自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
自考英语(一)英语语法基础材料：考英语语法基础材料关于句法等相关知识作者：林海时间：2011-10-18 15:08:26 来源：河北教育网浏览次数：16非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。
动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用)爬山是一项好运动。
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用) 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗?He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用) 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English.玛丽教我们英语。
(teaches 动词作谓语)Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。
(to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music.拉克喜欢流行音乐。
(动词用单数第三人称形式)Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天没什么事要做。
(do 用原形)非谓语动词的特征：1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite.学习英语是我的爱好。
(studying 后跟宾语)To help him is my duty.帮助他是我的责任。
自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法词汇短词阅读作文)
自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法、词汇、短词、阅读、作文)第一节动词的时态考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。
一、一般现在式：1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。
由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。
（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题）（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）（1992年59题）二、一般过去时：1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。
just now, last year, when I was 8years old 等。
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
例2 They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ____ their exams.
A.have finished B.finsh C.finished D.was finishing
A.has left B.was leaving C.would leave D.had left
【答案】D(2003年11月40题)
例2 About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read，the Chinese ____ paper.
注意：
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
一般过去时主要表示过去某个时间发生或完成的动作或存在过的状态。这种动作或状态与现在没有任何联系。它只是表示过去发生过(或已完成)，过去存在过。句中往往有明确的表示过去的时间状语。如：just now，last year，when I was 18 years old等。
2012年成人英语三级语法(四)
3、过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by，before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
例1 When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week，I was told she ____ two days before.
2012年成人英语三级语法(二)
3、现在完成时
(1)表示动作刚刚结束(常和just，now，already，yet等词连用);或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)
自考英语(一)重点语法复习(全)
一．名词不可数名词量的表示语：(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。
其公式为：数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。
(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelrya piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece (slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalka bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup(B) 抽象名词 a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an item) of information a piece (an item) of news;(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening; a bolt of thunder;名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。
之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.I like this kind of flower.I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）II. 名词的数：III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
自考英语(二)考试重点语法,课文重点讲义
虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English.I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it.I ask you to do it.定状语 A red book.Work hard.并列句 I worked and studied(x)I worked and he studied.2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that)… I think that she is a good student.I made it clear that he objected to the plan.I asked whether/if he was a good student.I don’t know whether it is raining.I asked what he had studied. He gave me what I need.You are wrong in that you took effect for cause.(2) 主语从句That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that..)Whether it is raining is not known.It is not known--computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.A.whetherB. ifC. thatD. howIt goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句Your greatest fault is that you are careless.The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句We feel proud that our team has won every match this year.He wasn’t sure whether he should stay or leave.Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句(fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句时间状语从句When I studied, the bell rang.She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out.He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.地点状语从句He live where he liked.原因状语从句He was late because he missed the bus.Now that you mention it, I do remember.I’m in a slightly awkward posit ion, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment.目的状语从句We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.结果状语从句He brought a big house so( that) he had more space to paint in.He made such a good speech that he won warm applause.翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other条件状语从句If I make a promise, I keep it.I’ll lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some measures have been taken. 让步状语从句Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany. Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet.However/no matter how loudly you shout, you won’t be heard.方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested.As if ( as though)比较状语从句(重点)She is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did)Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was)Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does)Bill speaks French ----( badly) than he writes it.The –( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further进(8) 定语从句在从句中成份+连词She is a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语) This is the film that I see.This is the boy who (whom)(--) you met yesterday. (主语)Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for.I read the book whose cover is red.You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.I never heard such stories as he told.This is the day when( on which) I joined the league.This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in. 非限定性定语从句:He met Mary, who invited him to dinner.I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting.Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higherfee.His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success.I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days.There are only four areas ____ very many diamonds have been found.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’ll go to the place (where I live)I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult.定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see).考题: Such people – you describe are rare nowadays.a. asb. thatc. whod.whichAnyone ---( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . [who want]Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,---,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.a. whereb. whichc. asd. that3. 并列复合句He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.重点语法——动词的时态和语态时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week.Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleaned every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment. Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived. Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks much better. It had been cleaned. No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began. Hardly….. whenSome people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式做主语 To see is to believe.What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.表语 To know everything is to know nothing.定语 This is a book to be written.宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)状语 Yesterday he came to see me.独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable. 不定式的时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p.to have done, to have been done动名词主,表语 Seeing is believingTom’s going there won’t do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming)This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, can’t help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.)Do you mind my smoking here?介词+ 宾语I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.) be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad. Because it is Sunday today, we have no school.It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.The used car. A broken cup the question involved.表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers.I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done______nothing to say, the boy shield way form the crowd.A. HavingB. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.2．A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task．It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction.As I’ll be away for a year，I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then．Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered --- the window, the thief would not have got in.a. to closeb. closingc. to have closed. having closed. Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.I can’t find anywhere to live.______, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B. The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句的固定用法It’s no use doing sth.It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.It’s (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t comeIt was there, the police believe,she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.A. thatB.untilC. whichD. when虚拟语气第一类型: 见词就填:A. (should ) do(should) beB. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possible, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc.形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) come.表语从句: The doctor’s advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet. 同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote----(give) to every adult person. [(should) be given]For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one, it requires that the child ____ psychologically ready for the new idea.A.isB.beC.wereD.would be第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.考题:_____for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not beenB. not beenC. Without beingD. not having been 特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+had done(been)I wish that he had not made so much trouble.从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a whileI wish I could fly.It is (about. High..) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man was out in the padded cell lest he ---himself.A. injureB. had injured c. injured d. would injure.Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn.Among them were two girls.部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.Never, nowhere, no longer, little, feww, not…( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances) Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book. Neither she nor I am wet.Many a student doesn’t like having to do their homework.连词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever 连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor, 从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it.A. otherwiseB. insteadC. neverthelessD. either不定代词Any,one,none,nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, manyAre you sure there are not--- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesn’t mind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文. 注意顾全大局.选的是最佳答案.词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题—阅读的难点不是考试的重点，不要死扣一句，第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句，多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题评分原则为：(1) 主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法①、句法的定义:句法是研究句子的个个组成部分和它们的排列顺序。
句法研究的对象是句子。
②、句子的定义:句子是用来描述一件事情,表达一个思想, 提出一个问题,它是有一定的语法结构排列组成的。
The football is in the box.足球在箱子里放着。
I'm interested in English.我对英语感兴趣。
What would you like?你想要点什么？③、句子的分类:句子可以从两种角度来分类:1) 根据句子的用途来分,英语的句子有下列几种:一) 陈述句: 用来陈述,讲明一件事情,一个情况。
I like music.我喜欢音乐。
Mr.Dix came to our university to teach English.迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语。
二) 疑问句: 向对方(听众)提出问题的句子就叫疑问句,一般需对方作出回答。
What do you want? I want a book.你要什么? 我要一本书。
How old are you? I'm ten tears old.你几岁啦？我十岁。
三) 祈使句: 用来向对方(听众)发出请求,命令的句子叫祈使句。
祈使句一般需对方作出行为动作。
Come here, please. 请过来。
Come to my office immediately.马上到我的办公室来。
四) 感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。
What an interesting story it is!多有趣的故事啊!How beautiful your sweater is!你的毛衣多漂亮啊！2) 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:一) 简单句句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句I study English every day.我天天学习英语。
Lucy and Lili went shopping yesterday.露西和丽丽昨天上街去买东西。
自考现代英语语法重点
自考现代英语语法重点一、基本句子成分1. 主语（Subject）主语是句子中进行动作或者是被描述的对象，通常是名词、代词、不定式或者从句。
主语用来回答“Who/What + 谓语动词”。
2. 谓语（Predicate）谓语是句子中执行动作或者是对主语进行描述的部分。
谓语通常是动词，但也可包含助动词、系动词、情态动词等其他单词。
3. 宾语（Object）宾语是动作的承受者，是句子中动作的对象。
宾语通常是名词或者代词，也可以是从句或者不定式。
4. 定语（Adjective）定语用来修饰名词或代词，提供更多的描述信息。
定语通常位于被修饰词的旁边或者前面。
5. 状语（Adverb）状语用来修改动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，提供关于时间、地点、方式、原因等方面的信息。
6. 表语（Predicate Nominative）表语是指位于系动词之后，对主语进行补充说明、描述其身份、属性、状态等的一部分。
7. 同位语（Appositive）同位语用来进一步解释或说明前面的名词或代词，放在被解释的名词或代词的旁边。
8. 补语（Complement）补语用来补充或完善动词、名词、形容词等的意义，通常放在被补充词的后面。
二、句子结构1. 简单句（Simple Sentence）简单句是由一个主语和一个谓语构成的句子。
它可以有其他成分（如宾语、定语、状语等），但是只有一个主谓结构。
2. 并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句是由两个或多个简单句通过连词（如and、but、or、for等）连接而成的句子。
3. 复合句（Complex Sentence）复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。
主句可以独立成句，而从句不能独立成句。
4. 复合并列句（Compound-Complex Sentence）复合并列句是由两个或多个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
三、动词形式1. 一般现在时（Simple Present）一般现在时用来表示经常性的动作、事实或习惯。
英语语法基本框架
现在进行时
现在完成时
现在完成进行时
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成进行时
一般将来时
将来进行时
现在完成进行时
将来完成进行时
过去将来时
过去将来进行时
过去将来完成时
过去将来完成进行时
一般时 do
将来时 will /be going to do
进行时 be doing
完成时 have done
不管变为那种时态，只要把动词原形拿来变。
动词的非谓语形式 to do/doing/done 1.以 doing 为宾语的动词 2.以to do 为宾语的动词 3.以to do/doing 为宾语,但意义有别的动词 4.以to do/doing为宾语,意义无差别的动词 非谓语动词的时态和语态: 如:to be done/to have done /to have been done/ to be doing being done/having done/having been done
从属连词:用来引导从句:after/when/before/as/while/as long as/in order that /as if 等.
01
02
连词
动词的考法 通过语境来判断时态，如： 1、----How are you today？(NMET 2000) ----Oh，I as ill as I do now for a very long time. A.didn’t feel B.wasn’t feeling C.don’t feel D.haven’t felt 2..The price ,but I doubt whether it will remain so.(NMET 99) A.went down B.will go down C.has gone down D.was going down 3.---Hey,look where you are going!(NMET99) ----Oh, I’m terribly sorry. . A.I’m not noticing B.I wasn’t noticing C.I haven’t noticed D.I don’t notice 4 ---You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?(NMET 98) --- .How I wish to go there! A.Yes,I have B.Yes,I haven’t C.No, I have D.No, I haven’t 5.Shirley ａbook about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.(NMET 98) A.has written B.wrote C.had written D.was writing 6.---Hi,Tracy,you look tired.(NMET 98) ---I am tired.I the living room all day. A.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted
自考英语语法基础材料TXT格式
Seeing this， they became very worried. 看到这种情况，他们心里很着急。
Taken in time， the medicine will be quite effective. 如果吃得及时，这药是很有效的。
happiness幸福greatness伟大coldness寒冷
dictation听写preparation准备 repetition重复
building建筑wedding婚礼painቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱing绘画
leadership领导friendship友谊hardship艰苦
shortage短缺marriage婚姻leakage泄漏
He dreamt of meeting and falling in love with a beautiful woman. 他梦想遇上并爱上美丽的女人。
You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. 几个小时以后你就会发觉疼痛慢慢减轻了。
We should promote our friendship on such a basis. 我们应该在这样的基础上促进我们的友谊。
They are dancing. 他们在跳舞。
3.宾语（Object）
宾语表示动作的对象，是主语的动作的承受者，有宾语的动词称为及物动词，宾语一般在及物动词之后，作宾语的词有名词，代词宾格，数词、动词不定式、动名词、复合结构、从句等，如：
Shanghai， once the paradise for adventurers， is now the largest industrial base in China. 曾经是冒险家乐园的上海，现在是中国最大的工业基地。
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
Jackie’s非谓语动词一、概念非谓语动词是指不能在句子中单独做谓语的动词，分为动词不定式、动名词和分词（过去分词和现在分词）。
其实，一些助动词和情态动词也属于非谓语动词，如have/ has, can, may, will等等。
非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化，有否定式，但没有人称和数的变化。
下面就三种非谓语动词分别举例说明其作用。
1．不定式与动名词：to do / doing一般说来，在一个句子中，多个谓语动词用and 或or或but等连接，构成联合谓语或并列谓语，可以表示主语发出的一连串动作，但有时这种用and 连接的句子比较繁琐，于是出现了更简洁的方式来连接动词----不定式与动名词，这种连接方式适用于很多动词，比如：1. I went there and visited my friend.I went there to see my friend.2. He asked me and I gave him a book..He asked me to give him a book.3. I am sorry. I have kept you waiting for me for a long time.I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me for a long time.4. Thank you. You told me the truth.Thank you because you told me the truth.Thank you for telling me the truth.5. Do you mind ? I want to open the window.Do you mind my opening the window ?6. I like basketball. I play basketball.I like playing basketball.Playing basketball is my favorite sport.以上例句只是体现了不定式与动名词最普通的一些方面,下面我们将从多方面理解它们。
自考英语复习资料语法难点
教育联展网语法难点（一）真实条件句1.基本形式：主句动词是将来时，if条件从句中的动词用现在时If you want something really badly,you’ll probably get in.2.If条件从句为一般现在时，主句中含有情态动词或用一般现在时表示状态或必然的结果If the weather gets worse,the planes might not be able to take off on time.If your computer breaks down,you can use mine.If the alarm rings,the door closes automatically.3.If条件从句的时态变化If you’re looking for John,you can find him in the classroom.If you have lost your car,you should report it to the police.If you’re going to the U.S.,you’ll need a visa.（二）虚拟语气1.与现在事实相反的虚拟(1)If+did(were)+...,...would(should,could,might)+动词原形If I were you,I would go abroad at once.If he knew it now,he could help me.(2)从句中可用If it were not for...(若不是……).e.g.(倒装句)Were it not for your help,I would’t be doing so well.If it weren’t for Jack,you wouldn’t be anywhere.2.与过去事实相反的虚拟(1)If+had done+...,...would(might,could等)+动词原形If I had known your phone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.If you had come here a little earlier just now,you might have met her.(2)特殊句型：If it had not been for ...(若不是……)e.g.(倒装句)Had I known your address,I would have written before.If it hadn’t been for the rain,we would have had a good harvest.3.与将来事实相反的虚拟(1)If+should +v.,...wouldshould等+V.(可能性很小，“万一”)，e.g. If I should fail,what should I do?(2)If+did(were)to+v....,would等+v.(完全不可能)e.g. If the sun were to rise in the west,I would lend you the money.4.某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常见的词有order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest等。
句法全部知识点总结
句法全部知识点总结一、基本句型1. 主谓结构主谓结构是最简单的句子结构，由主语和谓语构成，如：He reads.2. 主谓宾结构主谓宾结构由主语、谓语和宾语构成，如：She eats an apple.3. 主谓宾宾结构主谓宾宾结构由主语、谓语、宾语和宾语构成，如：Tom gave Mary a book.4. 主系表结构主系表结构由主语、系动词和表语构成，如：She is a teacher.5. 主系表宾结构主系表宾结构由主语、系动词、表语和宾语构成，如：They made me their leader.6. 否定句否定句在句子之前加上否定词not，如：She does not like him.7. 疑问句疑问句是用来询问信息的句子，有两种类型：一种是用疑问词开头的特殊疑问句，另一种是用助动词开头的一般疑问句，如：What are you doing? Are you coming?8. 感叹句感叹句用来表达惊讶、喜悦等情感，如：What a beautiful girl she is!二、从句1. 名词性从句名词性从句有三种：主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。
主语从句用作主语，宾语从句用作宾语，表语从句用作表语。
如：What he said is true.2. 定语从句定语从句用来修饰名词，如：The man who is standing there is my teacher.3. 状语从句状语从句用来表示时间、原因、条件、结果等信息，如：If it rains, we won't go out.三、倒装句1. 完全倒装完全倒装是指将助动词、情态动词或系动词提到句首，如：Here comes the bus.2. 部分倒装部分倒装是指将助动词、情态动词或系动词提到句首，如：Not only did he come, but also he brought gifts.四、虚拟语气1. 虚拟条件句虚拟条件句用来表示假设、愿望等虚拟情况，如：If I were you, I would go.2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用在宾语从句中，应用虚拟语气表示不太可能发生的情况，如：He suggested that she study harder.以上就是英语语法中的句法知识点总结，句法知识是英语学习的基础，掌握好这些知识点可以帮助我们更加准确地理解和表达信息。
自考英语(一)英语语法基础材料：句法(1)
What would you like?
你想要点什幺?
句子的分类:
句子可以从两种角度来分类:
1) 根据句子的用途来分,英语的句子有下列几种:
一) 陈述句: 用来陈述,讲明一件事情,一个情况。
I like music.
我喜欢音乐。
Mr.Dix came to our university to teach English.
迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语。
二) 疑问句: 向对方(听众)提出问题的句子就叫疑问句,一般需对方作出回 答。
What do you want? I want a book.
你要什幺? 我要一本书。
马上到我的办公室来。
四) 感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。
What an interesting story it is!
多有趣的故事啊!
How beautiful your sweater is!
你的毛衣多漂亮啊!
2) 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:
自考英语(一)英语语法基础材料：句法(1)
句子的定义:
句子是用来描述一件事情,表达一个思想, 提出一个问题,它是有一定的语 法结构排列组成的。
The football is in the box.
足球在箱子里放着。
I’m interested in English.
一) 简单句
句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句
I study English every day.
我天天学习英语。
Lucy and Lili went shopping yesterday.
自考英语语法.doc
自考英语语法(电子书)第一篇句法类一、表语从句1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2．构成：关联词+简单句3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that。
如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。
如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。
如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释：1．连词because可引导表语从句。
如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
自考英语(一)英语语法基础材料：句法(3)
主语从句 在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句.
主语从句一般放在句首。
引导主语从句的词有下列:
that, who, whether, if, what, which, when, where, how, why.
It’s very good that he has passed the exam.
他通过了考试太好了。
宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在动词后 面if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why,
并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并 列句.常用的连接词如下:
also, and, but, either ... or, however, not only...but also, or, or else, so, still, yet, neither...nor.
他年青的时候没能上学。
I’ll let you know as soon as he come back.
他一回来我就告诉你。
I didn’t expect that he had broken the glass.
我没有想到他把玻璃打破了。
Could you tell me who is your teacher?
你能告诉我谁是你的教师吗?
I don’t know why he is absent.
我去过北京多次,但我父母亲从没去过。
复合句
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法
自考英语英语语法基础材料句法一. 将下列句子作句子分析（短语与从句一般不必做内部分析）1. When he had completed the working model he sent it to numerous manufacturers, who showed little interest.本句是复合句complex sentence，基本结构是“主+谓+宾+宾”he sent it to numerous manufacturers主句he 主语sent谓语it直接宾语to numerous manufacturers 间接宾语When he had completed the working model时间状语从句who showed little interest定语从句2. Although the rioters, who were led by a young fanatic, knew what serious consequences might result from their action, they persisted until troops had to be sent in.本句是复合句，基本结构是“主+谓”they persisted 主句they 主语persisted 谓语Although… their action让步状语从句who were …fanatic定语从句，修饰rioterswhat serious consequences might result from their action 宾语从句，作为knew 的宾语until troops had to be sent in 时间状语从句3. The ambulance arrived quickly, but it was too late.本句是并列句compound sentence，由but连接，基本结构是“主+谓”和“主语+系动词+表语”在第一个分句中，the ambulance是主语arrive谓语quickly状语在第二个分句中，it 主语was 系动词too late 表语4. They searched and searched, and finally found it.简单句基本结构：主+谓+宾they主语searched, searched 和found 并列谓语(compoundpredicate) 用and 连接finally 状语it是found的宾语5. When the storm was at its height, the gale overturned cars and uprooted trees which had stood for many years.复合句基本结构是：主语+谓语+宾语the gale overturned cars and uprooted trees主句the gale主语overturned 和uprooted是并列谓语，由and连接cars是overturned的宾语trees是uprooted的宾语when the storm was at its height 时间状语从句which had stood for many years 定语从句，修饰主句中的trees6. I know and like him, but few others do.并列句，由but 连接基本结构是“主谓宾”和“主谓”在第一分句中，I 主语know和like是并列谓语，由and所连接，him是宾语在第二分句中，few others主语，do是谓语7. They pressed on, hoping that their luck would change.复合句基本结构是主谓They pressed on 主句they 主语pressed on谓语hoping that their luck would change 现在分词短语that从句是hoping 的宾语8. It was fortunate that we had a map with us.本句复合句基本结构是主系表参考答案是主谓宾，偶不认同it引词用作形式主语that we had a map with us从句，用作真实主语we主语had 谓语 a map宾语with us 状语9. After the game was over, the winning team returned to their home town and were given a civic reception, because they had brought home the cup for the first time.复合句基本结构是主谓the winning team returned to their home town and weregiven a civic reception主句the winning team 主语returned 和were given 并列谓语，由and连接to their home town 是returned的状语a civic reception是were given 的保留宾语after the game was over 是时间状语从句because they had brought home the cup for the first time是原因状语从句10. An inspector poked his head through the window and informed us that a minor fault had occurred and there would be a delay until it was repaired.复合句基本结构主语+谓语+谓语+宾语+宾语an inspector主语poked 和informed 并列谓语，由and连接his head 是poked 的宾语through the window 是poked的状语us 是informed的间接宾语that从句是informed 的直接宾语until it was repaired 是that从句中的时间状语从句。
自考“英语语法”基础材料（14）
第⼗四节名词从句 名词从句是指在句⼦中起名词作⽤的从句，名词从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语 从句及同位语从句。
引导名词从句的关联词有： 连词，如：that， if， whether. 关系代词，如：which， what， who. 关系副词，如：when， where， how， why. 1.主语从句，即名词从句做主语 主语从句有三类：（1）what主语从句；（2）that主语从句；（3）连接代词who，whom， whose， which和连接副词when， where， how， why引导的主语从句。
What caused the accident is a mystery. 造成事故的原因还是个谜。
What they want are financial aids. 他们想要经济援助。
That time is money has been realized in the West. 时间就是⾦钱，这在西⽅已实现了。
That she will refuse the offer seems unlikely. 她会拒绝这个提议似乎不可能。
When and where the exhibition opens is written in the announcement. 展览会在什么时候、什么地⽅开幕，通知⾥写着。
Why he shot her is a complete mystery. 他为什么打死她完全是个谜。
How he did it doesn't matter. 这事他是怎样做的，⽆关紧要。
Which plan is better is clear now. 哪个计划更好，现在清楚了。
有时，把连接词或关系副词引出的主语从句放在句⼦后⾯，⽤it作形式上的主语，如： It was obvious that the driver could not control his car. 显然，司机已不能控制他的车了。
自考《英语一》语法：句法篇（2）
自考《英语一》语法：句法篇（2）2017自考《英语一》语法大全：句法篇四、同位语从句1. 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。
如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来?Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。
如：I have no idea w hether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how 亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释：1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别that引导的同位语从句句法功能上that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。
在从句中不充当句子成分。
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非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。
动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用)爬山是一项好运动。
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用)你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗?He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用)他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English.玛丽教我们英语。
(teaches 动词作谓语)Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。
(to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music.拉克喜欢流行音乐。
(动词用单数第三人称形式)Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天没什么事要做。
(do 用原形)非谓语动词的特征：1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite.学习英语是我的爱好。
(studying 后跟宾语)To help him is my duty.帮助他是我的责任。
(help 后跟宾语)2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
Working under such a condition is terrible.在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。
(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。
(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。
(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式)Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。
(Seen from...是分词的被动形式)4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
Our coming made him happy.我们的到来使他很高兴。
(coming 起名词作用)There are two big swimming pools here.这儿有两个大型游泳池。
(swimming 起形容词作用)非谓语动词的形式变化：不定式主动被动一般to write to be written进行to be writing /完成to have written to have been written完成进行to have been writing /现在分词主动被动一般 writing being written完成 having written having been written过去分词一般written动名词主动被动一般 writing being written完成 having written having been written 动词不定式：动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
1 动词不定式作主语：To mast a language is not an easy thing.掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。
To teach English is my favorite.教英语是我的爱好。
It's my pleasure to help you.很乐意帮助你。
动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
It's very kind of you to have given us much help.你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。
It's necessary to find the witness.有必要找到目击者。
2 动词不定式作宾语：某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.What I wish is to learn English well.我所希望的是把英语学好。
I like to help others if I can.如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。
3 动词不定式作宾语补语。
We expect you to be with us.我们希望你和我们在一起。
Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。
4 动词不定式作表语：What I should do is to finish the task soon.我应该做的是赶快完成任务。
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。
5 动词不定式作定语：There are many ways to solve the problem.有许多方法能解决这个问题。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告诉你。
6 不定式作状语：We went to the hospital to see our teacher.我们去医院看了我们的老师。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形The teacher told us not to swim in that river.老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。
It's unfair not to tell us.没告诉我们真是不公平。
带疑问词的不定式：疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。
Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方还不知道。
I don't know when to begin.我不知道什么时间开始。
Can you tell me where to get the battery.你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗?Do you know how to get to the station.你知道怎样去车站吗?带逻辑主语的不定式：动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。
注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。
It's necessary for us to help each other.我们互相帮忙是必要的。
There are much work for me to finish,有许多工作要我去完成。
动词不定式的时态：动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。
I helped him put the things into the car.我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。
I want to see you again.我想再见到你。
Would you like to have a rest.你愿意休息一下吗?动词不定式完成时：表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。
We are sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，我们让你久等了。
They seems to have known the answers.他们好像知道了答案。
动词不定式进行时：表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调动作正在进行。
They seem to be working hard.他们好像在努力工作。
动词不定式的被动形式：表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系。
He is the man to be examined.他是受检查的人。
There are much work to be done.有好多工作要做。
句法的定义:句法是研究句子的个个组成部分和它们的排列顺序。
句法研究的对象是句子。
句子的定义:句子是用来描述一件事情,表达一个思想, 提出一个问题,它是有一定的语法结构排列组成的。
The football is in the box.足球在箱子里放着。
I'm interested in English.我对英语感兴趣。
What would you like?你想要点什么?句子的分类:句子可以从两种角度来分类:1) 根据句子的用途来分,英语的句子有下列几种:一) 陈述句: 用来陈述,讲明一件事情,一个情况。
I like music.我喜欢音乐。
Mr.Dix came to our university to teach English.迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语。
二) 疑问句: 向对方(听众)提出问题的句子就叫疑问句,一般需对方作出回答。
What do you want? I want a book.你要什么? 我要一本书。
How old are you? I'm ten tears old.你几岁啦? 我十岁。
三) 祈使句: 用来向对方(听众)发出请求,命令的句子叫祈使句。
祈使句一般需对方作出行为动作。
Come here, please. 请过来。
Come to my office immediately.马上到我的办公室来。
四) 感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。
What an interesting story it is!多有趣的故事啊!How beautiful your sweater is!你的毛衣多漂亮啊!2) 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:一) 简单句句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句I study English every day.我天天学习英语。