the main reasons for the prosperity of e-commerce is the convenience it offers to consumers. Gone are the days when we had to visit physical stores to purchase goods. With just a few clicks, we can now buy almost anything we need online, from clothes and electronics to groceries and household items. This convenience has revolutionized the way we shop and has made it easier for us to access a wide range of products from the comfort of our own homes.The Global Reach of E-commerceAnother key factor contributing to the prosperity ofe-commerce is its global reach. Through online platforms, businesses can now sell their products to customers all over the world, breaking down geographical barriers and reaching a larger audience. This has not only helped businesses expand their reach and increase their sales but has also provided consumers with access to products from different countries and cultures. The global nature of e-commerce has truly transformed the way we buy and sell goods.The Growth of Online MarketplacesIn addition to individual businesses, online marketplaces have played a significant role in the prosperity of e-commerce. Platforms such as Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba have become household names and have become go-to destinations for consumers looking to shop online. These marketplaces offer a wide range of products from various sellers, making it easy for consumers to compare prices, read reviews, and make informed purchasing decisions. The convenience and variety offered by online marketplaces have attracted millions of users and have contributed to the overall growth of e-commerce.The Impact on Traditional RetailWhile e-commerce has brought numerous benefits to consumers and businesses, it has also had a significant impact on traditional retail. Brick-and-mortar stores have faced increasing competition from online retailers, leading to store closures and job losses in the retail sector. The rise of e-commerce has forced traditional retailers to adapt to changing consumer preferences and invest in online platforms to stay relevant in the digital age. While this shift has been challenging for some retailers, it has also created new opportunities for businesses to reach customers in innovative ways.The Importance of CybersecurityAs e-commerce continues to prosper, cybersecurity has become a critical issue that cannot be ignored. With the increasing number of online transactions and personal data shared online, there is a growing risk of cyber threats such as data breaches and identity theft. It is essential for businesses to prioritize cybersecurity measures to protect their customers' sensitive information and ensure a safe and secure online shopping experience. As consumers, we must also be vigilant and take precautions to safeguard our personal data when shopping online.ConclusionIn conclusion, the prosperity of e-commerce has had a profound impact on our lives and has transformed the way we shop, interact with businesses, and access products. The convenience, global reach, and growth of online marketplaces have made e-commerce an integral part of our everyday lives. While e-commerce has brought numerous benefits, it is important to address challenges such as cybersecurity to ensure a safe and secure online shopping experience for all. As we continue to embrace the digital age, e-commerce will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of commerce and society as a whole.。

关于电子商业Booming Electronic Commerce_英语作文

关于电子商业Booming Electronic Commerce_英语作文

关于电子商业Booming Electronic Commerce
由于可以从图表年度全球电子交易货币的价值被越来越多的身份证七年逐渐。

在1997年,全球电子商务交易的货币价值26亿美元,而数达到1000美元亿美元,500倍,1997年。

为什么是电子商务蓬勃发展的今天?
有几个因素促成了这一现象。

首先,计算机的可用性是首要原因。

计算机技术的迅速发展,使每个人都有使用电脑和互联网。

互联网现在不再是个普通的人,并不陌生。

其次,互联网技术的日趋成熟。

人,谁一开始不信任网上商业交易,现在已经相信,在互联网上从事的业务是非常方便和有效的。

第三,电子商务是最快的方法,使迄今在远距离交易。

它使我们能够在家里做业务,这样可以节省时间和不必要的手续也。

这就是为什么电子商务最好是世界经济的繁荣,同时也生出SOHO族,一个在家工作的人特殊的群体。

迈向充满希望的电子商务趋势是不可避免的。

因此,让我们准备接受这种无法挽回的趋势。

——文章来源网,仅供分享学习参考~ 1 ~。

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About the impact of electronic commerce on the traditional enterprise marketing andcorporate strategyA traditional corporate marketing, e-commerce With the popularity of the network and e-commerce has gradually been widely used. Simply put, e-commerce refers to business activities carried out by the use of electronic networks, electronic broadly refers to the use of IT technology the entire business activities, including the use of different forms of computer networks and the Internet, intranet, extranet, LAN IT’s business activities.Enterprise to achieve business goals through the implementation of e-commerce, you need to e-commerce system can provide the whole process of online transactions and management, e-commerce system has advertising consulting negotiate, online ordering, online payment, e-banking, cargo transfer, comments consult, business management, and other functions.E-commerce to the enterprise, while convenient, also has had an impact and influence to the traditional corporate marketing.1, changed the traditional marketing methods. Layers of strict traditional marketing channels, combined with a lot of manpower and investment promotion to compete for the market, not only time-consuming and high cost in the Internet age, due to the widespread popularity of the internet, businesses can take advantage of network to expand the scope of business activities to the global e-commerce, bringing buyers and sellers on the network like face-to-face to complete the transaction as quickly, delivery, clearing accounts with a variety of on-line electronic bills.2, change the the enterprise competition morphology. Makes the market more open competition, the industry has also become more blurred, large enterprises face peer competitiveness of SMEs through e-commerce, online information openness, peer firms are also facing other competitive industries and enterprises. electronic commerce to provide enterprises with a hugemarket potential and a new way of selling, the enterprise production first production of the information network, and then completed by a network of goods and customer interaction.To change people’s spending habits. According to statistics, 60% of Internet users have a college degree, users worldwide average age of about 33 years old, these people tend to be more independent consumer behavior personalized requirements of goods and services, more and more they no longer meet the passive acceptance of production and sales of new products, will continue to make new demands on the quality of the merchandise, size, style, shape, packaging With the development of e-commerce, consumer behavior, preferences The new changes, every consumer the speed of access to information and content faster and more innovative ideas is also a growing sense of desire.4, changing marketing environment. Electronic equipment to make the buying behavior of consumers increasingly personalized producers more agile responseto market opportunities, producers and consumers, the possibility of direct trading in, the role of the intermediary will be weakened Meanwhile, the dominance of the consumer in the transaction will be more prominent, and producers’marketing strategy will emphasize how to meet specific consumer desire to buy more convenient and timely.5, the change of the corporate marketing theory.Traditional market conditions, corporate marketing and features implemented 4P marketing mix strategies, product, price, distribution and promotion of the four variables as the four factors of corporate marketing strategy and e-commerce involved to Shu Scholz, professor of marketing, led by scholars from the customer point of view put forward new marketing theory - 4C combination: customer (customer needs and expectations, cost (the cost of customer convenience (bought convenience, communication (customers with enterprise communication Marketing has important guiding significance. therefore, in the context of this theory, themode of e-marketing is the dialogue of the customer and the enterprise, the enterprise in a clear understanding of the needs of the individual customer, to make the strategy of maximizing corporate profits Links to free papers Download Center Second, corporate strategies Early action, to participate in the virtual society. Cyberspace will become this century’s most important strategic resources, quickly established means of online communication and transactions to occupy the online space resources is the key. Enterprises should technical, economic aspects and establish a state-of-the-art safe, reliable, secure, open network application platform, online trading, create new channels close to the customer.2, do the construction of enterprise information systems personnel, finance, inventory and other large, dynamic database established online, collect information from the corporate, large, orderly information flow online only summarize the data, organize, and create a dynamic data center, in order to provide decision-makers with an effective basis for the judgment.Personalized products to win the trust of consumers, enterprises must each consumer as a separate, different individuals of today’s consumers shopping criteria is: “to do according to their demands, otherwise do not disturb them. “4, to establish a new type of marketing management information for the management of the center, the main features of the management of the information age, the enterprise can truly understand the market and consumers through high-speed messaging devices and the worldwide information superhighway and promptly passed the latest information to the outside world, and greatly improve the the enterprise environment reaction speed, accuracy and efficiency, and the establishment of a new production and marketing process, to manage the operations, sales and production process.5, to establish a consumer information database. Customers is a strategic property, enterprises must manage and use customer database, analysis ofconsumer spending trajectory, focused on analyzing the individual needs, the development of long-term personal relationship with customers, and locked the online consumers. proliferation aspects of Internet users, on the other hand the consumer’s time is limited, companies must attract consumers to the Internet, and to promote its multiple access and browse the corporate website marketing strategy for a long time.6 speed advantage, new design every day. Due to global competitors to achieve very fast over a competitive advantage, companies must put our energy into innovation, fast logistics strategy, enables companies to maximize the use of each Opportunities to streamline business operations, improve efficiency, reaction speed and reliability. companies must be designed for the customer to meet customer specific time and delivery service requirements, to speed up the response time, whether the needs of the consumer goods and services and customers complain, enterprises can improve the response time is the key to success.In short, the modern enterprise Only by facing the impact of e-business-to-business marketing and influence, and to take the necessary coping strategies, in order to remain invincible in the competition in the market is full of opportunities.References 1, FARM PRODUCTS editor << marketing knowledge >> China Financial and Economic Publishing House, published in 2002, 77-162.2, Chen Xueping Chen Xin Hong-Yan Liu Edited by Liu Institute East << e-commerce website construction techniques and examples >> Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Press, published in September 2007 1-2 Links to free papers Download Center http://www. .com。

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