真实沈阳吴军高分英语资料上传2

合集下载

2011高考英语单选技巧沈阳英语培训沈阳英语补习沈阳英语辅导_百度文库...

【09 江西卷】Some people fear that air pollution may bring about changes in A. /; the weather around the world. B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a
解析：A.本题目的很明确，即考查学生对冠词使用情况的理解程度。我们知道空气污染应是一个抽象的概念，造成空气污染的因素才是客观实在的东西。在抽象名词前一般不用冠词，例如，Failure is the mother of success.这里的 failure 是一个抽象的概念，体现 failure 的事或物才是客观实在的东西。所以，对于抽象和非抽象的界定标准要把握好。 Weather 它本身就是客观实在，阴天，雨天，晴天都是 weather,指的就是天气，所以 weather 在这里并不是抽象名词，所以我们用 the weather 泛指这类概念。
结论：冠词的考查，其实就是在围绕该用不该用，用哪一类冠词在考查。江西卷就是围绕该用不该用在考查，北京卷就是在围绕用哪一类在考查。但我们从这两题也能看的出来平时多读，多积累也是做好这类题的保障，如果对语法的理解程度把握的不是很好，有时也会选错。
【09 四川卷】In order to find better job , he decided to study second foreign language . A. the ; a B. a ; a C. the ; the D. a ; the
35 题在 B 和 C 模棱两可处到底选哪个? 当然选范围大的,能包括另一个的,即选 B. 当然选范围大的,能包括另一个的, 再举个例子，假如 2010 年辽宁卷高考英语完形填空的 47 题,不知选哪个, 怎么办？ As I found out, there is, 46 , often no perfect equivalence(对应)between two 48 47

On the Performance of Wide-Area Thin-Client Computing

On the Performance of Wide-Area Thin-ClientComputingALBERT I and JASON NIEHColumbia UniversityWhile many application service providers have proposed using thin-client computing to deliver computational services over the Internet,little work has been done to evaluate the eﬀectiveness of thin-client computing in a wide-area network.To assess the potential of thin-client computing in the context of future commodity high-bandwidth Internet access,we have used a novel,non-invasive slow-motion benchmarking technique to evaluate the performance of several popular thin-client computing platforms in delivering computational services cross-country over Internet2.Our results show that using thin-client computing in a wide-area network environment can deliver acceptable performance over Internet2,even when client and server are located thousands of miles apart on opposite ends of the country.However,performance varies widely among thin-client platforms and not all platforms are suitable for this environment.While many thin-client systems are touted as being bandwidth eﬃcient,we show that network latency is often the key factor in limiting wide-area thin-client performance.Furthermore,we show that the same techniques used to improve bandwidth eﬃciency often result in worse overall performance in wide-area networks.We characterize and analyze the diﬀerent design choices in the various thin-client platforms and explain which of these choices should be selected for supporting wide-area computing services.Categories and Subject Descriptors:C.2.4[Computer-Communication-Networks ]:Distributed Systems;C.4[Performance of Systems ]:Measurement techniquesGeneral Terms:Performance,Measurement,Experimentation,AlgorithmsAdditional Key Words and Phrases:thin-client,wide-area networks,Internet2,slow-motion benchmarking1.INTRODUCTIONRapid improvements in network bandwidth,cost,and ubiquity combined with the high total cost of ownership of PC desktop computers have created a growing mar-ket for application service providers (ASPs).Going beyond just web hosting,ASPs operate,maintain,and deliver customer data and applications from professionally Parts of this work appeared as a conference publication in the Proceedings of the SIGMETRICS Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems [Lai and Nieh 2002].This work was supported in part by an NSF CAREER Award,and NSF grants EIA-0071954,CCR-0219943,and CNS-0426623.Internet2characterization data obtained from the National Laboratory for Applied Network Research was sponsored by NSF Cooperative Agreement No.ANI-9807479.Authors’Addresses: i,Department of Biomedical Informatics,Columbia University,Vanderbilt Clinic,5th Floor,622West 168th Street,New York,NY 10032;Email:i@;J.Nieh,Department of Computer Science,Columbia University,1214Amsterdam Avenue MC0401,New York,NY 10027-7003;Email:nieh@.Permission to make digital/hard copy of all or part of this material without fee for personal or classroom use provided that the copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or commercial advantage,the ACM copyright/server notice,the title of the publication,and its date appear,and notice is given that copying is by permission of the ACM,Inc.To copy otherwise,to republish,to post on servers,or to redistribute to lists requires prior speciﬁc permission and/or a fee.c2006ACM 0734-2071/2006/1100-0001$5.00ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May 2006,Pages 1–32.© ACM, 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), 24(2), May 2006./10.1145/1132026.11320292·Albert i and Jason Niehmanaged data centers,sparing their customers the headache of buying and main-taining their own hardware and software.To provide the infrastructure to deliver easier-to-maintain computational services anywhere on the Internet,a growing num-ber of ASPs are embracing a thin-client computing model[Expertcity,Inc.2000; Charon Systems;].In addition to ASPs,organizations have begun to use the thin-client computing model to provide remote access to applications that in the past were normally only available when used on-site.A thin-client computing system consists of a server and a client that communi-cate over a network using a remote display protocol.The protocol allows graphical displays to be virtualized and served across a network to a client device,while ap-plication logic is executed on the ing the remote display protocol,the client transmits user input to the server,and the server returns screen updates of the user interface of the applications from the server to the client.Many of these remote display protocols can eﬀectively web-enable applications without ap-plication modiﬁcation.Examples of popular thin-client platforms include Citrix MetaFrame[Citrix Systems1998;Mathers and Genoway1998],Microsoft Termi-nal Services[Cumberland et al.1999;Microsoft Corporation1998],AT&T Virtual Network Computing(VNC)[Richardson et al.1998],and Tarantella[Santa Cruz Operation1998;Shaw et al.2000].The remote server typically runs a standard server operating system and is used for executing all application logic.Because all application processing is done on the server,the client only needs to be able to display and manipulate the user interface.The client can either be a specialized hardware device or simply an application that runs on a low-end personal computer. While many ASPs have proposed using thin-client computing to deliver computa-tional services over the Internet,little work has been done to evaluate the eﬀective-ness of thin-client computing in a wide-area network(WAN).Thin-client comput-ing vendors often tout the bandwidth eﬃciency of their platforms,but as network technologies improve and high-bandwidth Internet access becomes a commodity, bandwidth eﬃciency alone may not be a good measure of wide-area thin-client performance.Existing ASPs have primarily focused on supporting simple oﬃce-productivity tools.It is unclear if the remote display approach used in thin-client computing can eﬀectively support the growing class of graphics and multimedia-oriented applications.Because the importance of thin-client computing will only continue to increase with the rapidly growing ASP market,it is crucial to determine the eﬀectiveness of thin-client computing in WANs on the kinds of web-based and multimedia applications that users are already using and will increasingly be using in the future.To assess the limits of using thin clients to provide wide-area ubiquitous com-puting,we have characterized the design choices of underlying remote display tech-nologies and measured the impact of these choices on the performance of thin-client computing platforms in delivering computational services cross-country over Inter-net2.For our study,we considered a diversity of design choices as exhibited by six of the most popular thin-client platforms in use today:Citrix MetaFrame,Microsoft Windows2000Terminal Services,AT&T VNC,Tarantella,Sun Ray[Schmidt et al. 1999;Sun Microsystems],and X[Scheiﬂer and Gettys1986].These platforms were chosen for their popularity,performance,and diverse design approaches.We fo-ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.On the Performance of Wide-Area Thin-Client Computing·3 cus on evaluating these thin-client platforms with respect to their performance on web and multimedia applications,which are increasingly populating the comput-ing desktop.We conducted our experiments using Internet2because it provides the kind of high-bandwidth network access that we expect will become increas-ingly cost-eﬀective and accessible in future WAN environments.For example,the 100x100Project aims to bring100Mbps connection speed to100million homes in the United States within the near future,with an experimental prototype ready by 2008[100x100Project].In addition,South Korea has announced plans to build a nationwide Internet access infrastructure capable of speeds up to100Mbps to the home by2010[Legard2003].We identiﬁed and isolated the impact of WAN environments by quantifying and comparing the performance of thin-client systems in both WAN and local-area net-work(LAN)environments.Because many thin-client systems are proprietary and closed-source,we employed a slow-motion benchmark[Nieh et al.2003]technique for obtaining our results,addressing some of the fundamental diﬃculties in previ-ous studies of thin-client performance.Our results show that thin-client computing in a WAN environment can deliver acceptable performance over Internet2,even when client and server are located thousands of miles apart on opposite ends of the country.However,performance varies widely among diﬀerent thin-client platform designs and not all approaches are suitable for this environment.We show that designing systems for WAN latencies is crucial for overall performance.In partic-ular,commonly used performance optimizations that work well for reducing the network bandwidth requirements of thin-client systems can degrade overall system performance due to the network latencies associated with wide-area environments. Our results show that a simple pixel-based remote display approach can deliver superior performance compared to more complex thin-client systems that are cur-rently used.We analyze the diﬀerences in the underlying mechanisms of various thin-client platforms and explain their impact on overall performance.This paper is organized as follows.Section2details the experimental testbed and methodology we used for our study.Section3describes our measurements and performance results.Section4discusses related work.Finally,we present some concluding remarks and directions for future work.2.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNThe goal of our research is to compare thin-client systems to assess their basic dis-play performance and their feasibility in WAN environments.To explore a range of diﬀerent design approaches,we considered six popular thin-client platforms:Citrix MetaFrame1.8for Windows2000,Windows2000Terminal Services,Tarantella Enterprise Express II for Linux,AT&T VNC v3.3.2for Linux,Sun Ray I,and XFree863.3.6(X11R6)on Linux.In this paper,we also refer to these platforms by their remote display protocols,which are Citrix ICA(Independent Computing Ar-chitecture),Microsoft RDP(Remote Desktop Protocol),Tarantella AIP(Adaptive Internet Protocol),VNC(Virtual Network Computing),Sun Ray,and X,respec-tively.To determine the characteristics of each of these platforms,we studied the pub-lic literature for each of the platforms and when available,inspected the sourceACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.4·Albert i and Jason NiehTable I.Thin-client computing platformsPlatform DisplayProto-col DisplayEncodingScreenUpdatesCompression MaxDisplayDepthTransportProtocolCitrix MetaFrame ICA Low-levelgraphicsServer-push,lazyRLE8-bitcolor∗TCP/IPMicrosoft Terminal Services RDP Low-levelgraphicsServer-push,lazyRLE8-bitcolorTCP/IPTarantella AIP Low-levelgraphics Server-push,eageror lazydependingonbandwidth,loadAdaptivelyenabled,RLE andLZW at lowbandwidths8-bitcolorTCP/IPAT&T VNC VNC2D drawprimitivesClient-pull,lazyupdatesbetweenclientrequestsdiscardedHextile(2DRLE)24-bitcolorTCP/IPSun Ray SunRay 2D drawprimitivesServer-push,eagerNone24-bitcolorUDP/IPX11R6X High-levelgraphics Server-push,eagerNone24-bitcolorTCP/IP∗Citrix MetaFrame XP now oﬀers the option of24-bit color depth,but this was not available at the time of our experiments.code.When source code was unavailable,we contacted the vendor of the thin-client platform and discussed with their engineers the design characteristics of their thin-client platform.Table I summarizes theseﬁndings.These platforms span a range of diﬀerences inﬁve diﬀerent parameters:—Display encoding:encoding of display primitives,which can range from using low-level raw pixels to high-level graphics—Screen updates:whether screen updates are sent from server to client using a lazy or eager model,and whether the updates are pulled by the client or pushed by the server—Compression:the type of compression that was used on the screen updates, which ranged from none to adaptive selection of a collection of compression al-gorithms such as run-length encoding(RLE)and Lempel-Ziv Welch(LZW)[Ziv and Lempel1977;1978]—Max display depth:the maximum color depth supported by the platform,which ranged from8bit to24bit—Transport protocol:the transport protocol used,which was either TCP/IP or UDP/IPACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.On the Performance of Wide-Area Thin-Client Computing·5 To evaluate their performance,we designed an experimental Internet2testbed and various experiments to exercise each of the thin-client platforms on single-user web-based and multimedia-oriented workloads.Section2.1introduces the non-invasive slow-motion measurement methodology we used to evaluate thin-client performance.Section2.2describes the experimental testbed we used.Section2.3 discusses the mix of micro-benchmarks and application benchmarks used in our experiments.2.1Measurement MethodologyBecause thin-client systems are designed and used very diﬀerently from traditional desktop systems,quantifying and measuring their performance eﬀectively can be diﬃcult.In traditional desktop systems,an application typically executes and displays its output on the same machine.In thin-client systems,an application executes on a server machine and sends its output over a network to be displayed on a client machine.The output display on the client may be completely decoupled from the application processing on the server such that an application runs as fast as possible on the server without regard to whether or not application output has been displayed on the client.Furthermore,display updates may be merged or even discarded in some systems to conserve network bandwidth.Since the server pro-cesses all application logic in thin-client systems,standard application benchmarks eﬀectively measure only server performance and do not accurately reﬂect user per-ceived performance at the client.The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many thin-client systems,including those from Citrix,Microsoft,and Tarantella, are proprietary and closed-source,making it diﬃcult to instrument them to obtain accurate,repeatable performance results.To address these problems,we employed slow-motion benchmarking to evaluate thin client performance.This method employs two techniques to obtain accurate measurements:monitoring client-side network activity and using slow-motion ver-sions of application benchmarks.We give a brief overview of this technique below. For a more in depth discussion,see[Nieh et al.2003].We then extended this technique to compare relative performance across LAN and Internet2network en-vironments.We monitored client-side network activity to obtain a measure of user-perceived performance based on latency.Since we could not directly peer into the black-box thin-client systems,our primary measurement technique was to use a packet monitor to capture resulting network traﬃc on the client-side.For example,to measure the latency of an operation from user input to client output,we could use the packet monitor to determine when the user input isﬁrst sent from client to server and when the screen updateﬁnished sending from server to client.The diﬀerence between these times could be used as a measure of latency.To accurately measure user-perceived thin-client performance,measurements must be performed at the client-side;server-side measurements of application performance are insuﬃcient. For instance,a video application might deliver smooth playback on the server-side only to deliver poor video quality on the client-side due to network congestion.It must be noted that this measurement technique does not include the time from when the client receives a screen update from the network to the time the actual image is drawn to the screen.The measurement also does not include the timeACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.6·Albert i and Jason Niehfrom when client input is made and the input is sent.If these client processing times account for a signiﬁcant part of overall system performance,the use of packet captures for measuring thin-client performance may not be accurate.For example, if the client were a much less powerful machine than the server,client processing time would need to be accounted for more precisely to provide an accurate perfor-mance measure.However,as discussed in Section2.2,we used clients and servers of comparable performance for our experimental testbed.In this environment us-ing VNC,one of the few open-source thin-client systems,we have veriﬁed that measurements using packet monitoring of slow-motion benchmarks are withinﬁve percent of internal client and server source code instrumentation[Nieh et al.2003]. We therefore assumed the client input and display processing times were negligible in our experiments.We employed slow-motion versions of application benchmarks to provide a mea-sure of user-perceived performance based on the visual quality of display updates. While monitoring network activity provides a measure of the latency of display updates,it does not provide a suﬃcient measure of the overall quality of the per-formance.To address this problem,we altered the benchmark applications used by introducing delays between the separate visual components of each benchmark, such as web pages or video frames,so that the display update for each component is fully completed on the client before the server begins processing the next display update.We monitored network traﬃc to make sure the delays were long enough to provide a clearly demarcated period between display updates where client-server communication drops to the idle level for that platform.We then process the re-sults on a per-component basis to obtain the latency and data transferred for each visual component,and obtain overall results by taking the sum of these results. Section2.3describes in further detail how web and video application benchmarks were delayed for our experiments.Because slow-motion benchmarking does introduce delays in how the applications are executed,it is possible that such delays can result in diﬀerences in the qualita-tive behavior of a slow-motion benchmark versus its standard version,particularly in terms of network performance when the TCP transport protocol is used.For example,by introducing delays and thereby causing the connection to potentially be idle for a few seconds,TCP may reset the congestion window back to the initial value,causing the connection to go through slow-start and reducing the eﬀective connection bandwidth available when the next display updates are sent[Allman et al.1998].As another example,consider the TCP Nagle algorithm,which limits a sender by only being allowed to have one outstanding segment that is less than a full segment size.The sender is allowed to continue sending once the receiver ACK is received.By introducing delays,the ACK timer is allowed toﬁre on the client, removing the impact of the Nagle algorithm in the slow-motion case when it might cause a performance issue in the no delay case.We address this issue in two ways.First,as discussed in Section2.3,we incorpo-rate slow-motion benchmarking in web and video applications in such a way that we do not compromise the qualitative eﬀectiveness of the benchmarks in measuring system performance.In fact,in the case of measuring interactive web performance, we argue that our slow-motion technique provides a better and more realistic mea-ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.On the Performance of Wide-Area Thin-Client Computing·7 sure of web performance than standard scripted download approaches.Second, we directly considered the impact of slow-motion benchmarking on TCP behavior. This is useful since all of the thin-client systems used in this study except for Sun Ray use TCP as the underlying transport protocol.To do this,we selected two representative thin-client systems,one on Linux and one on Windows,and ran the web benchmark discussed in Section2.3.2on those systems with and without the artiﬁcially induced delay of slow-motion benchmarking.X11on Linux and ICA on Windows were used,both with8-bit color display as noted in Section2.2.This was possible to do in this case because neither X11nor ICA merged or discarded any signiﬁcant amount of display updates for this benchmark,as veriﬁed by observing the amount of data transferred with and without delays.The diﬀerence between these measurements was less than one percent for X11on Linux and less than ten percent for ICA on Windows.This suggests that TCP congestion window resets and the Nagle algorithm are unlikely to be signiﬁcant factors in the performance of these Linux and Windows thin-client systems in our experiments.All of the thin-client systems in this study that were based on TCP were also run on either Linux or Windows.We compare relative performance across LAN and Internet2network environ-ments to isolate the impact of WAN environments on thin client performance.The impact can be quantiﬁed as the diﬀerence in performance between LAN and In-ternet2environments.Furthermore,this relative performance measure allows us to factor out eﬀects of client processing time,which we cannot directly measure because of the proprietary nature of most of the thin-client systems.We assume that client processing time does not change in any signiﬁcant way as a result of dif-ferent network environments and we veriﬁed this assumption in the few open-source platforms tested.Our combined measurement techniques provide three key beneﬁts.First,the techniques ensure that display events reliably complete on the client so that packet captures from network monitoring provide an accurate measure of system perfor-mance.Ensuring that all clients display all visual components in the same sequence provides a common foundation for making comparisons among thin-client systems. Second,the techniques do not require any invasive modiﬁcation of thin-client sys-tems.As a result,we are able obtain our results without imposing any additional performance overhead on the systems measured.More importantly,the techniques make it possible for us to measure popular but proprietary thin-client systems,such as those from Citrix and Microsoft.Third,by comparing performance in LAN and WAN environments,we are able to isolate and analyze the impact of WAN eﬀects on thin client performance.2.2Experimental TestbedFigure1shows our Internet2testbed.The testbed consisted of two pairs of thin client/server systems,a packet monitor machine,and a web server used for testing web applications.The features of each system are summarized in Table II.To ensure a level playingﬁeld,where possible we used the same hardware for all of our tests;the only change we made to our conﬁguration was for testing the Sun Ray platform,which runs only on Sun machines.The machines were logically grouped into West and East sites separated by a network,with the thin servers located atACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.8·Albert i and Jason Nieh TableII.Testbedmachineconﬁgurations Role /Model Hardware OS /WindowSystem Software PC Thin Client 450MHz Intel PII MS Win 2000Professional Citrix ICA Win32Client Micron Client Pro 128MB RAM Caldera OpenLinux2.4MS RDP5Client (East site)14.6GB Disk XFree863.3.6VNC Win323.3.3r7Client 10/100BaseT NIC KDE 1.1.2Tarantella Win32Client Netscape Communicator4.72Sun Thin Client 100MHz Sun uSPARC IIep SunRayOS N/A Sun Ray I 8MB RAM (East site)10/100BaseT NIC Packet Monitor 450MHz Intel PII MS Win 2000Professional WildPackets’Etherpeek 4Micron Client Pro 128MB RAM (East site)14.6GB Disk 10/100BaseT NIC Benchmark Server 450MHz Intel PII MS Win NT 4.0ServerSP6aZiﬀ-Davisi-Bench1.5Micron Client Pro 128MB RAM MS Internet InformationServer (East site)14.6GB Disk 10/100BaseT NIC PC Thin Server 2500MHz Intel PIII MS Win 2000Advanced Server Citrix MetaFrame 1.8Hi-Tech USA 160MB RAM Caldera OpenLinux 2.4MS Win 2000TerminalServices (West site)22GB Disk XFree863.3.6AT&T VNC 3.3.3r7forWin3210/100BaseT NIC KDE 1.1.2Tarantella Express AT&T VNC 3.3.3r2forLinux Netscape Communicator 4.72Sun Thin Server 333MHz UltraSPARC IIi Sun Solaris 7Generic 106541-08Sun Ray Server 1.210.d Beta Sun Ultra-10Creator 3D 384MB RAM OpenWindows 3.6.1Netscape Communicator 4.72(West site)9GB Disk CDE 1.3.5210/100BaseT NICs Network Simulator 450MHz Intel PII MS Win NT 4.0Server SP6a Shunra Software The Cloud1.1Micron Client Pro 128MB RAM (simulator 14.6GB Disk testbed)210/100BaseT NICs ACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May 2006.On the Performance of Wide-Area Thin-Client Computing·9 PC Thin Server Sun Thin ServerFig.1.Experimental testbedthe West site and the remaining three machines located at the East site.For the Internet2experiments,we located the West and East sites on opposite coasts of the United States at Stanford University and Columbia University,respectively.We selected sites that were geographically far apart as a measure of the limits of using thin-client computing in wide-area environments.The East site consisted of a PC thin client,a Sun Ray thin client,a packet mon-itor machine,and a benchmark server.The packet monitor machine was dedicated to running Etherpeek4[WildPackets,Inc.],a software packet monitor that times-tamps and records all packet traﬃc visible by the machine.Except for the Sun Ray thin client,all other East site machines were Micron Client Pro PCs,each with a 450MHz Pentium II CPU,128MB RAM,and14.6GB disk.The Sun Ray client was considerably less powerful than the PC client,with only a100MHz uSPARC CPU and8MB of RAM.The West site consisted of a PC server and a Sun server. The PC server was a Hi-Tech USA PC with dual500MHz Pentium III CPUs,160 MB RAM,and22GB disk.The Sun server was an Ultra-10Creator3D with a 333MHz UltraSPARC IIi,384MB RAM,and9GB hard disk.All machines had 10/100BaseT NICs.As discussed in Section3.2,the slower Sun client and server hardware did not aﬀect the lessons derived from our experiments.For the Internet2experiments,the East and West sites were connected by the Abilene Internet2backbone,an OC-48operating at2.5Gbps,typically very lightly loaded with line utilization usually below10%on any given link of the backbone [The Trustees of Indiana University].A total of14hops separate the machines at the East site from those at the West site.The East site is three hops away from a network provider that connects to the Abilene Internet2backbone via an OC-12 (622Mbps),with all links being OC-3(155Mbps)or greater.The West site is three hops away from a GigaPOP that connects to the Abilene Internet2backbone via an OC-12,with all links being OC-3(155Mbps)or greater.The machines at each site are connected to a100Base-T hub which is uplinked to the respective core networks via100Base-T full-duplex switches.Since the minimum available bandwidth along any edge of the network was100Mbps,the theoretical maximum bandwidth of our connection was100Mbps.Based on our own measurements and a month ofACM Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.24,No.2,May2006.。

2011高考语文文言文翻译六招制胜法则

高考语文文言文翻译六招制胜易错题诊断文言翻译，高考试卷中要求直译，也就是字字落实。

所谓字字落实，主要是判断每一个虚词、实词的用法和意义，找出通假字、古今异义字、活用词等，并做准确解释，还要把握句式特点和句子的语气。

具体来说，应从“留”“换”“补”“删”“调”“贯”六个方面进行。

“留”，凡指朝代、年号、人名、地名、官职等专有名词，皆保留不动。

“换”，将单音词换成现代汉语双音词，将词类活用词换成活用后的词，将通假字换成本字……凡该换的，一律换之。

“补”，即补出古代简练说法省略或隐含的内容，特别是对省略句。

“删”，指删去那些无意义或没有必要译出的虚词。

“调”，指把文言句中特殊句式按现代汉语要求调整过来。

“贯”，指文言句中带修辞方法的说法，用典用事的地方，根据上下文灵活、贯通地译出。

，可记住口诀：文言翻译重直译，把握大意斟词句。

人名地名不必译，古义现代词语替。

倒装成分位置移，被动省略译规律。

碰见虚词因句译，领会语气重流利。

1．（2007年湖北卷）把阅读材料中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。

二世祖讳伍，有善行，称善人公。

……好施予，岁时勤力活家，人产计口给食，余悉以贩乡里贫乏者。

门前植槐一株，枝叶扶疏，时作糜哺饿者于其下。

……高祖讳重光，字廷宣。

……丁巳，肃皇新三殿，求大木，取办贵竹。

公至，彝人争以所知异木走报公。

公深入其阻。

冲风瘴疠，勤事以死。

事闻，特加恩恤，赐祭葬。

壬戌秋，三殿告成，以公前绩诏赠太仆寺少卿。

公性孝友，为颖川公次子，方龀而母沈安人亡。

三事继母常、岳、卢，如所生。

两弟早夭，抚其遗孤，不殊己子。

居乡，恂恂退让，君子也。

遇事慷慨，不避艰险。

及卒，无一语及家事。

世庙谕祭文，有“忠勤报国”之褒，故称忠勤公焉。

【解析】（1）扶：古代的长度单位，四寸为扶。

“枝叶扶疏”是说枝叶相距很近，意译为“枝叶繁茂”。

“时作糜哺饿者于其下”既承前省主语（善人公），又是介宾短语（“于其下”）后置。

翻译时既要“补”——补出主语，又要“调”——把“于其下”放到谓语“作”前。

高考英语吴军超级阅读理解教案

高考英语吴军超级阅读理解教案★紧抓主题句，快速明白得全文不管是读书，依旧看报纸，我们第一见到的确实是一篇文章的标题。

然而，在高考中，英语阅读明白得文章往往没有标题。

能够从研究文章的主题句入手，依照主题句快速识别文体，从而抓住文章的中心，估量出全文的内容。

英语文章一样是按“总—分—总”如此一种思路来写的，也确实是说，文章的第1 句或第 2 句多半为“总写”，为文章的主题句(topic sentence)，后面的文字就围绕它展开论述；而最后一句(尾句)或倒数第 2 句，确实是在论述的基础上进行总结，得出结论或发出感叹。

同样，往往每一段的第 1 句又为这一段的主题句；末尾的句子又为这一段的结论。

因此，在一定程度上考生能够从首尾句入手，估量全文的内容，从而迅速明白得全文。

因此，有些文章的主题句并不在句子的首、尾，而在文章的中间；有的文章甚至没有主题句，这就要求考生灵活处理。

★快速扫瞄全文，抓住事实和细节事实是作者的思想和观点的有力证据，是作者所写文章的重要依据。

细节是使文章连成整体的要紧手段，是使文章充满活力的重要方式。

换句话说，事实和细节是文章的血和肉。

不论事件多么惊人，也不论观点如何新奇，若没有事实和细节，这篇文章就显得空泛无力。

高考中，专门多问题确实是考查考生对事实和细节的把握，因此，在了解了文体特点和通过文章首尾句把握了文章的中心和要紧内容的基础上，必须快速扫瞄全文，抓住文中的事实和细节。

同时在扫瞄的过程中，应依照短文后面的问题和选项，将与之有关的事实和细节用笔一一画出，且标明其题的序号，以便研究答题。

★抓住相关词语，快速弄清作者的思想相关词语分为两大类：其一是关键词，即名词、动词、数词和形容词等实词，依照这些词语就能够看出句子或文章的要紧内容；其二是信息词，即情态动词(may, must, can, have)，副词(yet, however, therefore, otherwise，carefully, seriously 等)、连词(but, while, though, if 等)等虚词和短语(as if / though, on the contrary, by contrast, even if / though, in spite of等)，依照这些词语就能够推断出文章中人物的精神状态或作者的目的、意图、观点、立场、态度及文章的逻辑关系。

沈阳初三英语家教高分密码

基本上不看短文内容仅看选项，2010年高考有人竟然过了100分！高考有没有瞬间大幅度提分的可能？谁能让你不用花很多时间和心思学习，英语就能提高至少20-30分？要是真的话，简直是白捡的分数！不仅如此，当你了解了高考真题答案的所有内幕规律，看到了绝密的解题招式，就会豁然开朗。

哇！原来也可以这么做题！你的思路因此将会被彻底打通，提高的分数将不仅仅是20-30分！无论现在的英语成绩是60分，还是110分，任何人都可以做到！这些绝密招式是太简单、太震撼了！所以，如果你看到了，切勿告诉他人，否则，他们会在高考中轻松超过你！请注意 !如果你不相信这世上有考试秘诀，请立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你习惯于按照传统思路做题，不希望有思维上的突破，请你立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你现在的成绩已接近满分，甚至已是满分，请你立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你患有心理疾病或心脏病，请您立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你选择留下来，那么接下来的事，很可能让你目瞪口呆！如果我告诉你N个秘诀，在做完形填空和阅读理解题时，不用看文章和题干，只是简单的比较四个选项，就能瞬间选出正确答案，你是否想看？请先看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题的第36题，是一个完形填空题. 在此我只列出它的四个选项,试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在3秒之内选出正确答案?36. A. worried B. sad C. surprised D. nervous正确答案是C, ABD都是一个人状态不好的倾向词，而C则为中性词，表述态度不一致者是答案。

.如果你知道了这个秘诀，可以解决很多类似的完型填空题!看一下辽宁卷2010年完形填空真题的第52题:52. A. Largely B. Generally C. Gradually D. Probably正确答案是C, ABD都是含义不肯定的副词，排除表述不明确的选项,答案就水落石出了. 如果你知道了这个秘诀，你更是可以解决很多类似的完型填空题!试想一下,知道了全部36个完形秘诀之后,您的分数会怎么样呢?请再看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题阅读理解题的第56题，在此我只写出它的题干和四个选项.也试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在5秒之内选出正确答案?56. From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers.A.worked very hard for centuriesB.dreamed of having a better lifeC.were poor but somewhat contentD.lived a different life from their forefathers正确答案是C, 选项中表述的内容前后相互矛盾的是答案! 思路很简单，如果你掌握了其中的秘诀，抛开文章，你也可以很快选出正确答案. 掌握此类瞬间解题秘诀，不仅缩短了答题时间，还能保障近乎100%的准确率！请上或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!吴军英语高分密码，让您第一次课就提10分！20次课提25-62分！模棱两可处和看不懂，该怎么办？要知道，如果对文章似懂非懂，那么，在文章中寻找答案线索就像大海捞针一样的难,更谈不上做对题！吴军英语高分密码将会告诉你此类瞬间解题秘诀,帮助你辨识选项中的诸多暗示点，瞬间找出正确答案,或者瞬间排除错误选项.请记住!在英语完型填空和阅读理解题的选项中，从头到尾都充满了暗示点,善于利用这些暗示点，可以快速做对题!无论任何人，在考试中，总会遇到吃不准选项的题，或可以称之为不会做的“难题”,那么，如果遇到“难题”，你会怎办？是放弃？不可能，怎么着也要“猜”出一个答案!那么，是“瞎猜”吗？如果是“瞎猜”，其正确率仅是25%，是可想而知的低！那么，如何“猜”才能有高的准确率呢？如果我告诉你N个秘诀,让你在做“难题”时，猜出的答案的准确率由25%提高至95%，甚至是100%,你愿意继续看下去吗?35. A. eat up D. send out35题在B和C模棱两可处到底选哪个?当然选范围大的,能包括另一个的,即选B.再举个例子，假如2010年辽宁卷高考英语完形填空的47题,不知选哪个, 怎么办？As I found out, there is, 46 , often no perfect equivalence(对应)between two 47 in two languages. My aunt even goes so far as to 48 that a Chinese “equivalent” can never give you the 49 meaning of a word in English!47. A. words B. names C. ideas D. characters很简单，选A，勿须有任何的犹豫,为什么？复现法则!吴军英语高分密码会告诉你具体原因以及更多的解决“难题”的秘诀,都是非常的简单和直接.请记住!遇到“难题”，即使“猜”答案，也要“猜”的有理有据,切勿盲目的“猜”!The moment he was about to 47 the hospital, he saw on the desk the 48new book ,just as he had left it one 49 ago.48. A much B still C hardly D quite很简单，选B，为什么？答案高频词汇倾向归纳让你笑逐颜开!高频形容词\ 副词: suddenly, even, finally, first, last, again, also, however, though,吴军英语高分密码真的有这么神奇吗？是！一点儿没错！效果是绝对的真实！作为一种标准化考试，选择题本身是有很多缺陷的,这些缺陷就是暗示点，就是解题的突破口!吴军英语高分密码通过对历年真题的长时间的研究，对这些暗示点进行了全面、深入、细致的挖掘和整理,将其转化为超级解题秘诀!每一个秘诀的准确率都在95%以上，甚至是100% 吴军英语高分密码,真正做到了立竿见影！甚至是一剑封喉！单选280个考点,42个诀窍; 阅读16大满分攻略; 完形36绝招; 七选五6大原则; 改错36个规律;作文4大模板6-8页;不想考上一本、二本都很难!马上用吴军英语高分密码对照历年所有的高考真题进行逐一的验证吧! 遇到吴军老师，您太幸运了！请上或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!“当时学习，当时提分”的超实战家教！抚顺2中的徐金良同学,来时成绩是71分左右, 2009年高考成绩为117分;沈阳4中的刘洪鹏同学来时成绩是46分, 2009年高考成绩为100分; 黑山1中的高三刘璐同学来时成绩是50-70分, 2010年高考成绩为113分！……………………….孩子从小学开始，学习英语已经多年，孩子天天背单词、做习题、记笔记，做过的卷子岂止几百套，上千套，那么孩子的英语成绩一直在稳步提高吗？还是一直没有提高，甚至越学越落后、越学越迷茫？如果孩子的英语成绩一直提高不了，如果孩子一直抓不住重点、找不到感觉，就来找“神奇”的吴军老师吧！在这里孩子马上就会体验到英语学习成绩“突飞猛进”的快乐！在这里一天提高几十分的孩子比比皆是！鲁美附中、沈音附中7人全部考取国本！热烈庆祝吴军一对一家教学员---2010届鲁美附中1班王巨龙、冯潇潇，沈音附中李同学（女，不愿公开全名）及沈阳2中补习班姜雯悦等7人考取鲁美和沈阳音乐学院！为什么一个英语烂到家的学生，在不到2-3个月内成绩突飞猛进？为什么英语基础几乎为零的学生经过他辅导10到20 次课，成绩就能迅速提升30-70多分？走捷径考高分的窍门是什么？沈阳高端英语快速提分名师吴军老师将为您咨询谜底。

2013年高考英语高频考点透析

2013高考英语单项填空解题技巧高考单选共计20小题，每小题0.5分。

命题重点：1. 考查基础语法知识.2. 考查语法知识的运用能力.命题特点：1注重语境,强调运用．2涉及知识面广，涵盖了冠词﹑形容词﹑副词﹑动词﹑非谓语动词﹑定语从句及状语从句等。

动词一直是考查的重点。

解题策略归纳为以下三法：1还原法。

2一致法。

3标点法。

还原法还原法，即句子结构分析法。

很多高考单项选择题考点实为难度较小的简单句，但命题人往往通过加长句式，将陈述句改为疑问或感叹等句型，使用插入语，采用倒装和省略等手段使简单的句式复杂化, 以增加干扰因素。

解题时，应通过句型分析弄清题干的来龙去脉，还原简单句的本来面目。

主要有如下八种还原方式：1. 将疑问句还原成陈述句。

例如：Whom is it up to ____the matter?A．decide B. to decide C. deciding D. decided解析：将题干还原为陈述句：It is up to sb. to decide the matter.2 将感叹句还原成陈述句。

例如：_____role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A. How interestingB. How an interestingC. What interestingD. What an interesting解析：将题干还原为陈述句：She played an interesting role in the film.3 将被动语态还原成主动语态。

例如：Our time should be made full use of _____.A. studyB. studiedC. studyingD. to study解析：将题干还原为成主动语态：We should make full use of our time to study.4 将倒装语序还原成正常语序。

2006年辽宁高考英语试答案(WORD排版)

答案及评分参考第一卷第一部分（听力）1.B2.C3.A4.A5.C6.C7.A8.A9.C 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C17.A 18.B 19.B 20.C第二部分21.D 22.A 23.B 24.C 25.D 26.B 27.C 28.D29.D 30.A 31.D 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.A36.D 37.C 38.A 39.D 40.A 41.D 42.B 43.C44.C 45.C 46. A 47.B 48.A 49.B 50.C 51.D52.B 53.B 54.D 55.A第三部分56.D 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.A 61.D 62.B 63.C64.D 65.A 66.D 67.C 68.D 69.A 70.D 71.A72.C 73.C 74.A 75.C第二卷第四部分第一节Many students feel that a popular teacher must be kind 76.itand easy going. He and should make the class very 77.oractive for joking with the students. However, the popular 78.byteacher is at ∧ same time the one who should be strict with 79.thestudents. Last year, my English teacher proved to be the move 80.mostpopular in our school. She was usual patient with her students ually/unusuallyand never made them disappointed. She always stays in full 82.stayedcontrol of the situations. She always made sure that our 83.√homework was finished on time, but she marked strictly 84.andon student’s actual performance. 85.students’/our第二节一、评分原则1.本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。

沈阳英语家教吴军-(1)

高考英语7选5破题技巧一铁西区吴军精品高分英语家教（育才、实验、二中专用）文章首段首句定位法选项中具有指代的代词,一般不放在首段句首,复数名词（表示总体概念、类概念，一般放在句首）,首段句首不能用连接词,祈使句或绝对化的句子.可以用前后矛盾的句子,即否定句加副词或介词词组结构,或双重否定的句子;也可以用含有可能,不肯定副词的句子,如sometimes,Maybe等.I,my,me,we,our,us,he,his,him,she,her,you,your,it,its,they,their, them,this,that,these,those,other,another等,但everyone,someone,others 等可单独用的不在其列.It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays.The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. _72_ Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless.Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. _73_ All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you._74 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That’ll keep you busy for ages.At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!(不能用代词)A.That’s easy.B.Enjoy your own club!C.Invite a designer to join you.D.What are you interested in?F.Then you need to pick a name for your club.e a bright thick pen to make a special design. (不能用祈使句)高考英语阅读理解教案一擒贼先擒王先抓文章的中心思想主旨题解题思路与技巧方法一：找中心句全文首句第一段末句(一段末出现转折)二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)中心句特征词：表转折和因果处:but, yet, however, today, this day, so, therefore;情态动词must, should, ought to, 连词although, though;I, We, My, our;There is/there was 后接抽象名词;It shows/suggests/turns out/prove s…等表示结论意思的动词,在如:find out,research was proved that…, his study is told that…;转折处有状从或不定式短语做状语的句子不是主旨.中心句中的名词/动词等与选项中的名词/动词能复现的即为答案!It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that theyto look over the publishers’ opinions. One reason we may disli ke reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down .Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work .Different from popular belief, we do not usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas (known as “mentalese”), and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language. But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form of a complex tapestry (织锦)，writing can only be composed one thread at a time .Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produce new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.When people write as if some strict critics (批评家) are looking over their shoulder , they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem .When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it, as wonderful and worth putting down. It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.What do we learn from the text about those famous writers?A They often regret writing poor worksB Some of them write surprisingly much .C Many of them hate reading their own worksD They are happy to review the publishers’ opinions.C为答案!2011高考英语完形/阅读秘诀五完形综合解题规律与技巧（全部秘诀之1/80）完形填空解题秘诀太极推手：1.忍→（1.搜集逻辑信息2.忌冲动）2.联→（1.文首文末；2.隔开数行；3.紧邻填空；4.中心靠拢）完形应试技巧与思路：挖掘逻辑信息突破口：复现原则◆Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 23 later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn’t always 24to express your feelings freely.Does this mean that it’s smarter always to 25 our feelings? No! If you 26 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 27 .24. A. useful B. right C. easy D. wise◆John smiled , “ I gave ____35__ lessons to a hotel manager(经理),” he said ,”and in return he ___36___me stay in his hotel for free (免费).“ Can he speak English well？”35. A. English B. French C. Italian D. German◆If the danger continues, this animal will do one of the two things. It will 17 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can.18 , when people are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions, our bodies also go through many 19 changes. Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react. We, too, get ready to defend ourselves 20 run.20. A. and B. or C. but D. yet◆I changed schools, and the science teachers at my new school are excellent. The science facilities (设备) are very 18, with laboratories that have all the latest equipment. Our chemistry teacher, Mr Longford, takes us to 19 science lectures (讲座) about four times a term, and these are 20 very interesting, as the lecturers are people who have made real discoveries in 21 area of science.18. A. good B. different C. usual D. simple◆I was used to the 41 bilingual dictionaries, in which thein English and Chinese. I really wondered why my auntme. Now, after studying English at university for three years, I 44 that monolingual dictionaries are 45 in learning a foreign language.As I found out, there is, 46 , often no 对应)between two 47in two languages. My aunt even goes so far as to that a Chinese “equivalent” can never give you the 49 meaning of a word in English! 50 , she insisted that I read the definition(定义)of a word in a monolingual dictionary 51 I wanted to get a better understanding of its meaning. 52 , I have come to see what she meant.Using a monolingual dictionary for learners has helped me in another important way. This dictionary uses a(n) 53 number of words, around 2,000, in its definitions. When I read thesedefinitions, I am 54 exposed to(接触C. describedD. createdand，or其左右意思相近或同类互为解释andand，or，but在选项中出现时通常比选其一，如果and入选通常表先后顺序转折关系:①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, in spite of, despite, by contrast, on the contrary, 文中一出现“but”“Although”“though”“however,”“while”等词，应该马上想到前后语意有转折。

沈阳英语家教吴军精品教案_育才分流英语完形填空教案B3

育才直升英语完形填空教案B3 To:毕达2009年06月21日VIP学员补课专用1.命题特点及重点完形填空题以语篇为单位，是一种集单项选择和阅读理解为一体的考查考生语言综合能力的测试题。

总词数在250—300词之间，首句不设空，主要考查名词、动词、形容词、副词及引导词在具体语境中的用法。

名词、动词题例：I watch her and her mother decorate her college dormitory room．Everything is in place organized and arranged. Her room nicely accommodates not only her clothes and brie-a-brae，but her 36 as well．I begin to accept that her room at home is no longer hers．It is now ours，our room for her when she 37．36. A．sister's B．teacher's C．mother's D．roommate's37. A．lives B．visits C．separates D．graduates形容词、副词题例：Their lives were traveling in two different directions．They no longer really communicated? yes, they answered45questions, but they didn't talk heart to heart as they had in the early years of their marriage．Mike felt trapped．“I47had time to do things that I wanted to,” he says．45．A．simple B．surface C．scientific D．social47．A．really B．likely C．always D．never引导词题例：A group of frogs were traveling through the woods , and two of them fell into a 36 pit (坑). 37 they saw the depth of the pit, they told the two frogs that they were 38 dead.37．A．Once B．Unless C．Until D．When38．A．as well as B．as good as C．as much as D．as far asA(n) 50 word to someone who is down can be 51 it takes to kill them .51．A．what B．how C．whatever D．which近年来，高考完形填空全国卷文体无纯粹的说明文和议论文；题材为大家常见的、内容深刻且有教育意义、积极向上的内容；难度相当于高中英语教材。

吴军·阅读与写作50讲(合集)

更多PDF合集+微信 1107308023
后来美国全方位研究了苏联基础科学研究领域领先的原因，发现在沙皇俄国时代，俄国在人文艺术领域的教育水平和成就极高。我们知道那时俄国有托尔斯泰这样的文豪，有柴可夫斯基这样的艺术家。于是美国人得出了一个结论，人文和艺术的素养，可以激发科学技术上的创造力，于是之后美国就加强了人文教育。今天它的科技原创力在世界上首屈一指，也许就与此有关。而且，这件事还有后续，到了 20 世纪末，美国又重新审视了俄罗斯的科研水平，发现它已经是世界二流了。研究认为，这和苏联时代重理轻文，理科和工科分校的教育模式有很大的关系。当然，人文和艺术素养的培养涉及到很多方面，但经典文学的阅读，肯定是必不可少的一环，也是适用面最广的一环。需要提醒你的是，阅读和写作，是一种能力而不是一些知识，所以，我的方法论只是教给了你一些工具，它还需要大量的实践。所以，这门课有一个特色，每一讲后面，我会布置阅读材料。当然，如果你现在比较忙，没时间全读也没有关系，可以在接下来的一年，甚至更长的时间里慢慢读完其中的一些书。而且，很多时候，我还会请你就当天的学习内容，写一篇两三百字的小文章。我会抽时间评点作业。不用担心自己写得不够好，坚持练习就会有进步。种下一棵树最好的时间是十年前，其次是现在。阅读和写作能力的培养也是如此。期待你加入这课，在未来的人生中，也能抓住这一张能力王牌。
更多PDF合集+微信 1107308023
21 如何写好一篇报告？........................................................ 153 22 小结：美国的大语文教育给我们什么启发？................159 23 《春江花月夜》| 如何从传世之作参悟渺小人生？... 165 24 《九三年》| 如何理解复杂的人性？............................174 25 英伦情诗 | 爱要怎么说出口？......................................180 26 《俄狄浦斯王》| 如何理解人生的底色？....................189 27 罗曼·罗兰 | 年轻时为什么需要理想主义？..............195 28 《十日谈》| 精读和泛读各自有什么意义？................200 29 《李尔王》| 什么样的作品能穿越时空？....................206 30《红楼梦》| 曹雪芹到底是在讲谁的故事？..................213 31《诗经》| 为什么是理工男恋爱宝典？..........................219 32 《简·爱》| 为什么是现代女性必读书？....................224 33 《牡丹亭》| 什么是中国人的浪漫情怀？....................231 34 《傲慢与偏见》| 奥斯汀为什么长盛不衰？................238 35 《呼啸山庄》| 如何理解文学里的黑色话题？........... 245 36 川端康成 | 如何更深地理解日本美学？......................251 37 《浮士德》| 如何理解德国的崛起？............................257 38 普希金 | 怎么理解俄罗斯文化里的精英责任？......... 264 39 托尔斯泰 | 怎么理解贵族的自我救赎？......................270 40 马克·吐温 | 怎么理解高速发展产生的社会问题？. 277 41 海明威 | 人在物质满足后有什么困惑？......................283 42 鲁迅 | 怎么理解文学与社会变革？..............................289

高考英语单词3500快速记忆

2013高考英语单词拼写扫无用之虚词求躬行之实效说明：1、所有内容为强军易考老师独立编写；2、“须重点记忆的单词”在应用时须注意其词性及形式的变化。

▲单词拼写题小结一、考点1、名词：可数、不可数，可数名词的单复数形式；2、动词：时态、语态、非谓语及动词形式的不规则变化；3、形容词、副词：形容词与副词的区别（也可能考比较级及最高级）；4、数词：主要考序数词。

二、解题方法1、根据语境确定所填单词的确切含义和词性；注意：不论是给汉语注释的还是给首字母的题都是如此。

特别是给汉语注释的，其注释不一定准确。

如：This plant is found in the ____(南部) parts of the country. (2000全国) 其确切含义应为“南部的”，所以此空应填southern。

2、根据所填单词对应词性的考点（见单词拼写题小结一、考点）确定单词的正确形式，进行填写。

三、需要注意的问题1、有些单词的首字母需要大写，应特别注意；2、书写要工整、清楚。

特别要注意几个手写时易混的字母，如u和v；a和u；d和cl。

▲须重点记忆的单词★Aability能力；absent缺席的；abroad到国外；accept接受；achieve获得,实现；activity活动；actual实际的,真实的；advanced先进的,高级的；adventure冒险,奇遇；advantage优势；address地址；admit承认,允许进入；advertise登广告；affect影响；afford买得起；agriculture农业；announce宣布；anxious焦虑的,渴望的；apologize道歉；appearance出现,外表；appreciation感激,欣赏；arrival到达；astronaut宇航员；atmosphere 大气,气氛；attempt企图,尝试；attentively专心地；attract吸引；audience 听众；average平均；appetite食欲；attitude态度；★Bbalance平衡；bargain讨价还价；basically基本地，主要地；benefit利益；beyond超过；biology生物学；bitter苦的；branch分支,部门；broadcast广播,播送；breathe呼吸；behaviour行为；belief信仰,信念；★Ccamera照相机；capital首都，省会；captain队长，船长；ceiling天花板；celebrate庆祝；century世纪；chain链子；连锁；challenge挑战；channel航道，海峡，频道；character特征；charge收费，索价；chat 聊天；Christmas圣诞节；citizen公民；cigarette香烟；climate气候；coal 煤炭；collar衣领；comfortably舒适地；communication通讯；competition 竞赛；complete完全的，彻底的；composition作文；concert音乐会；conductor售票员，导体；confident自信的；congratulation祝贺；construction建设；continent大陆，大洲；convenient方便的；conversation 交谈；cough咳嗽；course过程，课程，一道菜；courage勇气；cousin 堂（表）兄弟，堂（表）姐妹；crowd人群；curtain窗帘；culture文化；curious 好奇的；custom习俗；customer消费者；conclusion结论；contribution贡献；★Ddaily每日的；dangerous 危险的；decade十年；definitely明确地，肯定地；deliver投递；declare宣布；deserve应受，值得；description描述；design设计；devote专心，致力于；determine决心，决定；dialogue/dialog对话；dictionary字典；direction方向；指导；disaster 灾难；disappear消失；discussion讨论；disturb 打扰；diary日记；digital 数码的；download下载；dustbin垃圾箱；decrease减少；department部，局，处，科；系；dynasty王朝，朝代；★Eeconomical经济的，节约的；educate教育；effective 有效的；efficient 效率高的；effort努力；electricity电；equality平等；encourage鼓励；energy能量；精力；entrance入口；envelope信封；environment环境；escape逃避；especially尤其,特别；exhibition展览会；expert专家；extremely极端地；eventually最终地；★Ffamiliar熟悉的；failure失败；finger手指；flour面粉；fluently流利地；forbid 禁止；foreigner外国人；forgive原谅；fortunately幸运地；freedom自由；frequent频繁的；fresh新鲜的；fruit水果；friendly友好的；fuel燃料；furniture 家具；festival节日；★Ggeneration一代；generally一般地；generous慷慨的；大方的；geography 地理；glove手套；government政府；graduation毕业；gradual逐渐的；grammar 语法；guest客人；guide导游；★Hhabit习惯；handkerchief手帕；handwriting书法，笔迹；harvest收获；healthily 健康地；height高度；honor尊敬；hunger饥饿；humourous幽默的；★Iidiom习语；island岛；imagine想象；immediately 立即，立刻；increase 增加；income收入；industry工业，勤劳；inform通知；internet因特网；interview 采访,面试；interrupt打断,打扰；inventor发明者；insurance保险；★Jjournalist记者；judge法官；justice正义，公正；junior初级的；★Kkindergarten幼儿园；kite风筝；knowledge知识；kitchen厨房；★Llabour劳动；lack缺乏；ladder梯子；language语言；lately最近；latter 后者；lawyer律师；league联盟；lecture演讲；level水平；librarian图书管理员；local当地的；luggage行李；luckily 幸运地；★Mmagazine杂志；majority多数；market市场；marriage结婚; material原料；meanwhile同时；measure测量，尺寸；medical医学的；memory记忆力；mental 精神的；menu菜单；mention提到；merry欢乐的；merely仅仅，只不过；message消息；metal金属；mirror镜子；monitor班长；monument纪念碑；mostly主要地；大部分；museum博物馆；media传媒；minority少数，少数民族；mobile移动的；motto格言；mystery神秘；★Nnarrow 狭窄的；nationality国籍；naturally自然地；neatly整洁地；necessary 必要的；neighbour邻居；nephew侄子，外甥；niece侄女，外甥女；normal 正常的；nowadays现在；nurse护士；nutrition营养；★Oobey服从；object物体，反对；ocean海洋；offer提供；operation操作，做手术；opposite相反的；organize组织；overcome克服；obvious明显的；Olympic奥林匹克的；outstanding杰出的；★Ppalace宫殿；paragraph段；park停放（车）；particular特别的；partner 搭档；panda熊猫；passenger乘客；patient耐心的，病人；peaceful和平的；peasant农民；performance 表演；period时期；permit允许；persuade说服；phenomenon现象；physical身体的，物理的；pillow枕头；pilot飞行员；population人口，人数；poisonous有毒的；pollution污染；position位置；practical实际的，实用的；pressure压力；precious珍贵的，宝贵的；president 总统；pretend假装；program节目，项目；project工程；pronunciation发音；purpose目的，意图；potential潜力；private私人的；privilege特权；★Qquality质量；quantity数量；quarrel争吵；quarter四分之一；queue队，行列；★Rraise提高，抚养；rare稀有的，罕见的；recently近来；recognize认出；record 记录；recover恢复；recycle回收，再利用；reduce减少；refuse拒绝；refer 参考，提到；regular规则的；relative相对的，亲戚；remain保持，剩下，仍然；remind提醒，使想起；remove去掉；resign辞职，放弃；request要求；research调查，研究；respect尊敬；restaurant饭馆；resource资源；review 复习；responsibility责任心；★Ssafety安全；salary薪水；satisfaction满足；scene场景；scenery风景；scientific科学的；secretly 秘密地；secretary秘书；seldom很少；senior高级的，年长的；sense感觉，辨别力；serious严肃的，严峻的；service服务；separate分离，单独的；shape形状，制作；share分享，份额；sheet被单；shelf 架子；shortcoming缺点；shoulder肩膀；similar类似的；situation形势；slightly 轻微地；smoothly光滑地，平坦地，平稳地；society社会；spare抽出（时间、人手）；spread传播；square广场；standard标准；steal偷窃；straight直的，直地；stranger陌生人；strangely奇怪地suffer受苦，遭受；system系统；selfish自私的；sensitive敏感的；sincerely真诚地；strengthen加强；sympathy 同情；★Ttask任务；technique技术；temperature温度，体温；theatre剧场，戏院；therefore因此；thief贼；thirsty渴的，缺水的；thorough彻底的；thunder 雷声；title标题；tobacco烟草；toilet洗手间；traffic交通；translate翻译；traveller旅行者；trousers长裤；typical典型的；throughout贯穿，在整个……期间；tourism旅游业；traditional传统的，传说的；★Uumbrella伞；uniform制服；union协会，联盟；university综合大学；universe 宇宙；upstairs在楼上；unique唯一的，独特的；★Vvacation假期；valley山谷；流域；value价值；variety变化，多样性；various 各种各样的；vegetable蔬菜；victory胜利；villager村民；vocabulary词汇；voyage航行，航海；volunteer志愿者；★Wwaste浪费，无用的，垃圾；weather 天气；wedding婚礼；weight重量；willing 愿意的；welfare福利；wonder想知道，奇观★Yyouth青，青春；★一年中的十二个月：January 一月；February二月；March三月；April四月；May五月；June六月；July七月；August八月；September九月；October 十月；November十一月；December十二月；★一周中的七天：Monday星期一；Tuesday星期二；Wednesday星期三；Thursday星期四；Friday星期五；Saturday星期六；Sunday星期天；★大洲大洋国家名（名词、形容词）：如：Asian亚洲的；European欧洲的；African非洲的；Pacific太平洋；Atlantic 大西洋；German德国的，德国人，德语；Germany德国；France法国；French 法国人，法语，法国的；Canadian加拿大的，加拿大人；Canada加拿大；Russia 俄罗斯；Russian俄国人，俄语,俄国的；★东西南北（名词、形容词）：east (东,东方)；eastern (东方的,东部的)；west (西,西方)；western (西方的,西部的)；south (南,南方)；southern (南方的,南部的)；north (北,北方)；northern (北方的,北部的)★基数词和序数词（1---19、20---90）：如：fifth 第五；ninth第九；twelfth第十二；twentieth第二十（30、40、50、60、70、80、90的序数词都是去掉y加ieth ）艺考生的救命稻草！突破130分，快速提高30分的锦囊妙计！6步搞定任何高考英语阅读真题，一般人不告诉他（她）！2013吴军高考英语阅读理解3天提分秘术众说周知，得阅读、完形者得天下！文章看没看懂不重要，关键是要选对！高考英语阅读的核心暗示点：词和短语！题目（或题干）有暗示，秘笈为你精准导航！选项与出题点之间存在逻辑关系，3天帮您梳理！速度比完美更重要，思路比题海要有效！2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术，既不是神人的牛B押题，也不是最牛高考班的密卷！而是沈阳高分英语家教吴军老师从2000-2012年2700多篇高考英语阅读真题答案内幕规律衍生出的迅捷提分秘诀！2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术是纸质的解析讲解类自学教案，而不是如同上大课般的名师讲座光盘（如高分突破，提分宝典，四步兵法，高频考点等），你可以站着，躺着，甚至在卫生间里也可以阅读自学！立竿见影！以一顶百！9年来我们在自我独门秘笈的基础上，20%参阅了132种全国知名高考英语教案或资料（如：新东方，张清波，北京四中李俊和，管卫东，提分宝典，高频考点等）。

the case of Japanese marketing to China

Product adoption and innovation diffusion:the case of Japanese marketing to ChinaS.A.Horn*Department of East Asian Studies,School of Modern Languages and Cultures,University of Leeds,Leeds LS29JT,UKAlong with the growing prominence of China in corporate strategy and decision-taking,Japanese ﬁrms are increasingly aligning their activities to accommodate the shift towards acustomer-led market environment and the advent of a major consumer market on Japan’sdoorstep.This study shows how Japanese ﬁrms adjust their marketing to changes inChinese consumption patterns and address the impact of geographical and socioeconomicvariables on innovation diffusion.By taking a fresh look at the marketing challengesamidst latent consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism,this study generates freshinsights into the reconﬁguration of Japanese marketing and retailing activities in thisemergent market.Keywords:innovation diffusion;Japanese multinational enterprises;marketing inChinaIntroductionJapanese foreign direct investment (FDI)expanded substantially during the 1990s.A signiﬁcant proportion of capital was directed towards China,which quickly emerged as the pre-eminent number one destination of Japanese trade and investment in Asia (JETRO 2007).In recent years,there has been a notable shift away from Japanese-owned,labour-intensive assembly production in China.Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs)are increasingly active in localising their research and development (R&D),as well as their capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive production in China (NKS 2006a,p.4).While the ﬁrst wave of Japanese FDI in the modern era (1991–1996)was manufacturing-/assembly-driven (reﬂecting the prominence of China in the international division of labour),a new wave of investment is well underway.Since China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)in December 2001,investment in production for sale within China exceeds production for export (third-country,reversed imports),signalling a qualitative and quantitative change in investment strategies of Japanese ﬁrms.This is consistent with the view that Japanese afﬁliates in China have positioned themselves in order to not only use the country as a global workshop and export platform,but also increasingly as a target market.Literature review,theoretical perspectives and research frameworkFollowing the well-established effects of market liberalisation,1the Chinese marketing environment has indeed undergone dramatic changes.This shift is ultimately symbolized ISSN 1360-2381print/ISSN 1743-792X onlineq 2009Taylor &FrancisDOI:10.1080/13602380802667361*Email:s.horn@Asia Paciﬁc Business ReviewVol.15,No.3,July 2009,389–409390S.A.Hornby the increasing centrality of consumption in individual lives and with it the emergence of a consumer society in China.Changes in demand are underpinned by a surge in the spending power of Chinese consumers:estimates predict that by2015more than80%of Chinese urban households will cross the US$3500annual income threshold,rising to90% by2025(Farrell et al.2006),and therefore can be categorized as afﬂuent/aspirational. While regional contrasts in general and the urban-rural divide in particular remain, Japanese manufacturers and retailers are gradually building up the infrastructure in China, with a view to capitalizing on the advent of a large Chinese consumer market.The inﬂux of Western-style shopping environments(‘retailtainment’)andﬂagship stores,the dramatic rise in advertising spending(China has surpassed Germany and the UK and is set to replace Japan as the world’s second largest advertising market after the US,according to NKS2006b,p.2)and the omnipresence of luxury brands(China has established itself as a major market for luxury brands,surpassing Japan as main market,Anon.2005a)all symbolise the advent of China’s market-led economy.Since2002,Japan’s FDI in production for sale within China exceeds export-oriented investments(JETRO2006).The shift from a production-orientation to a market-orientation is a key dimension of the reconﬁguration of China’s position in the global strategies of Japanese corporations(Koˆ2000,p.242).With a saturated domestic market on the one hand,and the envisaged mass consumer market on their doorstep on the other, Japanese corporations are increasingly monitoring this future market.A recent survey among Japanese consumer goods manufacturers revealed thatﬁrms are cautiously planning to extend their operations to China despite the instable environment, counterfeiting2and anti-Japanese sentiments(NKS2005a,p.5,NKS2006c,p.13). In theory,a number of reasons should contribute to the future competitiveness and strong performance of Japaneseﬁrms vis-a`-vis local and foreign competition in China: (1)traditional export-orientation;(2)advanced technology;(3)global distribution system;(4)established manufacturing bases in China itself;(5)experience with the local environment;(6)well-deﬁned global brands;and(7)extensive global marketing competence.However,things are not so easy.Brand rankings are important indicators for both retailing forecasts(top-of-mind and loyalty,for example)and recruitment(employer attractiveness).In Chinese brand rankings,Japanese corporations are less prominent than other international brands.According to the Nomura Research Institute there are only two Japanese corporations listed in the top50valued brands in China:Sony is ranked26th and Matsushita46th(Konomoto2006,Nakajima2006,p.72).While advanced technology and quality of Japanese products are generally valued by Chinese consumers,the overall evaluation is poor.One explanation is that some Japaneseﬁrms do not live up to their international marketing reputation.Japanese brands have consistently received much media coverage,reinforcing negative publicity.Further to this,a persistent anti-Japanese sentiment is prevalent.Public opinion hasﬂared up on several occasions,such as in the case of Japan’s bid to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council or when former Prime Minister Koizumi visited the Yasukuni shrine in2005.These issues shape the attitude of Chinese consumers towards Japanese corporations and brands(Ishii2005, p.35,Jin2006,p.67,NKS2006b,p.2,Kumon2006).Examples of direct consequences included mass demonstrations,consumer boycotts against Japanese goods and the banning of Japanese goods by local retailers.Doing business in China can be a thorny path for foreignﬁrms in general,but as the examples illustrate,for some Japanese corporations it seems thornier than for others.This is not to say that local business does not follow pragmatic rules,and obstacles are certainly not unique to Japanese corporations.Many Japanese corporations have in fact been veryAsia Paciﬁc Business Review391 successful in learning how to adapt to the new rules of engagement in this emerging consumer market,as the following two examples demonstrate.(1)The premium brand Aupres was the key to success in the Chinese market for theJapanese cosmetic manufacturer Shiseido.While giving the brand an exclusive European connotation through the choice of the brand name,Shiseido was careful to use Chinese models and stress the fact that Aupres was developed speciﬁcally for Chinese women in its marketing.At the same time,the company used the well-known Shiseido corporate brand as an indicator of quality and exclusivity.Piggy-backing on the Aupres success,Shiseido introduced a range of medium-priced brands for the Chinese market.Retail channels are carefully chosen to reﬂect the brand appeal of each product line.While the Aupres brand and other high-end Shiseido lines are sold through specialty stores,ﬂagship stores and upscale department stores,other product lines are available through department stores,supermarkets and convenience stores(Anon.2005a,NKS 2005b,p.9,Prasso2005).Currently the company is in the process of expanding its retail network and aims to be among the top three foreign manufacturers in the Chinese cosmetics market.(2)Mazda,the automobile manufacturer,has also successfully targeted Chineseluxury markets.Mass marketization and price wars with low-cost Chinese brands were avoided by concentrating on premium segments.On the basis of extensive consumer research the brand was carefully developed,after-sales services introduced(Shanghai Support Centre)and products tailored to the taste of customers.Retail sales per dealership in China are now among the highest in the whole Mazda network(NKS2005c,p.23).Currently the company is intensifying its engagement by localizing manufacturing(together with afﬁliated Hiroshima supply chain partners)to secure the highest quality for the Chinese market.As the above examples indicate,corporate strategies must match consumer proﬁles and reﬂect how and why new(product)ideas spread through cultures.The identiﬁcation and targeting of early adopters(with the potential of trickle-down effects)is key to successful market entry and marketing in China,because they are the ones who select products and technologiesﬁrst,based on their openness to new ideas.In turn,early adopters act as agents and multiplicators for the majority and consumer laggards,resulting in a bell-curve shaped spread of innovation diffusion(Katz1957,Rogers2003,Katz and Lazarsfeld2005).Embedded within the question of opinion leadership,this study seeks to establish the fundamental forces now shaping the marketing reality for Japanese operations in China. The most essential aspects of contemporary China are the advent of consumerism and the inﬂux of modern lifestyles via global brands(the particularly successful diffusion of Japanese premium luxury brands is a case in point).As a manifestation of Chinese consumer behaviour it is obvious that the attitude towards(non-Chinese)innovations,as symbolized by these global brands,is of particular relevance forﬁrms operating in China, including Japanese corporations.Following acculturation theory(Berry1980),reactions may range from open resistance to wholehearted integration into local life.However,the reality of China’s vast regional and socioeconomic differences begs the question whether product diffusion theoryﬁrmly established in a Western context can be applied to this emerging consumer market.This places this study in the context of Appadurai’s(1990) concept of global idea diffusion and extends the seminal work of Steenkamp et al.(1999) on the antecedents of international consumer innovativeness.With reference to the392S.A.Hornidiosyncrasies of the Chinese market,the review deals with the dynamics(and barriers)by which new products diffuse through the population.With their rapid product development strategies and speed-to-market approaches,Japaneseﬁrms are particularly dependent on consumer acceptance and product adoption.This makes them an ideal showcase with regard to understanding the effects of cosmopolitanism and nascent ethnocentrism in China on corporate behaviour.By means of these two acculturation paths the study sheds light on how Japaneseﬁrms enforce their Chinese market presence amidst the consumer poles of openness to,and rejection of,the inﬂux of foreign brands.FindingsKeyﬁndings are discussed from two perspectives:the proclivity of Chinese consumers to (i)accept and(ii)reject Japanese brands.Consumscapes:adoption and product diffusionChina’s economy continues to grow into double-digitﬁgures.The increase in income and spending power signals the long-awaited advent of the ultimate mass market.Shifts in social status(and with it consumer lifestyles)have not gone unnoticed by Japanese retailers and consumer goods manufacturers,many of which are entering quickly to claim a stake in this highly lucrative market.The onset of a middle class with real spending power will change the global marketing map considerably(The Economist2006,O’Leary 2007).With its decisive role in product diffusion,Japanese manufacturers and retailers are now recognizing the importance of the dimension of innovativeness(openness and rejection to change as extreme poles).The attitude towards adoption/innovation directly impacts on the diffusion of leading-edge technology products in China.Due to their technology-intensive portfolio of products,the identiﬁcation of socioeconomically innovative clusters(and potential barriers)is crucial for the successful marketing planning of Japaneseﬁrms in China,as they seek control over diffusion patterns.To state the obvious:because of its diversity and size,China must be treated as a continental entity (with ramiﬁcations on integration and differentiation approaches).The Chinese consumer market is as heterogeneous as any other market in the world.It is highly diverse both in terms of socioeconomics and geography.Both emerge as key variables in the diffusion of innovation in their role as fundamental local lifestyle shapers in China. Socioeconomic demography in ChinaIn2007,the total population of China stood at1.321billion.Of course,lifestyles vary across the different age and gender brackets but there is a common thread of growing willingness to consume,which is detectable in the main demographic groups.It is important to note,however,that location is a key dimension of socioeconomic disparity. The trend of a rural-urban income divide(with an income difference of40%)is predicted to intensify exponentially in the next decade.High-income(more than US$10,000)and medium-income(US$2500–4000)households are primarily located in metropolitan areas (Anon.2005b).This coincides with the recent inﬂux of Japanese convenience store formats,reﬂecting increases in disposable income paired with changes in urban lifestyles. Following deregulation,top Japanese franchise formats,such as convenience stores (7-Eleven,Lawson),fast food chains(Mos Food,Yoshinoya)and services(such as hair stylist Asakura)have heavily extended their presence in major conurbation areas(NKS 2004,p.4,NKS 2007b,p.4)and are currently planning to shift their focus to second-and third-tier regions (NKS 2006i,p.6).Even within metropolitan areas such as Beijing,stark income differences exist.Accordingly,the Japanese retail group Seven &I has developed its convenience store chain 7-Eleven in key areas of afﬂuence (following a dominance strategy to take control of the market)as can be seen in Figure 1.China’s socio-demographic diversity translates into a fragmented and ﬂuctuating consumer market with highly contrasting segments.The analysis and deﬁnition of target segments are the basics of marketing in any market,but Japanese ﬁrms show a particular strength in deﬁning target segments and brand positioning.Their marketing apparatus is geared towards rapid product development,short product lifecycles and staccato product introduction.This speed-to-market approach is also key to their success in China.They pay meticulous attention to consumer innovativeness and rely on their ability to keep track of the fast-paced changes of Chinese consumers’lifestyles.Word-of-mouth communication plays a major role in their strategy and with it the identiﬁcation of early adopter segments that have the ability to act as a carrier for product diffusion.While the goalposts of income threshold are being constantly moved in China,Japanese ﬁrms target wealthier segments that can afford their products in the hope of trickle-down effects.Generally,Japanese corporations divide the Chinese market into three consumer clusters:nouveaux riches,middle class and blue cated,in full employment and afﬂuent (more than US$7000income),it is the ﬁrst cluster and the upper echelon of the second cluster in particular that they target (Kwak 2004,p.224),leaving the mass market to domestic ﬁrms for the present.Due to the limited predictability of socio-demographic variables,Japanese market research companies that have followed Japanese business partners to China (NKS 2005d,p.9,NKS 2006d,p.4,NKS 2007a,p.2)enrich this with qualitative information around lifestyle,motivation and values (among others).Despite the level ofsocio-demographicFigure 1.7-Eleven and Itoˆ-Yo ˆkado ˆretail outlets in Beijing city centre:a stylised map.Source:Compiled from data available on the 7-Eleven homepage,China.Asia Paciﬁc Business Review 393394S.A.Hornfragmentation,two major trends can be isolated in order to shed light on current consumer lifestyles that inﬂuence and determine innovativeness.These will for the time being be restricted to afﬂuent urban areas,although trickle-down effects can be anticipated in other regions of(metropolitan)China.Me-ism and individuality.Young Chinese consumers have quickly shed communist thoughts of putting society and community before the self and individuality.With the advance of market-oriented work and life patterns,they are increasingly focused on self-satisfaction and on expressing their individuality.A longitudinal study conducted by the research organisation Gallup found that self-satisfaction has advanced to become the primary motivator for private consumption inﬁrst-tier Chinese cities,while the number of respondents agreeing to statements such as‘work hard and get rich’and‘never think of self;give in service of society’has dropped quite sharply between1994and2004 (McEwen et al.2006).A recent study among women aged between20–49years in urban China mapped outﬁve segments and found the largest concentration of people(33%)in a cluster called‘life-seeker’,which depicts an individualistic and independent lifestyle (Anon.2005b).Thisﬁnding is further conﬁrmed by a cluster analysis of changing lifestyles among Hong Kong women,who in this context can be seen as a role model for other Chinese women.The largest cluster in this study,dubbed‘individualist’,scored particularly high on socioeconomic independence and the pursuit of freedom from traditional Chinese values among respondents(Sin et al.2001).The trend towards a more individualistic society in China concerned increasingly with conveying individualism through consumption is a clear indication of the move towards consumerism that characterizes other,far more advanced,consumer societies like Japan or the US.From the perspective of innovation research,this trend is helping to establish the breeding ground for opinion leaders.Aspirations and preparation.Chinese consumers tend to save a disproportionally large part of their total income compared to other consumer societies(a trend that has accelerated due to changes in the welfare system).While this is partly in response to the necessity to build up resources for old age and illness,it also reﬂects a speciﬁc consumer lifestyle, which is generally more concerned with the future than the present.A comparative study by Hakuhoˆdoˆ(2003)found that in the Chinese cities surveyed,over81%of respondents would choose to prepare for the future instead of enjoying the here and now,whereas in Tokyo,52%were inclined to put pleasure in the presentﬁrst.However,the belief in savings for the future is set to change.With the rapid increase of disposable income,it is the younger generation that increasingly exhibits a tendency of openness to hedonistic lifestyles(Horn2005)and a readiness to spend money.Although,disposable income alone does not contribute to product diffusion,the increasing willingness to spend money is a vital stepping stone towards the manifestation of a consumer society.Embedded within these dynamics,sub-segments with the potential to kick-start new trends are emerging.(i)Children and young adults.Increases in disposable income in combination with effects of the one child policy has stimulated a spending boom for this age bracket.Related markets such as clothing,toys,fast food and so forth have consequently witnessed both increases in sales andﬁerce brand competition(NRS2004a,p.5).For example,by making use of local planning and design departments,the Japanese consumer electronic company Sony tailored its Walkman P series to Chinese consumers and launched it successfullyAsia Paciﬁc Business Review395 to this target group(NKS2006e,p.13).The Japanese fashion brand Honey’s has also successfully targeted this young Chinese segment by developing sales outlets as part of a store-in-store strategy(NKS2006f,p.4).Local appeal is the key strategy of Kirin Beverages,which is also targeting young Chinese consumers.With TV commercials and promotional sales events,localized packaging and product adaptation,Kirin is currently focusing on the segment of urban adolescents(NSS2006a,p.24).Mirroring the enthusiasm for Japanese lifestyles in other Asian markets,this group is very open to Japanese brands.(ii)Young professionals.With the start into working life(depending on educational background),disposable income rises and with it the willingness to spend money.This age bracket is the breeding ground for new consumer trends(for example,males with regard to digital equipment,see NRS2004a,p.5).The general openness also extends to global brands in general and Western luxury brands,in particular.Japaneseﬁrms such as Matsushita or Kanebo have identiﬁed this segment as the main driver of innovation(and therefore of brand diffusion)and have started to actively engage with this group(through market research,communication,tailoring products and so forth).The Japanese fashion brand Sanyo for example has identiﬁed female ofﬁce clerks as their main target group in China.Next to its own brand‘Fragile’,Sanyo has licensed the Hong Kong based upscale designer brand Johanna Ho to reﬂect local consumer ing a store-in-store concept,Japanese department stores have been chosen as the main retail channel(NKS 2006g,p.20).With a view to loyalty,retention and brand diffusion relationship marketing are at the core of Sanyo’s China strategy.Some young professionals are key to a large number of consumer trends,appealing to this segment is crucial for Japanese corporations –even more so considering future possibilities(elevator brands)when this segment reaches a more mature age and thus the ability to access higher income levels.This segment already has considerable spending power,and the combination of relatively high ﬁrst incomes on the one hand and few responsibilities,on the other,makes them extremely attractive to marketers.Moreover,in contrast to the overall inclination of Chinese consumers to save a large part of their income and worry about the future,this age group has started to mirror American consumer lifestyles by taking out loans in order toﬁnance their desires(Qiong2005).Combining both individuality and the willingness to consume, successful targeting of this group is central to the success of Japaneseﬁrms in China.(iii)Middle-aged adults.With age rises income.Being the biggest consumer cluster in Chinese society middle-aged adults have attracted considerable attention lately. The economic situation of this demographic segment has been largely affected by recent improvements in the standard of living.Their disposable income has risen sharply.Three sub-groups stand out in particular:(1)Entrepreneurs:private enterprise owners and managers of state owned enterprises(SOEs)are the backbone of the rapid growth of the Chinese economy.Originating in many cases from rural provinces with little to no income, members of this socioeconomic cluster have climbed the social ladder through diligence and rigor leading to a high social status perception.Currently concentrated in the commercial centres of Shanghai and Guangzhou,the size of this group is set to increase in line with growing economic prosperity.Due to their role model function,members of this group are highly desirable targets from a product innovation perspective.They have the necessary means and motivation to become early adopters.Many of them may be considered as nouveaux riches who like to openly consume,with the potential of triggering informationﬂows.Additionally,this consumer cluster is arguably used to independent thinking and thus does not shy away from consumption experiences off the beaten track.(2)Experts:highly educated and(increasingly)well travelled,this segment396S.A.Hornuses specialist know-how to work at various government-funded institutions(professors, technicians,lawyers,etc.).As their skill proﬁle is in high demand,their already well-established social status and image has further increased in recent years.Members of this group are carriers of foreign ideas and lifestyles,disseminating their overseas experience(which they have acquired during their education and profession)to the Chinese society as a whole.While only a relatively small socioeconomic segment,this cluster is key to innovation diffusion.It holds modern values and with their fundamentally positive attitude towards Western lifestyles and products,it has the potential to impact other segments.(3)Salarymen:ordinary ofﬁce workers are a blueprint of the emerging middle class.Members of this group hold mid-and low-level positions in government organizations,private businesses or foreignﬁrms.This segment comprises both lower and higher socioeconomic strata and thus shows a certain inconsistency.While for some members it serves as an aspirational spring-board towards social‘white collar’status (in particular,rural migrants),for others it has become a symbol of increased competition and social downward mobility(in particular,early retirees in the context of restructuring of state-owned enterprises).With economic transition in full swing,this cluster is set to grow exponentially.Two scenarios are possible:either it develops into an undifferentiated super-cluster of the emerging Chinese middle class or–more likely–it fragments into a number of nuanced sub-segments with distinct values and lifestyles.While not innovators themselves,members of this group with their aspirational mindset may form the critical mass of mainstream and laggards in product diffusion in China.While not being as innovative as their younger counterparts,middle-aged Chinese consumers tend to be interested in upscale goods and services,tailored to their needs and lifestyle circumstances.Numerous Japanese brands have actively targeted this segment, including Yamanashi-based Hakubaku(the Japanese cereal manufacturer)who recently introduced a luxury dry noodle brand designed for Chinese consumers only(in the coastal regions).Produced under license near Beijing,the packaging and name,shang pin long xian(high sense,dragonﬂavour),reﬂects the local lifestyle demand(NKSCK2006,p.24). Japanese companies are also targeting middle-class households as in the case of KaneboˆCosmetics.Next to the export of its upmarket brands‘Impress’and‘Lunasol’,Kaneboˆspeciﬁcally developed the skincare brands‘Aqua’and‘Ex’for Chinese consumers, tailoring brand and packaging appeal to local tastes(NSS2006b,p.25,NKS2007c,p.30). It is important to note that many key workers and decision takers(managers,engineers, doctors and so forth),and therefore opinion leaders,can be found in this age bracket. While a general openness to foreign inﬂuences(and brands)can be assumed,this group will equally enjoy local products and services.Nissan is actively engaging with these target segments and hasﬁne-tuned its brand and corporate identity to local needs (for example,in respect of the design of dealerships and so forth).The Japanese car manufacturer takes great care in sales staff selection and training.Nissan perceives sales personnel as the company’s face to customers and goes to great lengths to inﬂuence word-of-mouth communication in China;for example,a contest for the best Nissan sales representative is aired on Guangzhou TV(NKS2006h,p.5).Geographic segmentationIf age has become a decisive factor in Chinese lifestyle consumption(as it is in other societies),the aforementioned location factors play an even bigger role in determining consumer behaviour.Recent lifestyle studies by Japanese advertising think tank Hakuhoˆdoˆattest vast regional value and lifestyle differences across China.From a product。

长春英语家教吴军_2011高考中的八种热点时态

2011高考中的八种热点时态【预测试题】1．—I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.—I think so. He for it for months.A．is preparing B．was preparing C．had been preparing D．has been preparing2．By the time he realizes he into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it.A．walks B．walkedC．has walked D．had walked3．—What’s that noise?—Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine .A．was tested B．will be testedC．is being tested D．has been tested4．Officials say that few patients with the virus owing to the effective prevention.A．infected B．are infectedC．have infected D．be infected5．If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic．But it all day.A．rained B．rainsC．has rained D．is raining【答案剖析】1．D．“for＋一段时间”常与完成时态连用，由第一句中的时态will win可知此时还在进行锻炼。

A不能与for months连用。

B、C与现在、将来无关，故排除。

2．C．walk into a trap陷入困境。

新一代人工智能对高校外语教学的机遇、挑战和应对措施——以ChatGPT为例

传播与版权CHUANBO YU BANQUAN - 100 -2023年第17期总第132期新一代人工智能对高校外语教学的机遇、挑战和应对措施—以ChatGPT为例◎连慧［摘要］生成式人工智能ChatGPT一经问世便对全球范围内的政治、经济、社会和教育等领域产生重大影响，引起人们的广泛关注和热议。

大力推进教育信息化，重视人工智能对教育的深刻影响，是加快实现教育现代化的重要途径。

ChatGPT为高校外语教师和学生的教与学带来了机遇，同时也对学生的人际互动能力、创造力和学业诚信提出了挑战。

高校外语教师应通过树立人机协同合作学习的理念、培养学生批判性思维、注重情感交流等措施，以应对ChatGPT对高校外语教学的挑战。

［关键词］ChatGPT；外语教学；人工智能；高校教学2022年11月30日，ChatGPT横空出世，它是美国人工智能研究实验室OpenAI推出的一种人工智能技术驱动的自然语言处理工具，拥有语言理解和文本生成能力。

ChatGPT不单是聊天机器人，还能完成撰写邮件、视频脚本、文案、代码等任务。

ChatGPT仅上线5天就吸引了超百万用户。

毫无疑问，ChatGPT已成功引起世界各国各界人士的广泛关注。

党的十九届四中全会强调，要“发挥网络教育和人工智能优势，创新教育和学习方式，加快发展面向每个人、适合每个人、更加开放灵活的教育体系，建设学习型社会”。

面对人工智能技术的进化与升级，党的二十大报告指出，推进教育数字化，建设全民终身学习的学习型社会、学习型大国［1］。

积极应对ChatGPT对外语教育带来的机遇和挑战，是高校外语教师必须认真面对并审慎思考的议题。

一、ChatGPT带给高校外语教学的机遇（一）ChatGPT给高校外语教师带来的机遇1. ChatGPT促进教师教育观的转变ChatGPT可以将大量的知识传播给学生，如果高校外语教师培养的学生仅仅是获取和存储知识的低阶思维脑力劳动者，未来他们很可能被技术替代。

2016年高考英语短文改错冲刺复习-改革大纲-高分技巧教案

2016年吴军高考英语短文改错高分密码改错探秘教案名师吴军高频考点归纳一谓语动词（时态、语态高频考点、主谓一致）这类错误主要为现在时态与过去时态、主动语态与被动语态的误用。

做题时，应注意把握文中动词时态的呼应规律，注意把握诸个并列动词的时态、语态的呼应规律。

时态◆The next moment the car hit the man while she was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn’t stop and drive off at full speed heading west.drove◆You worry about the weather here in your email．worried◆Not only did they have a house, a car and computers, they can also afford a tripdoabroad every year.◆I apologize and controlled myself at the best till the dinner started .apologized及物无宾被动看！做谓语少be动词；及物动词后有宾语,前面多be动词；物做主语,谓语及物动词需被动。

◆I visited my aunt in the countryside near the city last week. I was surprised to see that great changes had been taken place in the countryside.◆Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of the building.seen◆…and let you know when the book you want has ∧returned.been◆Because of so much viewing, children may not be develop the habit of reading and the ability to enjoy themselves.◆As we were all left home at an early age.◆How are you? Today I’ve got a wonderful news to tell you. I have ∧offered a scholarshipbeenat a university in Australia for my further education.过去式拼写错误◆He lied down by the side of the path to rest.lay◆I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.used2016年高考英语短文改错真题实战演练 -时态、语态1.〖2015新课标I卷〗When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.2.〖2015浙江卷〗In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid. Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around it.3.〖2015新课标II卷〗Tony was scared and began to cry. A woman saw him drying and telling him to wait outside a shop.4.〖2015新课标II卷〗Tony was scared and begun to cry.5.〖2015四川卷〗What do you think I should do? If you are me ,would you talk to him?6.〖2015四川卷〗As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here. We hang out together during lunch and after school.7.〖2015陕西卷〗I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party. My mum made the best biscuits in the world, so I decide to ask her for help.8.〖2014辽宁卷〗Besides, Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day. This morning she starts barking even before 5 o’clock. That is too much for us.9.〖2014陕西卷〗My father took me out camping for the first time when I was seven. He wanted to teach me about animals, insects and trees. My uncles all come along with bows and arrows for hunting.1.think –thought2.is-was3.telling改为told4.begun改为began5.are--were6.tell--told7.decide改成decided8.starts改为startede改为came.10.〖2014新课标I卷〗Nearly five years ago ,and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes（圣女果）in our back garden, since then---for all these years---we had been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please .11.〖2014浙江卷〗I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with people.12.〖2014浙江卷〗Before long, a train inspector comes to check out tickets. A passenger realized he couldn’t find his ticket and became quite upset.13.〖2014陕西卷〗Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky — they were looked like rain!14.〖2013四川卷〗I was very upset. I didn’t cheat. I was just helping a friend. Why does she punish me?15.〖2013陕西卷〗One Sunday morning we go fishing at a lake. We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake. As soon as we arrived, so we dropped the lines into the water.16.〖2013新课标II卷〗This custom soon becomes another meal of day. Interesting, it had a connection by the British porcelain(瓷器) industry. Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.17.〖2013新课标II卷〗This custom soon becomes another meal of day. Interesting, it had a connection by the British porcelain(瓷器) industry. Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.10.had改为have,本句的时间状语是all these years，通常和现在完成进行时连用。

高考英语作文万能开头模板

吴军英语家教万能开头看了都说好！开头万能公式：1．开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型：A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…2．开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。

所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …写作绝招结尾万能公式：1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。