英国文学(上)复习纲要
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要第一篇：英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements(此处可能会有填空,选择等小题2.Romance(名词解释3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story4.Ballad(名词解释5.Character of Robin Hood6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet7.Heroic couplet(名词解释8.Renaissance(名词解释9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10.Sonnet(名词解释 11.Blank verse(名词解释12.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读14.William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet 这是肯定的。
英国文学史复习大纲
History and anthology of English literature:(altogether 7 topics, this semester 6 topics; 5th---1900, over 1400 years)✓The Old English and Middle English period (Chapter 1, 2)✓The Elizabethan age (Chapters 3, 4)✓The 17th century (Chapter 5)✓The classic 18th century (Chapters 6,7,8)✓The Romantic period (Chapters 9, 10)✓The Victorian age (Chapters 11-18)✓The 20th century (Chapters 19-26)✓The Old English and Middle English period (5th ---1066, 1066---1557)1 the Old English periodBeowulf：*pagan heroism异教徒的英雄主义and fatalism宿命论are mingled with Christian qualities. *The poets hope that the evil should be punished, and the righteous will be rewarded. *It’s a heroic Scandinavian epic legend told in the English language.literary terms: epic, alliteration2 the Middle English periodliterary term: romanceGeoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury TalesChaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。
英国文学-各时期知识点梳理提纲
英国文学1.中古时期的英国文学Ballad(民谣):(1) Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. (2) Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. (3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of Ancient Marine is a 19th century English ballad.Epic（史诗）:(1) Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. (2) Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonists.Romance（罗曼文学/骑士文学）:(1) Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. (2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. (3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.Alliteration（押头韵）:(1) Alliteration means a repetition of initial sounds of several words in aline or group. (2) Alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature. (3) Robert Frost’s poem Acquainted with the Night is a case in point: “ I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》:(1)Beowulf , a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. (2) The epic describes the heroic deeds of Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. (3) The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil.Geoffrey Chaucer（乔叟）:(1) He is regarded as the father of English poetry. (2) The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece. (3) He presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. (4) Chaucer introduced from France rhymed stanzas of various types (heroic couplet) into English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.(5) It was Chaucer who made London dialect the foundation for modern English speech. (6) His characterization is vivid.His major works: The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和科丽西德》, The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》, The House of Fame《声誉之堂》.Brief description of The Canterbury Tales: (1) The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s monumental success. (2) It is a collection of stories told b y a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. (3) It was influenced by Boccaccio(薄伽丘)’s Decameron（《十日谈》）. (4) In the poem Chaucer presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval society and creates a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. (5) The poem shows Chaucer’s humanism and anticipates a new era to come.William Langland (威廉•兰格伦):(1) Piers Plowman（《农夫皮尔斯》）is a poem that gives a picture of the life in feudal England. (2) It is a protest against the then social injustice.2.文艺复兴时期的英国文学Renaissance(文艺复兴):(1) the word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) The essence of Renaissance is humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3) The real mainstream ofthe English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Humanism(人文主义):(1)Humanismis the essence of Renaissance. (2) It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗节):（1）Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser .(2) It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter(六步音)，rhyming ababbcbcc. (3) Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.Conceit(奇特的比喻):(1) Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌):(1) Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the name of the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.(2) With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. (3)The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. (4) The imagery is drawn from actual life.Sonnet(十四行诗):（1）Sonnet is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe. (2) A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. (3) Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.Blank verse (无韵体诗):（1）Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. (2) It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.Meter（格律）:(1) The word “meter” is derived from the Greek word “metron”, meaning“measure”. (2) In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. (3) The analysis of meter is called scansion (格律分析).Allegory(寓言) :（1）Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something, especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress,Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.Stanza(诗节):（1）Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan. (2) The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.University Wits（大学才子）:（1）University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabeth Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came toLondon with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits”. (2) Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlow were among them. (3) They paved the ways, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.Foreshadowing（预兆）:(1) Foreshadowing, in drama, means a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. (2) In Shakespeare’s Romeo andJuliet, Romeo’s expression of fear in Act 1, scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to come:I fear too early; for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the stars…Soliloquy(独白):(1) Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. (2) In the lines “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act 3, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.Narrative Poem(叙述诗):（1）A Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story.(2) It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer’s The Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.3.启蒙主义时期的英国文学Literary TermsThe Enlightenment Movement（启蒙运动）(1)Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century. (2) The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.(3) Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. (4) It celebrated reason or rationality, equally and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. (5) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Johnathan Swift, Richard Bringsley Sheridan, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson,etc.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）(1)In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought abouta revival of interest in the old classical works. (2) This tendency is known as neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Vigil and those of the contemporary French ones. (3) They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌）(1)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.(2) Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work. The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.Elegy（挽歌）(1)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone. (2) In Memoriam by Alfred Tennyson is a famous elegy.Satire（讽刺）(1)Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. (2) The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society , and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. (3) Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the then English society from different aspects.Sentimentalism（感伤主义）(1)Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. (2) In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. (3) The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.Didactic( 说教的）(1)Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it is deliberately teaches some moral lesson. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications. (2) Most modern literary works during the Enlightenment period tended to be didactic.Farce（闹剧/滑稽剧）Farce refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings, absurd actions, and unreal situations, meant to be very funny.Aside（旁白）(1)Aside refers to words spoken by an actor which the other actors are supposed not to hear. (2) An actor’s asides are usually spoken to the audience. (3) Hamlet’s very first line is an aside.Denouement（戏剧结局）Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-ma, is that part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution.Name of the WriterAlexander Pope（亚历山大.蒲柏）(1)He is a representative of the Enlightenment and the greatest poet of the Neoclassical period.(2)He is the first to introduce rationalism to England. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order , reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.Works An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》(1) An Essay on Criticism is his masterpiece. It is a didactic poemwritten in heroic couples.(2) It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts.(3) It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by theancientslikeAristotle, and the 18th century European classicists.(4) Pope first laments the dearth of true taste in poetic criticism of hisdayand calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Romanwriters for guidance.(5) It helped spread neoclassicist tradition in England.The Rage of the Lock 《夺发记》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》John Dryden（约翰.德莱顿）(1)He is called “the father of English Criticism”.(2)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is his masterpiece.Works An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 《论戏剧诗歌》(1) An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is John Dryden’s best work.(2) In it he discusses the works of the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, the English Renaissance, and contemporary France.(3) He was call ed “the father of English Criticism”.All for Love 《一切为了爱》Alexander’s Feast 《亚历山大的宴会》Thomas Gray （托马斯.格雷）He is the leading figure of the Graveyard School.Works Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》(1) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is the most representative workof the Graveyard School.(2)In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and themysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.(3) The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wonderingwhat the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.Herehe reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocksthegreat ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.4.浪漫主义时期的英国文学Romanticism（浪漫主义）(1)In the middle 18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England. (2) It is characterizedby a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead , romanticism gaveprimary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. (3) In thehistory of literature, romanticism is generally regarded as the thought thatdesignates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see theindividual as the very center of all life and all experience. (4) The EnglishRomantic Period is an age of poetry. Major romantic poets include Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats. Romanticism prevailedin England from 1798 to 1837.Lyric( 抒情诗 )(1)Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion orillustrates some life principle. (2) Lyric often concerns love. “My love is like a red, red rose” is Robert Burns well-known lyric.Byronic Hero( 拜伦式英雄 )(1)Byronic Hero refers to a profound, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. (2) With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(3) Byron’s chief contribution to the English literature is the creation of “Byronic hero”.Terza Rima( 三行诗 )(1)Terza Rima is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme a b a, b c b, c d c, d e d, etc.(2) Shelly’s Ode to the West Wind is a case in point.Ottava Rima( 八行诗 )(1)Ottava Rima is a form of eight-line iambic stanza rhyming a b a b a bc c.(2) Byron’s Don Juan and William Butlter’s Sailing to Byzantium are outstanding examples.Canto( 诗章 )(1)Canto is a section of division of a long poem.(2) The most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante’s Division Comedy, a 14th century epic. In English poetry Alexander Pope’s The Rage of the Lock and Byron’s Don Juan are divided into cantos.Gothic Novel( 哥特式小说 )(1)Gothic Novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.(2) Gothic novel empathizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.(3) Gothic originally means in the sense of “medieval, not classical” was applied by Horac e Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto, a Gothic story, published in 1765.(4) With its description of the dark and irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelly are typical Gothic romance.High Comedy(正统喜剧 )High Comedy is a comedy that deals with a polite society and depends more on witty dialogue and well-drawn characters than on comic situations.Ode (颂歌)(1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric of some length,praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.(2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case inpoint.Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakes”.William Blake (威廉布莱克)(1)He is one of major English Romantic poets in the 19th century.(2)The distinctive feature of his poetry is the symbolism in wide range.(3)He is famous for his two volumes of poems: Songs of Innocence andSongs of Experience.(4)Chil dhood is central to Blake’s concern in these two volumes of poems. Works: Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.Songs of Experience 《经验之歌》Songs of Experience presents a different world, a world ofmisery,poverty, disease, war and repression with amelancholy tone.The Tiger《老虎》The Tiger is also a famous poem by Blake. Lamb in the poem is a symbol of peace and purity whereas tiger a symbol of dreadand violence.Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》Robert Burns （罗伯特彭斯）（1）H e is the greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.（2）I n his poetry he glorifies a natural man—a healthy, joyous and clever Scotch peasant.（3）H e wrote in Scottish dialect, drawing his inspiration from the treasury of Scottish folklore.（4）H is poetry is rich in such qualities as love, humor, pathos and love of nature. All these qualities suggest the coming of EnglishRomanticism.Works：A Red , Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》My Heart’s in the Highland《我的心在高原》Auld Lang Syne《友谊地久天长》Mary Shelly (玛丽雪莱)She was the wife of Percy Bysshe ShelleyWork: Frankenstein《弗兰克肯斯坦》Frankenstein is a Gothic novel.Walter Scott(沃尔特司各特)（1）H e is the creator and a master of the historical novel. His historical novel is his chief contribution to English literature.（2）H is historical novels concern the history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries.Works: Waverley《威弗利》The Black Dwarf《黑侏儒》Rob Roy《罗伯罗伊》Old Mortality《清教徒》Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》(1)Ivanhoe is Scott’s masterpiece.(2)It is a novel of English subjectcovering the days after the Norman Conquest.5.维多利亚时期的英国文学Critical Realism(批判现实主义)（1）C ritical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.（2）I t means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction tothe criticism of society and the examination of social issues. （3）R ealist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.（4）C harles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白)（1）D ramatic Monologue，in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience.（2）R obert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, revealsnot only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of hisformer duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of hisown personality as well.Psychological novel（心理小说）（1）P sychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on acomplex psychological development and presents much of thenarration through the inner workings of the character’s mind.（2）T hackeray’s characterization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.Point of View（叙述角度）（1）P oint of View can be divided by the narrator’s relationship with the character, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscientnarrator.（2）I n the first-person narrative, the narrator appears in the novel as “I”or “me”. In the third-person narrative, the narrator does notactually appear and all the characters are referred to as “he” or“they”. If the speaker knows everything including the actions,motives and thoughts of all the characters, the speaker is referredto as omniscient.Plot（情节）(1)Plot refersto the structure of a story.(2)The plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, thefalling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist, creating what is called conflict.Flashback (倒叙)（1）F lashback refers to an event which took place prior to the beginning of a story or play.（2）F lashback is used in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. In Hemingway’s The Snow of Kilamanjaro the protagonist, Harry Street, has been injured on a hunt in Africa. Dying, his mind becomes preoccupied with incidents in his past. In a flashback Street remember one of his wartime comrades dying painfully on barded wire on a battlefield in Spain.Allusion(典故/暗指)（1）A llusion means a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize andrespond to.（2）A n allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.（3）T hacker’s Vanity Fair serves as a literary example. The name of the novel is borrowed from the famous scene in John Bunyan’ ThePilgrim’s Progress.Protagonist and Antagonist(正面人物与反面人物)（1）I n a literary work Protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal (Antagonist)in accomplishing his or her objective.（2）F or example, Captain Ahab is the protagonist in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick whereas the white whale (Moby-Dick) is the antagonist.Charles Dickens(查尔斯狄更斯)（1）H e is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. （2）H is works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19th-century England, particularly London.（3）A ll his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos Works:Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Oliver Twist criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life.David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》David Copperfield is about the debtor’s prison.Dombey and son《董贝父子》Dombey and son exposes the money-worship that dominates people’s life, corrupts the young and brings tragedy to Mr.Domby’s family.Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Bleak House attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.Hard Times《艰难时世》Hard Times lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.Great Expectations《远大前程》Our Mutual Friends 《我们共同的朋友》Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friends expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.A Tale of Two City 《双城记》The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》The Pickwick Papers Great ExpectationsOur Mutual FriendsRobert Stevenson Treasure Island《金银岛》（罗伯特﹒史蒂文森） Kidnapped 《诱拐》6.现代时期的英国文学Modernism （现代主义）(1)Modernism is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19 century and flourished until 1950s.(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as theoretical case.（3）The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.(4)James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Virgina Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers.Dadaism（达达主义）Dadaism refers to a western European artistic and literary movement (1916---1923) that sought the discovery of authentic reality through the abolition of traditional, cultural and aesthetic forms by a technique of comic derision in which irrationality, chance, and intuition were the guiding principles.Stream of Consciousness（意识流）(1)Stream of Consciousness has something to do with a method of storytelling in which the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. It is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than the events themselves.(2) Among English writers, James Joyce and Virgina Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.The Theater of Absurd（荒诞派戏剧）(1)The Theater of Absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.(2)The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. His play, Waiting for Godot, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.。
英国文学史及选读复习提纲
英语专业《英国文学》复习要点教材名称：英国文学史主编：刘炳善出版社：上海外语教育出版社第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人scop。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
3、最重要的诗人是被称为“英国诗歌之父”的乔叟，代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》，取得了很高的艺术成就。
他首创了诗歌的双韵体----每两行压韵的五步抑扬格，后被许多英国诗人采用。
乔叟用伦敦方言写作，奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础，促进了英语语言文学的发展。
第二章文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴运动源于14世纪的意大利，后遍及欧洲各国，在英国兴起较晚。
“文艺复兴”一词原意是指古希腊，罗马文学艺术的复苏，但事实上决不是简单的对古希腊罗马文学艺术的学习模仿。
文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义思想，表现为尊重人的尊严和力量，关注现世生活，鼓励人们对幸福生活的追求。
代表的是新兴资产阶级反封建，反教会的思想和要求。
文艺复兴运动的思想家，人文主义者是托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More），他的作品《乌托邦》描绘了一个理想的未来社会，他因此被认为是空想社会主义的先驱。
2. 文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展，在诗歌，散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛。
诗歌方面，新的诗体形式如十四行诗，无韵体诗被介绍到英国。
莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人，著有两部叙事诗，两部长诗和154首十四行诗。
英国文学复习纲要
I. The Old English Literature.1.Beowulf: definition, writing style, and its significance——pagan poetry.——the national epic of the English people——a long narrative poem, which describes the heroic deeds of the hero Beowulf in fighting against the monster of Grandel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. The main rhetoric methods used in the poem are alliteration, metaphor, and heavy stress. Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero, but also as a protector of the people. Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage the heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the natural world. The poem is the mingling of nature, myths, and heroic legends.2.epic: a long narrative poem in a dignified style, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing the details of the heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or a nation.3.Sir Gawain and the Green knight: the culmination of the Arthurian romances.4.Alfred the Great:——he is not only a prose writer, but also a king of W essex.——his most important work: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.5.Caedmon: the first religious poet of the history of the English literature; his work Chirst .II. The medieval literature: the prevailing form of literature of this period is the romance.1. Geoffey Chaucer: the father of English poetry——the most important writer in the 14th century, the other most important writer is Langland.——one of the greatest narrative poets of England——his works vividly reflected the changes and the social conditions of his time ——his major works：The Canterbury Tale s; Romance of the rose; The Legends of Good W omen; The House of Fame; The Parliament of Fawls;——a pre-humanist——his contributions to English language.2.The Canterbury Tales——one of the most famous works in all literature——It presents us a vivid picture of contemporary English life, its works and its play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled.——The prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first its kind in the history of English literature.——In this poem, Chaucer's realism,trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century.——his work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking. He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is always keen to praise man's energy, intellect,quick wit and the love for life.——the brief analysis of the opening of the Prologue:3.Ballads——they are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.——Bishop Thomas Percy —Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.——various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary.,fantastical, lyrical, humourous.——major representatives: Robin Hood; Get Up and Bar the Door; Sir Patrick Spens.III. The English Renaissance1.Background:economic, political, religious, social, and culture.2.The essence: humanism. The humanist belief and pursue that men do not only have the right to pursue the earthly happiness, but also can perfect himself and the present life. They respect human's value and dignity. Man could mould the world according to his desires and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.3.The major writers: Thomas More; Sidney; Raleigh; Edmund Spenser; John Lyly; Morlowe; Shakespeare; Francis Bacon; Ben Johnson4.Thomas More——Utopia is his masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into 2 books. Book 1 is a picture of contemporary of England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the labouring class, the greed and luxury among the rich, and an eagerness for war on the part of the rulers. In book 2 we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.5.Sidney——his collection of love sonnets: Astrophel and Stella.——Apology for Poetry is one of the earliest English literary essays.6.Raleigh——he is remembered in literary history for his Discovery of Guiana,an account of exploration.——History of the World, handful of lyrics.7.Ednund Spenser——the Poet's poet——he is the first master to make Modern English the natural music of his poet effusions.——The Shepherd's Calender, a pastoral poem in 12 books, one for each month of a year. The shepherds in the poem represent the poet and his friend. It marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of Egland.——Epithalamion, a beautiful sonnet sequence and marriage ode, to celebrate this successful love affair culminating in marraige.——The Faerie Queene, a long poem planed in 12 books of which he finishedonly 6. It is written in a special verse form that consists of 8 iambic pentameter line followed by a 9th line of 6 iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc (the Spenserian Stanza )8.John Lyly——Euphues, written in a peculiar style known as "Euptuism", which consists in the use of balanced sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical.9.Marlowe——the most gifted of the "university wits "——his best works includes 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine (1587), The Jew of Malta (1592), and Dr Faustus (1588)10.Shakespeare——。
英国文学复习教学提纲
英国文学复习教学提纲1. Arcadia2. The Shepherds Calendar3. The Advancenient of Learning4. King Midas5. The Jew of Malta6. As You Like It7. Othello8. Julius Caesar9. Every Man in His Humour10. The Alchemist11．Songs and Sonnets12．The Temple13．Lycidas14. Samson Agonistes15. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners16. The Pilgrim's Progress17. Absalom and Achitophel18. Annus Mirabilis19. Paradise Regained20. The Hind and the Panther1. Anglo-Saxon conquest happened in the 5th century.2. The first Englishmen are Anglo-Saxons.3. The history of English literature began with Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain.4. Beowulf is the most important specimen of Old English literature.5. The main stories of Beowulf are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.6. Beowulf presents an all-round life picture of the tribal society.7. The use of alliteration, metaphors, understatements strong stresses and predominance of consonants is a notable feature of Beowulf.8. The first known religious poet in England is Caedmon.9. When we talk about the Old English prose the first name that comes into our mind is Venerable Bede.10. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is Alfred the Great's most important contribution to the Old English prose literature.11. The Norman Conquest brought the body of customs and ideals known as chivalry into England.12. After the Norman Conquest, the knightly code, the romantic interest in women tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in English literature.13. The prevailing literary form in the feudal England was the romance.14. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination of the romances about King Arthur.15. William Langland wrote about social discontent and preached the equality of men and dignity of labour.16. Piers Plowman describes the narrator's dream visions.17. Chaucer is acclaimed not only as the father of English poetry but also as the father of English fiction.18. The Romaunt of the Rose, the most popular poem of Middle Ages, was one of Chaucer’s translations from French.19. Being one of the forerunners of modernism, Chaucer praises man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.20. One of Chaucer's great contributions to English poetry is his introduction of French poems to English poetry.31. The keynote of English Renaissance was humanism.32. Elizabethan poetry is remarkable for its variety, freshness, youthfulness and its romantic feeling.33. One of the great contributions made by Thomas Wyatt to English poetry is the introduction of the sonnet.34．Henry Howard is credited with introducing the blank verse into English poetry.35. Three cycles of sonnets were produced in the Renaissance period. The first one is Astrophel and Stella.36. The Faerie Queene contains six stories about the adventures of knights, who are made to be allegorical characters by Edmund Spenser.37. The dominating thoughts of The Faerie Queene are nationalism, humanism and Puritanism.38. It is likely that when writing Hamlet Shakespeare borrowed somethingfrom The Spanish Tragedy.39. When Shakespeare wrote King Lear and Macbeth, he mainly relied on Holinshed's Chronicles.40. In writing plays, Ben Jonson insisted on adherence to the three unities.ine IILCrarure of41. The literature of the Revolution Period is different from the literature of Elizabethan Period.42. The works of the Metaphysical Poets are characterised by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.43. The poems by the Metaphysical poets are full of farfetched conceits.44. John Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, Lycidas, to memorialise the tragic death of a Cambridge friendand classmate.45. The stories of Paradise Lost were taken from the Old Testament.46. Paradise Lost was written in blank verse.47. Milton’s poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.48. In The Pilgrim’s Progress, the allegorical narrative is based on the idea of a journey.49. In describing the Vanity Fair, Bunyan draws a satirical picture not only of London at the time of the Restoration but of the whole bourgeois society.50. Dryden's greatest work of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy.T 1. After Anglo-Saxon conquest, seven small kingdoms appeared in Britain and later they were combined into a united kingdom named England.F 2. Anglo-Saxon literature is exclusively a prose literature in oral form. T3. English poetry in the Anglo-Saxon period falls into two groups: non-religious and religious.T 4. Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in the English language.T5. Beowulf reflects how people in the tribal society fought against nature.F 6. Caedmon's legendary life story is described by Bede in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.F7. Historia Ecclesiastica describes how religion was introduced and spread in England.T 8. Venerable Bede is the first scholar in English literature and has been regarded as the father of English learning.F 9. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People is the bestmonument of the Old English prose.T 10. Cynewulf took his poetical subject matter partly from the church liturgy, but more largely from the homilies of Gregory the Great.F 11. After Norman Conquest, three languages were used in England. They were French used by the Normans, Latin used by scholars and clergymen,。
英国文学期末复习提纲
英国文学期末复习提纲英国文学提纲一、5个术语上册3个1.Alliteration 头韵Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of tow or more words that are next to or close to each other.Of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Allegory 寓言体An allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning and serve to spread moral teaching.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.3.Heroic Couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentameter五步抑扬格. The second line is usually end-stopped. It was common practice to string long sequences长序列of heroic couplets together in a pattern of aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, ff (and so on).Example:But when to mischief mortals bend their will ,How soon they find fit instruments of ill !(Pope: The Rape of the Lock, III,125-126)4.Humanism 人文主义Humanism is a movement of philosophy and ethics that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought andevidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.5.Sonnet 十四行诗A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.There are three types：(1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave.(2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter.(3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. Therhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.6.Ballads 民谣Ballads are stories told in sound and usually in four-line stanzas with even number lines rhymes. They were created collectly by the people and constantly revised through the process of being handed down with mouth.A. The beginning is often abrupt.B. There are strong dramatic elements.C. The stories are often told through dialogue and action.D. The ballad meter is used.7.Spenserian Stanza 斯宾塞诗节A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene.8.Blank verse 无韵诗V erse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.9.Romance 传奇故事Romance generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures. Romance embody the life and adventures of knights and is characteristic of theearly feudal age, as it reflects the spirits of chivalry. The content of romance is usually about love, chivalry, and religion.10.Epic 史诗Epic is an extended narrative叙事体poem in elevated严肃的or dignified庄严的language, It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary传奇的or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence宏伟. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic. like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey.Features①The hero is a figure of imposing sta ture②The setting is vast in scope③The action consists of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage④A style of sustained elevation and grand simplicity is used下册2个1.Romanticism 浪漫主义In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage束缚of neoclassicism, which emphasized强调reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.2.Modernism 现代主义Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets,novelist,painters,and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the world warⅡ.The term includes various trends or schools,such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.The characteristics of modernist writings can be summed up as /doc/e36199962.html,plexity and obscurity, the use of symbols,allusion,irony.3.Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白诗A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. One famous examples is Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.4.Stream-of-consciousness 意识流Stream of consciousness, which presents the thoughts of a character in the random, seemingly unorganized fashion in whichthe thinking process occurs, has the following characteristics. First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental processes of the characters rather than through the commentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal andoften typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past events and drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association.二、作家作品匹配（看笔记）三、诗歌赏析1. Shakespeare - Hamlet 上册P128 Note 1&2To be or not to be:that is the question,2. Bacon - Of Studies 上册P145Bacon’s 58 essays were published in 1625. They are the author;s reflections and comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth”, “Of Friendship”, and “O f riches”. They are known for their conciseness, brevity, simplicity and forcefulness.◆第一部分：It is about the purpose of studiesA. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.B. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.◆第二部分：It is about the way to study.Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and takefor granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.◆第三部分：It is about the relationship between studies and characteristic.A. Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.B. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.With these two rhetorical devices, the sentences have become more simple and the important points are highlighted. In such sentences, parallelism and ellipsis bring great help to express Bacon’s strong emotions.3. Shelley - Ode to the west wind 下册P52-55第一段If winter comes, can spring be far behind?Death & Rebirthdrive his dead thoughts (like the dead leaves) across the universe in order to prepare the way for new birth in the spring 西风已经成了一种象征，它是一种无处不在的宇宙精神，一种打破旧世界，追求新世界的西风精神。
(完整)英国文学复习提纲加诗歌赏析方法
I。
PART ONE。
EARLY&MEDIEV AL1。
Beowulf: the national epic史诗 of the Anglo—SaxonsBeowulf against： monster Grendel， she—monster and a fire dragonArtistic features：Using alliteration（头韵）Using metaphor(比喻）and understatement(陈述）2。
The Class Nature of the Romance： They were composed for the noble， of the noble，and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble。
3. Geoffery Chaucer： The father of English poetry/ the founder of English poetry The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集:英国文史上现实主义第一部杰作fir st time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle EnglishII。
The Renaissance Period1. The Renaissance ＆ Humanism: R： 2 features： a curiosity for classical literature (Greek & Latin）→dissatisfaction at Catholic ＆ feudal ideas/ activities of humanity →new feeling of admiration for human beauty ＆ achievementH: the key—note of R， new outlook of the rising bourgeois class2. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根：Essays随笔(famous quotas： Of studies）3。
英国文学辅导纲要
《英国文学》辅导纲要Chapter OneEnglish Literature before Renaissance主要内容：1.Beowulf2.Sir Gawain and the Green Knights3.William Langland: Piers the Plowman4.Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales5.Ballads6.Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte d’Arthur重点掌握：1.Beowulf is a national epic of England.2.His visit to Italy played an important part in Chaucer’s writing.3.Geoffrey Chaucer，the “father of English poetry” and one of thegreatest narrative poets of England, was born in London about 1340.4.Sir Gawain and Green Knight employs the form of romance.5.Chaucer translated various works of French authors; The Romance ofthe Rose.6.Chaucer is called the founder of English realism because he portraysall the classes of English feudal society except nobles and serfs.7.The characters in the Canterbury Tales can be divided into thefollowing groups: rural dwellers, church members, tradesmen.8.Chaucer introduced from France and Italy the rhymed stanzas ofvarious forms to English poetry; Chaucer is called the father of English poetry and the first poet who wrote in current English language;9.Piers the Plowman is similar in form to the work written byLangland.10.Beowulf was brought by Anglo-Saxon people from the Continent toEngland.11.A ballad is written in 4-line stanza with the second and fourth linesrhymes. Most of English ballads were collected in the 18th century. 12.Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales sold the relics of the dead saints toearn money.13.In the 14th century, the two most important writers are Chaucer andLangland.14.Today Chaucer is acclaimed not o nly as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.15.The Canterbury Tales opens with a general Prologue where are told ofa company of pilgrims that gathered at Tabard Inn in Southwark, asuburb of London.16.William Langland’s Piers the Plowman is written in the form of adream vision.Chapter TwoEnglish Literature in the Renaissance主要内容:1.What is humanism?2.English Renaissance is a period of poetry and drama3.Sir Thomas Wyatt4.Earl of Surrey5.Sir Philip Sidney6.Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene, The Shepherds’ Calendar7.Thomas More: Utopia8.Francis Bacon9.Christopher Marlowe-- Tamburlaine the Great; The Tragical Historyof Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta10.Marlowe's contribution to English drama11.William Shakespeare1）要知道莎士比亚的所有主要作品的名字，基本内容，主要人物的性格特征及人物之间的关系，他的戏剧创作的三个阶段的特点。
英国文学及选读上册复习资料
Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066 AD)· What is the most representative work of this period? : Beowulf.· What is it about?· It is the story of a hero among the ancient Scandinavians, who was considered a protector of the people for fighting against a monster named Grendel, his revengeful mother and a fire-breathing dragon, all representatives of evil forces in society and human life.· What is its importance?· It is the first great English literary work and the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons, handed down orally through the centries, and is called "national epic of English people".· The whole poem tresents and all-round picture of the tribal society. It is not Christian but a pagan（异教徒的）poem, despite the Christian flavour given by the monastery scribe （修道院抄写员）, which shows the mixture of pagan and Christian elements as well as the mixture of tribal society（部落社会，原始社会）and feudal（封建）elements.· The poem is written in alliteration verse（压头韵）, employing the device of alliteration with certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant or vowel.· It uses the devices of metaphors（暗喻）and understatements（降格）.E.g. Sea→whale-road; swan-road Monster→soul-destroyer2. Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)· What are the main kinds of literature in this period? : Romance（骑士文学）and ballads（民谣）.· What are their respective themes?· Romance are often about knightly adventures（骑士的冒险）or other heroic deeds, and usually emphasizes the chivalric（骑士的）love of the Middle Ages in Europe.· Ballads traditionally deal with the pagan supernatural, with tragic love, or with historical or semi-historical events, e.g. the English-Scottish border（边境）ballads, or the Robin Hood ballads, with brave, intelligent and kind-hearted out-law characters who hate the cruel oppression and help the poor.3. The Age of Chaucer / Late Middle English Literature· What is the most important author of this period? : Jeoffrey Chaucer.· Why is he important?· Jeoffrey Chaucer is considered "the father of English poetry". His masterpiece The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English literature.He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas（押韵的诗节）to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. It was he who used for the first time in English rhymed couplet of iambic pantameter（五步抑扬格which was later called the "heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）He is considered as the first realistic writer in English literary history and a massenger of humanism（人文主义）. His works presented us an array of characters from all walks of life（各式各样的人物）, affirming man's right to earthly happiness（世俗喜乐）, praising man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.He isthe first to wirte in the current English language. He did much in making the dialect of London for modern English language.The Canterbury Tales: What is the book about? : It is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, influenced by Boccaccio's Decameron（《十日谈》）. Taking the standerd of the rising bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, the poet affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church（教会所主张的禁欲主义信条）.· What are the main literary innovations brought about by The Canterbury Tales? :: heroic couplet 英雄双韵体参见上上条•Tips:由十音节双韵诗体（couplet演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重音（iambic pantameter。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料第一章：中世纪文学1.1 安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年）- 口头传统和史诗：《贝奥武夫》- 基督教文学：《凡尔登战役》1.2 后征服时期（1066年-1485年）- 基督教文学：《格尔罗与黛斯蒙德》- 骑士文学：《亚瑟王传说》、《罗宾汉传》第二章：文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）2.1 草原学派- 约翰·斯克利- 托马斯·莫尔2.2 伊丽莎白时代- 威廉·莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 - 克里斯托弗·马洛：《第一部十诫》第三章：17世纪文学3.1 评剧派- 本·琼生：《伊丽莎白时代断头台上的十一个人》- 约翰·福特：《佩里克尔斯·普林》3.2 枪炮派- 约翰·洛克：《论人类理解》- 托马斯·霍布斯：《利维坦》第四章：启蒙时代（18世纪）4.1 洛克主义- 亚当·斯密：《国富论》- 大卫·休谟：《人性的研究》4.2 唯理主义- 亚历山大·波佩：《怪异小说》- 理查德·斯蒂文森：《金银岛》第五章：浪漫主义（19世纪）5.1 威廉·华兹华斯：《抒情诗》5.2 柯勒律治：《唐吉诃德》第六章：维多利亚时代6.1 珍奥斯汀：《傲慢与偏见》6.2 狄更斯：《雾都孤儿》6.3 奥斯卡·王尔德：《道林·格雷的画像》第七章：现代主义（20世纪）7.1 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：《至灵宴》7.2 乔治·奥威尔：《1984》7.3 约瑟夫·康拉德：《黑暗之心》第八章：后现代主义（20世纪末至今）8.1 萨尔曼·鲁西迪：《午夜的孩子》8.2 伊恩·麦克尤恩：《第二个苏格拉底》8.3 泽拉尔·纳西莫夫：《洛丽塔》总结：英国文学史涵盖了从中世纪到现代的丰富多样的文学作品。
(完整word版)英国文学史上期末复习
英国文学简史General introduction of English literature1。
1) Old English Literature (449-1066）古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century）中世纪英语时期文学—-Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400）杰弗里·乔叟代表作:French influence:Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The Book Of Duchess《公爵夫人之书》Italian influence:The Legend of Good Women《良妇传说》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯与克莱西》Maturity:The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》2.Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ～early 17th century）文艺复兴-—-———-Thomas More 托马斯。
莫尔Utopia 乌托邦(1516）-——he gave a profound and truthful picture ofthe people’s sufferings and put forward hisideal of a future happy society.-—Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根(1561——1626)The philosophical——-The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》The literature —---—Essays《随笔》The professional works——-—--Thomas Wyatt托马斯怀亚特（1503-—1542)The first to introduce the sonnet into English literature(引入十四行诗的第一人）Lyrical poetry---—-—Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞(1552--1599）Poet's poet 诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queene 《仙后》（the greatest epic poem 史诗)The Shepheardes Calendar《牧人月历》——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-—1616)The most popular and the most wildly respected writer in all English literature四大悲剧：HamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamThe merchant of VeniceAs you like itTwelfth Night-—Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛The greatest of the pioneers of English dramaThe one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English dramaEnglish Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688）资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学--———-—John Donne约翰多恩(a metaphysical poet 玄学诗人）代表作：”the flea"（跳骚)—love poem“Song”(歌)“A Valediction: Forbidden Morning”（别离辞：节哀）“Death be not proud”(死神，你莫骄傲)死亡时永恒的，不要害怕死亡，人死后可以超生，到天堂“The Canonization"（封圣）-—John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(puritan)Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》On his blindnessOn His Deceased Wife《悼念我的亡妻》-—John Bunyan 约翰·班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》—-—is written in theold-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.4。
英国文学复习提纲
题型模式选择题（ 2 分*15 道=30 分）作家作品匹配（ 1 分*20 道=20 分）名词解释（ 5 分*2 道=10 分）作品分析（三道题，25 分）论述作家区别（15 分）Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期掌握要点：The Renaissance （文艺复兴）Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.The Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.Renaissanee humanists （文艺复兴时期的人文主义者）：Human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection. （question, explore enjoy. ）Knight Literature（骑士文学）Period： The Renaissance period,Themes：“Fierce wars and faithful loves ”Humansim（人文主义）Sonnet 十四行诗Shakespearean Sonnet: comprises three quatrain and final couplet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg Spenserian Sonnet： ababbabccdcdeeChristopher Marlowe 马洛The poineer of English DramaHis creation of Renaissance hero for English drama.Dr. Faustus: It celevrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness. Tamburlaine: Supreme desire for infinite power and authority.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚The spirit of pursuing happiness.Hamlet 哈姆雷特Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白All's Well That Ends 终成眷属Measure for Measure 一报还一报Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶To Be or Not to Be”Francis Bacon 培根The first important English essayist.John DonneMetaphysical Poetry（玄学派）:Highly intellectual poetry marked by bold ingenious, conceits, incongrious, imagery complexity of thought frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness,or rigidtiy of expression.Themes: Love Death and Religion.John Milton Paradise Lost 失乐园Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodNeoclassicism新古典主义）Classical tendency: artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman, put the stress or the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, vestrained emotion, accuracy, good, taste and decorum.Englihtenment （启蒙运动）（18也century）Rationality to thought and activities, called for a reference to order, reason, rules.John Bunyan 班扬（1660-1798）Pilgrim 'Progess 天路历程-The Vantiy Fair 名利场Alexander PopeAn Essay on Criticism 批评论Rape of the Lock 夺发记Daniel Defoe 笛福/ 迪佛Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Jonathan SwiftGulliver ' Travels 格列佛游记分析Daniel Defoe 与Jonathan Swift 作品语言特点：Defoe:1,the spirit of time （时代精神）2,Sometimes short crisp and plain, sometimes long rambliing and leave reader impression of casual narration.Swift:1,exploration into human nature profound （人性探索，社会批判）2,“Proper words in proper places. ”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure.Henry FiedlingComic epic in proseTom Jones汤姆•琼雷Richard Brinsley Sheridan （查理•比•谢利丹）The School of Scandal 造谣学校Rivals 情敌Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期The Romantism1,Expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social 2,individual in the solitary state.3,Inner world of the human spiritGothlic n ove l（18 th-19 th）（哥特式小说）Early set in the medival age in a Catholic country.Principal Elements: V oilence horror and supernaturalWilliam Blake 威廉•布莱克Songs of innocence天真之歌Songs of exp erience经验之歌（赏析）：从主题思想，从修辞格（，从音律）William Wordsworth （华兹华斯）I wandered Lonely as a Cloud Composed upon Westminster Bridge The Soliary Reaper（赏析）Lake Poets （湖畔诗人）William WordsworthSamuel Taylor ColeridgeRobert SoutheyGeorge Gordon Byron 拜伦Byronic hero:A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble orgin usually one of rebellious, individuals against outworn social systems and conventionsDon JuanPercy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Ode to the West Wind 西风颂（赏析）：诗眼：Destroyer and Preserver 生命的破坏与储存Winter: Darkness of society 黑暗社会Spring: Bright future and new social system 光明未来“If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind. ”“如果冬天来临，春天还会远么？”（赏析）John Keat 济慈Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂The Eve of St. Agnes圣亚尼节前夜Jane Austen 简•奥斯丁Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Chapter 4 The Victorian Period （维多利亚时期，又称现实主义时期）In general ,truthfully represents the realtiy and spirit of the age. High-spirited vitality the down to earth earnestness. The good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are allunprecedented. 真实反映当时时代的现实和精神，体现高度活力和脚踏实地的精神，语言善意幽默，无羁无绊，令人产生空前的丰富联想Charles Dickens 狄更斯Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 A Tale of two cities 双城记The Bront? SistersWuthering Heights 呼啸山庄Jane Eyre 简•爱。
(完整word版)英国文学史复习资料大纲英语专业必考
一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。
英语专业考研英国文学概括复习大纲 (1)
英国文学概括复习大纲一、中世纪文学古英语文学英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族,没有留下书面文学作品。
5世纪时，原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国，他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》传了下来。
诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔、斗毒龙，并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。
它的背景和情节是北欧的，但掺有基督教成分，显示出史诗曾几经修改，已非原貌。
按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看，诗的结构完整，写法生动，所用的头韵、重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。
6世纪末,基督教传入英国，出现了宗教文学。
僧侣们用拉丁文写书，其中比德所著的《英国人民宗教史》(731年完成)既有难得的史实,又有富于哲理的传说，受到推崇，并译成了英文。
此后，丹麦人入侵，不少寺院毁于兵火，学术凋零。
9世纪末,韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹，同时着手振兴学术，请了一批学者将拉丁文著作译为英文，并鼓励编写《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》，这是用英国当地语言写史的开始。
中古英语文学1066年诺曼人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一批说法语的贵族。
古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响,本身也在起着变化,12世纪后发展为中古英语。
文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》。
它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。
14世纪后半叶，中古英语文学达到了高峰。
这时期的重要诗人乔叟的创作历程，从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效，进到后来英国本色的写实，表明了英国文学的自信。
他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用优美、活泼的韵文，描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈；他们来自不同阶层和行业各人所讲。
二、文艺复兴时期文学16世纪，由于新航路发现后海外贸易发达，英国国力逐渐充实，民族主义高涨，1588年一举击败大陆强国西班牙派来入侵的“无敌舰队”。
文化上也出现了一个活动频繁、佳作竞出的文艺复兴局面。
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The Anglo-Saxon Period449-1066Events & Terms▪Celts▪Roman Conquest▪Anglo-Saxons▪MythCelts▪500 B.C and 100 B.C.▪Coming from central Europe▪Tribal society▪Clan as unit▪Celtic warriors enjoying fighting▪Lack of unityRoman Conquest▪55BC - 407AD▪Roman general Julius Caesar▪Roman emperor Claudius▪Britannia: British Isles as a province of Roman empire▪Roman governors▪ChristianityThe Anglo-Saxons (449-1066)▪Angles, Saxons, Jutes, tribes from the places now northern Germany and southern Scandinavia▪Creation of the English nation▪Old English or Anglo-Saxon▪Anglo-Saxon myth: The Lord of the Rings; The Song of BeowulfMyth(ology)The story, handed down from olden times, especially concepts or beliefs about the early history of a race or a nation usually with supernatural episodes.Questions for Anglo-Saxon Period▪What is your impression of Beowulf as a hero and king?▪What do you think is the most important theme of Beowulf?▪In what way is the movie different from original myth and why?The Anglo-Norman Period1066-1350Events & Terms●Norman Conquest●King Arthur●Romance●Narrative PoetryNorman Conquest (1066)●End of the Anglo-Saxon Period●Start of Medieval Period●Norman-French culture: RomanceKing Arthur●Legendary British hero●leading the defense of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the early 6thcenturyRomance● A style of heroic prose or verse narrative;●Fantastic stories about adventures of a knight , who goes on a quest;●Aristocratic circles of medieval and early modern Europe;●Out of fashion by the 17th century.Narrative poetry●Narrative poetry refers to the poems that have a story plot. It includes epics,ballads, idylls, and lays/lyric poems.Question for Anglo-Norman PeriodWhat is the moral lesson about the Arthurian romance Gawain?Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453):☐Between Kings of England and Kings of France for the control of French throne;☐The English kings claiming they were legal successors to the French crown;☐The result: an awakening of national consciousness in England.The Peasants’ Revolt (1831):☐As a mark of end of serfdom in medieval England;☐The revolt itself, a failure;☐Awareness in the upper classes of the need for the reform of feudalism in England;☐The misery felt by the lower classes as a result of their enforced near-slavery.The Catholic Church:☐On the wane partly because of its abuse of power and its corruption;☐John Wycliff: attacking the corruption and rottenness of the Church;demanding for a Church reform.Geoffrey Chaucer:☐Father of English poetry;☐Forerunner of English Renaissance;☐Influenced by Italian Renaissance;☐Belief in human’s right of earthly happiness; praising man’s energy, adroitness, intellect, quick wit and the love for life;☐Writing in Middle English.Some Canterbury Tales:☐The Knight’s Tale: the fight of two knights for the same women they both fall in love;☐The Friar’s Tale: a summoner’s greed for money and his collecting money by blackmailing those misbehaviors;☐The Miller’s Tale: love affair outside marriage.☐The Wife of Bath’s Tale: a story about women who want to control over their husbands and their own lives.The Work’s Major Themes:1. Courtly Love:☐True love may be idealized and spiritual;☐ A man becomes the servant of the lady he loves;☐True love only exists outside of marriage.2. The Corruption of the Catholic Church:☐Power over England, Ireland, and the entire continent of Europe; extremely wealthy; cathedrals incredibly expensive to build;☐Church’s greed, corruption, and hypocrisy; lack in sympat hy for the poor;☐ A burden to common people.Major Terms☐Popular Ballads:Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been reserved by oral transmission. ―Popular‖ is used to indicate that ballads were widespread among the populace of England and Scotland.☐Robin Hood:Robin Hood is a partly historical and partlylegendary character.Questions:1) What views of Chaucer’s are expressed in his poem?2) Make a comment on the Nun, the Prioress.3) Make a comment on Robin Hood.The Renaissance(Part IV)14th-17th CenturiesRenaissance●The removal of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe;●The introduction of new ideas that expressed the interests of the risingbourgeoisie and the recovery of the purity of the early church from thecorruption of the Roman Catholic Church;●The revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences;●Humanism as the essence of the renaissance.The Absolute monarchy●Monarchical form of government;●Ultimate governing authority;●Wielding political power over the sovereign state and its subject peoples. Sonnet● A form of a poem that originated in Europe;● A Shakespearean/English sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line containing tensyllables and written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, repeated five times;●The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet: a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. Hamlet, the Character●Enigmatic, philosophical, contemplative;●Melancholy, discontented with the state of affairs in Denmark and in his ownfamily; contemplating his own death; being afraid of spiritual aftermath of death;●Indecisive, inactive, passive;●Compulsive talker.Shylock, the Character●Antagonist, villain, cruel, stingy/miserly;●Victim of Christians’ discriminat ion.Other Major Writers1) Poets:●Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542)●Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)2) Novelists:●John Lyly (1553?-1606)●Thomas Nashe (1567-1602)3) Playwright:●Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)4) Prose Writer:●Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Bacon’s “Of Studies”●Function, importance, and tips concerning studies;●Importance of knowledge and reason for human development;●Parallels as major rhetorical devise.Questions for Part IV:1.What is the significance of Renaissance?2.What is Hamlet’s personality?3.Why does Hamlet hesitate in seeking revenge?4.What do you think of the critical interpretation of Hamlet’s hesitationfrom the perspective of the Oedipus complex?5.What do you think of Shylock’s revenge?6.What are expressed of Bacon’s views in ―Of Studies‖?Part V The 17th CenturyThe Period of Revolution and RestorationCommonwealth⏹In 1649 (Charles I beheaded)⏹Commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658)⏹Commonwealth: political community founded for the common good, historically,synonymous with ―republic‖.Restoration (1660)⏹After the death of Cromwell;⏹Bourgeoisie inviting the son of Charles I to be the king of England;⏹Monarchy restored.Glorious Revolution (1688)⏹Overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James IIof Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with William of Orange, a Dutch;⏹English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II ofEngland.John Milton (1608-1674):⏹Milton believed Power corrupts human beings, and rulers should have to provetheir right to lead other people.⏹Milton was an activist fighting for human rights.⏹Milton believed in a strict social and political hierarchy; he objected to thehierarchy that existed in his day.⏹Milton was a Puritan. Puritans called for the abolishment of bishops. Miltondespised the corruption he saw in the Catholic Church.John Bunyan (1628-1688):⏹Received into Baptist Church (浸礼会) in 1653;⏹Strong sensitivity to sin, self-imposed, self-enforced, severe, self-critical. The Pilgrim’s P rogress (1678)⏹Religious allegory;⏹Search for salvation;⏹Christian, the central character, search for religious truth and salvation inCelestial City;⏹Definite goal in life, to reach the Celestial City, little time or energy for othermatters.Questions for Part V:1.What is the major theme of Paradise Lost? How are Milton’s viewsexpressed in the poem?2.What is Bunyan’s religious belief? How is his belief expressed in―Vanity Fair‖ of The Pilgrim’s Progress?Part VI The 18th CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in EnglandHistorical Background:●Peaceful social environment and development;●Two parties—the liberal Whigs and conservative Tories.Enlightenment:●Struggle of the then progressive bourgeoisie against feudalism;●Against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals offeudalism;●Against false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature;proving man born kind and honest;●Importance of sciences for the development of human beings.Robinson Crusoe (1719):Robinson Crusoe as representative of bourgeoisie, rising class in 18th century with following traits:Perseverance;Resourcefulness, do-it-yourself independence;Emotional self-control;Industry;Courage;Individualism;Interest in possessions, power, and prestige.Questions1.How do you analyze the character of Robinson Crusoe?2.Some critics take this novel as a book of colonialism and why is that?3.Illustrate Western culture expressed in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe.Gulliver’s Travels (1726)1.bitter satire on politics, religion, Enlightenment, English people, humans;2.Satiric devices:1)Visual contrast: Lilliputians; Brobdingnagians;2)Allegories:High-Heels vs. Low-Heels（struggles between the Whigs and the Tories);Big-Endians vs. Little-Endians(fight between Catholics and Protestants);Laputans (folly of theoretical knowledge);Flying Islands(English government’s domination over Ireland).QuestionsWhy is Gulliver’s Travels considered a book of satire?What satiric devices are used and what theme is expressed in the novel Gulliver’s Travels?The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)―Comic epic‖;Wide range of social types of the age rather than unique individuals;No interior lives of characters;Morality vs. honesty, kindness;Criticism on hypocrisy, coldness, selfishness.Sentimentalism:●Overindulgence in emotion and overemphasis of the goodness of humanity;●Over-shown feeling not a weakness showing morality;●Challenging principles of Enlightenment;●As result of discontent on sciences and reason;●Novelist: Oliver Goldsmith (The Vicar of Wakefield, 1766)Poet: Thomas Gray (Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard, 1751).Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)Sentimental poetry: nature as background for display of emotion, gloom as general atmosphere;about death, sorrows, mysteries, melancholy; about common people, conscience;Elegy: poem setting forth poet’s meditations upon death or solemn theme;expression of solemn mood.Gothic Novel:● A branch of sentimentalism;●Specializing in ruins, haunted castles, and frightening landscapes, magic;●Horror, mystery, supernatural, misfortune, death, haunted houses, familycurses;●Horace Walpole and his The Castle of Otranto (1765).The School for Scandal (1777)Comedy of manners (which satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class represented by stock characters);Criticism on artificial nature of appearances;Satire on the moral degeneracy of the English idle wealthy class.Pre-romanticism:●Foretelling coming of Romanticism in English literature at the end the 18thcentury;●William Blake and Robert Burns.。