语言学第三章习题
英语语言学linguisticschapter3练习答案
英语语言学L i n g u i s t i c sc h a p t e r3练习答案-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexa mples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an action or its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that perform a specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation) Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。
语言学第三章习题(含答案)
第三章语音和音系一、填空题1.语音的自然属性包括物理属性、生理属性和心理属性。
2.任何声音都具有音高、音强、音长和音质（音色）四个要素。
3.引起音质不同的三个要素是：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器。
4.国际音标遵守音素和音标一个对应一个的原则。
5.从辅音音位来说，汉语有 22 个，英语有 28 个，俄语有35个，法语有20个。
6.常见的语流音变现象主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种。
例如汉语的“豆腐”，实际音质是【toufu】，但人们说话时常说成【touf】，这种现象是脱落。
7.音位变体分为条件变体、自由变体两种。
8.语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。
9.在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带是能够活动的，叫做主动发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做被动发音器官。
10.根据发音特点，音素可以分为元音和辅音两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由辅音充当的。
11.每个元音的音质是由舌位高低、舌位前后、圆唇与否三个方面的音素决定的。
12.辅音的发音特点主要是由发音部位、发音方法两个方面决定的。
13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是音质音位，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做非音质音位。
14.汉语的音节一般可以分为声母、韵母、声调三部分，其中韵母又分为韵头、韵腹、韵尾三部分。
15.汉语的调位可以分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声四类，其调值分别是55 、 35 、 214 、 51 。
二、判断题1.语音的最小单位是音节。
（×）2．男子声音和女子声音的差别主要是音长不同。
（×）3．儿童的声音和成人的声音的差别主要是音长不同。
（×）4．发音时，声带是否振动、气流是否强，都能形成不同的音素。
（×）5．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。
（√）6．口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是上齿。
（×）7．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。
语言学纲要 第三章练习题
第三章语音一、单选题1、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是( )A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色2、元音和辅音本质区别是( )A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然3、[ε]的发音特征是( )A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇4．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C．音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的5．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（）A．音位是通过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立6．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结C．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象7、有甲乙两个声波图，甲声波比乙声波振动次数少，乙声波比甲声波振幅小，因此（）A、甲声音低，乙声音弱B、甲声音高，乙声音弱C、甲声音低，乙声音强D、甲声音弱，乙声音低8．（）组字母表示的音素，汉语拼音与国际音标是一致的。
A. b p d B．t k gC. y u m D．i u f9、下列舌面元音中，属于圆唇音的是（）A、[Y]B、[α]C、[A]D、[a]10、[e]的发音特征是（）A、舌面前半低圆唇元音B、舌面前半高圆唇元音C、舌面前半高不圆唇元音D、舌面前半低不圆唇元音11、[u]的发音特征是（）A、舌面后高圆唇元音B、舌面后高不圆唇元音C、舌面后半高圆唇元音D、舌面后半高不圆唇元音12、辅音[x]的发音特征是（）A、舌面中清擦音B、舌面前不送气清塞音C、舌面后不送气浊塞音D、舌根清擦音13、辅音[η]的发音特征是（）A、舌面中不送气清音B、舌面后浊鼻音C、舌面中浊鼻音D、舌前中送气浊塞音14、辅音[kh]的发音特征是（）A、舌根不送气清塞音B、舌根送气浊塞擦音C、舌面后送气清塞音D、舌面后不送气浊塞音15、辅音[θ]的发音特征是（）A、舌叶清擦音B、舌叶浊擦音C、齿间浊擦间D、齿间清擦音16、下列辅音类中，属于响辅音的是（）A、塞音B、半元音C、擦音D、塞擦音17.下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是（）A.[d, 1]B.[b, k]C.[p, n]D.[t, v]18. 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）A.音位B.音素C.音节D.音渡19.句子语调的高低升降变化表现最为明显的是（）A.句首部分B.句中部分C.句终部分D.句首和句终部分20.语音与其他声音的本质区别表现在( )方面。
语言学第三章笔记和习题
Chapter 3 MorphologyLexicon is the collection of all the words of a language. It is synonymous with “vocabulary”.Words are the focus of the study of lexicon, so the emphasis of this chapter falls upon words, i.e., the analysisand creation of words.Linguists define the word as the smallest free form found in language. The features of wordWord is meaningful; word is a grammatical unit; word can be used independently; word is relatively stable and uninterruptible.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is a branch of linguistics, whereas lexicon is a component of language instead of a branch of linguistics.Open class word and closed class wordOpen class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, 做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning. The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness7-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismMorph: when people wish to distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morpheme, they may sued the term.It is the phonetic realization of a morphemeAllomorph: A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs. It is the phonetic variant of a morpheme.Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instan some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by:map----maps [s]dog----dogs [z]watch----watches [iz]mouse----mice [ai]ox----oxen [n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEach of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.AffixPrefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g.un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc.Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g.form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. A root may be free or bound (such as mit, tain, cur,ceive). An affix is naturally bound.Free morpheme & bound morphemeFree morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves,-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dissuch as “Some morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Derivational morpheme & inflectional morphem eDerivational morphemes---- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g.a) number: tables apples carsb) person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talking/talkedc) case: John/John’ｓInflectional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect o f verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.Derivational morphemes----affix (suffix, infix, prefix) + rootInflectional morphemes 1111 types of inflectional morphemes in EnglishNoun+ -’s, -s/es [possessive; plural] Verb+ -s/es, -ing, -ed, -ed/-en [3rd person singular; present participle; past tense, past participle] Adj+ -er, -est [comparative; superlative]Inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical category of a wordInflectional morphemes influence the whole category;Derivational morphemes are oppositeOrder: root (stem) + derivational + inflectionalConclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixesSuffixesMorphological rules- + ----” rule.The rules that govern the formation of words, e.g. the “ununfair unthinkable unacceptable…Compounding is another way to form new words, e.g.landlady rainbow undertake…The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.CompoundsNoun compoundsdaybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V)callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N)Verb compoundsbrainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V)Adjective compoundsmaneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved)dutyfree (N+adj.)Preposition compoundsinto (P+P)throughout (P+P)Some points about compoundsWhen the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold, blue-black…When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocket…Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.Formation of new words1. Inflection: it is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectionalaffixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case.2. DerivationDerivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly,unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness,etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a freemorpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.poundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes.The majority of English compounds are the combination of words from the three classes – nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.4. Conversion (invention)Conversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.5. Clipping (abbreviations) front, back, front and backClipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator)and fax(facsimile)are rarely used in their complete form.6.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing bothbreakfast and lunch), motel(motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook forjunior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).7. Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formedby putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion inEnglish indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television as that suffix and dropit to form the verb televise.8.AcronymsAcronyms are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of organizations and scientific terminology.9.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his foodbetween two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.10.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, K odak and Coca-cola.11.Borrowing: English in its development has managed to widen its vocabulary by Borrowing wordsfrom other languages . Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and other languages have all played an active rolein this process, such as “atom, electricity” from Greek, “cancer, tumour” from Latin, “violin, pizza”from Italian.12. Onomatopoeia: it is a way of creating words by imitating the sounds of the outside world. Supplementary Exercises Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study ofmorphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.12. The affix “13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are calledm___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morphemeis the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a 22. The compound word “bookstore” compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which wordsare formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences_______.30. “-s” in the word “books” isA. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Suggested answers to supplementary exercises Chapter 3 MorphologyIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usuallydo not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existingform to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”．Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivi morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear andderivational.-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional anddefinite meaning, such as “geneInflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as -s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes o at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word suc “-less” in the word “friendless。
英语语言学概论第三章习题及答案
2017级英语语言学概论第三章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。
每次答题仅第一次提交有效。
个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：grammatical)13. B________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound)14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d______ affixes. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivative)15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivative)16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：suffix)17. C________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Compounding)18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m______ rules. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：morphological)19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivation)20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：stem)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （） [单选题] *A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme(正确答案)22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound （）. [单选题] *A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.(正确答案)23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of （）. [单选题] *A. the first elementB. the second element(正确答案)C. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. （） are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [单选题] *A. Free morphemesB. Bound morpheme(正确答案)C. Bound wordsD. Words25. （） is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [单选题] *A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. Morphology(正确答案)D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is （）. [单选题] *A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammatical(正确答案)D. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that （）. [单选题] *A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.(正确答案)28. （） modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. [单选题] *A. Prefixes(正确答案)B. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. （） are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. [单选题] *A. WordsB. Morphemes(正确答案)C. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is （）. [单选题] *A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affix(正确答案)D. a rootIV. Define the following terms.31. Morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.)32. Free morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth¬er morphemes.)33. Bound morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen¬dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.)34. Suffix [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.)35. Derivation [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.)。
修订版《语言学纲要》第三章语音和音系答案
第三章语音和音系一、名词解释语音四要素——音高、音重（强）、音长、音质。
音素——是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位音位——具体语言中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。
也是按语音的辨义作用归纳出来的音类，从语言的社会属性划分出来的语言单位音位变体——处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立，即不起区别词的语音形式的作用，我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。
如果它们被归并为一个音位，则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看成为同一音位在不同位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，所以我们把它们叫做音位变体。
非音质音位——非音质音位指具有区别词的语音形式的作用的音高、音重、音长等。
例如汉语普通话声调中的阴平、阳平、上声、去声，是由音高的变化形成的而不是音质变化形成的，就是非音质音位。
区别特征——具体语言中有区别音位的作用的发音特征，叫做该语言的区别特征。
每一个音位都可以分解为几个不同的区别特征。
运用区别特征比较容易说清楚音位在具体语言中的特点和具体语言语音系统的组织方式。
音节——由音位组成的语音中最小的结构单位，也是从听觉上感受到的最自然的单位。
语流音变——音位和音位组合的时候，由于受说话时快慢，高低、强弱的不同和邻音的影响，可能发生不同的临时性的变化。
这种变化，我们叫做语流音变。
音步——语言的一种节奏中，语流是大致每隔两个音节就有一次小的轻重、高低、长短或松紧的交替，形成语流中大致等距离出现的两音节的节奏单元。
这种节奏单元叫做音步。
二、填空或简答1、画一张元音舌位图，用国际音标标出八个基本元音。
八个基本元音[i][e][ ][a][u][o][?][ɑ]2、按音位特征用国际音标注出相应的音素。
（1）双唇浊鼻音m（2）舌尖前浊擦音z（3）舌面前送气清塞擦音? ‘（4）后低不圆唇元音ɑ（5）前半高不圆唇元音e（6）后半高圆唇元音o3、列出现代汉语普通话辅音音位的至少四对区别特征并各举一对儿对立音位。
语言学概论3第三章 测试题
第三章测试题第三章解释下列术语（共个小题，每题2分，共分。
）1、语音2、音节3、音位4、元音5、音质6、音高7、音强8、音长9、辅音 10、语音四要素 11、国际音标 12、音位变体 13、音素 14、音标 15、语流音变请用国际音标给下列汉字注音：（本大题共10分）（该题必考）1、春岸桃花水，云帆枫树林。
偷生长避地，适远更沾襟。
（杜甫《南征》）2、清晨入古寺，初日照高林。
竹径通幽处，禅房花木深。
（常建《题破山寺后禅院》）3、闻道船中病，似忧亲弟兄。
信来从水路，身去到柴城。
（贾岛《寄李存穆》）4、楼倚霜树外，镜天无一毫。
南山与秋色，气势两相高。
（杜牧《长安秋望》）5、向晚意不适，驱车登古原。
夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。
（李商隐《登乐游原》）6、移舟泊烟渚，日暮客愁新野。
旷天低树，江清月近人。
（孟浩然《宿建德江》）7、稍怜公事退，复遇夕阳时。
北朔霜凝竹，南山水入篱。
（贾岛《酬鄠县李廓少府见寄》）8、小树开朝径，长茸湿夜烟，柳花惊雪浦，麦雨涨溪田。
（李贺《南园十三首》）9、少孤为客早，多难识君迟。
掩泪空相向，风尘何处期？（卢纶《送李端》）10、偶来松树下，高枕石头眠。
山中无历日，寒尽不知年。
（李膺《隐逸》）11、岭外音书绝，经冬复立春。
近乡情更怯，不敢问来人。
（李频《渡汉江》）12、君自故乡来，应知故乡事。
来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未？（王维《杂诗》）13、千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。
孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。
（柳宗元《江雪》）14、独坐幽篁里，弹琴复长啸。
深林人不知，明月来相照。
（王维《竹里馆》）15、炉火照天地，红星乱紫烟。
赧郎明月夜，歌曲动寒川。
（李白《秋浦歌》）16、水面细风生，菱歌慢慢声。
客亭临小市，灯火夜妆明。
（选自王建《江馆》）单项选择题（在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
本大题共小题，每题1分，共分）1汉语普通话语音系统中没有的发音部位是（）。
语言学教程第三章练习1
Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. AllomorphII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an acronym is pronounced as a word22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with vocabulary.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid, hyphenated and open24. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to close class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to open class.26. Back-formation is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27.Conversion is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the morpheme level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a derivative, and a word formed by compounding is called a compound.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix and bound root.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological rule31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?36.What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN III II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation。
语言学第三章 经典考题
forms of a single word. In contrast, derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning, e g cite, citation;
generate, generation. 2. Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers; whereas derivational affixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness for the former, and that between brother and brotherhood for the latter. 3. Very often inflectional affixes are conditioned by non-semantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence. Whereas derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions. 4. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final. But derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.
英语语言学Linguisticschapter3练习答案
Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes byplacing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specifythe types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least twoexamples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”．(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, andspecify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least twoexamples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”．(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is aninflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefullyand point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups arerelated to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)—dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that performa specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation)Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectionalaffixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle theinflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。
(完整word版)语言学第三章习题
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.第三章答案I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stemIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. CIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the firstelement.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to f orm a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。
语言学chapter3课后答案
语⾔学chapter3课后答案Chapter 3Revision exercises reference1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:a. micro + film e. tele + com + muni + cat + ionb. be + draggle + d f. fore + fatherc. announce + ment g. psycho + physicsd. pre + digest + ion h. mechan + ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the typesof stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.suffix: -mentmeaning: added to some verbs to form nouns that refer to actions, processes, or statesstem type: added to verbsexample: statement, “something you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts” enjoyment, “the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing”suffix: -nessmeaning: added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality stem type: added to adjective example: happiness, “the state of being happy”Kindness, “kind behavior towards someone”suffix: -shipmeaning: added to some nouns to form nouns which often denote a state, status, or skillsstem type: added to nounsexample: friendship, “a relationship between friends”readership, “all the people who read a particular newspaper ormagazine regularly”3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify thetypes of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.in-: when added to adjectives, it means not; when added to nouns, it means without, lack of; it can also be spelt as il- before l, im- before b, m, p, and ir- before r. e.g.inability inaccuracy inaction inconsistencyinconvenience indeterminacy indiscretion inequityinhuman inapt infrequent infiniteingenuous infiltrate inhospitable immuneimmortal imperceptible imperfectde-: This prefix can form verbs and their derivatives meaning down, away; when added to the verb and their derivatives, it denotes removal or reversal. e.g.decaf decipher decolour descenddebase deform defrost defocusdegrade debrief debug deactivatedehydrate defoliate delimit dematerialize re-: This prefix means 1) once more, afresh, anew as in the world reaccustom; 2) returning to a previous state as in restore; or 3) in return, mutually as in react etc.E.g.recap reanimate rearm reassemblereassessing reattach reapply reappear Note: There is an exception to the rule when the word to which re- attaches begins with e. In this case a hyphen is often inserted for clarity, e.g. re-examine, re-enter, re-enact. A hyphen is sometimes also used where the world formed with the prefix would be identical to an already existing words, e.g. re-cover (meaning cover again), nor recover (meaning getting better in health).4.The Italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectionalmorpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.●Sue moves in high-society circles in London.-s, third person singular, present simple tense● A traffic warden asked John to move his car.-ed, past tense●The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.has -ed, present perfect●The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.are + v-ing, present continuous (plural).5.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related toone another by processes of inflection or derivation.a)go, goes, going, gone (inflection)●go, the root form●go + -es, present participle●go + -ing, present participle●gone, past participleb)discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)●dis-, prefix ( added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal●-y, suffix (added after the verbs form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result●-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing thatperforms a specified action or activity●-able, an adjective suffix added to the verbs meaning able to be●-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of -able. It can also spell as-ibility, meaning having the quality as in manageability (可处理性) and suitability (适合性).c)inventor, inventor`s, inventors, inventors` (a mixture of inflection or derivation)●derivation: invent + -or●inflection: inventor`s, inventors`, `s indicating possessive cased)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)●-cy, added to the nouns ending with t to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way●-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with...●-ize, a suffix added to the nouns to form verbs denoting the conversion,or transforming.6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a)b)c)d)e)The strongest rower continued.f)g)h)Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.2.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.3.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.4.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.5.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.6.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:7.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.9.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.10.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words.11.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:12.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme13.The compound word “bookstore” is the place wh ere books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.14.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part ofspeech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.15._______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words16.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticIV. Answer the following question(s):17.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.。
语言学 全部习题+答案
第三章MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False：1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology，so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types：roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number，tense，degree，and case.7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem，which can be a bound root，a free morpheme，or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word，not the meaning of it.9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore，words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10.Phonetically，the stress of a compound always falls on the first element，while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given：11.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12.The affix “-ish” in the word ‘boyish’ conveys a g____ meaning.13.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.14.Affixes are of two types：inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16.A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19.In terms of morphemic analysis，d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20.A s______ can be a bound root，a free morpheme，or a derived form itself to whicha derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement：21The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a（n）______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem，but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root IV. Define the following terms：31.morphology 32.inflectional morphology 33.derivational morphology34.morpheme 35.freemorpheme 36.bound morpheme37.root 38.affix 39.prefix40.suffix 41.derivation poundingV. Answer the following questions：43.What are the main features of the English compounds？44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Morpheme 12.grammatical13.Bound 14.derivative15.Derivative 16.suffix pounding 18.morphological19.derivation 20.stemIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.B 30.CIV. Define the following terms.31.Morphology：Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32.Inflectional morphology：The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33.Derivational morphology：Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34.Morpheme：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35.Free morpheme：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36.Bound morpheme：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.37.Root：A root is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear，definite meaning；it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38.Affix：Affixes are of two types：inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories，while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39.Prefix：Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem，but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40.Suffix：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems；they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41.Derivation：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.pounding：Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.43.What are the main features of the English compounds？Orthographically a compound can be written as one word，two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically，the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically，the meaning of a compound is idiomatic，not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically，the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes：They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves，for example，“book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes：They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning，such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types：inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-”in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”，while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.Unit I Some Preliminaries about LanguageI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to formwords is called morphology.6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories tolanguage teaching and learning7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, thecommunication way used by the deaf-mute is not language9 By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language10 language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.13. All human infants can speak some language.14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.15. With different cultures there will be different languages.16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ ofthe rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3 The description of a language as it change through time is a ________study4 .Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5 .The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of wordsinto permissible sentences in languages is called s________.6 Language ,broadly speaking, is a means of _________communication7 language has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. This function is________8 Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises whileperforming heavy work has been called the ___________theory9 One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___________over writing10 D_________ is one of the design features of human language whichrefers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lowerlevel of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningfulunits.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2 .Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable4 The function of the sentence“water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogativeB directiveC informativeD performative5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6 language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human __________.A contactB communicationC relationD community7 languages is _______A instinctiveB non-instinctiveC staticD geneticallytransmitted8 A linguist regards the change in language and language use as _______A unnaturalB something to be fearedC naturalD abnormal9 which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA treeB crashC typewriterD bang10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing,because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD. All of the aboveIV. Define the following terms:1. Linguistics2. Phonology3. Syntax4 Design features 5. Psycholinguistics 6. Language 7. Phonetics 8. Morphology 9.paroleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbolsused for human communication. Explain it in detail.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them withexamples.3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic studyand a diachronic study?4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language asprimary, not the written?5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?6. There is a well-known story in the Bible that reflects the importance oflanguage in human society. According to the Old Testament, mankindspoke only one language until Nimrod began to build a tower that was to reach heaven. The Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand each other’s speech.”ASK:(1) What if there were no language?(2) What if there were only one language the world over?(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?7. Not only are many languages dying today, many dialects are alsodisappearing from the planet. For example, according to a report once circulated on the Internet, many parents discourage their children from speaking their local dialect. They would rather their children took hold of every chance to learn English, because the latter will give them an edge in future competition.ASK:(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well aslanguages?(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only onelanguage, or someday no dialect will exist?8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?9. What role does body language play in language communication?Unit I Some Preliminaries aboutLanguageAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:l. T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6T 7 T 8F 9 T 10F 11. F 12.F 13.F 14. F 15. F 16. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Knowledge2. Abstract3. Diachronic linguistics4. Arbitrary5. Syntax 6 verbal7 metalingual function 8 yo-he ho 9 speech10 DualityIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.l. C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.DI V. Define the following terms:1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used incommunication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences is called syntax. .4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human languagethat tell the difference between human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings ofmind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguisticcommunication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged toform words is called morphology.9. Parole: it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocalsymbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, becauseElements of language are com­ bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same ob­ject in the world.This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are justSymbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven­ tion. Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term “communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu­ nicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustratethem with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec­ essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer tothe same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con­struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou­ ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but thedetails of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans­ mitted.3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study;the de­ scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of languageas primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ­ ten form and most writing systems are derived fromThe spoken form of lan­ guage. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinct, ion between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.6.(1) What if there were no language?Omit.(2) What if there were only one language the world over?Omit.(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?Language is powerful as a tool of human communication.7.(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages?Omit.(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday nodialect will exist?Omit.8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?No. They are genetically not endowed with the capacity.9. What role does body language play in language communication?Omit.。
语言学新第三章题
第三章形态学词的定义词的识别（稳定性、相对连续性、最小自由形式）词可变性：可变化词/非变化词词的分类表达意义：语法词/词汇词数量：封闭类/开放类新创词、混成词、缩写词、首字母拼音词、首字母缩略词、逆构词法特有的词汇变化类推构词、借词法词汇变化音位的变化：定义/影响音素（脱落、添加、换位、同化）词义的变化词义扩大、词义缩小、词义转移形态学词性变换和俗词源形态学基本概念：语素、形素、语素变体语素分类：自由语素/黏着语素，词根/词干/词缀形屈折形态学（屈折词缀、结构、规则）形态学模块分类派生形态学复合法（词类、四大特征）态派生法（前缀化、后缀化）学其他构词法理论结合：形态学+音位学=形态音位学（音位音素、形态因素）Multiple ChoiceDirections：In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence.1.L exical changes NANNOT be identified in ______.A. lexical change properB. phonological changeC. morph-syntactical changeD. syntactical change2. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are ______.A. grammatical wordsB. lexical wordsC. both grammatical and lexical wordsD. Neither grammatical words nor lexicalwords.3. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are_____A. open-class wordsB. closed-class wordsC. both open-class words and closed-classwordsD. neither open-class words nor closed-class words4. “Kodak” is a/an_____.A. acronymB. blendingC. coinageD. clipping5. _____ is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.A. LoanshiftB. Loan translationC. LoanblendD. Loanwords6.______ refers to those words which are made by combining the initial letters of a composite name. They can not be pronounced into one word.A. InitialismB. AcronymC. CoinageD. Blending7. In terms of ______, words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.A. meaningB. variabilityC. qualityD. membership8. The process involving an alteration in the sequence of sounds is _____.A. lossB. additionC. class shiftD. metathesis9. ____ refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix.A. AffixB. RootC. StemD. Suffix10. In the following words foot/feet, goose/geese, the affixes belong to______. A. suffix B. infix C. prefixD. root11. The relation between “dog”and “animal” is that of _____.A. synonymyB. antonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy。
英语语言学Linguistics-chapter-3-练习答案
Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results o pposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an action or its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that perform a specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation)Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational andinflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。
英语语言学Chapter3
英语语言学Chapter3Chapter3Ⅱ.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g meaning.13. B morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d affixes.15. D affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. As can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.21. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the of words and the by which words are formed.22. Morphology can be subdivided into two branches: morphology andor morphology.23. The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed .24. [-t]、[-d]、[-id] are of the morpheme {-ed}.25. “Careless” is the of the word “carelessness”.26. “Gentle” is the of the word “gentlemanliness”.27. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings: meaning andmeaning.28. affixes, ffixes, and roots are all bound morphemes.29. Compared with a free phrase, a compound has differentfeatures.30. The allomorphs [-s] and [-iz] of the morpheme {plural} indicates the applications of therule and rule.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound__________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of__________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root31. Morphology is the study of _______.A. the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formationB. the uses of different types of utterances in different contextsC. the differences between sounds used inhuman languages and sounds in natureD. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world32. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open c lass words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs33. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph34. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirableity”.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six35. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. InactionC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant36. ______ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used a separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds37. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they ______.A. are complex wordsB. are technical wordsC. refer to the commonest things in lifeD. denote the most important concepts38. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______.A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books39. The word “irresistible” is _______.A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one40. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children41. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful42. Of the following word-formation processes,_______ is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation43. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ______.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational morphemes44. The word “motherboard” is _______.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound oneD. an acronym45. The word “kung-fu” is _______.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one。
英语语言学Linguistics chapter 3 练习答案
Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexample s: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an action or its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that perform a specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation)Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。
(完整word版)语言学导论 Unit 3 练习(word文档良心出品)
Unit 3 The Units of EnglishF1. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.F2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.F5. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morphemeT6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.F7. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removedF8. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to forma new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules areacceptable words.T9. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.F10. All words in English have a hierarchical structure.F11. Clipping is one of the three most important devices of word-formation in English.T12. Idioms in English are modifiable in some grammatical ways.F13. The presence of constructions is unique to English.F14. Every English sentence has a subject.A1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as________A lexical wordsB grammatical wordC functionD forwardsD2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.B3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements. A4. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called________morphemeA inflectionalB freeC function wordsD derivationalC5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. Morphology D MorphemeC6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticD7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. has to be combined with other morphemesA8. ____ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. AffixesB9. _________ is often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. SentencesB10. All of them are meaningful except for_____________A lexemeB phonemeC morphemeD allomorphDiscuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”. Boundmorphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. BoundMorphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning,such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided intoprefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。
语言学第三章 经典考题
. [大连外国语学院2008研]
三、填空题 1. As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different
parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones
2008研] 【答案】function words 2. In traditional grammar,
. [中山大学
is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. [中山
大学2006研]
【答案】pronoun words. [南
2. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into A. grammatical words and lexical words B. content words and lexical words C. grammatical words and function words 【答案】A
Bound morpheme [上海交通大学2006，2007研]
inflection [四川大学2007研] compound [四川大学2007研] allophone [北京师范大学2004研]
二、简答题 What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? [武汉大学2005研] 【答案】Some phonological factors can affect the appearance of morphemes, namely, the form of a morpheme; and there could be assimilation, and dissmilation. For example, the negative morpheme could be realized as “in-” or “im-” followed by different phonological environments, as in “inefficient” and “imperfect”, as a result of assimilation. Morphemes can also be conditioned by morphological factors; for example, the allomorphs of the plural morpheme, as could be seen in “oxen”, “cows”, and “feet”.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.第三章答案I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stemIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. CIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the firstelement.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to f orm a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。