中级宏观经济学2
审计师-中级-审计专业相关知识-第一部分宏观经济学基础-第二章财政政策分析
审计师-中级-审计专业相关知识-第一部分宏观经济学基础-第二章财政政策分析［单选题］1.市场机制不能有效配置资源的情况被称为：A.市场混乱B.市场失灵C.市场失控D.市场无序正确答案：B参考（江南博哥）解析：市场机制不能有效配置资源的情况即存在市场失灵。
［单选题］2.下列会对民间机构的投资产生“挤出效应”的政府行为是：A.增发货币B.发行公债C.发行股票D,增加出口正确答案：B参考解析：公债收入（公债的利息）不征税，因而发行公债会在一定程度上使民间部门的投资或消费资金减少，从而对民间部门的投资或消费起调节作用，即所谓的“挤出效应”。
［单选题］3.政府财政收入中最主要的部分是：A.公债B.税收C.非税收入D.政府性基金正确答案：B参考解析：税收是政府财政收入中的最主要部分，一般占经常性公共财政收入的90%左右。
［单选题］4.财政支出中的社会保障支出、财政补贴支出属于：A.购买性支出B.转移性支出C.政府投资性支出D.社会消费性支出正确答案：B参考解析：社会保障支出、财政补贴支出属于转移性支出。
［单选题］5.在财政支出中，行政、教育、卫生等部门的事业经费支出属于：A,生产性支出B.转移性支出C.政府投资性支出D,社会消费性支出正确答案：D参考解析：各部门的事业经费支出属于购买性支出中的社会消费性支出。
［单选题］6.“显示社会公平的标准，财政调节收入分配的特殊机制和手段”。
描述的是下列哪项的主要问题：A.经济稳定与发展B.保障充分就业C.优化资源配置D.收入分配正确答案：D参考解析：收入分配职能所要研究的问题主要是，显示社会公平的标准，财政调节收入分配的特殊机制和手段。
掌握“财政的职能”知识点。
［单选题］7.下列各项财政收入中，具有无偿性和强制性的是：A.税收B.公债C.公共收费D.国有资产收益正确答案：A参考解析：税收的特征是强制性、无偿性和固定性。
掌握“财政收入的分类”知识点。
［单选题］8.下列关于挤出效应的表述，正确的是：A.挤出效应在充分就业条件下的作用最明显B.在非充分就业条件下，挤出效应的大小取决于政府支出引起利率下降的幅度C.政府支出引起的利率变化与挤出效应是反向关系D.挤出效应在非充分就业条件下的作用最明显正确答案：A参考解析：选项B,在非充分就业条件下，挤出效应的大小取决于政府支出引起利率上升的幅度；选项C,利率上升高，“挤出效应”就大，反之，就小。
中级宏观经济学(第1-3章)
无论从短期还是长期看，在失业和通货膨胀之间确实存在着 可靠的交替关系。
弗里德曼
通货膨胀和失业之间总是存在着暂时的交替关系，没有永久 的交替。暂时的交替关系本质上不是来自通胀，而是来自上升的 通货膨胀率
第三节 凯恩斯主义与货币主义
菲利普斯曲线
凯恩斯
对于衰退而言，财政政策优于货币政策。财政政策直接影响
古典经济模型的主要假设
所有经济当事人都是理性的，且没有货币幻觉。 所有市场都是完全竞争的。 所有经济当事人在交易前都拥有关于市场条件和价格的完全信息。 交易只有在所有市场都建立了出清价格时才能达成。 当事人有稳定的预期。
核心观点：
市场机制会迅速而有效的运作，使经济恢复到充分就业的均
总需求，通过乘数作用和市场传导机制影响产出。
弗里德曼 货币政策不仅非常有效，而且货币的变化的确可以解释产出 的大多数波动状况（大萧条）。
第三节 凯恩斯主义与货币主义
宏观经济政策的作用
凯恩斯主义
日益庞大的宏观计量经济模型，作为政策制定的指导。 弗里德曼 简单地控制货币的稳定增长，市场机制会调节经济的非均 衡状况。
20世纪70年代大多数西方国
的当前值和历史值，得到的是经济变量在过去
家出现了滞涨现象，对凯恩斯主义
经济形成了挑战。 以卢卡斯（Lucas）、巴罗 （Barro）、萨金特（Sargent）为 代表的观点认为，凯恩斯主义经济 学忽略了预期对行为的影响。由于
的政策和历史情况下成立的关系集合。没有明
确的将预期融入模型。
第一节 凯恩斯的主要观点
就业－货币－价格
劳动力市场并不能总是保证市场出清，如果货币工资具有 刚性（导致实际工资高于出清水平），非自愿失业很可能是劳 动力市场的一个特征。
张延《中级宏观经济学》课后习题详解(2第二章 宏观经济指标的度量)
张延《中级宏观经济学》第二章 宏观经济指标的度量跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．假设某农业国只生产两种产品：橘子和香蕉。
利用下表的资料，计算2002年和2009年该国实际GDP 的变化，但要以2002年的价格来计算。
根据本题的结果证明：被用来计算实际GDP 的价格的确影响所计算的增长率，但一般来说这种影响不是很大。
答：（1）以2002年的价格为基期价格：2002年该国的实际GDP 为：2002500.22150.214GDP =⨯+⨯=，2009年该国的实际GDP 为：2009600.22200.217.2GDP =⨯+⨯=，实际GDP 增长率为：17.214100%22.9%14-⨯=。
（2）以2009年的价格为基期价格：2002年该国的实际GDP 为：2002500.25150.317GDP =⨯+⨯=，2009年该国的实际GDP 为：2009600.25200.321GDP =⨯+⨯=，实际GDP 增长率为：2117100%23.5%17-⨯=。
由22.9%与23.5%只相差0.6%，由此可见，用来计算实际GDP 的价格的确影响所计算的增长率，但一般来说这种影响不是很大。
2．根据国民收入核算恒等式说明：（1）税收的增加（同时转移支付保持不变）一定意味着在净出口、政府购买或储蓄一投资差额上的变化。
（2）个人可支配收入的增加一定意味着消费的增加或投资的增加。
（3）消费和储蓄的同时增加一定意味着可支配收入的增加。
（在（2）和（3）中都假定不存在居民的利息支付或向外国人的转移支付。
中级宏观经济学Lecture2 the goods market
income
Section2-1:The Composition of GDP
Consumption (C) refers to the goods and services purchased by consumers.
Investment (I), sometimes called fixed investment, is the purchase of capital goods. It is the sum of nonresidential investment and residential investment.
YD Y T
12
Consumption (C)
A more specific form of the consumption function is this linear relation:
C c0 c1YD
This function has two parameters, c0 and c1: c1 is called the (marginal) propensity to consume, or the effect of an additional dollar of disposable income on consumption.(suppose 0<C1<1) c0 is the intercept of the consumption function，it is autonomous consumption.
Inventory investment (Is) is the difference between production and sales.
6
The Composition of U.S. GDP, 2003
《中级宏观经济学》教学大纲
《宏观经济学（2）》课程教学大纲一、教学内容第一章导言1.1 宏观经济若干重大特征事实1.2 宏观经济学研究任务和学习目标1.3 宏观经济学为什么仍然年轻1.4 深入学习宏观经济学的重要性教学难点：无教学重点：宏观经济学研究任务和学习目标，时间、预期以及跨期选择的重要性第二章IS-LM模型（短期的宏观经济理论）2.1 国民收入核算中的重要恒等式2.2 简单的均衡国民收入决定模型——Y－Z模型2.3 产品市场和IS曲线的推导2.4 金融市场和货币需求理论2.5 货币供给、货币供求均衡与利率决定理论2.6 货币市场和LM曲线的推导2.7 产品市场和货币市场同时均衡的IS-LM模型：一般均衡分析方法2.8 宏观经济IS-LM模型的比较静态学2.9 不同的政策组合与政策目的教学难点：托宾的货币交易需求理论，凯恩斯—托宾的流动性偏好理论，IS-LM模型教学重点：产品市场均衡的IS曲线推导，货币市场均衡的LM曲线推导，IS-LM模型第三章劳动力市场与总供给模型（中期宏观经济理论）3.1 劳动力市场与失业变动3.2 工资的决定3.3 从工资决定到价格决定3.4 自然失业率3.5 劳动力市场与总供给曲线3.6 总供给曲线的形态教学难点：工资决定理论，价格决定的不完全竞争理论，自然失业率教学重点：劳动市场到产品市场的机制，总供给理论模型第四章三市场均衡的AS-AD模型（中期宏观经济理论）4.1 从IS-LM模型到AD模型的推导4.2 三市场均衡的AS-AD模型4.3 总需求的变动：货币扩张的影响4.4 总需求的变动：预算赤字减少的影响4.5 总供给的变动：石油价格变化的影响4.6 结论教学难点：AD模型的推导，AS-AD模型教学重点：AD模型，AS-AD模型第五章自然失业率与菲利普斯曲线（中期宏观经济理论）5.1 通货膨胀与失业率的交替——菲利普斯曲线5.2 菲利普斯曲线的解释5.3 预期通货膨胀对菲利普斯曲线的影响5.4 自然失业率与长期菲利普斯曲线5.5 从菲利普斯曲线到总供给曲线5.6 一些重大事实教学难点：解释菲利普斯曲线，预期对菲利普斯曲线的影响，菲利普斯曲线与总供给教学重点：短期菲利普斯曲线，自然失业率，长期菲利普斯曲线第六章通货膨胀、经济活动和名义货币增长（中期宏观经济理论）6.1 产出与失业的交替——奥肯定律6.2 产出、失业和通货膨胀的解释6.3 货币增长的作用6.4 反通货膨胀教学难点：货币扩张的短期、中期和长期效应，反通货膨胀的若干政策含义教学重点：产出、失业和通货膨胀的经济学解释第七章储蓄、资本积累与经济增长——索罗模型（长期宏观经济理论）7.1 若干重大的增长事实7.2 资本与产出的总量生产函数7.3 经济增长的索罗模型7.4 黄金增长率与比较动态学7.5 结论教学难点：索罗模型的推导，稳态资本存量，黄金增长率教学重点：增长事实，索罗模型第八章人力资本，技术进步与经济增长——内生增长理论（长期宏观经济理论）8.1 索罗模型的扩展——人力资本与技术进步8.2 人力资本与经济增长的卢卡斯模型8.3 内含技术进步的索罗模型——哈罗德中性技术8.4 制度与增长8.6 结论教学难点：卢卡斯模型，具有技术进步的索罗模型教学重点：卢卡斯模型，具有技术进步的索罗模型第九章预期与宏观经济模型（预期的重要性）9.1 预期的各种变体9.2 预期与IS-LM模型9.3 预期与费希尔方程式9.4 金融市场与预期9.5 理性预期假说与长期菲利普斯曲线9.6 理性预期假说与卢卡斯总供给曲线9.7 理性预期假说与政策无效论教学难点：预期对宏观经济模型的影响，理性预期，理性预期和总供给曲线教学重点：预期与IS-LM模型，理性预期假说与长期菲利普斯曲线和总供给曲线第十章预期、产出与政策（预期的重要性）10.1 预期与决策10.2 货币政策、预期和产出10.3 动态不一致性：预期和最优货币政策10.4 减少赤字、预期和产出教学难点：动态不一致性，预期和最优货币政策教学重点：预期、产出与宏观经济政策效果第十一章开放经济条件下的宏观经济模型（开放经济）11.1 产品市场：对外贸易与汇率11.2 金融市场：利率与汇率11.3 开放经济中的产品市场均衡——IS曲线11.4 开放经济中IS曲线的移动11.5 开放经济中的货币市场均衡LM曲线11.6 开放经济中的外汇市场均衡BP曲线教学难点：开放经济中的IS曲线，开放经济中的LM曲线，开放经济中的BP曲线教学重点：开放经济中的IS曲线，开放经济中的LM曲线，开放经济中的BP曲线第十二章三市场均衡的小国开放经济模型——蒙代尔—弗莱明模型（开放经济）12.1 模型假设12.2 蒙代尔—弗莱明模型12.3 固定汇率下的宏观经济政策效果12.4 浮动汇率下的宏观经济政策效果12.5 模型结论：三元悖论教学难点：蒙代尔—弗莱明模型的推导，不同汇率制度下的宏观经济政策效果教学重点：蒙代尔—弗莱明模型，不同汇率制度下的宏观经济政策效果，三元悖论第十三章宏观经济学的微观基础：长期中的消费与投资（微观基础）13.1 消费的跨期选择13.2 消费的生命周期假说13.3 消费的持久收入假说13.4 消费的随机游走假说13.5 固定投资的新古典观点13.6 住宅投资与存货投资教学难点：关于消费的各种假说教学重点：消费行为的微观基础，投资行为的微观基础第十四章经济周期理论的新进展（前沿）14.1 凯恩斯：有效需求不足与经济周期14.2 弗里德曼：错误的货币政策与经济周期14.3 从货币经济周期理论向均衡经济周期理论的转变14.4 卢卡斯：货币失察与经济周期14.5 普瑞斯科特：技术冲击、劳动跨期替代与真实经济周期14.6 新凯恩斯主义经济周期理论与菜单成本论教学难点：货币失察与经济周期，技术冲击、劳动跨期替代与真实经济周期教学重点：各种经济周期理论第十五章宏观经济政策设计的新进展（前沿）15.1 最优通货膨胀率15.2 货币政策的设计：利率规则与通货膨胀目标制15.3 财政预算约束15.4 财政政策的四个要点教学难点：最优通货膨胀率，利率规则，通货膨胀目标制，巴罗—李嘉图等价教学重点：货币政策设计，财政政策设计二、教学要求第一章导言教学要求：熟悉宏观经济重大事实。
《中级宏观经济学》课程教学大纲
《中级宏观经济学》课程教学大纲课程名称：中级宏观经济学课程类别：任意选修课适用专业：经济学考核方式：考查总学时、学分：48学时3学分其中实验学时：0学时一、课程教学目的《宏观经济学》是《西方经济学》的重要组成部分，是一门研究经济总体行为的科学，是我国高等院校经济管理类专业的基础课程。
中级宏观经济学主要应用数学模型分析收入、就业、价格总水平等宏观经济总量的决定及其变动。
本课程的教学目的是要求学生了解、认识和掌握中级宏观经济学的基本原理及方法，理解国民收入决定理论的不同模型，结合中国经济体制改革和市场经济发展实践，培养学生正确运用宏观经济学理论分析我国宏观经济运行中的问题和提出对策的能力，同时也为今后研究生阶段的学习和研究提供理论基础。
二、课程教学要求中级宏观经济学是一门逻辑性较强的课程，需要学生具备一定的数理基础，在教学中要注意问题的背景分析，采用启发式教学，把基本概念和基本模型讲透彻，同时引导学生关注国内外重大宏观经济问题，关注专家对宏观经济事件和经济政策的解读。
注意将数学分析与经济学教学有机结合起来，切实提高学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。
三、先修课程微观经济学、宏观经济学、高等数学、中级微观经济学等四、课程教学重、难点本课程的教学重点是宏观经济学课程的基本理论，包括：国内生产总值、价格水平、失业率等；短期经济波动的三大模型，宏观经济不稳定的表现及稳定宏观经济政策的财政政策、货币政策和供给管理政策等。
本课程的教学难点是利用数学工具推导相关理论，使学生能够在比较规范的分析框架上，运用现代经济学的分析方法分析国内外宏观经济现象，掌握建立经济学模型的基本方法。
五、课程教学方法与教学手段课程采用多媒体教学，课堂讲授和讨论相结合。
通过案例导入和国内外宏观经济问题的分析，展开讨论，激发学生对中级宏观经济学的学习兴趣六、课程教学内容（一）第一章国民收入核算（2学时）1.教学内容（1）产品的生产队生产要素的支付；（2）支出与需求的组成；（3）一些重要的恒等式；（4）计量国内生产总值；（5）通货膨胀与价格指数。
中级宏观经济学第二讲
现在你可以尝试:
画出索罗模型图示, 标出稳态 k*. 在横轴上选择一个比 在横轴上选择 个比 k* 更大的值作为经济的 初始资本存量，标为 k1. 看 k 如何随时间而变化. k 是向稳态移动还是远离稳态呢?
一个数字例子
总生产函数
Y = F (K , L ) = K × L = K
通过除以 L，得到人均生产函数:
消费函数: c = (1–s)y
(人均)
储蓄与投资
人均储蓄= y – c = y – (1–s)y = sy 国民收入 y = c + i
i = y – c = sy
用以上结果, i = sy = sf f(k)
产出、消费与投资
人均产出, y
f(k)
c1 y1 i1 k1
人均资本, k
工业革命以后经济增长的典型事实： 卡尔多事实（1960）
1.人均产出持续增长，且增长率没有下降 趋势。 2.人均物质资本持续增长 3.资本回报率近乎稳定 4. 4 物资资本-产出比例近乎稳定 5.劳动和物资资本在国民收入中所占份额 近乎稳定 6. 6 各国人均产出增长率差异很大
人口增长与人均收入的国际证据
Income per person in 1992 (logarithmic scale) 100 000 100,000
Germany U.S. Denmark
Canada Israel Singapore Mexico Egypt Brazil Pakistan Ivory Coast Kenya Zimbabwe Chad Uganda g
Δk = 0
s f (k *) = δ k *
0.3 k * = 0.1k *
中级宏观经济学（伯南克版）第二章参考答案
Answers to Textbook ProblemsReview Questions1. The three approaches to national income accounting are the product approach, theincome approach, and the expenditure approach. They all give the same answer because they are designed that way; any entry based on one approach has an entry in the other approaches with the same value. Whenever output is produced and sold, its production is counted in the product approach, its sale is counted in the expenditure approach, and the funds received by the seller are counted in the income approach.2. Goods are measured at market value in GDP accounting so that different types of goodsand services can be added together. Using market prices allows us to count up the total dollar value of all the economy’s output. T he problem with this approach is that not all goods and services are sold in markets, so we may not be able to count everything.Important examples are homemaking and environmental quality.3. Intermediate goods and services are used up in producing other goods in the same period(year) in which they were produced, while final goods and services are those that arepurchased by consumers or are capital goods that are used to produce future output. The distinction is important, because we want to count only the value of final goods produced in the economy, not the value of goods produced each step along the way.4. GNP is the market value of final goods and services newly produced by domestic factorsof production during the current period, whereas GDP is production taking place within a country.Thus, GNP differs from GDP when foreign factors are used to produce output in acountry, or when domestic factors are used to produce output in another country. GDP = GNP – NFP, where NFP = net factor payments from abroad, which equals income paid to domestic factors of production by the rest of the world minus income paid to foreign factors of production by the domestic economy. A country that employs many foreign workers will likely have negative NFP, so GDP will be higher than GNP.5. The four components of spending are consumption, investment, government purchases,and net exports. Imports must be subtracted, because they are produced abroad and we want GDP to count only those goods and services produced within the country. Forexample, suppose a car built inJapan is imported into the United States. The car counts as consumption spending in U.S.GDP, but is subtracted as an import as well, so on net it does not affect U.S. GDP.However, it is counted in Japan’s GDP as an export.6. Private saving is private disposable income minus consumption. Private disposableincome is total output minus taxes paid plus transfers and interest received from thegovernment. Private saving is used to finance investment spending, the governmentbudget deficit, and the current account.National saving is private saving plus government saving.7. National wealth is the total wealth of the residents of a country, and consists of itsdomestic physical assets and net foreign assets. Wealth is important because the long-run economic well-being of a country depends on it. National wealth is related to national saving because national saving is the flow of additions to the stock of national wealth.8. Real GDP is the useful concept for figuring out a country’s growth performance.Nominal GDP may rise because of increases in prices rather than growth in real output.9. The CPI is a price index that is calculated as the value of a fixed set of consumer goodsand services at current prices divided by the value of the fixed set at base-year prices.CPI inflation is the growth rate of the CPI. CPI inflation overstates true inflation because it is hard to measure changes in quality, and because t he price index doesn’t account for substitution away from goods that become relatively more expensive towards goods that become relatively cheaper.10. The nominal interest rate is the rate at which the nominal (or dollar) value of an assetincreases over time. The real interest rate is the rate at which the real value or purchasing power of an asset increases over time, and is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate. The expected real interest rate is the rate at which the real value of an asset is expected to increase over time. It is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. The concept that is most important to borrowers and lenders is the expected real interest rate, because it affects their decisions to borrow or lend.Numerical Problems1. GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced during the year. The finaloutput of coconuts is 1000, which is worth 500 fish, because two coconuts are worth one fish. Of the 500 fish caught during the year, the 100 fish used as fertilizer are anintermediate good, so the final output is 400 fish. So in terms of fish, GDP consists of 500 fish worth of coconuts plus 400 fish, with a total value of 900 fish.To find consumption and investment, we must find out what happens to all the coconuts and fish. Gilligan consumes all his 200 coconuts (worth 100 fish) and 100 fish, so hisconsumption is worth 200 fish. The Professor stores 100 coconuts with a value of 50 fish.In an ideal accounting system, these stored coconuts would be treated as investment.However, in the national income accounts, because it is so difficult to tell when durable goods are consumed and when they are saved, they are counted as consumption. So the Professor’s consumption consists of 800 co conuts (value 400 fish) and 300 fish, for atotal value of 700 fish. Thus the economy’s total consumption is valued at 900 fish and investment is zero.In terms of income, Gilligan’s income is clearly worth 200 fish (100 fish plus 200coconuts worth 100 f ish). The Professor’s income is less easily calculated, because he uses 100 fish to fertilize the coconut trees. These 100 fish are therefore not income tohim. Thus the Professor’s income is800 coconuts (1000 coconuts minus the 200 coconuts paid to Gilligan) plus 300 fish(500 fish minus 100 fish paid to Gilligan and minus 100 fish used as fertilizer). In terms of fish, the Professor’s income has a value of 700 fish.This question illustrates some of the nuances of national income accounting. Manydifficult choices and measurement issues are involved in constructing the accounts. Here, for example, it is clear that what we call consumption really isn’t just the amount ofgoods consumers use up during the year, but also includes consumption goods that are purchased but saved for the future. Since there is no way to measure when goods areused after they are purchased, the accounts are unable to distinguish consumption from storage of goods.Another subtlety is the treatment of the fish used as fertilizer. If the fertilizer increases future output rather than current output, then the fertilizer is not used up during the year and represents investment of 100 fish. In this case, GDP would equal 1000 fish,consumption is 900 fish, investment is 100 fish, the Pr ofessor’s income is 800 fish, and Gilligan’s income is 200 fish.2. (a) Furniture made in North Carolina that is bought by consumers counts asconsumption,so consumption increases by $6 billion, investment is unchanged, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports are unchanged, and GDP increases by $6billion.(b) Furniture made in Sweden that is bought by consumers counts as consumption andimports,so consumption increases by $6 billion, investment is unchanged, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports fall by $6 billion, and GDP is unchanged.(c) Furniture made in North Carolina that is bought by businesses counts as investment,so consumption is unchanged, investment increases by $6 billion, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports are unchanged, and GDP increases by $6billion.(d) Furniture made in Sweden that is bought by businesses counts as investment andimports,so consumption is unchanged, investment increases by $6 billion, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports decline by $6 billion, and GDP is unchanged.3. (a) ABC produces output valued at $2 million and has total expenses of $1.3 million ($1million for labor, $0.1 million interest, $0.2 million taxes). So its profits are $0.7million. XYZ produces output valued at $3.8 million ($3 million for the threecomputers that were sold, plus $0.8 million for the unsold computer in inventory)and has expenses of $3.2 million ($2 million for components, $0.8 million for labor,and $0.4 million for taxes). So its profits are $0.6 million.According to the product approach, the GDP contributions of these companies are$3.8 million, the value of the final product of XYZ. ABC’s production is of anintermediate good, used completely by XYZ, and so is not counted in GDP.According to the expenditure approach, the GDP contribution is also $3.8 million,with$3 million (of sold computers) adding to the capital stock (as investment spending),and $0.8 million (the unsold computer) as inventory investment.The income approach yields the same GDP total contribution. The amounts are:ABC XYZ TOTAL Labor $1.0 million $0.8 million $1.8 millionProfit $0.7 million $0.6 million $1.3 millionTaxes $0.2 million $0.4 million $0.6 millionInterest $0.1 million $0.0 million $0.1 millionTotal of all incomes $3.8 million(b) If ABC pays an additional $.5 million for computer chips from abroad, the resultschange slightly. The correct answer is easiest to see using the expenditure approach.As in part a, there is $3.8 million spent on final goods, but now there are also netexports of –$0.5 million. So the total expenditure on domestically produced goods isonly $3.3 million. The product approach gets the same answer because the $0.5million is a contribution to GDP of the country in which the chips were made, and so must be deducted from the GDP of the United States. The value added in the UnitedStates is only $3.3 million. Finally, the income approach gives the same answer as inpart a, except that the cost of importing the chips reduces ABC’s profits by $0.5million, so the sum of the incomes is only $3.3 million.4. (a) Product approach: $2 =gas station’s value added = $28 product minus $26 value ofproduct produced in the previous year. Expenditure approach: $2 = $28 consumptionspending plus inventory investment of –$26. Income approach: $2 paid to the factors of production at the gas station (wages of employees, interest, taxes, profits).(b) Product approach: $60,000 broker’s fee for providing brokerage services.Expenditure approach: $60,000 counts as residential investment made by thehomebuyer. The important point here is that the transfer of an existing good, even ata higher value than that at which it was originally sold, does not add to GDP. Incomeapproach: $60,000 income to the broker for wages,profits, etc.(c) Product approach: $40,000 salary plus $16,000 childcare equals $56,000. Note thatthere is a sense in which the childcare is an intermediate service and should not becounted, because without it the homemaker would not be able to work. But inpractice there is no way to separate such intermediate services from final services, so they are all added to GDP. Expenditure approach: $56,000 ($16,000 consumptionspending on child care services plus $40,000 in categories that depend on what jobthe homemaker has). Income approach: $56,000 ($40,000 compensation ofhomemaker plus $16,000 income to the factors producing the child care: employees’wages, interest, taxes, profits).(d) Product approach: $100 million of a capital good. Since it is produced with locallabor and materials, and assuming no payments go to Japanese factors of production,this is all added to U.S. GDP. Expenditure approach: $100 million net exports, sincethe plant is owned by the Japanese. (It is not part of gross domestic investmentbecause the plant is not a capital good owned by U.S. residents.) Income approach:$100 million paid to U.S. factors of production.(e) Product approach: $0 because nothing is produced. Expenditure approach: $0because this is a transfer, not a government purchase of goods or services. Incomeapproach: $0, because this is not a payment to a factor of production, just a transfer.(f) Product approach: $5,000 worth of advertising services. Expenditure approach:$5,000 of government purchases. Income approach: $5,000 compensation ofemployees.(g) Product approach: $120 million composed of $100 million of new cars producedplus $20 million of sales services provided by the consortium ($60 million salesprice minus $40 million cost). Expenditure approach: $100 million by Hertz asinvestment plus $60 million by the public for consumption of the used cars minus$40 million of investment goods sold by Hertz, for a total of $120 million. Incomeapproach: $100 million to the factors of production of GM plus $20 million inpayments to the factors of production and profits for the consortium.5. Given data: I= 40, G= 30, GNP= 200, CA=–20 =NX+NFP, T =60, TR= 25, INT=15, NFP=7 –9 =–2. Since GDP=GNP–NFP, GDP= 200 – (–2) = 202 =Y. Since NX+NFP=CA,NX=CA–NFP=–20 – (–2) =–18. Since Y=C+I+G+NX, C=Y– (I+G+NX) = 202 – (40 + 30 + (–18)) = 150.S pvt= (Y+NFP – T+TR+INT) –C= (202 + (–2) – 60 + 25 + 15) –150 = 30. S govt= (T –TR–INT) –G= (60 – 25 – 15) – 30 =–10. S=S pvt+S govt= 30 + (–10) = 20.(a) Consumption = 150(b) Net exports =–18(c) GDP = 202(d) Net factor payments from abroad =–2(e) Private saving = 30(f) Government saving =–10(g) National saving = 206.Base-year quantities at current-year prices at base-year pricesApples 3000 ⨯ $3 =$ 9,0003000 ⨯ $2 = $ 6,000Bananas 6000 ⨯ $2 = $12,000 6000 ⨯ $3 = $18,000 Oranges 8000 ⨯ $5 = $40,000 8000 ⨯ $4 = $32,000 Total $61,000 $56,000 Current-year quantities at current-year prices at base-year prices Apples 4,000 ⨯ $3 = $ 12,000 4,000 ⨯ $2 = $ 8,000 Bananas 14,000 ⨯ $2 = $ 28,000 14,000 ⨯ $3 = $ 42,000 Oranges 32,000 ⨯ $5 =$160,00032,000 ⨯ $4 = $128,000Total $200,000$178,000(a) Nominal GDP is just the dollar value of production in a year at prices in that year.Nominal GDP is $56 thousand in the base year and $200 thousand in the currentyear. Nominal GDP grew 257% between the base year and the current year:[($200,000/$56,000) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 257%.(b) Real GDP is calculated by finding the value of production in each year at base-yearprices.Thus, from the table above, real GDP is $56,000 in the base year and $178,000 in thecurrent year. In percentage terms, real GDP increases from the base year to thecurrent year by[($178,000/$56,000) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 218%.(c) The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP. In the base year,nominal GDP equals real GDP, so the GDP deflator is 1. In the current year, theGDP deflator is $200,000/$178,000 = 1.124. Thus the GDP deflator changes by[(1.124/1) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 12.4% from the base year to the current year.(d) Nominal GDP rose 257%, prices rose 12.4%, and real GDP rose 218%, so most ofthe increase in nominal GDP is because of the increase in real output, not prices.Notice that the quantity of oranges quadrupled and the quantity of bananas morethan doubled.7. Calculating inflation rates:1929–30: [(50.0/51.3) – 1] ⨯ 100% =–2.5%1930–31: [(45.6/50.0) – 1] ⨯ 100% =–8.8%1931–32: [(40.9/45.6) – 1] ⨯ 100% =–10.3%1932–33: [(38.8/40.9) – 1] ⨯ 100% = –5.1%These all show deflation (prices are declining over time), whereas recently we have had nothing but inflation (prices rising over time).8. The nominal interest rate is [(545/500) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 9%. The inflation rate is [(214/200)– 1] ⨯ 100% = 7%. So the real interest rate is 2% (9% nominal rate – 7% inflation rate).Expected inflation was only [(210/200) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 5%, so the expected real interest rate was 4% (9% nominal rate – 5% expected inflation rate).9. (a) The annual rate of inflation from January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2007, is 10%. Thiscan be found by calculating the constant rate of inflation that would raise the deflator from 200 to 242 in two years. This gives the equation (1 +π)(1 +π) = (242/200),which has the solution π= 10%.An easy way to think about this question is this. A constant inflation rate of π raisesthe deflator from 200 on January 1, 2005, to 200 ⨯ (1 +π) on January 1, 2006, and to200 ⨯ (1 +π) ⨯ (1 +π) = 242 on January 1, 2007. So we need to solve the expression(1 +π)2= 242/200.(b) By similar reasoning, the inflation rate over the three-year period is (1 +π)3=266.2/200,or π= 10%.(c) We can derive a general expression in the same way:1 +π=P1/P01 +π=P2/P1⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅1 +π=P n/P n–1Multiplying all these lines together, we get:(1 +π)n= (P1/P0) ⨯ (P2/P1) ⨯⋅⋅⋅⨯ (P n/P n –1) =P n/P0Analytical Problems1. The key to this question is that real GDP is not the same thing as well-being. People maybe better off even if real GDP is lower; for example, this may occur because theimprovement in the health of workers is more valuable to society than the loss of GDP due to the regulation. Ideally, we would like to be able to compare the costs and benefits of such regulations; they should be put in place if the overall costs (the reduced GDP in this case) are valued less than the overall benefits (the workers’ health).2. National saving does not rise because of the switch to CheapCall because althoughconsumption spending declines by $2 million, so have total expenditures (GDP), which equal total income. Since income and spending both declined by the same amount,national saving is unchanged.3. (a) The problem in a planned economy is that prices do not measure market value.When the price of an item is too low, then goods are really more expensive than their listed price suggests—we should include in their market value the value of timespent by consumers waiting to make purchases. Because the it em’s value exceeds its cost, measured GDP is too low.When the price of an item is too high, goods stocked on the shelves may be valuedtoo highly. This results in an overvaluation of firms’ inventories, so that measuredGDP is too high.A possible strategy for dealing with this problem is to have GDP analysts estimatewhat the market price should be (perhaps by looking at prices of the same goods inmarket economies) and use this ―shadow‖ price in the GDP calculations.(b) The goods and services that people produce at home are not counted in the GDPfigures because they are not sold on the market, making their value difficult tomeasure. One way to do it might be to look at the standard of living relative to amarket economy, and estimate what income it would take in a market economy tosupport that standard of living.4. Under the old definition, old govt S = (T – TR – INT ) – G ; under the new definition, new govt S =(T – TR – INT ) – GCE , where GCE = government consumption expenditures, G = GCE + GI ,and GI = government investment. With those definitions: old govt S = (T – TR – INT ) – G= (T – TR – INT ) – (GCE+ GI )= [(T – TR – INT ) – GCE ]– GI= new govt S – GI .The uses-of-savings identity isS pvt = I + ()old govt -S + CA= I – ()new govt -S GI + CA= I + GI + ()new govt -S + CA .Using data for 2002, the old uses-of-savings identity is (where sd is the statisticaldiscrepancy):S pvt + sd = I + ()old govt -S + CA1595 + (–117) = 1593 + 374 + (–489)1478 = 1478 so the identity holds.The new uses-of-savings identity is:S pvt + sd = I + GI + ()new govt -S + CA1595 + (–117) = 1593 + 352 +22 + (–489)1478 = 1478 so the identity holds.。
中级宏观经济学试题-chain-weighted(2)
Some of the more routine changes reflect the incorporation of new and revised source data. For example, the revisions to the data on non-durable consumption expenditures for 1993 and 1994 are based on newly available information on retail sales from the 1993 Annual Retail Trade Survey, while the revisions to data on nondurable goods are based on the results of a 1987 input-output analysis constructed by the Commerce Department. Revisions to the services consumption data are based on direct estimates of rental payments for tenant-occupied dwellings, taken from a 1991 Residential Finance Survey.
中级宏观经济学2
费尔普斯——弗里德曼模型可以进一步 加以修正
P t ut a (1 a )
i
t 1
t i 1
Pi
3.5 自然率假说的实证检验
利用修正过的费尔普斯——弗里德曼模 型就可以进行实证检验。托宾、索洛、 戈登、沃特森等就利用英国和美国的统 计数据进行过计量研究，但结果莫衷一 是 有的结果认为r≠1，r<1，长期菲利普斯 曲线仍然是向下倾斜的 有的结果认为r=1，比如货币主义，长期 菲利普斯曲线为垂直
三、适应性预期及对菲利普斯 曲线的研究
菲利普斯曲线 货币主义认为菲利普斯曲线在短期存在 货币主义认为菲利普斯曲线在长期不存在 适应性预期 自然率假说的实证检验 适应性预期与系统性误差
3.1 菲利普斯曲线
凯恩斯主义者将菲利普斯曲线解释为通 货膨胀率与失业率之间存在长期稳定的 替代关系，因此可以为政府提供各种可 能的通胀与失业组合以作为政策抉择
3.3.2 政策含义
彻底否定了长期失业与通胀之间的替代 关系，宣布在长期凯恩斯式的需求政策 无效
3.4 适应性预期
费尔普斯——弗里德曼模型中的预期只 是适应性预期 适应性预期的概念 进一步修正的费尔普斯——弗里德曼模 型
3.4.1 适应性预期的概念（1）
卡根（Cagan，1956）首先提出 预期一个变量所需的信息都包含在这个变 量过去的历史变化中，行为人根据过去预 期的错误对未来预期进行适应性调整
第二章、货币主义及其 对宏观经济学发展的贡献
主要内容
货币主义的主要观点 货币主义的基础模型 适应性预期及对菲利普斯曲线的研究
一、货币主义的主要观点
中级经济师经济基础考试重点
中级经济师经济基础考试重点一、宏观经济学宏观经济学是研究整体经济活动的学科，它主要关注经济的总体运行规律和宏观变量之间的相互关系。
在中级经济师经济基础考试中，宏观经济学是一个重要的考点。
1. GDP（国内生产总值）GDP是衡量一个国家经济总量的指标，它表示一个国家在一定时间内所生产的所有最终商品和服务的价值总和。
GDP的计算可以通过产出法、支出法和收入法三种方式进行。
了解GDP的计算方法、影响GDP的因素以及GDP与经济增长之间的关系都是考试的重点。
2. 消费与储蓄消费和储蓄是宏观经济学中的两个重要变量。
消费可以分为个人消费和政府消费，而储蓄则可以分为个人储蓄和企业储蓄。
在考试中，通常会涉及到消费与储蓄的比例、消费与储蓄之间的关系以及它们对经济增长的影响等内容。
3. 投资投资在宏观经济学中是一个重要的驱动力，它对经济发展有着重要的作用。
投资可以分为固定资产投资和存量资本变动两种形式。
了解投资对经济增长的贡献、投资与储蓄之间的关系以及它与其他经济变量的相互影响等是考试中需掌握的重点内容。
二、微观经济学微观经济学是研究个体经济主体及其行为的学科，它关注个体经济主体的决策过程和市场的运作机制。
在中级经济师经济基础考试中，微观经济学也是一个重要的考点。
1. 需求与供给需求和供给是市场经济中最基本的两个概念，它们决定了商品或服务的价格和数量。
在考试中，需要了解需求和供给的变动对价格和数量的影响，以及需求和供给曲线的变化规律。
2. 市场结构市场结构是指某一特定市场中企业数量、市场份额和市场集中度等方面的描述。
常见的市场结构有完全竞争市场、垄断市场、寡头垄断市场和垄断竞争市场。
掌握各种市场结构的特点、企业在不同市场结构下的行为和市场结构对资源配置和市场效率的影响是考试的考点。
3. 市场失灵与政府干预市场失灵是指由于市场机制本身存在的缺陷而导致资源配置的低效或不公平。
常见的市场失灵包括垄断市场、外部性和公共物品等。
中级宏观经济学复习习题
中级宏观经济学复习习题第二章宏观经济学的数据2、一个农民种植1蒲式耳小麦，并以1美元的价格卖给磨坊主。
磨坊主把小麦磨成面粉，然后以3美元的价格卖给面包师。
面包师用面粉制造面包，并以6美元的价格卖给一个工程师，工程师吃了面包。
每个人的增加值是多少？GDP是多少？【答案】每个人的增值等于成品的价值减去每个人支付的原材料的成本。
因此农民的增值是$1（$1－0＝$1）；面粉厂的增值为$2（他以$3的价格卖给面包店，而以$1的价格购买面粉）；面包店的增值为$3（他以$6的价格卖出面包，以$3的价格买入面粉）。
GDP是总的价值增量，即$1+$2+$3＝$6。
注意：GDP与最终产品（面包）价值相等。
4、把下列交易归入四个支出部分之一：消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口。
A、波音公司向空军出售一架飞机（政府购买）B、波音公司向美国航空公司出售一架飞机（投资）C、波音公司向法国航空公司出售一架飞机（净出口）D、波音飞机向阿密拉埃尔哈特出售了一架飞机（消费）E、波音公司制造了一架下半年出售的飞机（投资）8、考虑下列每一事件会如何影响实际GDP。
你认为实际GDP的变动反映了经济福利相似的变动吗？A、佛罗里达的飓风迫使迪斯尼乐园停业一个月；B、新的、更容易种植的小麦品种的开发增加了农民的收成；C、工会和经理之间对抗的加剧引发了一场罢工；D、全国企业经历着需求减少，这时企业解雇工人；E、议会通过新环境法，该法禁止企业使用排出大量污染物的生产方法；F、更多的高中生辍学从实践草坪的工作；G、全国的父亲减少工作周数，以便把更多的时间用于与孩子在一起。
【答案】A、实际GDP下降，由于迪斯尼关闭时并不再提供任何服务。
工人收入与股东收益的减少（国民帐户的收入方面）以及人们在迪斯尼消费的下降（国民帐户的支出方面）致使国民收入下降；B、实际GDP上升，因为农场生产的小麦增加了。
由于人们可以消费更多的小麦（如果人们不想消费更多的小麦，农民和农场主就要改行了），致使国民收入增加；C、实际GDP下降，因为劳动的工人减少了，公司产量下降。
最新chap2中级宏观经济学答案--华中科技大学资料
Microeconomics, 4e (Perloff)Chapter 2 Supply and Demand2.1 Demand1) According to the Law of Demand, the demand curve for a good willA) shift leftward when the price of the good increases.B) shift rightward when the price of the good increases.C) slope downward.D) slope upward.Answer: CTopic: Demand2) An increase in the price of pork will lead toA) a movement up along the demand curve.B) a movement down along the demand curve.C) a rightward shift of the demand curve.D) a leftward shift of the demand curve.Answer: ATopic: Demand3) An increase in consumer incomes will lead toA) a rightward shift of the demand curve for plasma TVs.B) a movement upward along the demand curve for plasma TVs.C) a rightward shift of the supply curve for plasma TVs.D) no change of the demand curve for plasma TVs.Answer: ATopic: Demand4) Consider the demand function Qd = 150 - 2P. The effects of other determinants of Qd is reflected inA) the intercept of the function.B) the slope of the function.C) neither the slope nor the intercept of the function.D) in both the slope and the intercept of the function.Answer: ATopic: Demand5) Consider the demand functions: A) Qd = 250 - 2P B) Qd = 300 - 3P.Which of the demand functions reflects a higher level of consumer incomes?A) AB) BC) A and B reflect the same consumer incomes.D) More information is needed.Answer: DTopic: Demand6) Holding all other factors constant, consumers demand more of a good theA) higher its price.B) lower its price.C) steeper the downward slope of the demand curve.D) steeper the upward slope of the demand curve.Answer: BTopic: Demand7) As the price of a good increases, the change in the quantity demanded can be shown byA) shifting the demand curve leftward.B) shifting the demand curve rightward.C) moving down along the same demand curve.D) moving up along the same demand curve.Answer: DTopic: Demand8) If the price of automobiles were to increase substantially, the demand curve for gasoline would most likelyA) shift leftward.B) shift rightward.C) become flatter.D) become steeper.Answer: ATopic: Demand9) If the price of automobiles were to decrease substantially, the demand curve for automobiles would most likelyA) shift rightward.B) shift leftward.C) remain unchanged.D) become steeper.Answer: CTopic: Demand10) If the price of automobiles were to decrease substantially, the demand curve for public transportation would most likelyA) shift rightward.B) shift leftward.C) remain unchanged.D) remain unchanged while quantity demanded would change.Answer: BTopic: Demand11) An increase in the demand curve for orange juice would be illustrated as aA) leftward shift of the demand curve.B) rightward shift of the demand curve.C) movement up along the demand curve.D) movement down along the demand curve.Answer: BTopic: Demand12) The term "inverse demand curve" refers toA) a demand curve that slopes upward.B) expressing the demand curve in terms of price as a function of quantity.C) the demand for "inverses."D) the difference between quantity demanded and supplied at each price.Answer: BTopic: Demand13) If the demand for oranges is written as Q = 100 - 5p, then the inverse demand function isA) Q = 5p - 100.B) Q = 20 - .2p.C) p = 20 - 5Q.D) p = 20 - .2Q.Answer: DTopic: Demand14) To determine the total demand for all consumers, sum the quantity each consumer demandsA) at a given price.B) at all prices and then sum this amount across all consumers.C) Both A and B will generate the same total demand.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Demand15) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. No pizzas will be demanded unless price is less thanA) $0.B) $5.C) $12.D) $14.Answer: DTopic: DemandFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.16) If a good is not produced, then there is no demand for it.Answer: False. The demand for a product is independent of its supply. It is possible that people want to buy some of the product but at prices that are below what sellers would require to begin production.Topic: Demand17) Because people prefer name-brand pain-relieving drugs over store-brand pain-relieving drugs, demand curves do not slope downward for pain-relieving drugs.Answer: False. Demand curves slope downward assuming all other factors do not change. Consumers may view brand-name drugs to be of higher quality than store-brand drugs, and therefore the demand curve for brand-name drugs lies to the right of the demand curve for store-brand drugs.Topic: Demand18) The quantity of a good that consumers demand depends only on the price of the good.Answer: False. The quantity of a good demanded depends on many factors including: price, consumers' incomes, and the price of related goods.Topic: Demand19) During the winter of 1997-1998, the northeastern United States experienced warmer than usual conditions. The price of home heating oil was less than it was during the previous winter, but people bought less home heating oil. This contradicts the Law of Demand.Answer: False. The statement claiming a contradiction confuses a change in quantity demanded with a change in the demand curve. The law of demand refers to movements along a given demand curve. The mild weather caused a leftward shift of the demand curve.Topic: Demand20) Suppose an individual inverse demand curve is given as P = 2 - 1/2 q i, where q i is the quantity demanded by individual i. There are 50 individual consumers with this identical, individual inverse demand curve. Solve for the market demand curve.Answer: Solve for the individual, regular demand curve, q i = 4 - 2P. Multiply the individual demand curve by 50 to yield q D = 200 - 100P.Topic: Demand21) Suppose the market demand curve for pizza can be expressed as QD = 100 - 2P + 3Pb, where QD is the quantity of pizza demanded, P is the price of a pizza, and Pb is the price of a burrito. What is the slope of this demand function, and what information does the slope provide?Answer: The slope is -2. The slope tells us how a change in the price of pizzas affects the quantity of pizzas demanded. An increase in the price of pizzas by $1 will result in a decrease of the quantity demanded by 2 pizzas.Topic: Demand22) Suppose the demand for a particular product can be expressed as Q = 100/p. Calculate the total amount spent on this good when p = 10, 20, and 50. Can you make a generalization about the mathematical form of this demand curve and consumer behavior in this market?Answer: In all cases, total expenditure equals 100 (since p * Q = 100). In general, a nonlinear demand curve of the form Q = A/p means that consumers wish to spend a total of A on this good regardless of its price. Topic: Demand2.2 Supply1) Suppose the demand curve for a good shifts rightward, causing the equilibrium price to increase. This increase in the price of the good results inA) a rightward shift of the supply curve.B) an increase in quantity supplied.C) a leftward shift of the supply curve.D) a downward movement along the supply curve.Answer: BTopic: Supply2) A rise in the oil price willA) shift the supply curve to the left.B) shift the supply curve to the right.C) leave the supply curve unchanged.D) not enough information.Answer: ATopic: Supply3) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. No pizzas will be supplied unless the price is aboveA) $0.B) $5.C) $12.D) $14.Answer: BTopic: Supply4) Supply curvesA) slope upward.B) slope downward.C) are horizontal.D) can have many shapes.Answer: DTopic: Supply5) Suppose there are 100 identical firms in the rag industry, and each firm is willing to supply 10 rags at any price. The market supply curve will be a(n)A) vertical line where Q = 10.B) vertical line where Q = 100.C) vertical line where Q = 1000.D) horizontal line where Q = 1000.Answer: CTopic: Supply6) The expression "increase in quantity supplied" is illustrated graphically as aA) leftward shift in the supply curve.B) rightward shift in the supply curve.C) movement up along the supply curve.D) movement down along the supply curve.Answer: CTopic: Supply7) If the supply curve of a product changes so that sellers are now willing to sell 2 additional units at any given price, the supply curve willA) shift leftward by 2 units.B) shift rightward by 2 units.C) shift vertically up by 2 units.D) shift vertically down by 2 units.Answer: BTopic: Supply8) The market supply curve is found byA) horizontally summing all individual supply curves.B) vertically summing all individual supply curves.C) Either A or B above since they both give the same answer.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Supply9) Technological innovation in the production of computers has led toA) a decrease in the quantity demanded for computers.B) a rightward shift of the supply curve for computers.C) a decrease in the quantity supplied of computers.D) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Supply10) Restricting imports tends toA) shift the demand curve for the product to the left.B) shift the demand curve for the product to the right.C) change the shape of the supply curve.D) increase the quantity supplied of a product.Answer: CTopic: SupplyFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.11) The Law of Supply insures that supply curves slope upward.Answer: False. There is no Law of Supply. Supply curves can take multiple shapes and thus don't have to be upward-sloping. (p. 22)Topic: Supply12) Suppose the following information is known about a market:1. Sellers will not sell at all below a price of $2.2. At a price of $10, any given seller will sell 10 units.3. There are 100 identical sellers in the market.Assuming a linear supply curve, use this information to derive the market supply curve.Answer: First, Q = 100q since all firms are identical. This gives two points: (p = 2, Q = 0) and (p = 10, Q = 1000). From the first point, it is known that p = 2 + bQ. When Q = 1000, 10 = 2 + b(1000). Solving for b yields b = .008. Rearranging to solve for Q yields: Q = -250 + 125p or P= 2 + .008Q.Topic: Supply2.3 Market Equilibrium1) Equilibrium is defined as a situation in whichA) neither buyers nor sellers want to change their behavior.B) no government regulations exist.C) demand curves are perfectly horizontal.D) suppliers will supply any amount that buyers wish to buy.Answer: ATopic: Market Equilibrium2) Once an equilibrium is achieved, it can persist indefinitely becauseA) shocks that shift the demand curve or the supply curve cannot occur.B) shocks to the demand curve are always exactly offset by shocks to the supply curve.C) the government never intervenes in markets at equilibrium.D) in the absence of supply/demand shocks no one applies pressure to change the price. Answer: DTopic: Market Equilibrium3) If price is initially above the equilibrium level,A) the supply curve will shift rightward.B) the supply curve will shift leftward.C) excess supply exists.D) all firms can sell as much as they want.Answer: CTopic: Market Equilibrium4) A competitive equilibrium is described byA) a price only.B) a quantity only.C) the excess supply minus the excess demand.D) a price and a quantity.Answer: DTopic: Market Equilibrium5) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. At a price of $14, there will beA) no pizzas supplied.B) equilibrium.C) excess supply.D) excess demand.Answer: CTopic: Market Equilibrium6) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. At a price of $5, there will beA) excess demand.B) excess supply.C) equilibrium.D) zero demand.Answer: ATopic: Market Equilibrium7) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. What are the equilibrium price and quantity?A) p = 8, Q = 60B) p = 60, Q = 8C) p = 14, Q = 140D) p = 5, Q = 60Answer: ATopic: Market Equilibrium8) The above figure shows a graph of a market for pizzas in a large town. At a price of $7, what is the amount of excess demand?A) 0; there is excess supply at $7.B) 20 unitsC) 30 unitsD) 10 unitsAnswer: CTopic: Market Equilibrium9) The above figure shows a graph of a market for pizzas in a large town. At a price of $10, the marketA) is not in equilibrium.B) has excess supply.C) does not have excess demand.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Market Equilibrium10) The above figure shows three different supply-and-demand graphs. Which graph best represents the market for vacations on Mars?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Market Equilibrium11) The above figure shows three different supply-and-demand graphs. Which graph best represents the market for workers at your nearest fast-food restaurant?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) None of the above.Answer: CTopic: Market Equilibrium12) The above figure shows three different supply-and-demand graphs. Which graph best represents the market for the air we are currently breathing?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Market Equilibrium13) After tickets for a major sporting event are purchased at the official box office price, a market often develops whereby these tickets sell at prices well above the official box office price. Which of the following scenarios would NOT be able to explain this result?A) The official price was below equilibrium from the moment the tickets were available.B) Increased publicity causes the demand curve for the event to shift rightward.C) The event was not a sellout.D) Not everyone who wanted a ticket was able to buy one at the box office.Answer: CTopic: Market EquilibriumFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.14) When a market is in disequilibrium consumers and producers change their behavior. As a result the market reaches equilibrium.Answer: True. For example, when a shortage exists at a given price consumer bid up the price and firms increase production until the equilibrium is reached.Topic: Market Equilibrium15) Suppose the market for potatoes can be expressed as follows:Supply: Q S = -20 + 10pDemand: Q D = 400 - 20pSolve for the equilibrium price and quantity.Answer: Equate the RHS of the supply equation to the RHS of the demand equation: -20 + 10p = 400 - 20p. Rearrange: 30p = 420 or p = 14. Plug this into either S or D to get Q: Q = 400 - 20(14) = 120.Topic: Market Equilibrium16) Use supply-and-demand graphs to explain why parking is free at the suburban shopping mall but one typically must pay to park when shopping downtown.Answer:See the above figure. At the suburban shopping mall, the only cars typically on the lot belong to shoppers and employees. Mall lots are usually built to be large enough to handle peak crowds. For the relevant quantities, the supply curve is horizontal at a price of zero. As a result, the quantity demanded never exceeds the amount that is provided freely. Downtown, shoppers compete with a larger quantity and greater variety of drivers for parking spaces. The quantity that is available freely is not enough to accommodate all of those who wish to park downtown.Topic: Market Equilibrium17) Explain why the equilibrium price is called the market clearing price.Answer: At the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell the exact amount consumers want to buy. There is no excess demand or excess supply. The market is exactly cleared of all goods.Topic: Market Equilibrium2.4 Shocking the Equilibrium1) From the 1970s through the 1990s, the relative price of a college education has increased greatly. During the same time period, college enrollment has also increased. This evidence suggests that during this time periodA) the demand curve for a college education has shifted leftward.B) the demand curve for a college education has shifted rightward.C) the supply curve for a college education has shifted leftward.D) the supply curve for a college education has shifted rightward.Answer: BTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium2) The above figure shows four different markets with changes in either the supply curve or the demand curve. Which graph best illustrates the market for coffee after severe weather destroys a large portion of the coffee crop?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: CTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium3) The above figure shows four different markets with changes in either the supply curve or the demand curve. Which graph best illustrates the market for tea after severe weather destroys a large portion of the coffee crop?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: ATopic: Shocking the Equilibrium4) The above figure shows four different markets with changes in either the supply curve or the demand curve. Which graph best illustrates the market for non-dairy coffee creamer after severe weather destroys a large portion of the coffee crop?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: DTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium5) The above figure shows four different markets with changes in either the supply curve or the demand curve. Which graph best illustrates the market for computers after technological advances in making computers occur?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: BTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium6) The above figure shows four different markets with changes in either the supply curve or the demand curve. Which graph best illustrates the market for computer manuals after technological advances in making computers occur?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: ATopic: Shocking the Equilibrium7) The above figure shows four different markets with changes in either the supply curve or the demand curve. Which graph best illustrates the market for typewriters after technological advances in computerized word-processing software occur?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: DTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium8) Suppose a market were currently at equilibrium. A rightward shift of the demand curve would causeA) an increase in price but a decrease in quantity.B) a decrease in price but an increase in quantity.C) an increase in both price and quantity.D) a decrease in both price and quantity.Answer: CTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium9) Suppose a market were currently at equilibrium. A rightward shift of the supply curve would cause a(n)A) increase in price but a decrease in quantity.B) decrease in price but an increase in quantity.C) increase in both price and quantity.D) decrease in both price and quantity.Answer: BTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium10) A rightward shift of the demand curve will lead to a(n)A) increase in equilibrium price.B) excess demand at the old equilibrium price.C) increase in quantity supplied.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium11) A rightward shift of the supply curve will lead to a(n)A) decrease in equilibrium price.B) excess supply at the old equilibrium price.C) increase in quantity demanded.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium12) If the demand curve is vertical a rightward shift of the supply curve will lead toA) an increase in quantity supplied.B) an increase in quantity demanded.C) a decrease in quantity demanded.D) an increase in price.Answer: DTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium13) When import restrictions are placed on a good, and as a result the price of the good increases, the demand curve for that good willA) shift rightward.B) shift leftward.C) become steeper.D) be unaffected.Answer: DTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium14) When two goods are substitutes, a shock that raises the price of one good causes the price of the other good toA) remain unchanged.B) decrease.C) increase.D) change in an unpredictable manner.Answer: CTopic: Shocking the Equilibrium15) A drought in the Midwest will raise the price of wheat because of aA) leftward shift in the supply curve.B) rightward shift in the supply curve.C) leftward shift in the demand curve.D) rightward shift in the demand curve.Answer: ATopic: Shocking the Equilibrium16) If pizza and tacos are substitutes, a decrease in the price of tacos would lead to aA) decrease in the demand curve for pizza.B) decrease in the quantity demanded of pizza.C) decrease in the price of pizza.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Shocking the EquilibriumFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.17) During a mild winter, the price of home heating oil is expected to be less than it would be during a normal winter.Answer: True. During a mild winter, people do not need to operate their furnace as often as in a normal winter. The demand for home heating oil lies to the left of where it would be under normal weather conditions. As a result, the price of oil falls.Topic: Shocking the Equilibrium18) What happens to the equilibrium price and quantity of coffee when there is a leftward shift of the supply curve for tea? Explain.Answer:See the above figure. The leftward shift in the supply of tea causes tea prices to increase. Since coffee and tea are substitutes, the demand for coffee increases, resulting in higher coffee prices.Topic: Shocking the Equilibrium19) Suppose there is a linear downward-sloping demand curve and a linear upward-sloping supply curve fora good. The price of a substitute good increases and the price of an input to production also increases. Graph the original demand and supply curves, and the curves after the substitute good and input prices increase. How will the equilibrium price change after the substitute and input prices increase?Answer:See the above figure. The new demand curve will be to the right of the original demand curve and the new supply curve will be to the left of the original supply curve. The equilibrium price will increase. The change in equilibrium quantity cannot be determined and will depend on the relative magnitude of the supply and demand shifts.Topic: Shocking the Equilibrium2.5 Effects of Government Interventions1) Government actions can cause aA) shift in the supply curve.B) shift in the demand curve.C) reaction from firms in other countries.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Effects of Government Intervention2) Municipalities that have adopted the policy of "rent control" typically set the rentals on certain apartments well below equilibrium. As a result,A) landlords have a difficult time finding tenants.B) prospective tenants have a difficult time finding available apartments.C) there is a surplus of apartments.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of Government Intervention3) Complete the sentence. "Next to bombing ________ are the best way to destroy a city."A) rent controlsB) minimum wagesC) health insurance premiums.D) price floors.Answer: ATopic: Effects of Government Intervention4) When "rent controls" result in a shortage of housing, landlordsA) use criteria other than price to allocate housing.B) lower the price to allocate the housing.C) attempt to attract renters.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Effects of Government Intervention5) A restriction on the number of people allowed to be medical doctors in the United States would most likelyA) increase doctors' fees.B) decrease the demand for doctors.C) decrease the demand for nurses.D) decrease the number of people who get sick.Answer: ATopic: Effects of Government Intervention6) The above figure shows the market for crude oil. If a consumer group convinces the government to set a maximum price of $2 per barrel, thenA) 300 barrels of crude oil will be sold at $2.B) zero barrels of crude oil will be sold.C) zero barrels of crude oil will be demanded.D) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of Government Intervention7) The above figure shows the market for crude oil. If the oil exploration firms convince the government to set a minimum price of $4 per barrel, thenA) 100 barrels of crude oil will be sold at $4.B) zero barrels of crude oil will be sold.C) zero barrels of crude oil will be demanded.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Effects of Government Intervention8) The above figure shows the market for crude oil. If the government restricts output to no more than 300 barrels, thenA) 300 barrels of crude oil will be sold at $3.B) 200 barrels of crude oil will be sold at $3.C) zero barrels of crude oil will be sold.D) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of Government Intervention9) If a government-imposed price ceiling causes the observed price in a market to be below the equilibrium price,A) there will be excess demand.B) there will be excess supply.C) the curves will shift to make a new equilibrium at the regulated price.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Effects of Government Intervention10) In the labor market, if the government imposes a minimum wage that is below the equilibrium wage, thenA) workers who wish to work at the minimum wage will have a difficult time finding jobs.B) firms will hire fewer workers than without the minimum wage law.C) some workers may lose their jobs as a result.D) nothing will happen to the wage rate or employment.Answer: DTopic: Effects of Government Intervention11) Government prohibition of advertising liquor on television would most likely result inA) a rightward shift in the demand curve for liquor.B) a leftward shift in the demand curve for liquor.C) a rightward shift in the demand curve for television advertising time.D) no change in the market for either liquor or television advertising.Answer: BTopic: Effects of Government Intervention12) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. Suppose that concern over dietary habits has led the government to impose a restriction that limits suppliers to produce no more than 40 pizzas. What will the price of pizza be as a result of this quota?A) $2B) $7C) $8D) $10Answer: DTopic: Effects of Government Intervention13) The above figure shows a graph of the market for pizzas in a large town. Suppose that concern over dietary habits has led the government to impose a restriction that limits suppliers to produce only 40 pizzas. As a result, for prices greater than $7, theA) supply curve is unchanged.B) supply curve is vertical.C) demand curve becomes vertical.D) demand curve becomes horizontal.Answer: BTopic: Effects of Government Intervention。
中级宏观经济学 数学要求
中级宏观经济学数学要求
中级宏观经济学通常需要一些基本的数学知识和技能，以便能够理解和分析宏观经济理论和模型。
以下是中级宏观经济学中常见的数学要求：
1.微积分：理解和运用微积分概念，如导数、积分和微分方程。
微积分用于求解宏观经济模型中的优化问题和动态均衡。
2.线性代数：掌握线性代数的基本概念和技巧，如矩阵运算、线性方程组的求解和特征值分解。
线性代数用于解释宏观经济模型的稳定性和动态特征。
3.微分方程：理解和解决宏观经济模型中的微分方程。
微分方程描述了经济体系的演化和调整过程，例如经济增长模型和动态均衡模型。
4.最优化理论：熟悉最优化理论的基本概念和方法，如拉格朗日乘数法和最大化或最小化函数的条件。
最优化理论用于解决宏观经济模型中的最优决策问题。
5.概率与统计：了解概率和统计学的基本原理，并能够应用于宏观经济学的数据分析和推断。
概率和统计用于对经济数据进行统计推断、建立经济模型和进行经济政策评估等。
这些数学要求并非详尽无遗，而是中级宏观经济学一般涉及的重要数学工具和概念。
了解和掌握这些数学知识将有助于更深入地理解宏观经济学的理论和模型，并能够进行相关的分析和研究。
中级宏观经济学 主要内容
第二章：国民收入核算
收入法、支出法、产出法
链式加权的实际GDP
第三章长期中的封闭经济模型
第五章长期中的开放经济模型小型、大型
第七、八章经济增长
第九-十一章短期中的封闭经济凯恩斯交叉图
IS-LM AS-AD
长短期调整
第十二章短期中的开放经济
第十三章政策无效性命题
第十四章DAD-DAS模型
考试题型：
1.单选题（15分-20分，2-3分/题）
2.作图题（15-20分，2题）
要求：
3.计算、分析、作图题（60-70分）
要求：要有计算步骤和必要的文字说明，作图要以题目的计算结果为基础，
小数位数的保留按照题目要求，
计算结果可保留分数和根号等形式。
考试具体题型及分布确定后会及时发送到课程邮箱。
考试时间：16周周一7-8节
作图题练习：
作图分析政府购买增加在各模型中的效应，对变量有何影响？。
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三、适应性预期及对菲利普斯 曲线的研究
菲利普斯曲线 货币主义认为菲利普斯曲线在短期存在 货币主义认为菲利普斯曲线在长期不存在 适应性预期 自然率假说的实证检验 适应性预期与系统性误差
3.1 菲利普斯曲线
凯恩斯主义者将菲利普斯曲线解释为通 货膨胀率与失业率之间存在长期稳定的 替代关系，因此可以为政府提供各种可 能的通胀与失业组合以作为政策抉择
Pt EPt Pt 1
3.3 货币主义认为菲利普斯曲线 在长期.1 数学推导
从长期来看，在费尔普斯——弗里德曼 模型中
Pt E Pt , r 1
ut
此时，无论通货膨胀率为多少，失业率 维持在自然失业率，长期菲利普斯曲线 为垂直线
3.3.2 政策含义
3.4.2进一步修正的费尔普斯— —弗里德曼模型
费尔普斯——弗里德曼模型可以进一步 加以修正
P t ut a (1 a )
i
t 1
t i 1
Pi
3.5 自然率假说的实证检验
利用修正过的费尔普斯——弗里德曼模 型就可以进行实证检验。托宾、索洛、 戈登、沃特森等就利用英国和美国的统 计数据进行过计量研究，但结果莫衷一 是 有的结果认为r≠1，r<1，长期菲利普斯 曲线仍然是向下倾斜的 有的结果认为r=1，比如货币主义，长期 菲利普斯曲线为垂直
位于短期菲利普斯曲线SRPC1的A点，失 业率处于自然失业率 此时如果当局采取货币扩张政策扩大总 需求，商品市场和劳动市场的过度需求 会对物价和货币工资产生向上的拉动
3.2.4短期商品价格调整快于货币工资 调整使菲利普斯曲线在短期存在
短期商品价格调整快于货币工资调整 原因 结果真实工资下降，厂商雇佣更多的工 人，失业率下降，A点移动到B点 短期菲利普斯曲线存在
彻底否定了长期失业与通胀之间的替代 关系，宣布在长期凯恩斯式的需求政策 无效
3.4 适应性预期
费尔普斯——弗里德曼模型中的预期只 是适应性预期 适应性预期的概念 进一步修正的费尔普斯——弗里德曼模 型
3.4.1 适应性预期的概念（1）
卡根（Cagan，1956）首先提出 预期一个变量所需的信息都包含在这个变 量过去的历史变化中，行为人根据过去预 期的错误对未来预期进行适应性调整
二、货币主义的基础模型
基础模型 新货币数量论模型 货币的重要性
2.1 基础模型
M f (Y , ri , P e , u ) P Y表示永久收入， ri 表示各种金融资产 的收益率， e 表示预期通货膨胀率，u P 表示个人偏好
d
2.2 新货币数量论模型
令
k k ( ri , P M P M
d
e
,u )
kY kPY 1 k PY
d
若
V MV
货币主义的基础模型转化为传统的货币 数量论模型，所以又被成为新货币数量 论模型
2.3 货币的重要性
在V或k为常数的情况下，M与P、Y联动 * 弗里德曼还以一些实证的研究支持了货 币主义关于货币存量的变化在周期性经 济波动中起基本的和独立作用的观点
3.6 适应性预期与系统性误差
适应性预期本身会出现系统性误差 卡根的适应性预期函数是线形函数 但如果当局执行的是非线性的货币政 策，1％，3％，9％，27％，则人们就始 终无法形成正确的预期 理性预期学派将对此进行改进
总结
货币主义 附加预期的菲利普斯曲线 适应性预期
3.2 货币主义认为菲利普斯曲线 在短期存在
预期引入菲利普斯曲线 菲利普斯曲线簇 初始状态 短期商品价格调整快于货币工资调整使 菲利普斯曲线在短期存在 加速器原理
3.2.1 预期引入菲利普斯曲线
费尔普斯和弗里德曼分别独立地将预期引入菲利 普斯曲线
P t u t E t 1 ( P t )
EPt EPt 1 a ( Pt 1 EPt 1 ) EPt aPt 1 (1 a ) EPt 1 EPt a (1 a )
i t 1 t i 1
Pi
3.4.1 适应性预期的概念（2）
于是预期的价格水平是由过去的价格水 平决定的，0<a<1，近期的通货膨胀率对 预期影响较大，而远期的通货膨胀率对 预期的影响较小
是t时期的实际通货膨胀率 E (P ) 是同期的失业率 E t 1 ( P t ) 是前期形成的预期的通货膨胀率 上式被称为附加预期的菲利普斯曲 线
P t ut
t 1 t
Pt ut
3.2.2 菲利普斯曲线簇
引入预期后，菲利普斯曲线成为一簇曲线 （预期不一） P
B
C A Un
0
U1
3.2.3 初始状态
短期商品价格调整快于货币工资调整 的原因
弗里德曼的解释是工资粘性，由于合同 周期等原因，工资的变动不如价格那样 灵活，工资上升滞后于物价上涨 费尔普斯的解释是信息不对称。假设工 人们生活在群岛中的一个个相隔遥远的 小岛上，彼此间信息不畅*
3.2.5 加速器原理
工人们会根据经历过的通货膨胀率来调整预 期，这会使短期菲利普斯曲线向上移动，从 SRPC1移到CRPC2，货币工资上升，失业率提 高，直到C点，实际工资恢复到原有水平，失 业处于自然失业率 要降低失业率，政府必须再次将通货膨胀率提 高到人们预期水平以上，但下次人们又会将预 期调整，政府只能又调高通货膨胀率，以致最 后通货膨胀率很高，产生恶性通胀
第二章、货币主义及其 对宏观经济学发展的贡献
主要内容
货币主义的主要观点 货币主义的基础模型 适应性预期及对菲利普斯曲线的研究
一、货币主义的主要观点
凯恩斯主义强调投资、消费等的变动是 货币收入变动的主要原因。货币相比较 是不重要的。在出现流动性陷阱等极端 情况下，货币政策将失效 货币主义认为货币是重要的，货币存量 的变化是解释货币收入变化的最主要因 素。通货膨胀在任何时候都是一种货币 现象