BELBIN English Self-Perception Inventory-A4
高盛财经词典—英汉对照
高盛财经词典 - 英汉对照English Terms(A)中文翻译详情解释/例子Accelerated Depreciation 加快折旧任何基于会计或税务原因促使一项资产在较早期以较大金额折旧的折旧原则Accident and Health Benefits 意外与健康福利为员工提供有关疾病、意外受伤或意外死亡的福利。
这些福利包括支付医院及医疗开支以及有关时期的收入。
Accounts Receivable (AR) 应收账款客户应付的金额。
拥有应收账款指公司已经出售产品或服务但仍未收取款项Accretive Acquisition 具增值作用的收购项目能提高进行收购公司每股盈利的收购项目Acid Test 酸性测试比率一项严谨的测试，用以衡量一家公司是否拥有足够的短期资产，在无需出售库存的情况下解决其短期负债。
计算方法：(现金 + 应收账款 +短期投资)流动负债Act of God Bond 天灾债券保险公司发行的债券，旨在将债券的本金及利息与天然灾害造成的公司损失联系起来Active Bond Crowd 活跃债券投资者在纽约股票交易所买卖活跃的定息证券Active Income 活动收入来自提供服务所得的收入，包括工资、薪酬、奖金、佣金，以及来自实际参与业务的收入Active Investing 积极投资包含持续买卖行为的投资策略。
主动投资者买入投资，并密切注意其走势，以期把握盈利机会Active Management 积极管理寻求投资回报高于既定基准的投资策略Activity Based Budgeting 以活动为基础的预算案一种制定预算的方法，过程为列举机构每个部门所有牵涉成本的活动，并确立各种活动之间的关系，然后根据此资料决定对各项活动投入的资源Activity Based Management 以活动为基础的管理利用以活动为基础的成本计算制度改善一家公司的运营Activity Ratio 活动比率一项用以衡量一家公司将其资产负债表账项转为现金或营业额的能力的会计比率Actual Return 实际回报一名投资者的实际收益或损失，可用以下公式表示：预期回报加上公司特殊消息及总体经济消息Actuary 精算保险公司的专业人员，负责评估申请人及其医疗纪录，以预测申请人的寿命Acquisition 收购一家公司收购另一家公司的多数股权Acquisition Premium 收购溢价收购一家公司的实际成本与该公司收购前估值之间的差额Affiliated Companies 联营公司一家公司拥有另一家公司少数权益（低于50%）的情况，或指两家公司之间存在某些关联Affiliated Person 关联人士能影响一家企业活动的人士，包括董事、行政人员及股东等After Hours Trading 收盘后交易主要大型交易所正常交易时间以外进行的买卖交易After Tax Operating Income - ATOI 税后营运收入一家公司除税后的总营运收入。
学习minitab可以用到的英语词汇
Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度。
2024年考研英语新增词汇
2024年考研英语新增词汇2024年考研英语新增词汇可能包括以下内容：1. Technophobia - 技术恐惧症，指对新技术的恐惧或抵触情绪。
2. Virtuality - 虚拟现实，指通过计算机技术模拟的虚拟环境。
3. Bioprinting - 生物打印，指利用3D打印技术制造生物组织或器官。
4. Cryptocurrency - 加密货币，指基于密码学的虚拟货币。
5. Deepfake - 深度伪造，指利用深度学习技术制造逼真的伪造视频或音频。
6. Eco-anxiety - 生态焦虑，指对气候变化和环境问题引起的心理压力和焦虑。
7. Drone delivery - 无人机送货，指利用无人机进行快递配送服务。
8. Internet of Things (IoT) - 物联网，指互联网与各种设备和物体的连接。
9. Smart home - 智能家居，指通过互联网控制和管理的智能化家居系统。
10. Self-driving car - 自动驾驶汽车，指能够自主行驶的无人驾驶汽车。
11. Sustainable development - 可持续发展，指在满足当前需求的同时不损害下一代需求的发展方式。
12. Gen Z - Z世代，指出生于2000年后的新一代人群。
13. Remote work - 远程工作，指通过互联网在家或其他地方工作而不需要到办公室。
14. Cybersecurity - 网络安全，指保护计算机系统和数据免受网络攻击和侵入的措施和技术。
15. Robotics - 机器人技术，指研究和开发机械智能化设备和系统的学科和领域。
这些词汇可能会在2024年成为考研英语的重点词汇和考点。
贝赛思必背词汇表
贝赛思必背词汇表一、动词1. Acquire - 获得、取得2. Adapt - 适应、调整3. Analyze - 分析、解析4. Apply - 应用、运用5. Assess - 评估、估计6. Clarify - 澄清、阐明7. Comprehend - 理解、领悟8. Consolidate - 巩固、合并9. Construct - 建造、构建10. Contrast - 对比、对照11. Contribute - 贡献、捐助12. Demonstrate - 展示、证明13. Derive - 源自、取得14. Differentiate - 区分、区别15. Evaluate - 评估、评价16. Examine - 检查、审查17. Generate - 生成、产生18. Identify - 辨认、确认19. Implement - 实施、执行20. Infer - 推断、推论21. Integrate - 整合、融合22. Interpret - 解释、口译23. Modify - 修改、变更24. Organize - 组织、整理25. Predict - 预测、预言26. Prioritize - 优先考虑、优先处理27. Propose - 提议、建议28. Summarize - 总结、概括29. Synthesize - 综合、合成30. Verify - 验证、核实二、名词1. Analysis - 分析、分解2. Application - 应用、应用程序3. Assessment - 评估、评价4. Conclusion - 结论、结尾5. Definition - 定义、释义6. Demonstration - 示范、演示7. Development - 发展、开发8. Evaluation - 评估、评价9. Explanation - 解释、说明10. Implementation - 实施、执行11. Interpretation - 解释、口译12. Modification - 修改、改变13. Organization - 组织、机构14. Prediction - 预测、预言15. Prioritization - 优先考虑、优先处理16. Proposal - 提议、建议17. Summary - 总结、摘要18. Synthesis - 综合、合成19. Verification - 验证、核实三、形容词1. Accurate - 准确的、精确的2. Appropriate - 合适的、适当的3. Clear - 清楚的、明确的4. Comprehensive - 全面的、综合的5. Critical - 关键的、批判性的6. Effective - 有效的、生效的7. Efficient - 高效的、有效率的8. Essential - 必要的、基本的9. Logical - 逻辑的、合理的10. Objective - 客观的、目标的11. Precise - 精确的、准确的12. Relevant - 相关的、切题的13. Reliable - 可靠的、可信赖的14. Systematic - 系统的、有条理的15. Valid - 有效的、正确的四、副词1. Clearly - 清楚地、明确地2. Effectively - 有效地、生效地3. Efficiently - 高效地、有效率地4. Essentially - 基本上、本质上5. Logically - 逻辑地、合理地6. Objectively - 客观地、客观上7. Precisely - 精确地、准确地8. Relevantly - 相关地、切题地9. Reliably - 可靠地、可信赖地10. Systematically - 有条理地、系统地11. Validly - 有效地、正确地五、连词1. And - 和、与2. Or - 或者、或3. But - 但是、而4. However - 然而、可是5. Therefore - 因此、所以6. In addition - 此外、另外7. Moreover - 此外、而且8. Furthermore - 此外、而且9. On the other hand - 另一方面、从另一个角度来看六、介词1. In - 在…中、以2. On - 在…上、关于3. At - 在…处、在…时刻4. From - 从…来、从…起5. To - 到、给6. With - 用、和7. By - 通过、凭借8. For - 为了、对于9. About - 关于、大约10. Over - 在…之上、超过七、代词1. It - 它、这个2. They - 他们、它们3. We - 我们4. You - 你、你们5. I - 我6. He - 他7. She - 她8. Me - 我9. Him - 他10. Her - 她八、其他词汇1. Knowledge - 知识、学问2. Understanding - 理解、了解3. Skill - 技能、技巧4. Ability - 能力、才能5. Experience - 经验、体验6. Practice - 实践、练习7. Competence - 能力、胜任8. Fluency - 流利、流畅9. Proficiency - 熟练、精通10. Mastery - 掌握、精通以上是贝赛思必背词汇表的部分内容，这些词汇涵盖了动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、代词以及其他词汇，能够帮助学习者更好地理解和运用英语。
贝尔宾团队建设工作坊
个人效能战略我将如何做到最好的自己
工作适配我和我的工作匹配度有多高
进行人-职和职位-人匹配时的考虑
高 合格性低 适配性
Obtaining high quality observer assessments 获取高质量的观察者评估
思考相关的团队角色
任务或行动相关的团队角色
人际相关的团队角色
项目进程中，团队角色的不同需求
"We are what we repeatedly do" Aristotle "我们重复的行动决定了我们成为什么样的人” ——亚里士多德
潜在问题
可能失望
完全不匹配
通常有惊喜
确保每人都有所贡献
贡献想法PL
明确的目的和目标SH
提供技术投入，承担研究开发SP
完善过程，维护标准CF
整合贡献CO
执行计划和决策IMP
避免冲突，培养团队合作精神TW
分析和评估方案ME
沟通和谈判RI
团队成员的特点
杰出的团队成员总能找到最佳的时机介入团队事务灵活性自我克制维护团队的目标
WHY? 为什么...
1. 为什么在同等的规则和资源下，团队的业绩差异那么大？2. 为什么明星团队没有产出好的业绩结果？3. 有没有高效团队的公式？4. 到底是什么影响了团队结果？
贝尔宾团队角色理论的渊源
剑桥产业培训研究部前主任贝尔宾博士和他的同事们经过多年在澳洲和英国的研究与实践，提出了著名的贝尔宾团队角色理论，即一支结构合理的团队应该由九种角色组成。
Help managers understand how to get the best out of the people they manage管理者的识人善任--挑选高效团队
2013_Double-in-the-supply-chain-with-uncertain-supply_Li_European-Journal-of-Operational-Research
Production,Manufacturing and LogisticsDouble marginalization and coordination in the supply chain with uncertain supplyXiang Li a ,Yongjian Li b ,⇑,Xiaoqiang Cai caCollege of Economic and Social Development,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,PR China bBusiness School,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,PR China cDepartment of Systems Engineering &Engineering Management,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin,NT,Hong Konga r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 6August 2011Accepted 26October 2012Available online 11November 2012Keywords:Supply chain management Uncertain supply Contract designDouble marginalizationa b s t r a c tThis paper explores a generalized supply chain model subject to supply uncertainty after the supplier chooses the production input level.Decentralized systems under wholesale price contracts are investi-gated,with double marginalization effects shown to lead to supply insufficiencies,in the cases of both deterministic and random demands.We then design coordination contracts for each case and find that an accept-all type of contract is required to coordinate the supply chain with random demand,which is a much more complicated situation than that with deterministic demand.Examples are provided to illustrate the application of our findings to specific industrial domains.Moreover,our coordination mech-anisms are shown to be applicable to the multi-supplier situation,which fills the research gap on assem-bly system coordination with random yield and random demand under a voluntary compliance regime.Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionSupply uncertainty is a major issue in both the industrial and academic worlds.In traditional manufacturing processes,stochas-tic capacity and random yield are regarded as the main causes of supply uncertainty.In the remanufacturing field,uncertainty with-in the supply channel also stems from used product acquisition.These supply uncertainties pose great challenges to supply chain management,and result in substantial revenue losses.In a decen-tralized system,channel performance could be even worse because of the different,and usually conflicting,objectives that the supply chain members attempt to optimize.Therefore,it has been a signif-icant problem to design coordination schemes to increase supply chain performance and to properly allocate the supply risk be-tween the channel members.This paper explores the underlying double marginalization of a supply chain with supply uncertainty and the related problem of coordination contract design.Specifically,a buyer procures a prod-uct from a supplier,who is confronted with uncertain production quantity (output)after deciding a certain production input level because of random disturbance in the production/delivery/supply process.The supplier’s modeling setting (partially or fully)general-izes many of the uncertain supply models in literature.Examples include (i)random yield,such as the models of Gerchak et al.(1994)and Li and Zheng (2006);(2)random capacity,such as those of Ciarallo et al.(1994)and Hsieh and Wu (2008);(3)random deteriorating loss,such as that of Cai et al.(2010);and (4)random used product acquisition,such as that of Kaya (2010).We explore the supply chain model in such a generalized setting and show that double marginalization effect is translated into a lower production input level from the supplier,which leads to supply insufficiency for the buyer.We also investigate coordination mechanisms for the cases of deterministic and random demand.A simple shortage penalty contract is designed to coordinate the supply chain under conditions of deterministic demand,but the coordination issue becomes more complicated when there is a random demand.Our study thus stands on the interface between supply uncer-tainty and supply chain coordination,both of which have attracted a vast amount of research.Most of the papers considering supply uncertainty focus on the production planning problems of uncer-tain production capacity,random manufacturing yield,or unreli-able supplier,such as those of Gerchak et al.(1988),Parlar and Perry (1996),Gupta and Cooper (2005),Chopra et al.(2007),and Pac et al.(2009),among others.The subject of supply chain coordi-nation has been investigated by Muson and Rosenblatt (2001),Cachon and Lariviere (2005),Li and Wang (2007),Chen and Xiao (2009),and Luo et al.(2010),to name just a few.We also refer the reader to Cachon (2003)for an excellent survey of this field.Other than the aforementioned studies,the works most related to this paper involve the study of a supply chain model under con-ditions of uncertain supply from the supplier,which constitutes a rather limited body of literature.Zimmer (2002)investigates the supply chain coordination issue between a buyer facing determin-istic demand and a supplier facing uncertain capacity equal to the sum of newly built capacity and a random leftover.He and Zhang (2008)consider the risk-sharing problem between a retailer and a0377-2217/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.ejor.2012.10.047⇑Corresponding author.Tel.:+862223505341.E-mail addresses:xiangli@ (X.Li),liyongjian@ (Y.Li),xqcai@.hk (X.Cai).supplier subject to random production yield and a more expensive emergency production option,but do not address the supply chain coordination issue.In a subsequent work,He and Zhang(2010)fur-ther explore a supply chain with random yield production and a yield-dependent secondary market in which the product is ac-quired or disposed of.Serel(2008)considers a supply chain in which the retailer orders products from one unreliable supplier and one reliable manufacturer,thereby analyzing the retailer’s ordering problem in conjunction with the manufacturer’s pricing problem.Keren(2009)considers a supply chain in which the dis-tributor faces a known demand and orders from the producer sub-ject to a random production yield,and shows that the distributor mayfind it optimal to order more than the demand due to supply uncertainty under a uniform distribution.Li et al.(2012)further extends the problem into a generalized distribution of yield ran-domness,and specifies the condition under which ordering more is optimal.Xu(2010)investigates a supply chain model in which the retailer adopts an option contract and the supplier conforms with random yield production and a more expensive emergency production.None of the above papers,except Zimmer(2002),ad-dresses the supply chain coordination issue.In addition,a number of recent papers explore issues of information asymmetry in set-tings of supply uncertainty based on incentive theory,such as Yang et al.(2009)and Chaturvedi and Martinez-de-Albeniz(2011).There is also research on the supply chain coordination of an assembly system with a random yield supply.Gurnani and Gerchak(2007),for example,explore an assembly system with random yield of component production and deterministic demand for thefinal product.They assume the voluntary compliance of the suppliers and propose two coordination contracts,one with a pen-alty only for each undelivered item and the other with an extra penalty for the worst performing supplier.Yan et al.(2010)extend Gurnani and Gerchak’s model to the case of a positive salvage value and asymmetric suppliers,and derive a new coordination scheme that also falls within a voluntary compliance regime.Guler and Bilgic(2009)explore a similar problem under conditions of both random yield and random demand,but their model assumes forced compliance,i.e.,the suppliers have to make the input pro-duction quantities equal to the manufacturer’s ordered quantities.In contrast,the main contributions of our paper can be summa-rized as follows:(1)We prove theoretically that the wholesale price contractundermines the performance of the entire supply chain by lowering the supplier’s production input level,which is shown as the double marginalization effect in the supply chain with uncertain supply.(2)We consider both deterministic and random demands,pro-vide coordination mechanisms for both cases,and point out the essential differences between them.In the case of deterministic demand,a shortage penalty contract could achieve channel coordination and arbitrary profit allocation, as the buyer will not accept more units than the known demand.In the case of random demand,in contrast,coordi-nation contracts require the buyer to accept all yielded units from the supplier in response to the random disturbance on the demand side.(3)Our results are derived in a very generalized setting and arethus applicable to more specific industrial cases,such as ran-dom yield,uncertain capacity,and stochastic used product collection.Moreover,they can easily be extended into a mul-tiple-supplier scenario.In particular,our model covers the problem of a decentralized assembly system with suppliers subject to random component yields,which is related to the aforementioned papers:Gurnani and Gerchak(2007), Guler and Bilgic(2009),and Yan et al.(2010).However,aswe have reviewed,Gurnani and Gerchak(2007)and Yan et al.(2010)only consider the case of deterministic demand, while Guler and Bilgic(2009)explore the case of random demand but assume forced compliance,and thus their derived schemes can be applied only when the manufacturer is substantially pared to them,our coordina-tion contracts are based on voluntary compliance and unify the cases of deterministic and random demands.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is among thefirst to delve into the coordination mechanisms of an assembly system with both random yields and random demand and under a volun-tary compliance regime.Furthermore,our model is analyzed under a more general setup compatible with,e.g.,non-linear production costs and additive production risk,and thus can applied to wider industrial domains.The reminder of the paper is organized as follows.In Section2, we describe the problem.Sections3and4investigate the cases of deterministic demand and random demand,respectively,explore the double marginalization effects,and derive the coordination contracts.Section5provides examples to illustrate applications to specific industrial cases,and Section6further extends the model to the case of multiple suppliers.Section7concludes the paper with directions for future research.2.Problem descriptionConsider a supply chain consisting of a supplier and a buyer. The buyer contracts the supplier to provide a specific product and sells it on the market to meet deterministic demand d or ran-dom demand D.The supplier determines production input level e, which depending on the specific industrial scenario,could repre-sent the product development effort,invested capacity,planned manufacturing quantity,or any other determinants of production.1 Due to the random disturbance in the production process,the output of production quantity S(e)is stochastic and sensitive to input level e.The production cost for the supplier C(e)satisfies C0(e)>0and C00(e)P0,which implies that the marginal production cost is non-decreasing as the production input level is raised.Such a (non-strictly)concave cost is a commonly used assumption in the production planning literature(see, e.g.,Veinott,1964;Morton, 1978;Smith and Zhang,1998;Yang et al.,2005).In our model,it re-flects the idea that the supplierfirst utilizes his most efficient pat-tern of production.However,as the production volume is asked to increase,it exhausts the most attractive resources that are available to the supplier and he has to pay more in order to acquire additional resources to generate the extra output.We assume that the production quantity can be expressed by (1)S(e)=s(e)+e or(2)S(e)=s(e)Áe,where s(e)is a deterministic function of the production input level and e is an independent ran-dom variable withfinite support,denoting the yield randomness. These are called the additive and multiplicative forms,respec-tively,both of which are widely used in the literature.Let f e(Á), F e(Á)and FÀ1eðÁÞbe the density,distribution and inverse distribution functions of e,respectively.Also suppose that s0(e)>0and s00(e)60, which implies that the marginal expected production quantity is non-increasing as the production input level is raised.Without any loss of generality,we assume linear function s(e)=a+b e, b>0,and normalize the yield randomness into E e=0or E e=1 for the additive or multiplicative form,respectively.In fact,for 1Although in practice the decisions concerning product development,capacity reservation,and manufacturing quantity plan can be made at different time points, and thus have different degrees of forecast accuracy,our model can be applied as long as these decisions are appropriately abstracted and meet the required theoretical assumptions.Please see Section4.3for relevant examples.X.Li et al./European Journal of Operational Research226(2013)228–236229any arbitrary function s (e ),let s =s (e )be the new variable repre-senting the production input level and C (s )the new cost function.We then have C 0(s )>0,C 00(s )P 0,and S (s )=s +e or S (s )=s Áe ,and thus the expected production quantity is a linear function.The de-tails can be found in the Supplementary material of this paper.Other parameters include exogenous selling price p and the hold-ing cost of leftover unit,h ,which can be negative if the leftover unit incurs salvage value.We assume that p >Àh .The interaction between the supply chain members is as fol-lows.As the Stackelberg leader,the buyer first proposes to the sup-plier an incentive contract with payment T ,which is related to the realization of production quantity S (e ).As the follower,the sup-plier accordingly chooses production input level e .After S (e )is realized,the supplier delivers a partial or full quantity of units to the buyer,according to the prescription in the contract.Finally,demand is realized (if it is random),and the buyer meets that de-mand.Note that we assume voluntary compliance in the supplier’s decision,which means the supplier freely chooses the production input level without any contracting obligation.In many industries,it would be very difficult or costly for the buyer to monitor the sup-plier’s production input level,thus the supply chain system should indeed be operated under a voluntary compliance regime.Further-more,we assume that both the supplier and the buyer are risk-neutral and seek to maximize their own expected profits,respectively,with information on the system parameters as com-mon knowledge.3.Deterministic demandIn the case of deterministic demand d ,we first investigate the optimization problem for the centralized supply chain,which serves as a benchmark for the decentralized case.The expected profit of the centralized supply chain isp c ðe Þ¼E f p min ½d ;S ðe Þ Àh ½S ðe ÞÀd þÀC ðe Þg :ð1ÞLemma 1.(1)There is a unique e Ãc that maximizes the expected profitof the centralized supply chain,and (2)e Ãc is increasing with p and decreasing with h .Lemma 1shows the uniqueness of the optimal production input level e Ãc that maximizes the expected profit of the entire supply chain,and it is increasing with the selling price and decreasing with the holding cost.In the following,this maximized supplychain profit is assumed to be positive,i.e.,p c e Ãc ÀÁ>0.We now ex-plore the decentralized supply chain.The simplest scheme,which is also widely adopted in practice,is a wholesale price contract with the buyer prescribing an order quantity q and paying whole-sale price w 2(Àh ,p )for each delivered unit in the order.Hence,the payment to the supplier is T (w ,q )=w min[S (e ),q ],and the sup-plier’s expected profit isp s ðe Þ¼E f w min ½q ;S ðe Þ Àh ½S ðe ÞÀq þÀC ðe Þg :ð2ÞLemma 2.For any order quantity q from the buyer,there is a unique optimal production input level e d (q )for the supplier characterized byðw þh Þ@E min ½q ;S ðe Þ¼b h þC 0ðe Þ:ð3ÞGiven the above optimal response from the supplier,the buyer can strategically choose an order quantity q which is no less than the deterministic demand d .In other words,the buyer anticipates the supplier’s response e d (q )characterized by (3)and determines order quantity q to maximizep b ðq Þ¼pE min ½d ;S ðe d ðq ÞÞ ÀhE ½min ½q ;S ðe d ðq ÞÞ Àd þÀwE min ½q ;S ðe d ðq ÞÞ ¼ðp þh ÞE min ½d ;S ðe d ðq ÞÞ Àðw þh ÞE min ½q ;S ðe d ðq ÞÞ ;ð4Þwhere the second equality is because the order quantity q should be no less than the deterministic demand d .We reformulate the above buyer’s expected profit into the func-tion of the induced production input level e as follows:p b ðe Þ¼ðp þh ÞE min ½d ;S ðe Þ Àðw þh ÞE min ½q d ðe Þ;S ðe Þ ;ð5Þwhere q d (e )is characterized by (3).Let e Ãd be the optimally induced production input level under the wholesale price contract,which maximizes the objective function (5).The following result shows the properties of the optimal production input levels in the decen-tralized case.Proposition 1.We have:(1)e Ãd <e Ãc ;(2)e Ãd is increasing with p .Proposition 1indicates that the optimal production input level in the decentralized supply chain is increasing with the selling price,which is an intuitive result.More importantly,it shows that this input level is lower than that in the centralized case,tending towards a smaller supply quantity.It has been well-known that double marginalization generally refers to the channel barrier that causes a lower transfer/delivery amount of products through the channel.This usually exhibits as a result of a higher selling price set by the retailer or a less order quantity submitted from the retailer (see e.g.,Cachon,2003;Dellarocas,2012).However,in a supply chain with uncertain supply,such a lower transfer/delivery amount may not necessarily occur.For example,under deterministic demand d the retailer may submit an order higher than d (see Li et al.,2012),and thus the ac-tual transfer/delivery amount within the channel can be even lar-ger than that in the centralized system.As we can see,the double marginalization in our model is the lower production input level as shown by Proposition 1and the resulting insufficient supply,as compared to that in the centralized optimum.This effect is differ-ent from the traditional one,although the root for such phenome-non is also the double price distortion that occurs when two successive vertical layers in a supply chain independently stack their price–cost margins under a price-only contract,as the term ‘‘double marginalization’’implies.With an appropriate coordination scheme,the systematically optimal decision can be induced and the maximal profit achieved,even if the supply chain members act in a decentralized way.Specifically,we derive a shortage penalty contract T (w ,b )=w min[S (e ),d ]Àb [d ÀS (e )]+,in which the supplier is not only paid wholesale price w for each delivered unit within the demand d ,but is also charged penalty b for each order shortage for the demand.The following result shows that this contract is an imple-mentable coordination scheme that achieves both optimal system performance and flexible profit allocation.Proposition 2.For any k 2(0,1),letw üp Àk p c e Ãc ÀÁ=db ük pc e ÃcÀÁ=d :8<:ð6ÞThen,we have:(1)w ⁄>0,b ⁄>0;and(2)the shortage penalty contract T (w ⁄,b ⁄)coordinates the sup-ply chain with deterministic demand d ,and the resulting expected profit shares of the buyer and supplier are k and 1Àk ,respectively.230X.Li et al./European Journal of Operational Research 226(2013)228–236We have two remarks on the contracts in Proposition1.First, one should note that our contracts can coordinate the supply chain under voluntary compliance since the monetary transfer is based on the realized delivery from the supplier.That is,the supplier is allowed to freely choose the production input,although in the equilibrium resulted from the contract he will rationally choose the production input level that is systematically optimal.In prac-tice,such contracts are more advantageous than those under forced compliance since in many cases the production inputs are not verifiable,and thus the coordination contracts under forced compliance are not applicable(see,for example,Cachon and Lariviere,2001,the case of unverifiable supplier’s capacity input). More importantly,as Cachon(2003)points out,any contract that coordinates a supply chain with voluntary compliance surely coor-dinates the supply chain with forced compliance,but the reverse is not true.We refer to Cachon(2003)and Bolandifar et al.(2010)for more detailed discussion on the concept of compliance regime.In addition,the contracts in Proposition1not only coordinate the supply chain but also leavesflexibility for profit allocation.In general,the particular profit split depends on thefirms’relative bargaining power.As the buyer’s bargaining position becomes stronger,one would anticipate k to increase.In the extreme case, if the buyer is a completely dominating party in the channel she might leave to the supplier only the profit he earns in the uncoor-dinated case to ensure the supplier’s participation in the coordina-tion contract.In the less extreme cases,cooperative game theories such as Nash-bargainning solutions may be adopted to determine what kind of allocation k is a fair one.We refer to Muthoo(1999) for a more detailed discussion on the issue of profit allocation un-der cooperation.4.Random demand4.1.Double marginalizationWe now turn our attention to the case in which the buyer faces random demand D,which is independent of supply randomness e. Let f D(Á),F D(Á)and FÀ1DðÁÞbe the density,distribution and inverse dis-tribution functions of D,respectively.In this subsection we will show how double marginalization is manifested under the whole-sale price contract.The expected profit of the centralized supply chain ispcðeÞ¼E f p min½D;SðeÞ ÀhÁ½SðeÞÀD þÀCðeÞg:ð7ÞLemma3.(1)There is a unique eÃcthat maximizes the expected profitof the centralized supply chain(7);(2)eÃcis increasing with p and decreasing with h.Lemma3shows that the uniqueness of the optimal productioninput level eÃcfor the centralized supply chain under random de-mand,and it is increasing with the selling price and decreasing with the holding cost.The results are similar to the case of deter-ministic demand.In the decentralized case,the wholesale price contract T(w,q)=w min[S(e),q]is adopted.The supplier’s expected profit p s(e)and his optimal production input level e d(q)are expressed by(2)and(3),respectively,for given order quantity q.The buyer’s problem is to choose order quantity q to maximize her expected profitpbðqÞ¼E f p min½D;Sðe dðqÞÞ;q Àh½min½Sðe dðqÞÞ;q;q ÀD þÀw min½q;Sðe dðqÞÞ;q g¼ðpþhÞE min½D;Sðe dðqÞÞ;q ÀðwþhÞE min½q;Sðe dðqÞÞ ;ð8Þwhich can be reformulated into the function of the induced produc-tion input level e as follows:pbðeÞ¼ðpþhÞE min½D;SðeÞ;q dðeÞ ÀðwþhÞE min½q dðeÞ;SðeÞ ;ð9Þwhere q d(e)is characterized by(3).Let qÃdand eÃdbe the optimal or-der quantity and its induced production input level,which maxi-mize(8)and(9),respectively.We have the following result.Proposition3.(1)If p b(q)in(8)is a quasi-concave function,theneÃd<eÃc,and eÃdis increasing with p.(2)When C00(e)=0,p b(q)in(8)is a strictly concave function.Proposition3shows that double marginalization also occurs and manifests at a lower production input level,which is similar to the case of deterministic demand.The condition of quasi-concavity for the buyer’s objective function is to ensure the optimal order quan-tity(and the induced production input level)to be unique.This con-dition holds in the case of linear production cost,as indicated in Proposition3.For other cost functions,we point out that although it is very difficult to theoretically prove that the quasi-concavity holds in general,extensive numerical experiments have shown that it is true for many convex polynomial functions of C(e).Proposition 3also shows that the optimal production input level in decentral-ized case is increasing with the selling price.The above results are valid when an order quantity q<+1is ap-pointed as a decision variable in wholesale price contract T(w,q), while the wholesale price w2(Àh,p)can be any given plausible value.In fact,contract T(w,1)can be adopted when the buyer des-ignates a specific supplier for the product supply,which implies that the buyer will accept as many units as the supplier pro-duces/provides and pays for them at a unified wholesale price w. We call this type of payment scheme with q=1as an accept-all type of wholesale price contract for the buyer,and it can be a prac-tical policy mechanism in some cases.For example,in the reman-ufacturing industry if a remanufacturer outsources the acquisition activity of used product to a specialized collector,then this collec-tor may be required to deliver all acquired units to the remanufac-turer,and the accept-all contract T(w,1)can be used.Similar situation also occurs in agriculture in China,where the government encourages the downstreamfirm to provide the farmers(or the production base)a contract with no order limit on the quantity of agricultural products given a certain price mechanism.Under the accept-all type of wholesale price contract T(w,1), the supplier determines the production input level e to maximize p sðeÞ¼E½wSðeÞÀCðeÞ :ð10ÞThe buyer anticipates the supplier’s optimal response e d(w)and determines the wholesale price w to maximizepbðwÞ¼E f p min½D;Sðe dðwÞÞ Àh½Sðe dðwÞÞÀD þÀwSðe dðwÞÞg;ð11Þwhich can be reformulated into the function of the induced produc-tion input level e as follows:pbðwÞ¼E f p min½D;SðeÞ Àh½SðeÞÀD þÀw dðeÞSðeÞgð12Þwhere w d(e)is the inverse function of e d(w)that maximizes(10).LetwÃdand eÃdbe the optimal wholesale price and its induced induced production input level,which maximize(11)and(12),respectively. We have the following result.Corollary1.Under the accept-all wholesale price contract T(w,1),we have eÃd<eÃcwhen C00(e)>0.Corollary1shows that the double marginalization effect is also manifested as a lower production input level with accept-all wholesale price contract T(w,1),in which case the wholesale price w becomes a decision variable.The required condition C00(e)>0X.Li et al./European Journal of Operational Research226(2013)228–236231。
贝叶斯学派的英文
贝叶斯学派的英文The Bayesian school of thought offers a probabilistic approach to statistical inference, emphasizing the updatingof beliefs based on new evidence. It's a way of learning from the world, where each piece of information refines our understanding.This method stands in contrast to the frequentist interpretation, which relies on fixed parameters and long-term frequencies. Bayesians, however, treat probabilities as degrees of belief, which can be subjective and personal.The beauty of Bayesian analysis lies in its ability to incorporate prior knowledge, making it incredibly flexibleand powerful in uncertain situations. It's not just about the data we have, but also about the wisdom we bring to the table.In fields ranging from medicine to machine learning, Bayesian techniques are revolutionizing the way we make decisions. By continuously updating our models with new data, we can navigate through the fog of uncertainty with greater confidence.Yet, the Bayesian approach also comes with challenges. It requires careful consideration of prior assumptions, whichcan significantly influence the conclusions drawn. It's a reminder that even in the realm of mathematics, oursubjective perspectives play a crucial role.As we delve deeper into the Bayesian paradigm, we find a philosophy that resonates with the human condition: our quest for knowledge is an ongoing journey, never a destination.It's a testament to the power of embracing change and learning from the world around us.。
Belbin Questionnaire (new)
A TEAM ROLE SELF-PERCEPTION INVENTORY(source: Meredith Belbin)NAME:………………………………….Gender…………………………………..Nationality………………………………Have you studied a business –related degree……YES or NO The purpose of this questionnaire is to identify the abilities and characteristics that you usually bring to teamwork. Please be as honest as you can in answering the questions then you will derive most personal benefit. There are no right or wrong answers.There are seven (7) questions on the following sheets.Each has a choice of eight (8) possible ‘endings’, labelled ‘a-h’.You have ten (10) points per question to distribute between the eight endings in accordance with how they accurately reflect the way that you believe behave in teams.If you think they all describe your behaviour pretty well, then you will probably assign your points fairly evenly across them all. However, you may decide that one describes you perfectly and give all ten to one ending. Most people fall in between these two extremes. You can allocate 0 to some endings.When you have allocated your ten points for each of the seven sentences, you must enter them on ‘Team Role(s) Identified Grid’ at the end. Each line should add across to ten. The numbers down the side of the table refer to the sentence numbers, the letters in each cell of the table refer to the sentence endings (ignore the capital letters at this stage for now). Please note that the order of the letters in grid is not alphabetical. Total each column and ensure they total line adds to 70.Please remember there are no right or wrong answers, and your findings about yourself may well be extremely useful to you. Everyone has something to contribute to the performance of a team.Thank you.Now pass this to the PG Office or your tutor. It will be returned to you later.TEAM ROLE(S) IDENTIFIED GRID* Please remember that codeletters of the endings areNOT in alphabetical order! *Please total your scores in each column, and circle the two highest. These represent your Primary and Secondary Team Roles. See the attached sheets for a description of their meanings.The total column should add across to 70. Please make a note of your two highest scoring categories and the associated scores on the induction questionnaire.。
新标准英语必修第四册第四模块单词及词组梳理
第四册模块四单词及词组梳理一、单词梳理1．biochemistry 生物化学 22.as a result of 由于。
的结果2．biology 生物学 23.production 产量3．botany 植物学 24.convert 改变4．genetic 遗传学 25.cash crop 经济作物5．zoology n. 动物学 26.export 出口6．staple 主要的，重要的 27.hybrid 杂交种7．producer 生产者 28.agriculture 农业的8．leading 主要的 29.replace 取代9．figure 人物 30.quantity 数量10．bring up 培育，养育 31.quality 质量11．education 教育 32.be known for 因。
而出名12．nickname 绰号 33.best-seller 畅销书13．agriculture 农业 34.cosmology 宇宙生成学14．breeding 培育 35.diagnose 诊断15．species 种 36.motor neurone disease 运动神经元病16．yield 产量 37.victim 受害者17．original 原来的 38.brilliant 聪颖的18．publish 出版 39.career 生涯19．sterile 不孕育的 40.brief 简短的20．breakthrough 突破 41.partly 部分的21．support 支持 42.physical 身体的43.garduate 毕业44.personal 个人的45.relativity 相对论46.earn one’s living谋生e to power 掌权48.rocket 火箭lennium 千年50.gunpowder 火药51.explosion 爆炸声52.escape 爆炸53.arrow 箭54.straight 直的55.clear （烟雾）消散二、课后词组及笔记梳理1.geneticsgenetics engineering 遗传工程e.g.Scientists have used genetic engineering to protect tomatoes against theeffects of freezing.科学家利用遗传工程保护番茄免受严寒天气的影响。
02. Blbin Questionnaire Self-Mandarin
BELBIN SELF-PERCEPTION INVENTORYYour answers to this part will indicate the style or role which you find most effective when working with teams or groups of people.这部分您的回答将指出您与团队小组合作时最有效的方式或角色。
For each section distribute a total of ten marks amongst the sentences which you think most accurately describe your behaviour. These marks may be distributed amongst several sentences; in extreme cases they might be spread among all the sentences, or ten marks may be given to a single sentence. However try to avoid either extreme. Enter the points in the analysis sheet provided.请在每一部分，判断哪些句子最能准确描述你的行为，将分数分配给这些句子，满分为10分。
这些分数可以分配给数个句子；请尽量避免极端地给予一句十分或每句一分。
请将分数跳到给出的方格中。
1. What I believe I can contribute to a team:我相信我可以为团队做的贡献有：2. If I have a possible shortcoming in teamwork, it could be that:在团队工作中，我或许有的不足之处是：3. When involved in a project with other people:跟别人一起参与工作项目时：4.My characteristic approach to group work is that: 我对团队工作的一贯态度是：5. I gain satisfaction in a job because:我从工作中可以得到满足感，因为：6.If I am suddenly given a difficult task with limited time and unfamiliar people: 如果我突然接到一项艰巨任务，时间紧迫，又要面对陌生人：7. With reference to the problems to which I am subject in working in groups:在团队工作中，当我碰到疑难时：SELF-PERCEPTION INVENTORY ANALYSIS SHEETTranspose the scores taken from the points table, entering them section by section in the table below. Then add up the points in each column to give a total team-role distribution score.。
书上的名词解释英文
书上的名词解释英文在平时的学习和阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些专业术语，这些名词往往以英文形式出现在书籍中。
如何正确地理解和使用这些名词是我们提高专业素养的重要一环。
本文将从几个不同领域的名词解释入手，通过分析和举例，帮助读者更好地掌握这些英文名词的含义。
一、心理学术语1. Perception （知觉）：Perception refers to the process by which we interpret and make sense of sensory information from our surroundings. It involves the brain's interpretation of visual, auditory, tactile, and other sensory inputs. For example, when we see an object, our brain processes the visual information and interprets it as a particular shape, color, and size.2. Conditioning （条件反射）：Conditioning is a learning process that involves associating a stimulus with a specific response. It can be divided into two types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning by association, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, such as rewards and punishments. For example, Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning, where the dogs associated the sound of a bell with food and began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.3. Cognitive dissonance （认知失调）：Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort or tension that occurs when an individual holds two conflicting beliefs or attitudes. This theory suggests that people have a natural tendency to strive for consistency and therefore, when faced with conflicting thoughts, they will experience cognitive dissonance and seek to reduce it. For example, if someone believes that smoking is harmful to health but continues to smoke, they may experience cognitive dissonance.二、经济学术语1. Inflation （通货膨胀）：Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, reducing the purchasing power of currency. This means that the same amount of money can buy fewer goods and services over time. Inflation is typically measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Producer Price Index (PPI).2. Supply and demand （供求关系）：Supply and demand is a fundamental economic concept that describes the relationship between the availability of a particular good or service and the desire or demand for it. When the supply of a product is low and the demand is high, the price tends to increase. Conversely, when the supply is high and the demand is low, the price tends to decrease.3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) （国内生产总值）：Gross Domestic Product isa measure of a country's economic activity, representing the total value of all goods and services produced within its borders in a specific time period, usually a year. It is often used to compare the economic performance of different countries.三、生物学术语1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) （脱氧核糖核酸）：DNA is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. It consists of two strands arranged in a double helix structure, with each strand composed of nucleotides that contain specific genetic information. DNA is essential for the replication and inheritance of genetic traits.2. Mitosis （有丝分裂）：Mitosis is a process in which a cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a crucial part of cell growth, development, and repair in multicellular organisms. During mitosis, the cell undergoes a series of stages, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, which enable the equal distribution of genetic material between the daughter cells.3. Ecosystem （生态系统）：An ecosystem refers to a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. It includes all living organisms (biotic factors) and non-living components (abiotic factors) within a specific area, such asplants, animals, soil, water, and climate. Ecosystems play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing essential resources for life.通过上述对心理学、经济学和生物学等领域的名词进行解释，我们可以更好地理解这些英文名词所代表的概念和概念背后的意义。
埃伯特 商学精要(英文版 第12版)课件ppt_app1
Insurance as Risk Management
• Insurance Premium
– fee paid to an insurance company by a policyholder for insurance coverage
• Insurance Policy
– formal agreement to pay the policyholder a specified amount in the event of certain losses
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Risk-Management Process (1 of 3)
1. Identify Risks and Potential Losses
– managers analyze a firm’s risks to identify potential losses
• Business Continuation Agreement
– special form of business insurance whereby owners arrange to buy the interests of deceased associates from their heirs
Risk-Management Process (2 of 3)
3. Evaluate Alternatives and Choose the Techniques that Will Best Handle the Losses
– managers decide how to handle risk
2010英语一Text4
2010英语一Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management." European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today theyargue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathy。
见闻利益品第十二译文
见闻利益品第十二译文英文回答：The text "Benefits of Experience and Knowledge" emphasizes the importance of experience and learning in personal growth and development. It highlights several ways in which experience can shape and enrich our lives:Enhancement of Perception and Understanding:Experience allows us to observe and interact with the world, developing our abilities to perceive, interpret, and comprehend our surroundings. It helps us form a deeper and more nuanced understanding of ourselves, others, and the world.Expansion of Knowledge and Skills: Through experience, we acquire new knowledge and develop practical skills. We learn by doing, experimenting, and engaging with different situations, broadening our horizons and enhancing our capabilities.Cultivation of Wisdom and Maturity: Experience teaches us valuable lessons and helps us develop wisdom and maturity. We learn from our successes and failures, gaining insights into the complexities of life and developing a more balanced and reflective perspective.Development of Resilience and Problem-Solving Abilities: Experience exposes us to challenges and obstacles, which help us build resilience and improve our problem-solving abilities. We learn to adapt, innovate, and overcome adversity, strengthening our mental and emotional resilience.Enrichment of Relationships and Perspectives: Experience connects us with others and exposes us to diverse perspectives. It fosters understanding, empathy, and tolerance, enriching our relationships and broadening our worldview.Promotion of Self-Reflection and Personal Growth: Experience provides opportunities for self-reflection andpersonal growth. We can assess our strengths, weaknesses, and values, leading to a deeper understanding of ourselves and our purpose in life.中文回答：见闻利益品第十二。
Belbin Exercise
For assessing team roles.This version of the Belbin test has been taken from ‘Teambuilding’ by Alistair Fraser and Suzanne Neville: The Industrial Society 1993.Self Perception InventoryTo complete each section of this inventory, tick in the far left hand column the one, two or three sentences most applicable to yourself.Then in the column on the right, apportion 10 points between those sentences that apply to you: one of which you feel sums you up well while the other only applies some of the time. In this instance you could give your first choice seven points and the remaining points to your second choice. In some instances you might decide that there are two sentences which apply to you equally - if this is the case, award five points to each.You must allocate all 10 points in each section.SECTION AWHEN INVOLVED IN A PROJECT WITH OTHER PEOPLE:IN SEEKING SATISFACTION THROUGH MY WORK:SECTION CWHEN THE TEAM IS TRYING TO SOLVE A PARTICULARLY COMPLEX PROBLEM:IN CARRYING OUT MY DAY-TO-DAY WORK:SECTION EIF I AM SUDDENLY GIVEN A DIFFICULT TASK WITH LIMITED TIME AND UNFAMILIAR PEOPLE:WHEN SUDDENLY ASKED TO CONSIDER A NEW PROJECT:SECTION GIN CONTRIBUTING TO GROUP PROJECTS IN GENERAL:The Belbin TestScoring Key for Self Perception InventoryTransfer your points allocation from the seven sections of the Self Perception Inventory to the appropriate boxes below. The pre-printed numbers in the grid refer to the question numbers of each section. For example if for Section A you scored seven points for question 6 and threepoints for question 1, you would allocate them in the columns RI and IM respectively.Once you have allocated all your points, total each column.The highest two totals represent your primary and secondary preferred team roles.The Belbin Team RolesThe personal skill inventory identifies eight team roles which are described below. There is also another team role called the Specialist which is not identified in the questionnaire.SH = ‘Shaper’CharacteristicsHighly strung, outgoing, dynamic.Shapers are highly motivated people with a lot of nervous energy and a great need for achievement. Often they seem to be aggressive extroverts with strong drive. Shapers like to challenge, to lead and to push others into action - and to win. If obstacles arise, they will find a way round - but can be headstrong and emotional in response to any form of disappointment or frustration.Shapers can handle and even thrive on confrontation.FunctionShapers generally make good managers because they generate action and thrive on pressure. They are excellent at sparking life into a team and are very useful in groups where political complications are apt to slow things down. Shapers are inclined to rise above problems of this kind and forge ahead regardless. They like making necessary changes and do not mind taking unpopular decisions. As the name implies, they try to impose some shape and pattern on group discussion or activities. They are probably the most effective members of a team in guaranteeing positive action.StrengthsDrive and a readiness to challenge inertia, ineffectiveness, complacency or self-deception.Allowable WeaknessesProne to provocation, irritation and impatience, and a tendency to offend others.CO = ‘Co-ordinator’CharacteristicsCalm, self-confident, controlled.The distinguishing feature of Co-ordinators is their ability to cause others to work to shared goals. Mature, trusting and confident, they delegate readily. In interpersonal relations they are quick to spot individual talents and to use them to pursue group objectives. While Co-ordinators are not necessarily the cleverest members of a team, they have a broad and worldly outlook and generally command respect.FunctionCo-ordinators are useful people to have in charge of a team with diverse skills and personal characteristics. They perform better in dealing with colleagues of near or equal rank than in directing junior subordinates. Their motto might well be “consultation with control” and they usually believe in tackling problems calmly. In some organisations, Co-ordinators are inclined to clash with Shapers due to their contrasting management styles.StrengthsWelcome all potential contributors on their merits and without prejudice, but without ever losing sight of the main objective.Allowable WeaknessesNo pretensions as regards intellectual or creative ability.PL = ‘Plant’CharacteristicsIndividualistic, serious-minded, unorthodox.Plants are innovators and inventors and can be highly creative. They provide the seeds and ideas from which major developments spring. Usually they prefer to operate by themselves at some distance from the other members of the team, using their imagination and often working in an unorthodox way. They tend to be introverted and react strongly to criticism and praise. Their ideas may often be radical and may lack practical constraint.They are independent, clever and original and may be weak in communicating with other people on a different wave-length.FunctionThe main use of a Plant is to generate new proposals and to solve complex problems. Plants are often needed in the initial stages of a project or when a project is failing to progress. Plants have often made their marks as founders of companies or as originators of new products.Too many Plants in one organisation, however, may be counter-productive as they tend to spend their time reinforcing their own ideas and engaging each other in combat.StrengthsGenius, imagination, intellect, knowledge.Allowable WeaknessesUp in the clouds, inclined to disregard practical details or protocol.RI = ‘Resource Investigator’CharacteristicsExtroverted, enthusiastic, curious, communicative.Resource Investigators are good communicators both inside and outside the organisation. They are natural negotiators, adept at exploring new opportunities and developing contacts. Although not necessarily a great source of original ideas, they are quick to pick up other people’s ideas and build on them. They are skilled at finding out what is available and what can be done, and usually get a warm welcome because of their outgoing nature.Resource Investigators have relaxed personalities with a strong inquisitive sense and a readiness to see the possibilities of anything new. However, unless they remain stimulated by others, their enthusiasm rapidly fades.FunctionResource Investigators are quick to open up and exploit opportunities. They have an ability to think on their feet and to probe others for information. They are the best people to set up external contacts, to search for resources outside the group, and to carry out any negotiations that may be involved.StrengthsA capacity for finding useful people and promising ideas or opportunities, and a general source of vitality.Allowable WeaknessesLiable to lose interest once the initial fascination has passed.ME = ‘Monitor Evaluator’CharacteristicsSober, unemotional, prudent.Monitor Evaluators are serious-minded, prudent individuals with a built-in immunity from being over-enthusiastic. They are slow deciders who prefer to think things over - usually with a high critical thinking ability. Good Monitor Evaluators have a capacity for shrewd judgements that take all factors into account and seldom give bad advice.FunctionMonitor Evaluators are at home when analysing problems and evaluating ideas and suggestions. They are very good at weighing up th e pro’s and con’s of options and to outsiders seem dry, boring or even over-critical. Some people are surprised that they become managers. Nevertheless, many Monitor Evaluators occupy key planning and strategic posts and thrive in high-level appointments where a relatively small number of decisions carry major consequences.StrengthsJudgement, discretion, hard-headedness.Allowable WeaknessesLack of inspiration or the ability to motivate others.IM = ‘Implementer’CharacteristicsImplementers are well organised, enjoy routine, and have a practical common-sense and self-discipline. They favour hard work and tackle problems in a systematic fashion. On a wider front they hold unswerving loyalty to the organisation and are less concerned with the pursuit of self-interest.However, Implementers may find difficulty in coping with new situations.FunctionImplementers are useful because of their reliability and capacity for application. They succeed because they have a sense of what is feasible and relevant. It is said that many executives only do the jobs they wish to do and neglect those tasks which they find distasteful. By contrast, Implementers will do what needs to be done. Good Implementers often progress to high management positions by virtue of good organisational skills and efficiency in dealing with all necessary work.StrengthsOrganising ability, practical common sense, hard working, self-discipline. Allowable WeaknessesLack of flexibility, resistance to unproven ideas.TW = ‘Team Worker’CharacteristicsSocially oriented, rather mild and sensitive.Team Workers are the most supportive members of a team. They are mild, sociable and concerned about others with a great capacity for flexibility and adapting to different situations and people. Team Workers are perceptive and diplomatic. They are good listeners and are generally popular members of a group. They cope less well with pressure or situations involving the need for confrontation.FunctionThe role of the Team Worker is to prevent interpersonal problems within a team and allow everyone to contribute effectively. Since they don’t like friction, they will go to great lengths to avoid it. The diplomatic and perceptive skills of a Team Worker become real assets, especially under a managerial regime where conflicts are liable to arise or to be artificially suppressed. Team Worker managers are seen as a threat to no one and therefore can be elected as the most accepted and favoured people to serve under. Team Workers have a lubricating effect on teams. Morale is better and people seem to co-operate better when they are around.StrengthsAbility to respond to people and situations and to promote team spirit.Allowable WeaknessesIndecision at moments of crisis and some failure to provide a clear lead to others.CF = ‘Completer-Finisher’CharacteristicsPainstaking, orderly, conscientious, anxious.Completers, or Completer-Finishers, have a great capacity for follow-through and attention to detail, and seldom start what they cannot finish. They are motivated by internal anxiety, although outwardly they may appear unruffled. Typically, they are introverts who don’t need much external stimulus or incentive. Completer-Finishers dislike carelessness and are intolerant of those with a casual disposition. Reluctant to delegate, they prefer to tackle all tasks themselves.FunctionCompleter-Finishers are invaluable where tasks demand close concentration and a high degree of accuracy. They foster a sense of urgency within a team and are good at meeting schedules. In management, they excel by the high standards to which they aspire, and by their concern for precision, attention to detail and follow-through.StrengthsA capacity for fulfilling their promises and working to the highest standards. Allowable WeaknessesA tendency to worry about small things and a reluctance to “let go”.SP = ‘Specialist’CharacteristicsProfessional, self-starting, dedicated.Specialists are dedicated individuals who pride themselves on acquiring technical skills and specialist knowledge. Their priorities are to maintain professional standards and advance their own subject. While they show great pride in their own work, they usually lack interest in other people’s work, and even in other people themselves. Eventually, the Specialist becomes the expert by sheer commitment along a narrow front. Few possess the single-mindedness, dedication and aptitude to become a first-class Specialist.FunctionSpecialists play an indispensable part in some teams, for they provide the rare skill upon which the organisation’s service or product is based. As managers, they command support because they know more about their subject than anyone else and can usually be called upon to make decisions based on in-depth experience.StrengthsProvide knowledge or technical skills in rare supply.Allowable WeaknessesContribute only on a narrow front.。
vocabulary for ells 21个主题英语词汇
探讨ELRs涉及领域的21个主题词汇：教育、科技、环保、文化、健康、社会经济等以下是为ELLs设计的21个主题英语词汇，这些词汇可能涉及到教育、科技、环保、文化、健康等各个领域：1.教育⏹学术成绩 (Academic Achievements)⏹课程 (Courses)⏹考试 (Exams)⏹学习策略 (Study Strategies)1.科技⏹人工智能 (AI)⏹互联网 (Internet)⏹社交媒体 (Social Media)⏹科技伦理 (Tech Ethics)1.环保⏹气候变化 (Climate Change)⏹可持续发展 (Sustainable Development)⏹污染 (Pollution)⏹资源管理 (Resource Management)1.文化⏹传统 (Traditions)⏹节日 (Festivals)⏹艺术 (Arts)⏹跨文化交流 (Cross-cultural Communication)1.健康⏹身体锻炼 (Physical Activity)⏹营养 (Nutrition)⏹心理健康 (Mental Health)⏹疾病预防 (Disease Prevention)1.社会⏹社会问题 (Social Issues)⏹社区 (Community)⏹多样性 (Diversity)⏹社会公正是 (Social Justice)1.经济⏹职业 (Careers)⏹收入 (Income)⏹经济全球化 (Globalization)⏹金融 (Finance)1.个人发展⏹自我效能感 (Self-efficacy)⏹人际关系 (Relationships)⏹自我提升 (Personal Development)⏹人生目标 (Life Goals)1.娱乐与休闲⏹电影与电视 (Movies & TV)⏹音乐 (Music)⏹游戏 (Gaming)⏹旅游 (Travel)1.交通与出行⏹交通工具 (Transportation)⏹道路安全 (Road Safety)⏹出游方式 (Travel Methods)⏹行李处理 (Baggage Handling)。
工业工程的专业英语词汇
工业工程专业英语词汇industrial engineering:工业工程accredited:认可的、授权的accrue：增值acoustics：声学acquisition：并购address:处理、针对、重点提出affiliate：隶属于aggregation:总体、集合体Agile Manufacturing (AM)：敏捷制造aircraft:飞机,航空器align：适应alliance：联盟ample：足够的、充裕的anatomical：解剖的ancillary：辅助的、附属的anthropometry：人体测量学appropriation: 占用artificial material：人工材料ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers：美国机械工程师协会assembly line：装配线assess:评估assiduity：勤奋、刻苦audit：审计automatic pallet changer：自动托盘转换装置automation:自动化ballistic：自然带弧形的bar code：条形码batch production：批量生产bench：工作台bill:清单bin:箱子biomechanical：生物力学的blade:刀片、叶片brand new:全新的budget-oriented:面向预算的capacity:生产能力capital turnover:资金周转capital：资金carbon-filament:钨丝causal method:因果法cause and effect diagram：因果图cellular layout：单元式布局certification：认证change over :换模checksheet：检查表chronological:严密逻辑的chuck：卡盘circulate：循环、流通civil engineering：土木工程clamp:夹住closed loop:闭环CNC machine tools：计算机数控机床cockpit：飞机座舱、驾驶员座舱cognitive：认知的coil feeder：卷料进料器Communication Techniques in Logisticscompetitiveness：竞争力component:零件、组件、部件comprehensive interest:综合利益Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems (CIMS):计算机集成制造系统computerized numerical controlconsecutive: 连续的continous improvement:持续改进continuous improvement：持续改进conveyor：输送机convoluted：复杂的、回旋的、弯曲的coordination：协调corkscrew: 螺丝刀cost-effective：有成本效益的、划算的crank：曲柄critical examination technique:关键检测技术crossbar:十字杠culminate:达到顶点curricula: 课程(or curriculum)customer satisfaction：顾客满意cutback：缩减cylindrical:圆柱的prismatic：棱柱的dam：水坝decision-making:决策defective:有瑕疵的,有缺陷的definable:可定义的demonstrate：示范、说明dependent demand: 相关需求discipline:学科discrete：离散的dispersion：分散性distribution：配送、分销division：部门、分配、分开drill press：钻床drop delivery:堕送装置due date：交货期dye：染料earning:收益、利润E-business：电子商务economic and knowledge-based era:知识经济时代economic batch quantity:经济批量economic globalization：经济全球化ECRS(eliminate combine rearrange simplify):取消、合并、重排、简化EDM: electron discharge machining：放电加工effectiveness:效果efficiency:效率ejector:斜槽、导轨electrical engineering：电气工程electricity: 电、电学、电流、电气electronic data interchange：电子数据交换E-Manufacturing：网络化制造engulf：吞没EOS:电子订货系统electronic ordering system ergonomically：工效学地ergonomics:工效学exaggerated:过大的、许多的explosion:爆炸法eyestrain:视觉疲劳,眼睛疲劳fabrication：制造facility:设备、设施factory layout：工厂布局family：簇fatigue：疲劳fatigue：疲劳feat：合适的feed grinding machine: 进给式磨床feedback：反馈feedback:反馈file：锉刀final product:最终产品fish bone diagram：鱼骨图fitness for use：适用性fixed position layout:定位布局fixture：固定设备、夹具flapped operation：节拍式加工flexible manufacturing system：柔性制造系统flow diagram：线路图flow process chart：流程程序图fluctuate: 波动forcible：强制的、有说服力的forearm:前臂upper arm:大臂trunk：躯干torso forecast:预测forge:锻造forge：锻造formulate：阐述、制定fortification：防御工事forward-looking:有远见的foundry：铸造friction: 摩擦frustration：挫折fuel：燃料fully automated：全自动化gang process chart：联合程序图garment industry:制衣业gauge：计量器general packet radio servicegeographic information systemsgeometry：几何形状GIS:地理信息系统GPRS:通用分组无线业务GPS:全球定位系统global positioning systemgravity feed：重力自流进料group technology：成组技术hand in hand :合作hardware：硬件harmonious society:和谐社会haul: 拖、拉health-care delivery: 卫生保健服务high-tech：高科技hindrance：妨碍histogram：直方图hoist：起重机human factor：人因human-centered design：以人为中心设计hybrid layout：混合式布局hypotenuse:斜边（hypothesis:假设）identical:相同的idleness:空闲IE engineers:工业工程师（IEs）IE graduates:工业工程毕业生（IEs）impede：妨碍，阻止implicitly:隐含地incentive：鼓励inclined plane:斜面inclusive design：全方位设计inconsistency:不一致independent demand: 独立需求independent variable:自变量inevitable：不可避免的inspection：检测Institute of Industrial Engineers：工业工程师学会(IIE)instructor：讲师、教练instrument：仪器、器械intangible:无形的integrated equipment：集成设备interchangeability:互换性interface：界面、接口intermediary:中间人intermittent：间歇的internal combustion engine：内燃机International Accreditation Forum：国际认证论坛International Organization for Standardization:国际标准化组织（ISO）inventory control：库存控制Inventory：库存inventory:清单、库存invoicing:开发票item:物料项目jig：夹具job shop production：车间任务型生产judgment method:判断方法jumbled：混合的、混乱的knuckle：指关节wrist：腕关节elbow：肘关节lag:落后，延迟lathe：车床layout：布局lead time：提前期Lean Production (LP)：精益生产literature:文献loading:装载locomotive：火车头logistics:物流long and short-term memory：长短时记忆lot for lot:批对批lot size:批量low-volume, high-variety production:多品种、小批量生产lubricant：润滑剂luggage：行李machine cell：机器单元machine tool：机床magnetism：磁学maintainability：可维护性maintaining:维护malfunction：故障manipulate:处理，使用，操纵man-machine process chart：人机程序图manufacturing industry:制造业manufacturing resources planning:制造资源计划market share:市场占有率master production scheduling:主生产计划material handling ：物料搬运material requirements planning:物料需求计划mechanical engineering：机械工程mechanized：机械化的mental demand:脑力需求metal-working job shop :金工车间method study:方法研究methodology:方法metrics：度量military：军事的milling machine：铣床mission:使命、任务、目标MIT: 麻省理工学院Massachusetts Institute of Technology molecular:分子的momentum：动量monetary：货币的、金融的morale：士气、纪律motion analysis：动作分析motion economy principles：动作经济原则motivation:激励multi-disciplinary：多学科性质的muscle：肌肉muscle：肌肉musculoskeletal disorder：肌骨失调navigation：导航netting:净需求计算normative：标准的notch: V型凹槽、切口nutrition：营养observe value：观察值offset:偏置法operation analysis：作业分析operation management:运作管理operation process chart: 工艺程序图opportunity：缺陷机会order fulfillment: 订单执行order lots：订单批量、订货量orient：定向otiose：无效的、多余的outlets:品牌直销购物中心overengineer：高于工程要求的package：包装pallet：托盘parameter:参数pareto chart：排列图part period cover:零件周期批量participation:参与partition：分割parts feeder：送料器physical science ：自然科学（natural science ）physiology：生理学pivot：轴、支点、中心点plot:以图的形式表示Pmts: predetermined motion time system：预定动作时间系统portable powered tool：便携式电动工具portray：描绘POS:销售时点系统point of sale systempositioning device：定位装置positioning：定位potentiality:潜能practitioner：开业者pre-assessment:预评估precondition :前提prediction:预言preliminary：预备的、初级的pre-positioned：预放在工作位置上proceed:行进、继续进行process analysis：程序分析process layout：工艺布局procurement：采购product layout：产品布局product life cycle: 产品生命周期production line:生产线production planning:生产计划production process：生产过程production scheduling：生产调度production system：生产系统productive：有生产价值的、多产的productivity :生产率profitability:收益率psychology：心理学pull production:拉动式生产Pythagorean theorem:勾股定理qualitative method:定性方法quality of conformance：符合性质量quality of design：设计质量quantitative method:定量方法rapid changeover:快速换模raw material：原材料rectangular：矩形的cube：立方体registrar:注册人员reliability:可靠性repetition:重复、复制品repetitive strain injury：重复性劳损replenishment:补充、补给reproach：责备、谴责reputation:声誉requirement:需求reservation：预定resharpen：重磨retailer:零售商revenue：收入、税收RFID:无线射频技术radio frequency identification rough cut capacity:粗能力计划saturation：饱和scatter diagram：散布图scheduling:调度、排程scheme：计划、设计screwdriver：螺丝刀seasonal patterns:季节模式semi-automatic(automated)：半自动化seminar:研讨班sensory：感觉的service system:服务系统setup time：生产准备时间Shakespeare industry :莎士比亚产业sheet:薄板状的shroud：罩、遮蔽物simple lever:单杠杆simultaneously:同时地six sigma methodology: 六西格玛法socialize joint distribution:社会化共同配送specialization: 专业化specialty:专业specification：规范specs：规范、规格stamp：冲压standard data：标准资料standard deviation：标准偏差standardization: 标准化static electricity:静电学statistic：统计的statistical:统计学的steam engine:蒸汽机stock：库存store :仓库strategic planning:战略规划Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry－William Shakespeare－but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.subassembly:组件、部件substandard：低于标准的suite：软件包supply chain：供应链symmetrical：对称、匀称synchronous：同步的synthesize：综合tangible:有形的team spirit：团队精神Technical Committee（TC）176:品质保证技术委员会template：模板template：模型thermal process:热处理thermal：热量的，热的third-party logistics:第三方物流threbligs：动素time study：时间研究time-series analysis:时间序列分析tolerance：容许偏差tote bin：搬运箱trade-off: 权衡transaction:业务、交易transformation：转换transmission:传送transportation:运输trivial：琐碎的tune:调整turbine:涡轮机、汽轮机two-hand process chart：双手程序图underengineer：低于工程要求的unloading:卸载unpredictable：不可预测的user-centered:用户为中心的variable:变量vessel:管道vibration：振动vicinity：邻近visionary:远景warehouse:仓库warehouse：仓库、仓储weld：焊接wholesaler:批发商work measurement：作业测定work piece：工件work related upper limb disorder:工作引起的上肢功能障碍work sampling：工作抽样work unit：工件workhead：工作台、机台workholder：工件夹具work-in-process：在制品workshop:车间、研讨会workstation：工作站。
心理学专业英语词汇（L2）_教学英语词汇
lie 说谎lie confession 谎供lie detector 测谎器lie scale 测谎量表liepmann s apraxia 利普曼氏运用不能liepmann s effect 利普曼效应life 生命life age 生命年龄life change units 生活变化单位life curve 生命曲线life cycle 生命周期life cycle analysis 生命周期分析life cycle of commodities 商品生命周期life cycle theory of leadership 领导的生命周期理论life event scale 生活事件量表life expectancy 预期寿命life experience 生活经验life force 生命力life goal 生活目标life instinct 生存本能life jacket 救生衣life line 生命线life position 生命地位life record 生活史life rehearsal 生活演练life sciences 生命科学life skill counseling 生活技能咨询life space 生活空间life space continuity 生活空间连续性life space interview 生活场面面谈life span 寿命life stress 生活应激life style disease 生活方式疾病life table 生命表lifetime education 生涯教育lifetime employment system 终身雇用制lifetime personality 终身性格life span development 毕生发展life span developmental psychology 生涯发展心理学life span perspective 毕生发展观life support system 生命维持系统life threatening 危害生命life world 生活世界light 光light activated 光敏感的light adaptation 光适应light comparison technique 光比较法light compass movement 光罗盘运动light constancy 光恒常性light difference 光差light distribution of illuminator 照明器光线分布light dread 恐光症light exposure 曝光light filter 滤光器light halo 光晕light induction 光诱导light intensity 光强度light minimum 最低度光觉light pen 光笔light proof 不透光的light reaction 光反应light reflex 光反射light sensation 光觉light sense 光觉light sensitive 感光的light sensitive 光敏的light sensitivity 感光性light sensitivity 光敏度light signal display 信号灯显示light source 光源light vision 明视觉lighting 照明lighting effectiveness factor 照明有效系数lightmeter 光度计lightness 光度lightness contrast 明度对比light dark adaptation 明暗适应light dark ratio 明暗比light induction 光诱导likable 可爱的likableness 可爱like 爱好like 相似likelihood 似然性likelihood analysis 似然分析likelihood ratio 似然比likelihood ratio criterion 似然性比率评准likeness 类似likert management system 利开特管理系统likert method 利开特法likert procedure 利开特程序likert scale 利开特式量表likert scaling 利氏量表法likert technique 利开特法likert type attitude scale 利式态度量表like dislike 爱好厌恶like indifferent dislike 喜欢无所谓厌恶liking 爱好lilliputian hallucination 渺小幻觉limbic lobe 边缘叶limbic system 边缘系统limbus 缘limbus boundary method 角膜缘部测定法limbus of corneae 角膜缘limb kinetic apraxia 肢体运动性运用不能limen 阈限limen of twoness 两点阈limes 限量limes reacting dose 反应限量liminal 阈限的liminal stimulus 阈限刺激limit 极限limit 限度limit analysis 极限分析limit checks 极限检验limit distribution 极限分布limit method 极限法limit of error 误差界限limit of interval 区间限limit of perception 感觉限度limit of the error of sampling 抽样误差限limit point 极限点limit process 极限法limit sample 极限样本limit superior 上极限limit value 极限值limitation 限制limited capacity 有限容量limited information 有限资料limited prediction 有限推测limiting 极限limiting character 极限特性limiting chi square distribution 极限x2分布limiting distribution 极限分布limiting form 极限形式limiting point 极限点limiting surface 界面limiting value 极限值limits 极限limits of trustworthiness 可靠性限度limosis 善饥症limotherapy 饥饿疗法lincoln oseretsky motor development scale 林奥二氏肌动发展量表line 线line chart 线形图line diagram 线形图line graph 线图line in education 教育路线line length coding 线长编码line of business 行业line of direction 方向线line of regard 注视线line organization 直系组织line plotting 画线line production 流水作业line relationship 直线关系line segment 线段lineage 世系linear 线性linear additive model 线性递加模式linear analysis 线性分析linear approximation 线性近似linear causal model 线性因果模型linear correlation 线性相关linear discrimination function 线性辨别函数linear equating 直线等化linear equation 线性方程linear function 线性函数linear inference 线性推演linear interpolation 线性内推法linear maze 直线迷津linear model 线性模式linear operator model 线性演算器模式linear order 直线序列linear order of genes 基因直线排列linear perspective 直线透视linear program 直线式程序linear regression 线性回归linear regression analysis 线性回归分析性归分析linear regression equation 直线回归方程式linear regression in z ×c table线性回归z×c 表linear regression method 线性回归法linear relation 线性关系linear relationship 线性关系linear syllogism 线性三段论linear transformation 直线转换linear trend 直线趋向linear type 直线型linearity 直线性linearity condition 线性条件linearity error 线性误差linearly independent vector 线性独立向量lingual nerve 舌咽神经linguistic ability 语言能力linguistic analysis 语言分析linguistic approach 语言教读法linguistic behavior 语言行为linguistic capacity 语言能力linguistic code 语言编码linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言的前后关系linguistic expression 语言表达式linguistic form 语言形式linguistic information 语言信息linguistic kinesic method 语言运动法linguistic organization 语言结构linguistic performance 语言行为linguistic psychology 语言心理学linguistic relativism 语言相对论linguistic relativity 语言相关性linguistic relativity hypothesis 语言相对假说linguistic relativity principle 语言相对原则linguistic skill 语言技能linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic symbol 语言符号linguistic unit 语言单元linguistic universal 语言共通性linguistics 语言学link 环link 联结link analysis 链分析link trainer 环状训练舱link up 连接linkage 联系linked character 关联特征linking rule 连接规则linophobia 绳索恐怖症lip erotism 唇欲lip key 唇键lip language 唇话liparodyspnea 肥胖性呼吸困难lipase 酯酶lipid 脂类lipomatosis 脂肪过多症lipophrenia 失神lipostatic theory 恒脂论lipothymia 昏厥lipps figure 利普斯图形lipreading 读唇法lips 唇lip reading 唇读liquid 液体liquid conservation 液体守恒liquid crystal 液晶liquid crystal display 液晶显示liquidation of memory 记忆同化liquidity 流动性lisp 口齿不清lissauer s paralysis 卒中型麻痹性痴呆list 清单listen 听listening 听力listening comprehension 听懂listening gear 听音器listening with the third ear 第三只耳朵listing technique 列举法listing s law 利斯廷定律literacy 识字literacy test 识字测验literal 文字的literal alexia 字性失读literal notation 文字记号literal paraphasia 字性错语literal perception 精密知觉literary and artistic appreciation 文艺欣赏literary and artistic creation 文艺创作literary language 文学语言literary psychology 文艺心理学literary artistic imagination 文艺想象literature 文献literature 文学literature review 文献评论lithium 锂盐lithium carbonate 碳酸锂盐lithium therapy 锂疗litigation psychology 诉讼心理学litigious delusion 诉讼妄想little s disease 痉挛性两侧瘫little s disease 李特耳氏病lived experience 生活体验livelihood 生活lively type 活泼型livierato s sign 利韦拉托症living clock 生物钟living condition 生活条件living environment 生活环境living form 生活型living goods 生活用品living level 生活水平living space 生活空间living standard 生活标准living substance 生活物质lloyd morgan s canon 摩根法则lmx theory 领导者成员交换理论lness 性善恶混论load 负荷load stress 负荷应激loading 负荷量loading routine 输入程序lobes of cerebrum 大脑叶lobotomized personality 额叶切除人格lobotomy 额叶切除术lobstein s disease ganglion 洛布斯坦神经节lobus centralis 小脑中叶lobus occipitalis 枕叶lobus olfactorius 嗅叶lobus opticus 视叶lobus parietalis 顶叶local 局部local anaphylaxis 局部过敏local circuit 局部路local control 局部控制local convergence 局部收敛local disturbance 局部障碍local effect 局部效应local epilepsy 局部性癫痫local excitatory 局部兴奋态local fatigue 局部疲劳local habitats 本土生境local independence 局地独立local lighting 局部照明local maximum 局部极大local minimum 局部极小local norm 地区常模local optimum 局部最优local pattern 局部模式local phenomenon 局部现象local population 地域人口local reaction 局部反应local reflex 局部反射local response 局部反应local restriction 局部制约local sign 部位记号local stability 局部稳定性local terminal 本机终端local vibration 局部振动locality of animal behavior 动物地域性行为localization 定位localization of function 机能定位localization of function in cortex 大脑机能定位localization of genes 基因定位localization of psychological function 心理机能定位localization theory 机能定位论localized amnesia 局部失忆症localized disturbance 局部失调localized general lighting 分区一般照明localized learning 局部性学习localized transduction 局部性传导location 位置location chart 位置图表location constancy 位置常性location of controls 控制器位置location of displays 显示器位置locational space 位置空间lock and key theory 锁与匙论locomotion 位置移动locomotor 运动器官的locomotor ataxia 运动共济失调locomotor genital stage 运动性欲期locus 地点locus 轨迹locus of control 控制点log 对数log normal distribution 对数常态分布logagnosia 失语症logagraphia 失写症logamnesia 记言不能logaphasia 表达性失语症logaphasia 运动性言语不能logarithmic characteristic 对数特性logarithmic computation 对数计算logarithmic coordinates 对数坐标logarithmic mean 对数平均数logarithmic property 对数性质logarithmic table 对数表logasthenia 言语理解困难logic 逻辑logic behavior 逻辑行为logic decision making 逻辑决策logic equation 逻辑方程logic judgment 逻辑判断logic learning 推理式学习logic memory 逻辑记忆logic model 逻辑模式logic network 逻辑网络logic of faith 信念逻辑logic of language 语言逻辑logic of modality 模态逻辑logic of natural language 自然语言逻辑logic of proposition 命题逻辑logic of question 问句逻辑logic of relation 关系逻辑logic of science 科学逻辑logic rule 逻辑规则logic theorist 逻辑理论家logic theory 逻辑论logical abstraction 逻辑抽象logical algebra 逻辑代数logical analysis 逻辑分析logical argumentation 逻辑论证logical axiom 逻辑公理logical calculus 逻辑演算logical category 逻辑范畴logical checking 逻辑检验logical combination 逻辑组合logical comparison 逻辑比较logical condition 逻辑条件logical deduction 逻辑演绎logical deduction by reasoning 逻辑推理logical derivation 逻辑推导logical empiricism 逻辑经验主义logical entailment 逻辑蕴涵logical equation 逻辑方程logical error 逻辑错误logical expression 逻辑表达logical formula 逻辑式logical grammar 逻辑语法logical ground 逻辑的根据logical idealism 逻辑唯心论logical identity 逻辑的同一logical inclusion 逻辑的包含logical interdependence 逻辑的相互依赖logical judgment 逻辑判断logical knowledge 逻辑认识logical language 逻辑语言logical law 逻辑定律logical memory 逻辑记忆logical method 逻辑方法logical multiplication 逻辑的繁衍logical necessity 逻辑的必然性logical nets 逻辑网格logical neuron 逻辑神经元logical operations 逻辑运算logical order 逻辑程序logical positivism 逻辑实证论logical possibility 逻辑可能性logical priority 逻辑的先在性logical proof 逻辑证明logical proposition 逻辑命题logical reasoning 逻辑推理logical record 逻辑记号logical rigor 逻辑的严密性logical simulation 逻辑模拟logical structure 逻辑结构logical sum 逻辑和logical symbol 逻辑符号logical syntax 逻辑句法logical system 逻辑系统logical term 逻辑术语logical theory 逻辑理论logical thinking 逻辑思维logical type 逻辑型logical validity 逻辑效度logical variable 逻辑变量logicality 逻辑性logically compatible 逻辑相容的logically proper name 逻辑专名logicosemantic analysis 逻辑语义分析logic in use 应用逻辑logistic discrimination 逻辑辨别logistic method 逻辑函数法logistic transformation 逻辑变换logistics system 符号逻辑体系logoclonia 言语痉挛logocophosia 听性失语logodiarrhea 多言症logogriph 字谜logoklony 痉语症logokophosia 听性失语logokophosis 词聋logomachy 字谜游戏logomania 多语症logoneurosis 言语神经机能症logopathy 言语障碍logopedia 言语矫正法logopedics 言语矫正法logophasia 口吃logophobia 谈话恐怖症logoplegia 发音器官麻痹logorrhea 多语癖logos 理性logospasm 痉语症logotherapy 言语疗法log linear models 对数线性模型log linear smoothing model 对数线性平滑模型loneliness 孤独lonely crowd 孤独人群loner 孤独的人long 长的long distance hearing 远距离听觉long distance vision 远距离视觉longevity 长寿longevous 长命的longing 渴望longish 稍长的longitudinal 纵向的longitudinal design 纵向设计longitudinal fissure 大脑纵裂longitudinal method 纵向法longitudinal research 纵向研究longitudinal study 纵向研究longitudinal survey 纵向调查longitudinal wave 纵波longwall method 长壁法long circuit appeal 长期招徕long hot summer effect 长夏效应long range planning 长期经营计划long sightedness 远视long term effect 长期效应long term memory 长时记忆long term store 长期贮存lonizing radiation 放射线looking glass self 镜映自我look and say 看和说look glass self 镜映自我looming 庞视loop 环loose construct 松散性结构loosening 放松loosening of associations 联想散漫loquacity 多语争辩癖lordosis 脊柱前曲lorge thorndike intelligence test 洛桑二氏智力测验loss 失落loss boundaries of ego 自我界限消失loss of consciousness 意识丧失lost generation 迷惘的一代lost letter technique 丢信方法lost time injury 失时伤害loud reading 朗读loud speaker 扬声器loudness 响度loudness compensation 响度补偿loudness contour 等响曲线loudness discrimination 响度辨别loudness level 响度级loudness perception 响度知觉love child 私生子love needs 爱的需要lovelace 色鬼love object 恋爱对象low altitude flight 低空飞行low birth weight infant 出生低体重儿low pressure 低压low temperature 低温lowenfeld mosaic test 洛温菲尔德拼镶测验lower absolute threshold 下绝对阈限lower difference threshold 下差别阈lower limit 下限lower limit value 下限值lower management 现场管理lower mental process 低级心理过程lower nervous activity 低级神经活动lower orders 下层社会lower pressure environment 低压环境lower pressure environment tank 低压舱lower quartile 下四分位数lower sensation 低级感觉lower threshold 下辨别阈lower value 下限值lowering trend of criminal age 犯罪低龄化lowerleg foot length 足小腿高lower order needs 较低层次需要lowest audible tone 最低可听音lowlife 下层社会的人low grade defective 轻度身心缺陷loxophthalmus 斜视loyalty 忠诚lpc 最差同事lpc questionnaire 最难共事者问卷lps 利侧表lq 下四分位值lr 反应限量lrcs 语言认知结构lsd 麦角酸二乙基酰胺lt 逻辑理论家lth 促黄体分泌激素ltm 长时记忆长期记忆ltt 潜在特质理论lucifugal 避光的lucotherapy 光线疗法ludd franklin theory 鲁德弗兰克林说lullaby 催眠曲lumbar spinal cord 腰背lumen 流明lumen per square meter 流明平方米lumenmeter 流明计lumen second 流明·秒luminance 亮度luminance balance 亮度平衡luminance coding 亮度编码luminance contrast 亮度对比luminance difference 亮度差异luminance factor 亮度因素luminance meter 亮度计luminance non uniformity 亮度非均匀性luminance non uniformity 亮度非均匀性亮度非均匀性luminance ratio 亮度比率luminance threshold 亮度阈限luminescence 发光luminophor 发光体luminosity 亮度luminosity body 发光体luminosity coefficient 照度系数luminosity function 亮度函数luminous 发光的luminous body 发光体luminous efficiency 光效率luminous efficiency curve 光效率曲线luminous emittance 光发散度luminous environment 发光环境luminous flux 光通量luminous intensity 光强luminous reflectance 光反射率lump sum separation allowance system 退职金制度lumsden s center 呼吸调节中枢lunar periodicity 月周期性lunatic 精神病患者lung 肺lung volume and capacity 肺活量luria nebraska neuropsychological battery 鲁内神经心理成套测验luridine 胆碱lust 色欲lust of pain 疼痛色情luster 光泽lustrous 有光泽的lutein 黄体素luteinizing hormone 黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone releasing factor 促黄体生成素释放因子luteinizing hormone releasing hormone 黄体生成素释放激素luteotrophic 促黄体的luteotrophic hormone 促黄体分泌激素lux 勒克斯luxury 奢侈lycanthropy 变狼狂lygophilia 暗室癖lygophilia 嗜室症lying 说谎lying posture 躺姿lying with face downward 面向下躺lying with face upward 面向上躺lympha 淋巴lymphatic temperament 粘液质lynching 私刑lypemania 悲伤狂lypemania 沮丧癖lypothymia 忧郁症lysergic acid 麦角酸lysergic acid diethylamine 麦角酸二乙基酰胺lysine 赖氨酸lysine decarboxylase 赖氨酸脱羧酶lysine racemase 赖氨酸消旋酶lyssophobia 狂犬病恐怖症lm最低度光觉lva左视敏度ldopa 左旋多巴lid 喜欢无所谓厌恶。
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ANSWER SHEETSURNAME (PRINT):Sex: M /FFIRST NAME (PRINT):Organization:Department:Date:Directions for Self-Perception completion:The BELBIN® Self-Perception Inventory (SPI) should be completed, preferably when you can arrange a quiet period free from interruptions. It usually takes about 15 minutes to complete. You should answer the questions after some serious thought, whilst avoiding spending too long on any given section. There are no right or wrong answers.For each section distribute a total of exactly 10 points between the sentences that you think most accurately describe your behaviour. These points may be distributed between several sentences.Try to avoid both extremes of giving one sentence all ten points or allocating one point to every sentence in each section.Please allocate whole numbers only - no fractions or decimals. If you have no points to allocate to a sentence, please leave the box blank.SECTIONI SECTIONIISECTIONIIISECTIONIVSECTIONVSECTIONVISECTIONVIIMARK MARK MARK MARK MARK MARK MARK1.02.03.04.05.06.07.01.12.13.14.15.16.17.11.22.23.24.25.26.27.21.32.33.34.35.36.37.31.42.43.44.45.46.47.41.52.53.54.55.56.57.51.62.63.64.65.66.67.61.72.73.74.75.76.77.71.82.83.84.85.86.87.81.92.93.94.95.96.97.9TOTAL1010101010101070For each section distribute a total of ten marks among the sentences which you think most accurately describe your behaviour. These marks may be distributed among several sentences; in extreme cases they might be spread among all the sentences or 10 marks may be given to a single sentence. However try and avoid either extreme. Enter the points in the INTERPLACE answer sheet provided.I. WHAT I BELIEVE I CANCONTRIBUTE TO A TEAM:1.0I think I can quickly see and take advantage ofnew opportunities.1.1My comments both on general and specificpoints are well received.1.2I can work well with a very wide range ofpeople.1.3Producing ideas is one of my natural assets. 1.4My ability rests in being able to draw peopleout whenever I detect they have something ofvalue to contribute to group objectives.1.5I can be relied upon to finish any task Iundertake.1.6My technical knowledge and experience areusually my major assets.1.7I am prepared to be blunt and outspoken in thecause of making the right things happen.1.8I can usually tell whether a plan or idea will fit aparticular situation.1.9I can offer a reasoned and unbiased case foralternative courses of action.II. IF I HAVE A POSSIBLE SHORTCOMING IN TEAM WORK, IT COULD BE THAT:2.0I am not at ease unless meetings are wellstructured and controlled and generally wellconducted.2.1I am inclined to be too generous towardsothers who have a valid viewpoint that has notbeen given a proper airing.2.2I am reluctant to contribute unless the subjectcontains an area I know well.2.3I have a tendency to talk a lot once the groupgets on to a new topic.2.4I am inclined to undervalue the importance ofmy own contributions.2.5My objective outlook makes it difficult for me tojoin in readily and enthusiastically withcolleagues.2.6I am sometimes seen as forceful andauthoritarian when dealing with importantissues.2.7I find it difficult to lead from the front, perhapsbecause I am over-responsive to groupatmosphere.2.8I am apt to get too caught up in ideas thatoccur to me and so lose track of what ishappening.2.9I am reluctant to express my opinions onproposals or plans that are incomplete orinsufficiently detailed.III. WHEN INVOLVED IN A PROJECT WITH OTHER PEOPLE: 3.0I have an aptitude for influencing peoplewithout pressurising them.3.1I am generally effective in preventing carelessmistakes or omissions from spoiling thesuccess of an operation.3.2I like to press for action to make sure that themeeting does not lose sight of the mainobjective.3.3I can be counted on to contribute somethingoriginal.3.4I am always ready to back a good suggestionin the common interest.3.5One can be sure I will just be my natural self. 3.6I am quick to see the possibilities in new ideasand developments.3.7I try to maintain my sense of professionalism.3.8I believe my capacity for judgement can help tobring about the right decisions.3.9I can be relied on to bring an organisedapproach to the demands of a job.IV. MY CHARACTERISTICAPPROACH TO GROUP WORKIS THAT:4.0I maintain a quiet interest in getting to knowcolleagues better.4.1I contribute where I know what I am talkingabout.4.2I am not reluctant to challenge the view ofothers or to hold a minority view myself.4.3I can usually find an argument to refuteunsound propositions.4.4I think I have a talent for making things workonce a plan has been put into operation.4.5I prefer to avoid the obvious and to open uplines that have not been explored.4.6I bring a touch of perfectionism to any job Iundertake.4.7I like to be the one who makes contactsoutside the group or firm.4.8I enjoy the social side of working relationships.4.9While I am interested in hearing all views Ihave no hesitation in making up my mind oncea decision has to be made.V. I GAIN SATISFACTIONIN A JOB BECAUSE:5.0I enjoy analysing situations and weighing up allthe possible choices.5.1I am interested in finding practical solutions to problems.5.2I like to feel I am fostering good workingrelationships.5.3I can have a strong influence on decisions.5.4I have a chance of meeting new people withdifferent ideas.5.5I can get people to agree on priorities.5.6I feel I am in my element where I can give atask my full attention.5.7I can find an opportunity to stretch myimagination.5.8I feel that I am using my special qualificationsand training to advantage.5.9I usually find a job gives me the chance toexpress myself.VI. IF I AM SUDDENLY GIVEN A DIFFICULT TASK WITH LIMITED TIME and UNFAMILIAR PEOPLE: 6.0I usually succeed in spite of thecircumstances.6.1I like to read up as much as I conveniently canon a subject.6.2I would feel like devising a solution of my ownand then trying to sell it to the group.6.3I would be ready to work with the person whoshowed the most positive approach.6.4I would find some way of reducing the size ofthe task by establishing how differentindividuals can contribute.6.5My natural sense of urgency would help toensure that we did not fall behind schedule. 6.6I believe I would keep my cool and maintainmy capacity to think straight.6.7In spite of conflicting pressures I would pressahead with whatever needed to be done.6.8I would take the lead if the group was makingno progress.6.9I would open up discussions with the view tostimulating new thoughts and gettingsomething moving.VII. WITH REFERENCE TO THE PROBLEMS I EXPERIENCE WHEN WORKING IN GROUPS:7.0I am apt to overreact when people hold upprogress.7.1Some people criticise me for being tooanalytical.7.2My desire to check that we get the importantdetails right is not always welcome.7.3I tend to show boredom unless I am activelyengaged with stimulating people.7.4I find it difficult to get started unless the goalsare clear.7.5I am sometimes poor at putting acrosscomplex points that occur to me.7.6I am conscious of demanding from others thethings I cannot do myself.7.7I find others do not give me enoughopportunity to say all I want to say.7.8I am inclined to feel I am wasting my time andwould do better on my own.7.9I hesitate to express my personal views infront of difficult or powerful people.。