英语语法Lecture 27-29

Existential Sentence?

Hale Waihona Puke There stood the poor lady against a moon as bright as the sun. There she is. In one small moment, we had both lost the world, and there was no way to get it back. If it hadn't been for the Japanese, there would have been plenty of reason for fighting to break out among these different people. from Joy Luck Club

except, except for, excepting Prepositions of Time/ Place : at, on, and in Prepositions of Relation to and for benefactive relation or dative relation Collocation of prepositions with adjectives, verbs and nouns
2) Exclamations
Exclamations, also known as “exclamatory sentences”, refer to a special type of sentence that expresses strong feelings. E.g. How dare you speak to me like that! What strange ideas you have! What an intelligent boy he is ! What a mess we are in !




Everyone enjoys the party, Everything is ready, There is no help for it, Bob rarely got drunk, I am late, One can‟t be too careful, She says that I did it, I don‟t think she cares,

Existential Sentence
Lecture 28
1.
2. 3.
4.
Definition of existential sentence + structural properties of ES Predicate verb of an existential sentence Non-finite existential clauses Focus: forms of BE
does he/do they? isn‟t? is there? did he? aren‟t I? can one/you? doesn‟t she? does she?
You often have headaches, don‟t you? We ought to go there, shouldn‟t /oughtn‟t we? He used to smoke fifty cigars a day, didn‟t /usedn‟t he? You needn‟t go yet, need/must you? You mustn‟t walk on grass, must you? Be quite, would/ can you? Let‟s stop here, shall we? Let us go now, will you?
Many prepositions can also be adverbs: • They are in the kitchen. preposition • Please come in. adverb A few prepositions can also be conjunctions: • Everyone came but Tara. preposition • I asked her but she didn’t answer. conjunction
Summary of Preposition
The name “preposition” (pre + position) means “place before”. Prepositions usually come before another word, usually a noun or noun phrase: • noun • pronoun • noun phrase • gerund (verb in -ing form)

Statement, Question, Command, Exclamation
Lecture 27
Types of sentences

The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical of construction. In terms of their communicative functions, sentences may be divided into four types: statement, question, command and exclamation.

4) Tag questions
Tag questions are extensively used in spoken language. A tag question generally consists of two parts: statement+ question tag. There are four types of tag question: 1) Positive statement + negative tag 2) Negative statement + positive tag 3) Positive statement + positive tag 4) Negative statement + negative tag
27.2 Questions



1) General questions General questions, also known as “yes-no questions”, are asked for affirmation or negation. E.g. Have you finished your work yet? (non-assertive) Have you already finished your work? (assertive word) Haven‟t you heard from him already? positive inclination 2) Special questions ( intensifying expressions 强调形 式？P.316 ) Also known as wh-questions, are generally introduced by wh-words such as who, whose, which , where, what, when , why, how, etc. E.g. Who phoned last night? (normal order) What does your brother do? (inverted order)

27.3 Commands and exclamations


1) commands (first, second & third person imperative) Commands also known as “imperative sentences” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, a request, a suggestion, etc. e.g. Let me try again. Open the window, please. Clean these barrels now. Don‟t let anyone shirk his his responsibility.
27.1 Statements




1) Positive statements (attitudinal disjuncts, emphasizers, reinforcement tags, double negatives, rhetorical questions, and a stressed operator to soften the tone or to reinforce a statement) E.g.. Teaching 16 hours a week, I’m afraid, is too much for me. 2) Negative statements ( subject-operator inversion) A statement may be negated by “not” or other negative words. E.g.. He’s not a worker. Partial negation P.311
His wife sometimes made him curry. His wife did not ever make him curry. I told somebody something. I did not tell anybody anything. He is still living at this address. He is not yet living at this address.