Lecture3.1
Lecture+3
• 3.5 I’ll just mark the register
– – – – – Could you pass me the register, please? I haven’t filled in the register. Take the register to room 26. Right ! I’m going to call the roll. Now ! I’ll take the register.
– Is everyone/ everybody here/ present? – Is anyone away?/ Is anybody away? – Regular class attendance is expected of all students in this course. – For excused absences, the student must provide an explanation to the teacher and supply supporting evidence as required by the teacher. – Students leaving school because of illness or other excused reason must still submit a written parental excuse upon their return to school. – Attendance for less than five periods in a day will be treated as full-day absence. – Grading will be affected by your attendance record.
托福听力lecture常见三大结构
托福听力lecture常见三大结构托福听力段落比较长，涉及到的话题也多种多样，不过，我们可以从托福听力段落的结构方面找到一些技巧，来更准确的把握托福听力的意思。
店铺为您整理“托福听力lecture常见三大结构”，希望对您有所帮助。
托福听力lecture常见三大结构托福听力段子一般分3段，第一段点题，也就是提出问题;第二段讨论，也就是展开问题的各分点。
第三段结轮，也就是经过讨论后下结论。
第一、三部分都比较好说，一头一尾嘛，容易把握。
而主要的主要针对的是文章的讨论部分，它会分几点来叙述将要说明的事情，而这几点又是由某些顺序来组织的：我们认为托福听力段落的结构通常有3类：1. 时间顺序。
在叙说一个事物史的发展的时候，通常是采取时间渐进的方式来叙述。
先怎么样，再怎么样，最后怎么样。
2. 空间顺序。
在介绍一个事物的时候，也会采用空间移动的顺序。
里面怎么样，外面怎么样，前面怎么样，后面怎么样，上面怎么样，下面怎么样。
3. 好坏顺序。
在介绍新产品的时候，往往会先说它的几个优点，然后再说它缺点。
在介绍某种现象的时候，也会先说它带来的好处，再说它的坏处。
注意：对于分类，也许还不太完善。
也许不太合理，也许还有其他的遗漏。
而且有的时候，文章通常会是两种顺序交叉或者交替进行。
其实不管怎么样分，听的过程中主要是听清分点和结构，提供的这些顺序，只是帮助大家记忆的。
我们在听文章的时候就得抓住如上重点，听完后得知道文章说了哪几点，是采取什么顺序来组织的。
当听出托福听力文章的结构来后，我们自然能把握好文章的主题，这样TOPIC题和尾巴题就不在话下了，而对于做细节题，也同样非常有帮助的。
因为大家知道，TOEFL是顺序出题的，了解了结构，对于第几题对应那个段，自然是非常清楚。
托福听力科学60秒(SSS)原文之丝绸之路对很多备战托福听力的伙伴来说，著名的科学60秒(sixty-second science，简写为SSS)一定不陌生。
SSS只有一分钟，但是语速快，信息量大。
章振邦《新编英语语法》课件Lecture 3
entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community
finds himself or herself/themselves in need.
His younger brother and the subsequent
When the subject is followed by the subordinate structure such as as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, the number of verb is determined by the subject itself.
Two-thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming. Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war. Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.
②Coordination with “or” / “either…or”, “nor” / “neither…nor”, “not only…but also”
Here the problem of concord is generally dealiple of proximity.
Ham and eggs is a good breakfast. Brown bread and butter is usually eaten
with smoked salmon.
lecture 1
Chapter 1
The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Outline:
Mini-Case1.1 How Galanz Internationalizes
•
Founded in 1978, Galanz’s（格兰仕集团） predecessor was a township feather product plant. In 1992, Galanz invaded into the industry of household appliances（家用电器） with the ambition of building a famous Chinese brand in microwave oven（微波炉） industry.
1.The International Marketing Task
Foreign Environment (Uncontrollables) 7. Structure of Distribution 1. Competition
Domestic environment (Uncontrollables)
• Galanz produced 10 000 microwave ovens in the first trial in 1993 and rose to the top seat in China by its 25.1% market share in 1995. Then it began to exploit the international markets. It designed its products according to the requirement of foreign customers’ requirements, and sold them to foreign markets. In 2006, Galanz won the championship of export volume of microwave ovens for nine consecutive years.
pte练习题
PTE练习题一、口语练习题1. 口语部分 Read Aloud1.1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.1.2. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.1.3. In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.1.4. No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted.1.5. Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.2. 口语部分 Repeat Sentence2.2. A balanced diet and regular exercise areessential for good health.2.3. Knowledge is power, but enthusiasm is the key to success.2.4. Time is a valuable resource, and we should use it wisely.2.5. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.3. 口语部分 Describe Image3.1. Describe a graph showing the increase in global population over the past century.3.2. Describe a map of the world, highlighting the major oceans and continents.3.3. Describe a photograph of a crowded city street during rush hour.3.4. Describe a timeline of important events in the history of space exploration.3.5. Describe a diagram of the human respiratory system.4. 口语部分 Retell Lecture4.1. Listen to a lecture about the benefits of solar energy and retell the main points.4.2. Listen to a lecture on the impact of climate change on polar bears and retell the key information.4.3. Listen to a lecture about the importance of biodiversity and retell the main ideas.4.4. Listen to a lecture on the history of theInternet and retell the major milestones.4.5. Listen to a lecture about the effects of social media on society and retell the main arguments.二、写作练习题1. 写作部分 Summarize Written Text1.1. Read a passage about the benefits of exercise and summarize the main points.1.2. Read an article about the importance of sleep and summarize the key information.1.3. Read a passage on the impact of technology on education and summarize the main ideas.1.4. Read an article about the role of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions and summarize the main arguments.1.5. Read a passage on the effects of globalization on culture and summarize the main points.2. 写作部分 Write Essay2.1. Write an essay on the topic: "The importance of learning a second language in today's world."2.2. Write an essay on the topic: "The impact ofsocial media on young people's mental health."2.3. Write an essay on the topic: "The benefits and challenges of remote working."2.4. Write an essay on the topic: "The role of technology in improving education."2.5. Write an essay on the topic: "The importance of environmental conservation."三、阅读练习题1. 阅读部分 Multiple Choice, Single Answer1.1. Read a passage about the benefits of a vegetarian diet and answer the question: What is the main advantage of a vegetarian diet?1.2. Read an article about the history of the Great Wall of China and answer the question: When was the Great Wall of China built?1.3. Read a passage on the effects of climate change on polar bears and answer the question: What is the primary threat to polar bears?1.4. Read an article about the benefits of meditation and answer the question: What is the main benefit of meditation?1.5. Read a passage on the role of artificial intelligence in healthcare and answer the question: How is artificial intelligence revolutionizing healthcare?2. 阅读部分 Multiple Choice, Multiple Answers2.1. Read a passage about the benefits of exercise and select all the correct answers: What are the benefits of exercise?2.2. Read an article about the history of the Internet and select all the correct answers: Which of the following events contributed to the development of the Internet?2.3. Read a passage on the effects of globalization on culture and select all the correct answers: What are the effects of globalization on culture?2.4. Read an article about the role of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions and select all thecorrect answers: What are the benefits of renewable energy?2.5. Read2.5. 阅读部分 Multiple Choice, Multiple Answers2.5.1. Read a passage about the advantages of public transportation and select all the correct answers: What are the benefits of using public transportation?2.5.2. Read an article about the effects of plastic pollution on marine life and select all the correct answers: How does plastic pollution affect marine ecosystems?2.5.3. Read a passage on the importance of vaccination and select all the correct answers: What are the reasons why vaccination is important?2.5.4. Read an article about the challenges of urbanization and select all the correct answers: What are the problems associated with rapid urbanization?2.5.5. Read a passage on the impact of mobile technology on daily life and select all the correct answers: How has mobile technology changed our daily lives?3. 阅读部分 Reorder Paragraphs3.1. Read a passage about the process of photosynthesis and reorder the following paragraphs to reflect the correct sequence.3.2. Read an article about the steps involved in launching a startup and reorder the following paragraphs to show the correct order of events.3.3. Read a passage on the stages of a product life cycle and reorder the following paragraphs to represent the correct stages.3.4. Read an article about the evolution of the car industry and reorder the following paragraphs to show the historical development.3.5. Read a passage about the phases of the moon and reorder the following paragraphs to reflect the correct sequence.4. 阅读部分 Fill in the Blanks4.1. Read a passage about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases.4.2. Read an article about the history of space exploration and fill in the blanks with the correct dates or names.4.3. Read a passage on the effects of deforestation and fill in the blanks with the correct causes or consequences.4.4. Read an article about the advantages of solar energy and fill in the blanks with the correct terms or concepts.4.5. Read a passage about the importance of cultural diversity and fill in the blanks with the correct descriptions or examples.5. 听力练习题1. 听力部分 Summarize Spoken Text1.1. Listen to a lecture about the importance of water conservation and summarize the main points.1.2. Listen to a conversation about the challenges of working from home and summarize the key information.1.3. Listen to a talk on the benefits of mindfulness meditation and summarize the main ideas.1.4. Listen to a presentation about the future of autonomous vehicles and summarize the main arguments.1.5. Listen to an interview about the effects of climate change on agriculture and summarize the main points.2. 听力部分 Multiple Choice, Single Answer2.1. Listen to a recording about the history of the Eiffel Tower and answer the question: When was the Eiffel Tower built?2.2. Listen to a conversation about the advantages of electric cars and answer the question: What is the main benefit of electric cars?2.3. Listen to a talk on the importance of sleep and answer the question: What are the negative effects of sleep deprivation?2.4. Listen to a presentation about the role of technology in education and answer the question: How has technology changed the way we learn?3. 听力部分 Multiple Choice, Multiple Answers3.1. Listen to a recording about the benefits of a plantbased diet and select all the correct answers: What are the advantages of a plantbased diet?3.2. Listen to a conversation about the challenges of global warming and select all the correct answers: What are the consequences of global warming?3.3. Listen to a talk on the importance of exercise and select all the correct answers: What are the health benefits of regular exercise?tourism on local economies and select all the correct answers: What are the positive effects of tourism?3.5. Listen to an interview about the future of renewable energy and select all the correct answers: What are the potential benefits of renewable energy sources?4. 听力部分 Fill in the Blanks4.1. Listen to a lecture about the process of photosynthesis and fill in the blanks with the missing words.4.2. Listen to a conversation about the steps to achieve a sustainable lifestyle and fill in the blanks withthe suggested actions.4.3. Listen to a talk on the history of the Internet and fill in the blanks with the key milestones.4.4. Listen to a presentation about the effects ofnoise pollution and fill in the blanks with the negative impacts.4.5. Listen to an interview about the benefits of learning a second language and fill in the blanks with the advantages mentioned.5. 听力部分 Highlight Correct Summary5.1. Listen to a recording about the causes of climate change and select the summary that best represents the main points.mobile devices on children's development and select the summary that accurately reflects the key information.5.3. Listen to a talk on the importance of a balanced diet and select the summary that captures the main ideas.5.4. Listen to a presentation about the challenges of space exploration and select the summary that best conveys the main arguments.5.5. Listen to an interview about the role of art in society and select the summary that accurately represents the main points.6. 听力部分 Select Missing Word6.1. Listen to a recording about the benefits of regular physical activity and select the missing word from the options provided.6.2. Listen to a conversation about the effects of stress on health and select the missing word from the options provided.6.3. Listen to a talk on the history of aviation and select the missing word from the options provided.6.4. Listen to a presentation about the future of artificial intelligence and select the missing word from the options provided.6.5. Listen to an interview about the importance of environmental conservation and select the missing word from the options provided.7. 口语部分 Answer Short Question7.1. Describe the most significant technological advancement in the past decade.7.2. Explain how you would promote a healthy lifestyle to your friends and family.7.3. Discuss the impact of online learning on traditional classroom education.7.4. Outline the steps you would take to reduce your carbon footprint.7.5. Share your opinion on the importance of cultural exchange programs.8. 写作部分 Write Essay8.2. Write an essay on the topic: "The challenges and opportunities of remote work in the modern world."8.3. Write an essay on the topic: "The importance of sustainable practices in tourism."8.4. Write an essay on the topic: "The effects of social media on the younger generation."8.5. Write an essay on the topic: "The benefits and risks of genetic engineering."9. 阅读部分 Insert Sentence9.1. Read a passage about the importance of renewable energy and insert the sentence that best fits into the passage.9.2. Read an article about the effects ofdeforestation and insert the sentence that best fits into the article.9.3. Read a passage on the benefits of a vegetariandiet and insert the sentence that best fits into the passage.9.4. Read an article about the history of the GreatWall of China and insert the sentence that best fits into the article.9.5. Read a passage about the impact of climate change on polar bears and insert the sentence that best fits intothe passage.10. 阅读部分 Yes/No/Not Given10.1. Read a passage about the benefits of exercise and determine whether each statement is true, false, or not given based on the information in the passage.10.2. Read an article about the role of technology in education and determine whether each statement is true, false, or not given based on the information in the article.10.3. Read a passage on the effects of globalization on culture and determine whether each statement is true, false, or not given based on the information in the passage.10.4. Read an article about the advantages of solar energy and determine whether each statement is true, false, or not given based on the information in the article.10.5. Read a passage about the importance of environmental conservation and determine whether each statement is true, false, or not given based on the information in the passage.11. 听力部分 Highlight Incorrect Words11.1. Listen to a recording about the effects of caffeine on the body and identify the words that are incorrectly used in the transcript provided.11.2. Listen to a conversation about the benefits of public transportation and identify the words that are incorrectly used in the transcript provided.11.3. Listen to a talk on the history of the Roman Empire and identify the words that are incorrectly used in the transcript provided.11.4. Listen to a presentation about the future of nanotechnology and identify the words that are incorrectly used in the transcript provided.11.5. Listen to an interview about the importance of biodiversity and identify the words that are incorrectly used in the transcript provided.12. 口语部分 Describe Image (Continued)12.1. Describe a graph showing the growth of the renewable energy sector over the past decade.12.2. Describe a map of the world's largest deserts and their locations.12.4. Describe a timeline of the major events in the history of aviation.12.5. Describe a diagram of the water cycle and its various stages.13. 写作部分 Summarize Written Text (Continued)13.1. Read a passage about the impact of artificial intelligence on employment and summarize the main points.13.2. Read an article about the benefits of mindfulness and meditation for stress reduction and summarize the key information.13.3. Read a passage on the challenges of managing urban waste and summarize the main ideas.13.4. Read an article about the role of international trade in economic development and summarize the main arguments.13.5. Read a passage about the importance of critical thinking skills in education and summarize the main points.14. 阅读部分 Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Continued)14.1. Read a passage about the benefits of a healthy diet and fill in the blanks with the missing nutritional terms.14.2. Read an article about the history of the printing press and fill in the blanks with the missing historical details.14.3. Read a passage on the effects of climate change on global weather patterns and fill in the blanks with the missing scientific terms.14.4. Read an article about the advantages ofelectric vehicles and fill in the blanks with the missing environmental benefits.14.5. Read a passage about the importance of cultural heritage preservation and fill in the blanks with the missing cultural elements.15. 听力部分 Select the Speaker15.1. Listen to a conversation between two people discussing the benefits of remote work and identify which speaker is expressing a positive opinion.15.2. Listen to a debate about the impact of social media on society and identify which speaker is arguing against the negative effects.15.3. Listen to a presentation about the future of space exploration and identify which speaker is the expert in the field.15.4. Listen to an interview about the effects of plastic pollution and identify which speaker is the environmental activist.15.5. Listen to a talk about the importance of education and identify which speaker is a teacher sharing their experiences.16. 口语部分 Repeat Sentence (Continued)16.1. Repeat the sentence: "The development of renewable energy sources is crucial for a sustainable future."16.2. Repeat the sentence: "Globalization has led to both positive and negative impacts on local cultures."16.3. Repeat the sentence: "Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining good health."16.4. Repeat the sentence: "The Internet has transformed the way we access and share information."16.5. Repeat the sentence: "Cultural diversity enriches societies and fosters understanding among different groups."17. 写作部分 Write Essay (Continued)17.1. Write an essay on the topic: "The ethical considerations of artificial intelligence development."17.2. Write an essay on the topic: "The role of education in promoting sustainable development."17.3. Write an essay on the topic: "The impact of tourism on local economies and environments."17.4. Write an essay on the topic: "The benefits and challenges of implementing green technologies."17.5. Write an essay on the topic: "The importance of arts and humanities in the modern world."18. 阅读部分 Match the Information18.1. Read a passage about the history of theInternet and match the following information with the correct section of the passage.18.2. Read an article about the effects of climate change on sea levels and match the答案：一、口语练习题1. 口语部分 Read Aloud1.1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. (正确)1.2. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. (正确)1.3. In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. (正确)1.4. No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted. (正确)1.5. Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts. (正确)2. 口语部分 Repeat Sentence2.2. A balanced diet and regular exercise areessential for good health. (正确)2.3. Knowledge is power, but enthusiasm is the key to success. (正确)2.4. Time is a valuable resource, and we should use it wisely. (正确)2.5. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. (正确)3. 口语部分 Describe Image3.1. (答案因图片内容而异)3.2. (答案因图片内容而异)3.3. (答案因图片内容而异)3.4. (答案因图片内容而异)3.5. (答案因图片内容而异)4. 口语部分 Retell Lecture4.1. (答案因讲座内容而异)4.2. (答案因讲座内容而异)4.4. (答案因讲座内容而异)4.5. (答案因讲座内容而异)二、写作练习题1. 写作部分 Summarize Written Text1.1. (答案因文章内容而异)1.2. (答案因文章内容而异)1.3. (答案因文章内容而异)1.4. (答案因文章内容而异)1.5. (答案因文章内容而异)2. 写作部分 Write Essay2.1. (答案因个人观点和论述而异)2.2. (答案因个人观点和论述而异)2.3. (答案因个人观点和论述而异)2.4. (答案因个人观点和论述而异)2.5. (答案因个人观点和论述而异)三、阅读练习题1. 阅读部分 Multiple Choice, Single Answer1.1. (答案因文章内容而异)1.2. (答案因文章内容而异)1.3. (答案因文章内容而异)1.4. (答案因文章内容而异)1.5. (答案因文章内容而异)2. 阅读部分 Multiple Choice, Multiple Answers2.2. (答案因文章内容而异)2.3. (答案因文章内容而异)2.4. (答案因文章内容而异)2.5. (答案因文章内容而异)3. 阅读部分 Reorder Paragraphs3.1. (答案因段落顺序而异)3.2. (答案因段落顺序而异)3.3. (答案因段落顺序而异)3.4. (答案因段落顺序而异)3.5. (答案因段落顺序而异)4. 阅读部分 Fill in the Blanks4.1. (答案因文章内容而异)4.2. (答案因文章内容而异)4.3. (答案因文章内容而异)4.4. (答案因文章内容而异)4.5. (答案因文章内容而异)5. 听力练习题1. 听力部分 Summarize Spoken Text 1.1. (答案因讲座内容而异)1.2. (答案因讲座内容而异)1.3. (答案因讲座内容而异)1.4. (答案因讲座内容而异)1.5. (答案因讲座内容而异)2. 听力部分 Multiple Choice, Single Answer。
Lecture three
Supporting sentences Develop main idea
Life in Caves Most large caves have three distinct zones, and each zone is home to a different kind of natural life. In the innermost part of the cave, the darkness is complete and the temperature never varies. Without light no green plants can live, and animals have no need for eyes. The next zone, although still dark and moist, has a variable temperature. Animals that otherwise live outside inhabit this zone seasonally. The third zone, called the twilight zone, begins wherever light from the cave entrance can first be seen. A few green plants can grow in this zone. Most animals in this zone use the cave as shelter from the outdoors. In each zone the plant and animal life adapts to the meager resources of its home. Concluding sentence Adds finishing touch
简明英语测试教程Lecture 03
11.
12.
What rubrics are to be used as instructions for candidates? Will examples be required to help candidates know what is expected? Should the criteria by which candidates will be assessed be included in the rubric? Which criteria will be used for assessment by markers? How important is accuracy, appropriacy, spelling, length of utterances/script, etc.?
Test constructors and editors Test validators/researchers Test users including teachers and their students Admission officers Publishers and textbook writers
6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
What language skills should be tested? What language elements should be tested? What sort of tasks are required? How many items are required for each section? What is the relative weight for each item – equal weighting, extlt items? What test methods are to be used – multiple choice, gap filling, matching, transformation, short answer question, picture description, role play with cue cards, essay, structured writing?
大学体验英语视听说教程(第三册)-1资料
3. What inspiration did Smits gain on the mission to save the endangered orangutan?
Task 3 Expanding Your Vocabulary
Read through the words in the left-hand column, and match each of them with the appropriate meaning in the right-hand column.
Unit Overview
Although animal extinction is part of the natural cycle, if all the species disappeared leaving only us humans behind, the human race would not be able to survive. The rapid urbanization of cities in modern times poses a great threat to the existence of some animals. Along with the loss of the natural habitats, man-made activities add fuel to the flames, accelerating the rate at which species disappear.
crested ibis, saunders’ gull, dugong, Yangtze river dolphin, plus many
lecture_3.1
步進馬達，又叫脈波馬達 脈波馬達（Pulse Motor），因為步 進馬達最大的特徵是具有依靠脈波 脈波電力來產生旋轉， 透過控制脈波電力，可控制旋轉的特性 輸入脈波數與旋轉角成正比，旋轉速度與輸入頻率 成正比，這兩個特性使步進馬達能以數位信號構成 開放回路（Open Loop）控制 控制，便能達成一定程度定 定 開放回路 位的功能
步進馬達的種類
依定子或轉子數目分 多重轉子 多重轉子
國立成功大學馬達科技研究中心 NCKU Electric Motor Technology Research Center
步進馬達的種類
待會兒再看後面的作動原理吧！ 待會兒再看後面的作動原理吧！
依激磁方式分
– 2相步進馬達：1相激磁，2相激磁，1-2相激磁 – 4相步進馬達：
雙極性(單繞組)
國立成功大學馬達科技研究中心 NCKU Electric Motor Technology Research Center
雙極性(雙繞組)
步進馬達的種類
依線圈繞組分
– – 單繞組（Unifilar） 雙繞組（Bifilar）
單繞組
國立成功大學馬達科技研究中心 NCKU Electric Motor Technology Research Center
國立成功大學馬達科技研究中心 NCKU Electric Motor Technology Research Center
基礎 基礎
國立成功大學馬達科技研究中心 NCKU Electric Motor Technology Research Center
基礎
磁阻力
磁力線有走最小磁阻之路徑的趨勢
如左圖，可自由轉動之金屬轉子（非磁 鐵），因磁場作用的關係而沿著磁力線 方向靜止不動。
Lecture Three
2. I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before ． 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。
分词短语
1. She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen． 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨 房的一角。
3.Despite their differences , their love will conquer. 尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们之间的爱会 战胜一切。（让步分句）
4.I found the house suddenly, and stood there with my heart beating fast and tears coming to my eyes. 我突然找到那所房子。 我站在那里，心剧 烈地跳着，泪水也涌上眼睛。 （并列分句）
友好的， 热情的
2. He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers, now that contempt was no longer cordial.
长期以来，他的同事虽有些看不起他，却还是 对他还比较友好；现在，除了看不起外，友好 也没有了。
Exercise
1. It was an uphill work. 2. His announcement got a mixed reaction. 3. She as pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. 4. You cannot legally conclude a peace treaty with West Germany alone.
lecture3
The Phoneme Theory
General phonetics classifies the speechsounds of all languages, that is, how speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received. But any one language uses only a selection of the possibilities available: the study of this selection of sounds and how they are used is the phonology of the language in question.
Phonemic feature/distinctive feature
The feature that can distinguish one phoneme from another is called a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature). For example, the voicing difference in seal and zeal; fine and vine. Such pair tells us that [s] and [z] does change the meaning of the words. Voicing distinguishes one phoneme from another.
Not all the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme, however. There are some restrictions for phones to fall into the same phoneme: they must be phonetically similar and in complementary distribution.
thebluesteye最蓝的眼睛
CHENLI
4
1993
In 1993, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.
——“Toni Morrison, who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic inport, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.”
2021/3/7
CHENLI
6
Later Life
• In 1984, she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair.
• From 1989—2006, she held the Rober F.Goheen Chair at Princeton University.
CHENLI
3
1955--1957
• became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.
• returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.
• became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.
Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality • Play in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary Imagination
2021/3/7
CHENLI
tpo71lecture2听力题目
题目：TP071Lecture2听力题目1. 介绍听力内容本次听力内容主要是关于动植物进化过程中的生态系统适应性的讲解。
2. 提出问题在进化过程中，动植物是如何适应不断变化的生态环境的？它们的适应性是如何形成的？3. 生态系统适应性的讲解3.1 进化基因通过对进化基因的研究，科学家发现动植物在进化过程中不断积累适应性基因，以适应生态环境的变化。
3.2 行为适应性动植物在面临生态环境的变化时，通过改变行为模式来适应新的环境。
4. 具体案例分析4.1 鸟类的迁徙秋季来临时，许多鸟类会进行迁徙，这种行为是鸟类长期进化的结果，以适应不同季节的气候和资源变化。
4.2 植物的生长适应部分植物可以在干旱环境下存活，这是它们长期进化形成的生长适应机制。
5. 对听力内容的总结本次听力内容主要介绍了动植物在进化过程中的生态系统适应性的相关知识，并通过具体案例进行了解析，揭示了生物适应生态环境变化的机制。
6. 思考与展望生态系统适应性的研究对于保护生物多样性，维护生态平衡具有重要意义。
未来，我们需要加强生态系统适应性的研究，为生态环境保护和生物资源利用提供更多科学依据。
结语通过本次听力内容的学习，我们对动植物在进化过程中的生态系统适应性有了更深入的了解。
希望能够从中汲取经验，致力于生态环境的保护与可持续发展。
6.1 适应性的进化机制生物的适应性是在漫长的进化过程中逐步形成的。
随着时间的推移，生物会积累大量的适应性基因，使得它们可以适应不同的生态环境和生存压力。
适应性基因的出现和传递是生物进化的关键机制之一，它使得生物能够在不断变化的环境中生存下去。
6.1.1 适应性基因的积累在生物进化过程中，适应性基因通过自然选择和遗传变异的方式不断积累。
一些鸟类会因为迁徙能力强而能够适应气候变化，而在人工选择的过程中，作物也会出现逐渐适应不同环境的品种。
6.1.2 遗传多样性的重要性遗传多样性是适应性基因形成的基础，它使得生物种裙在面临新的生态挑战时能够找到更好的适应方案。
博听3-1
LECTURE AUDIOSCRIPTSUnit 1 Slang: Talking CoolTEACHER: OK, let’s get started... Today we’re going to be looking at a really interesting phenomenon, slang.We’ll be looking at where slang comes from, who uses it and why. We all use it more often than you might think—every day of our lives, in fact. And we use it for a reason.You know, most of us are fascinated with slang. We continually hear new words and phrases enter the language and replace old, and we see familiar words take on new meanings. We feel a need to keep in touch with these changes, to be aware of the latest street talk. Fact is, we love slang. But what is it exactly? What is slang? Anyone like to suggest a definition?STUDENT 1: Isn’t it basically kind of casual talk?TEACHER: Can you say a bit more?STUDENT 1: You know, the sort of words we use with friends.., in relaxed situations.TEACHER: Good. You’re pretty much there with your idea of casual language. We can say that slang is language that’s found only in the very informal speech of particular groups of people. It can help to identify the communities, the groups of people, who use it. And this brings me to the first important point of the lecture—why people use slang.A lot of slang comes from not wanting to be understood by outsiders, people outside your circle. In other words, people exploit slang to give their group an identity, by making their language exclusive, or at least private. Through this private language, they can tease one another, enjoy shared experiences, and keep everyone else at a distance. All cultures contain groups or subcultures with different interests and priorities, and each group tries to establish a separate identity. They want people to know who they are, what they stand for—and slang helps to construct and cement that identity. We can say, then, that slang reflects the experiences, beliefs, and values of its speakers.Now let’s look more closely at this relationship between slang and community, slang and identity. A nice example of this is, uh, student lang uage, sometimes called “youth-speak.” Young people use a lot of slang, and many of the words they use are used by both sexes, often metaphorically rather than literally. That is to say, theconventional meaning of the words changes. For example, words that have traditionally had strong negative literal meanings that are used as insults have taken on, uh, gentler, and in many cases even positive meanings in conversation. We’ll look at some examples later.Now, if you ask college students why they use slang, they’ll tell you it’s cool, and that’s true in several different ways. First, it’s cool because it’s in style, in fashion. Using current slang shows that the speaker is in tune with the times.., you know, that he or she knows what’s in fashion and is part of that fashion.Second, slang is cool in the sense of showing that the speaker is knowledgeable.., the speaker is “in the know,” the speaker knows when slang is acceptable. People don’t use slang all the time, only in situations and with people who accept the use of slang—a point I’ll return to later. Research tells us that although young people often deny that they use slang intentionally, in fact they clearly choose whether or not to use it depending on the situation they’re in. As we’ve already said, slang’s typically used in informal rather than formal settings, and this is certainly true among college students: They usually avoid using it in the classroom or a work environment, for example. Anyone like to suggest why?ST UDENT 1: People won’t understand them.STUDENT 2: Yeah, so it’s like a waste of time.TEACHER: Well, that may be true, but it’s not the main reason. They don’t use it simply because it could make them look bad. And everyone hates looking bad, right?So, to review, we’ve said that stude nts use slang only in certain situations. But they also only use it with certain people, usually friends. When they use slang, they are showing that they share social and emotional experiences—so slang reinforces their relationships. But... it also gives special meaning to what they say. For instance, to say “That party was the bomb” is more than merely saying it was a very good party. It shares an emotional experience that might otherwise take several sentences to explain. In other words, it’s a kind of... shorthand.The third and final way slang’s cool is that it’s fun; it’s very creative in the same way that poetry is, and it’s often humorous. In other words, it’s a form of play, a way of entertaining.So . . . uh, let me repeat: I’ve said that slang’s cool for three reasons: One, it shows the user’s fashionable and in tune with thetimes; two, it’s a way of reinforcing relationships and communicating efficiently; and three, it’s fun and entertaining. Got that?All right then, let’s now take a look a t different kinds of slang, in particular three types of slang words: those that are currently most used, those that linger year after year, and those that have become unfashionable.So . . . now what is the most used slang? Well, research tells us that over the past few years, in the number one position is “dope,” which basically means very good, great, excellent, attractive, or nice. So somebody might say, for example, that his friend’s new motorbike is really dope; in other words, it’s very good. Other words that feature in the top twenty include “chill out” (to calm down or relax), “the bomb” (meaning the best or most excellent), “whack”(which means bad, unfair, crazy, or foolish), and “dude”(meaning person---usually a man, actually). Any other examples? Yes? STUDENT 1: Hella.TEACHER: Meaning?STUDENT 1: Very, a lot.TEACHER: OK, yep. Luis?STUDENT 3: “Kick it,” which means, like, to hang out, uh, relax, you know, sit around doing nothing.TEACHER: Right. And it’s interesting, isn’t it? How most slang terms indicate approval or disapproval; they show what we feel positive or negative about. So, like “dope” and”the bomb,” we have “sweet,” “phat” spelled P-H-A-T, not F-A-T “cool,” and “tight’—all meaning good, excellent, nice, or attractive.And the n you have words like “bad” which really mean good; so “That new CD is bad” actually means it’s good! So you see, slang does strange things with language. Like I said earlier, it’s certainly creative. As a matter of fact, some slang words have many different meanings, sometimes as many as nine or ten. For instance, the word “trip” or “tripping” has various meanings, but they all reflect the idea of unusual, strange, or extreme. When a word’s used a lot or has a number of different meanings like this, we sometimes say it “works hard.” The word “trip,” then, is a word that works hard.Uh…now, the second type of slang consists of words that linger from decade to decade and never seem to go out of fashion and these words also work hard, that is, they have a lot of meanings. A great example is the word cool forever popular, it seems! Other terms inthis category are “nerd,” “cheesy,” “chick,” “the man,” “toasted,” “wasted,”“what’s up,” “blow away,” and “gross.” And once again, most of these show approval or disapproval.And…now, finally, there are slang terms that come and go; they disappear almost as quickly as they appear. Examples include “gimme five,” “how’s it hanging,” and“core.” Words like these often disappear because they’re closely associated with famous personalities who similarly come and go—they’re popular, in the spotlight for a while, and then seem almost to disappear. And when they disappear, the slang associated with them tends to disappear as well.Now, today, public tolerance of slang is at an all-time high—just look at how widely it’s used in newspapers. But how do college teachers and academics view slang? Well, some persist with the idea that its use will degrade.., uh, you might even say “pollute” academic discourse. However, among themselves students tolerate words their teachers might consider taboo. Students are actually very good at code switching; that is, they’re very good at using different styles or codes of communication in different situations. Do you agree? Do you use slang in your essays or when you speak with a teacher?STUDENT 3: Personally I never use slang in essays. It just doesn’t feel right. It’s true, you know, most students know when to use slang, and when not to.STUDENT 2: I agree. I sometimes use it with teachers, though; it just depends on who the teacher is.TEACHER: Why, I imagine most people do the same. Here’s something you may find surprising: A recent study on student conversation suggests that students don’t in fact use slang that often but instead they choose more ordinary colloquial vocabulary.OK, to finish up, now let me say something about the history of slang. Many years ago,A look back in time shows, for example, that in the seventeenth century more than twenty words were used to refer to vagrants, that is, to someone who has no home or job. Today, of course, these assoc iations are much weaker and slang’s used much more widely. As underground culture has become more mainstream, there’s not the same need for the kind of that slangoffered. Today, most of us use slang and aren’t ashamed of using it. It may still have negative connotations (a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning), but like it or not it’s here to stay, and increasingly it’s become the subject of serious academic study. And why not? As I’ve tried to show, it’s a fascinating social as well as linguistic phenomenon. So, any questions?。
船舶耐波性-ch3_船舶在静水中的自由横摇
表明：无阻尼自由横摇——简谐振荡 表明：无阻尼自由横摇——简谐振荡。 ——简谐振荡。
LECTURE NOTES ： Free Oscillation of a ship in the Still Water
§3.1 船舶在静水中的自由横摇
Free Rolling of a Ship in Still Water
10 . 3 J ϕϕ + ∆ J ϕϕ Dr
Tϕ =
ϕ max
ϕ max ——最大横摇角（rad） 最大横摇角（ ） 最大横摇角
r ——横稳性半径 横稳性半径(m) 横稳性半径
10
LECTURE NOTES ： Free Oscillation of a ship in the Still Water
LECTURE NOTES ： Free Oscillation of a ship in the Still Water
11
§3.1 船舶在静水中的自由横摇
Free Rolling of a Ship in Still Water
线性阻尼规律的自由横摇 船舶小幅自由横摇时，可以认为横摇阻尼为线性规律， 船舶小幅自由横摇时，可以认为横摇阻尼为线性规律，即
LECTURE NOTES ： Free Oscillation of a ship in the Still Water
5
§3.1 船舶在静水中的自由横摇
Free Rolling of a Ship in Still Water
10 9
Dh
横摇有义值 (°)
Tϕ = 2 π
J ϕϕ + ∆ J ϕϕ
J ϕϕ + ∆ J ϕϕ = D 2 ρϕ g
Tϕ = 2 . 01
Lecture 3
Lecture 3 Subject-verb Concord II
3.1 Problems of Concord with a Coordinate Subject 3.2 Problems of Concord with Expressions of Quantity as Subject 3.3 Other Problems of Subject-verb Concord
6 one in / out of +plural noun the verb takes singular form in formal style. but in informal style it can be plural
One in ten students has / have failed the exam. One out of twenty was / were badly damaged.
II. Coordination with or/ either… or/ nor/neither… nor/not only ... but also
1. Here the problem of concord is generally dealt with according to the principle of proximity. 2. But in informal style, items coordinated by “neither… nor”, “not only ... but also” can sometimes be regarded as plural.
lecture的用法和短语例句
lecture的用法和短语例句lecture有讲课;演讲;训话等意思，那么你知道lecture的用法吗?下面小编为大家带来有关lecture的用法和短语例句，供大家参考学习!lecture的用法：lecture的用法1：lecture主要指教育性或学术性演讲,引申可指冗长的训斥或谴责。
lecture的用法2：lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为关于的演讲就做演讲因训斥或谴责某人。
lecture的用法3：lecture作讲演,讲课解时,是不及物动词。
说讲授某课程时常与介词on连用,说在某地讲演时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture的用法4：lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是向讲演,给讲课,接名词或代词作宾语。
lecture的用法5：lecture还可作责备教训训斥解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
因而受到训斥可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。
lecture的常用短语：用作动词(v.)lecture about〔on〕(v.+prep.)lecture at (v.+prep.)lecture for (v.+prep.)lecture的用法例句：1. Chuck would lecture me, telling me to get a haircut.查克就会数落我，让我去理一下发。
2. Within this lecture I cannot pretend to deal adequately with dreams.在这一次讲座中，我不敢自诩能对梦境作透彻的分析。
3. Our captain gave us a stern lecture on safety.船长就安全问题严厉地训斥了我们一顿。
4. We picked up our conference materials and filed into the lecture hall.我们领了会议材料后鱼贯进入讲演厅。
大学体验英语第三版综合教程3 Unit1课件
At present:
The approximate distribution of giant pandas .
Don’t you think we need to do something immediately to save the rare endangered pandas?
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Sustainable Development
The idea of sustainable development grew from numerous environmental movements in earlier decades and was defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission 1987) as: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This contributed to the understanding that sustainable development encompasses a number of areas and highlights sustainability as the idea of environmental, economic and social progress and equity, all within the limits of the world’s natural resources.
lecture_3.3
《国际政治概论》教学大纲==========================第三讲国际政治的行为主体三、民族主义与当前国际政治1、混乱的定义2、民族主义的含义3、民族主义的演变4、国内的民族主义研究5、全球化时代的民族主义3:3a 混乱的定义有人说，民族主义是只大象，每个研究者摸到的都只是它的一个部分而不是全部。
19世纪的政论家白哲特（Walter Bagehot）在谈到“民族是什么”时讲道：你要是不问，我们都知道它是什么；但要马上对它作出解释或定义，却是不能。
对民族主义来说，白哲特的话同样适用。
造成这种状况的原因是多方面的。
约翰·哈钦森（John Hutchinson）和安东尼·史密斯（Anthony D.Smith）认为：首先，民族主义现象所涵盖的范围是广泛的和多侧面的，它包括民族和民族国家的发展，也包括族裔特性和社群的发展。
其次，民族主义是一个跨学科的问题。
它需要历史学家、人类学家、政治学家、社会学家、社会心理学家、语言学家、国际关系学家、地理学家、哲学家、地区经济学家、国际法学家等从各个角度进行的努力。
民族特性的内容和潜在的原因都具有多样性，仅此此一点，任何学科的学者的研究工作，都只能涉及这一课题的少数方面和少数事例。
3:3b 早期的研究维也纳体系使欧洲退回到了“民族主义以前的时代”。
但就在维也纳体系时代，民族主义在欧洲及欧洲控制的殖民地继续坚韧地生长着。
“1789年的两大遗产——自由主义和民族主义”到处传播，而“民族主义又比自由主义更为强烈”。
正是在这一时期，出现了民族主义意识的第一批表述者和思想家，如雅恩（Friedrich Ludwig Jahn）、阿恩特（Ernest Moritz Arndt）、费希特、赫尔德、施莱尔马歇，如希腊独立运动的精神导师科拉伊斯（A.Korais）和“青年意大利”运动的领袖马志尼，还有黑格尔——他在精神上继承了18世纪启蒙思想家们的世界主义情怀，但民族主义哲学和理论也在他的国家学说中得到了表达。
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薄膜场效应管（TFT）
采用真空蒸发工艺制备在绝缘衬底上。结构与原理类 似表面场效应管。
南京大学
半导体器件原理
性能比较 输入阻抗高：（103-106与109-1015）。 噪声系数小。多子输运电流，不存在散粒噪声和配分 噪声。 功耗小，可用于制造高密度的半导体集成电路。 温度稳定性好。多子器件，电学参数不易随温度而变 化（n与）。 抗辐射能力强：双极型晶体管的下降（非平衡少子的 寿命降低），而场效应管的特性变化小（与载流子寿命 关系不大）。 其它：工艺卫生要求较高，速度较低。
开启电压VT/N型衬底。
南京大学
半导体器件原理
2）P沟耗尽型：
在零偏栅极电压下，半导体表面存在P型沟 道（采用B离子注入的方法）。 在正偏达到Vp值时，使能带下弯，减弱P型 沟道的导电能力直至消失。 截止电压VP/N型衬底。
南京大学
半导体器件原理
3）N沟增强型：
在零偏栅极电压下，半导体表面处于耗尽 （界面正电荷的作用）。
（耗尽层电荷密度Qd）
南京大学
半导体器件原理
亚阈值斜率：（不大依赖于器件参数，微依赖于掺 杂浓度）
南京大学
半导体器件原理
南京大学
半导体器件原理
4。衬底偏压和温度对阈值电压的影响
衬底的敏感（体效应）
南京大学
半导体器件原理
南京大学
半导体器件原理
反向衬底偏压加大了体耗尽区的宽度，提高了阈 值电压。
束缚在表面沟道中 严格求解： dIds/dVds=0
南京大学
半导体器件原理
南京大学
半导体器件原理
(5) P MOSFET特性
结构与特性与N MOSFET完全相同，但 （1）PN （2）电流与电压极性相反 （3）沟道中空穴的流动代替电子 P MOSFET中，源处于高电势，在CMOS中与电源相联， 并且N衬底（或Well）也与电源相联。 N MOSFET中，P型衬底与地相联。 使CMOS 中n-well-p-substrate京大学
半导体器件原理
空穴迁移率：
南京大学
(4) 夹断和电流饱和
沟道漏端的表面沟道在饱和状态产生消失。
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线性区
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饱和区
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夹断区
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Vds→Vdsat=(Vg-Vt)/m →dV/dy=∞
电场在沟道方向的变化比垂直于沟道方向快
许多，使渐变沟道近似被破坏。载流子不再
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3。亚阈值特性：数字逻辑和存储电路中
低漏电压V→0：
漏电流(∞dV/dy)中的漂移(∞dψs/dy) 与扩散: 强反型：漂移电流为主 (dψs/dV→1) 亚阈值：扩散电流为主 (dψs/dV→0)
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亚阈值电流
第二项（反型层电荷密度Qi）远小于第一项
半导体器件原理
第三章：MOSFET 器件
3.0 简介 （1）基本概况
晶体管的分类：
双极型晶体管（少子与多子参与导电）
单极型晶体管（电流由多数载流子输运）。
硅平面工艺和外延技术的发展，实现了对器件尺寸的
较精确的控制。
对硅—二氧化硅界面特性的研究及表面态密度的控制，
使场效应管得到了显著的发展。
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南京大学
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Roadmap to the Future
1997 Minimum size (nm) Devices/chip (106) Frequency (MHz) Min. power supply 250 11 750 1.8-2.5 1999 180 21 1200 1.5-1.8 2001 150 40 1400 1.2-1.5
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电子迁移率：
高电场作用下增强了表面粗糙散射的作用，使迁移率 下降更快。
对一定掺杂，由于库伦（杂质）散射的作用，存在一 有效电场，其下的迁移率低于通用值。
在高掺杂或低的栅压条件下，库伦散射的作用为主， 但当反型层电荷浓度较高时由于屏蔽作用会使该作用 减弱。 低温下，低电场时库伦散射为主，高电场时表面散射 为主。
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温度的影响： （通常在1mV/K）
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阈值电压下降和亚阈值斜率的退化→ MOSFET器件零栅压时的漏电流在100C 的是室温的30-50倍。
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5。MOSFET沟道迁移率
有效迁移率与有效电场 有效迁移率与有效电场之间存在一通用公式，它不依赖 于衬底偏压，掺杂浓度及栅氧化层厚度。
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（3）MOS场效应管的特征
双边对称：电学性质上源漏可相互交换。
单极性：一种载流子参与导电。
高输入阻抗：栅和其他端点之间不存在直流通道。
电压控制：输入功率很低而有较高的输出能力。
自隔离：不同晶体管之间由于背靠背二极管的作用
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在正偏达到VT值时，形成P型沟道。栅极电 压的增大可增强沟道的导电能力。
开启电压VT/P型衬底。（严格控制氧化层中 正电荷密度）。
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4）N沟耗尽型： 在零偏栅极电压下，半导体表面存在N型沟 道（氧化层中正电荷密度较大而衬底浓度较 低）。 在负偏达到Vp值时，使能带下弯，减弱N型 沟道的导电能力直至消失。 截止电压VP/P型衬底。
3.1 长沟道 MOSFETs
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1. 漏电流模型 反型层电荷密度与准费米势
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渐变沟道近似: 沟道方向上的电场变化远小于垂直 于沟道方向的电场变化。
泊松方程的一维求解。并忽略沟道中的 产生与复合效应
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Pao和Sah’s双积分：
半导体器件原理
电压控制器件(MOSFET)
利用加在栅极与源极之间的电压来控制输出 电流。
饱和区工作电流IDSS会随VGS而改变。 电流控制器件(BJT)
利用基极电流控制集电极电流。
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场效应管的分类：
表面场效应管
（绝缘栅场效应管IGFET和MOS场效应管）。
结型场效应管（JFET），
反型区
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2。MOSFET 电流电压特性 (1)电荷层近似：反型层中无电势降落或能带弯曲。
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(2) 线性区的电流电压特性
阈值电压Vt
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(3) 饱和区的电流电压特性
体效应系数：
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2003 130 76 1600 1.2-1.5
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2006 100 200 2000 0.9-1.2
2009 70 520 2500 0.6-0.9
2012 50 1400 3000 0.5-0.6
半导体器件原理
（2）MOS场效应管的四种类型
1）P沟增强型：
在零偏栅极电压下，半导体表面处于积累状 态（界面正电荷的作用）。 在负偏达到VT值时，形成P型沟道。栅极电压 的增大可增强沟道的导电能力。