Ame Exam Paper英美文学习资料
英美文学复习资料
2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?
Chapter1. The Renaissance Period
一．重点
前言部分
4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. spiritual----hero B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：
识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住
领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别
应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征
2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响
3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征
练习：
Renaissance Period
1. Choose the best answer for each blank.
1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
英语自考《英美文学选读》的资料
一莎士比亚In 1593 and 1594, he published two narrative poems(叙事诗), Venus and Adonis(维纳斯和安东尼斯) and The Rape of Lucrece(鲁克丽斯受辱记).Four period:First: The first period of Shakespeare's dramatic career was one of apprenticeship(学徒期). He wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III(亨利六世上，中，下),Richard III(理查三世), and Titus Andronicus(泰托斯.安东尼); and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors(错误的喜剧), The Two Gentlemen of Verona(维洛那二绅士), The Taming of the Shrew(训悍记), and Love's Labour's Lost(爱的徒劳).Second: In the second period, Shakespeare's style and approach became highly individualized. By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance and reality, Shakespeare made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles. In this period he wrote five histories: Richard II(理查二世), King John(约翰王), Henry IV, Parts I and II(亨利四世上部和下部), and Henry V(亨利五世); six comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream(仲夏夜之梦), The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人),Much Ado About Nothing(无事生非), As You Like It(皆大欢喜), Twelfth Night(第十二夜), and The Merry Wives of Windsor(温莎的风流娘们儿); and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet(罗密欧与朱丽叶) and Julis Caesar(裘里斯.凯撒).Third: Shakespeare's third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet(哈姆雷特), Othello(奥赛罗), King Lear(李尔王), Macbeth(麦克白), Angony and Cleopatra(安东尼与克利奥佩特拉), Troilus and Cressida(克利奥拉纳斯), and Coriolanus(). The two comedies are All's Well That Ends Wells(终成眷属)and Measure for Measure(一报还一报).Last: The last period of Shakespeare's work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies(浪漫悲喜剧): Pericles(伯利克里), Cymbeline(辛白林), The Winter's Tale(冬天的故事) and The Tempest(暴风雨); and his two final plays: Henry VIII(亨利八世) and The Two Noble Kinsmen(两位贵族亲戚).Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consist of two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis(维纳斯和安东尼斯) and The Rape of Lucrece(鲁克丽斯受辱记), and his sequence of 154 sonnets. Shakespeare's sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet's own feelings.With three exceptions (99,126,154) Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form, first fully developed by Surrey, of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句).Shakespeare's history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity(在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的).The three history plays on the reign of Henry VI are the beginning of Shakespeare's epic treatment.The first and second parts of Henry IV are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays. It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century. Shakespeare presents the patriotic spirit when mourning over the loss of English territories in France. He also dramatizes the class struggle between the oppressors and the oppressored during Jack Cade's rising of 1450. Furthermore, he condemns the War of the Roses waged by the feudal barons in which innocent people were killed. Here Shakespeare has liberated himself from any imitations of the contempory example .In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.(在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将流浪色彩渲染到极致。
英美文学导论学生复习材料
American Literature:the body of written works produced in the English language in the United States.●For more than a millennium, each stage in the development of the English language has produced itsmasterworks.●Following the NormanConquest of 1066, French influence shaped the vocabulary as well as the literarypreoccupations of Middle English.●The publication of the King James V ersion of the Bible in 1611 infused the literature of the period withboth religious imagery and a remarkably vigorous language, and it served as an important instrument for the spread of literacy throughout England.●Gradually seven kingdoms arose in Britain. By the 7th century, these small kingdoms were combinedinto a united kingdom called England.●Angles, Saxons and Jutes usually known as Anglo-Saxons are the first Englishmen. Language spokenby them is called Old English, which is the foundation of English language and literature. With the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, the history of English literature began.Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language.●Thus three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke French, the lower classspoke English, and the scholars and clergymen used Latin.●The romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages.●The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. GEOFFREY CHAUCER乔叟Chaucer was the representative writer of the 14th century, and therefore the 14th century is usually called the Age of Chaucer.the outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and ―the first finder of our language.‖ His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集The great majority of the words Chaucer uses are the same in meaning and function as their Modern English counterparts. They usually differ greatly in spelling. But this initial difficulty soon disappears as one reads through the text -- especially if one reads the text aloud.Chaucer‘s contribution to English poetry is that he introduced from France the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which was later called the heroic couplet, to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.文艺复兴时期The English Renaissance●The Renaissance was a European phenomenon. It revived the study of Roman and Greek classics andmarked the beginning of bourgeois revolution.English literature in the Renaissance period is usually regarded as the high light in the history of English literature. In the Elizabethan period, English literature developed with a great speed and made a magnificent achievement. William Shakespeare 莎士比亚●Shakespeare occupies a position unique in world literature. Hamlet is made a hero of the Renaissanceperiod and the representative of humanism. Through him Shakespeare expressed his own humanist ideas, Hamlet is made a hero of the Renaissance period and the representative of humanism. Through him Shakespeare expressed his own humanist ideas,●Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?●Thou art more lovely and more temperate:●Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,●And summer‘s lease hath all too short a date:●So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,●So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步●in poetry, a line of verse containing five metrical feet. Bacon‘s essays have a literary style peculiar totheir own. They are noted for their clearness, brevity and force of expression.●The Faerie Queene is a long poem with sweet melody and its lines are very musical. Spenserinvented a new verse form for this poem. The verse form has been called Spenserian Stanza. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentametre form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexametre line, rhyming a b a b b c b c c.Metaphysical poet 玄学诗人John Milton(1608-1674) 弥尔顿Milton ranks second only to Shakespeare among English poets; his writings and his influence are an important part of the history of English literature, culture, and libertarian thought. He is best known for Paradise Lost, which is generally regarded as the greatest epic poem in the English language.Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Lost is an epic poem written in blank verse—i.e., unrhymed iambic pentameter verse. It tells the story of Satan's rebellion against God and his expulsion from heaven and the subsequent temptation and expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.●It is a long epic in 12 books, done in blank verse. All is not lost; the unconquerable will●And study of revenge, immortal hate,●And courage never to submit or yield：The best-known section in this book is the V anity Fair episode. On the V anity Fair, honors, titles, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and lives can be sold or bought, and cheating, roguery, murder and adultery are normal phenomena. Enlightenment 启蒙运动The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout W estern Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.●The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in theirworks were social realities. The main characters were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention to daily life.Samuel Johnson 约翰逊博士●His letter to Chesterfield is often taken as sounding ―the death-knell of patronage,‖ which it did not. Butit did assert the dignity of the author.Sentimentalism感伤主义Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) 笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊飘流记Robinson Crusoe (1719), an immediate success at home and on the Continent, is a unique fictional blending of the traditions of Puritan spiritual autobiography with an insistent scrutiny of the nature of man as social creature and an extraordinary ability to invent a sustaining modern myth.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) 斯威夫特Gulliver‗s Travels 格列佛游记Numerous obstacles have to be overcome before he achieves this, however, and in the course of the action the various sets of characters pursue each other from one part of the country to another, giving Fielding an opportunity to paint an incomparably vivid picture of England in the mid-18th century.Romanticism浪漫主义Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, and by a consequent understanding of the human heart.The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger and stronger.Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton were inspiration of the romantic movement. W e can hardly read a poem of the early romanticists without finding a suggestion of the influence of one of these great leaders.Robert Burns 彭斯●national poet of Scotland, who wrote lyrics and songs in the Scottish dialect of English.The Romantic Age began in 1798 and came to an end in 1832. The publication of the L yrical Ballads marked the break with classicism and the beginning of the Romantic Age.In 1832, the last romantic writer Walter Scott died, so in that year, the Romantic Age came to an end.●This age is emphatically an age of poetry. Many young enthusiastic writers turned to poetry as ahappy man to singing. The glory of the age lies in the poetry of W ordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats.●W omen as novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed, for thefirst time, an important place in English literature. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring works, which raised woman to the high place in literature she has ever since maintained.William Wordsworth华兹华斯●major English Romantic poet and poet laureate of England (1843–50). His Lyrical Ballads (1798),written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the English Romantic movement.●I wandered lonely as a cloud●That floats on high o‘er vales and hills,●When all at once I saw a crowd,●A host of golden daffodils:●Beside the lake, beneath the trees,●Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Lake Poet 湖畔派诗人Jane Austen 奥斯丁English writer who first gave the novel its distinctly modern character through her treatment of ordinary people in everyday life. Austen created the comedy of manners of middle-class life in the England of her time in such novels●Although the birth of the English novel is to be seen in the first half of the 18th century in the workof Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, and Henry Fielding, it is with Jane Austen that the novel takes on its distinctively modern character in the realistic treatment of unremarkable people in the unremarkable situations of everyday life.In her six novels—Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion—Austen created the comedy of manners of middle-class life in the England of her time, revealing the possibilities of ―domestic‖ literature.George Gordon Byron 拜伦Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Ode to the W est Wind 西风颂●Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth●Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!●Be through my lips to unawakened earth●The trumpet of a prophecy!O Wind,●If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?John Keats 济慈●English Romantic lyric poet who devoted his short life to the perfection of a poetry marked byvivid imagery, great sensuous appeal, and an attempt to express a philosophy through classical legend.维多利亚时代English Literature in the Victorian AgeCritical Realism 批判现实主义English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and the early fifties. It foun d its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens 狄更斯Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity than had any previous author during his lifetime. Much in his work could appeal to simple and sophisticated, to the poor and to the Queen, and technological developments as well as the qualities of his work enabled his fame to spread worldwide very quickly.The range, compassion, and intelligence of his apprehension of his society and its shortcomings enriched his novels and made him both one of the great forces in 19th-century literature and an influential spokesman of the conscience of his age.In his own time Thackeray was regarded as the only possible rival to Dickens. His pictures of contemporary life were obviously real and were accepted as such by the middle classes.V anity Fair 名利场The main plot centers on the story of two women Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Sharp.The Bronte sisters 勃朗特三姐妹●Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel, maintains that women should have equal rights with men. In thisnove l, Gaskell shows great sympathy for the workers. She highly praises the workers‘ struggle against capitalists●He clasps the crag with crooked hands;●Close to the sun in lonely lands,●Ringed with the azure world, he stands.Robert Browning 布朗宁Browning's dramatic monologues must, as he himself insisted, be recognized as the utterances of fictitious persons drawing their strength from their appropriateness in characterizing the speaker, and not as expressions of Browning's own sentiments.The play is about the training Higgins gives to a Cockney flower girl to enable her to pass as a lady and is also about the repercussions of the experiment's success.●The W aste Land(1922), traced the sickness of modern civilization—a civilization that, on theevidence of the war, preferred death or death-in-life to life—to the spiritual emptiness and rootlessness of modern existence.William Butler Y eats 叶芝T.S.Eliot 艾略特●If one figure had to be named as the pivotal leader among writers in English during the first halfof the twentieth century, it would be Thomas Sterns Eliot. Not only was he a great poet, a greatcritic, a fine playwright, and a far-reaching influence on others, but he became the conscience of his generation, deliberately fitting himself for this role, which he summed up in a celebrated phrase when he defined his belief as ―classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and Anglo-Catholic in religion‘.●What Eliot achieved was an exact expression for the spiritual disease of the twentieth century.After the unquenchable optimist of the Victorian Age had burned itself out in W orld W ar I, a period of intense questioning began. One by one, what had seemed established certainties were questioned; a society that had appeared both stable and progressive for ove r a century broke into fragments. Eliot‘s classic expression of the temper of his age is ‗The W aste Land‖, a poem which, despite its extreme difficulty, brought him immediate fame.The Waste Land 荒原●April is the cruelest month, breeding●Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing●Memory and desire, stirring●Dull roots with spring rain.Seamus Heaney 希尼Bogland 沼泽地●W e have no prairies●To slice a big sun at evening—●Everywhere the eye concedes to●Encroaching horizon.Modernist novelists 现代主义小说家V irginia Woolf 伍尔夫●In her long essay, A Room of One's Own (1929), she described the difficulties encountered bywomen writers in a man's world.William Golding 戈尔丁●Golding's first published novel was Lord of the Flies (1954; film 1963 and 1990), the story of a groupof schoolboys isolated on a coral island who revert to savagery.Its imaginative and brutal depiction of the rapid and inevitable dissolution of social mores aroused widespread interest. Doris Lessing 莱辛●The Golden Notebook (1962), in which a woman writer attempts to come to terms with the life ofher times through her art, is one of the most complex and the most widely read of her novels.美国文学American LiteratureAmerican literature is the youngest of all national literatures. English literature in the United States is therefore only about more than 200 years old. In spite of this fact, the people of the United States have produced some of the world‘s best literature.BradstreetShe wrote her poems while rearing eight children, functioning as a hostess, and performing other domestic duties.▪The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The W ar of the Independence lasted till 1783, and the United States of America was founded.The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment. Rationalism was the dominant spirit. The enlighteners were opposed to the colonial order fighting against the Puritan tradition, brought to life secular literatureBenjamin Franklin 富兰克林Franklin, next to George Washington possibly the most famous 18th-century American,Autobiography 自传Thomas Jefferson 杰弗逊draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United StatesThe Declaration of Independence 独立宣言▪W e hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.超验主义和浪漫主义Transcendentalism and the Romantic AgeIn this period a new literature was forged by such authors as Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Poe, Emerson, Thoreau, Longfellow, Melville and Whitman. It was rich in native character and tradition. Like the European literature of the time, it was romantic in character.Transcendentalism wrote an important chapter for the history of ideas in this period. It was the expression of an intuitional idealism which had taken various forms in American thought as a counter-current to rationalistic and authoritarian orthodoxies from early times.▪The American transcendentalists formed a club called the Transcendental Club. The club members often met at Emerson‘s Concord home. Thoreau is the most noteworthy of these in respect to literary values. Emerson was the leading spirit of the Transcendental club.The first great essay writer in the United States was W ashington Irving. He was the first great American author born after the Revolutionary W ar.W ashington Irving 欧文▪The Sketch-Book includes the short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip V an Winkle. Ralph W al do Emerson (1803-1882) 爱默生Ralph W aldo Emerson was born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is widely regarded as one of America's most influential authors, philosophers and thinkersThese roses under my window make no reference to former roses or to better ones; they are for what they are; they exist with God to-day. There is no time to them. There is simply the rose; it is perfect in every moment of its existence. Before a leaf-bud has burst, its whole life acts; in the full-blown flower there is no more; in the leafless root there is no less. Its nature is satisfied, and it satisfies nature, in all moments alike. Henry David Thoreau 梭罗▪at the age of 28 in 1845, wanting to write his first book, he went to W alden pond and built his cabin on land owned by EmersonOver the years, Thoreau's reputation has been strong, although he is often cast into roles -- the hermit in the wilderness, the prophet of passive resistance (so dear to Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King) -- that he would have surely seen as somewhat alienBut Thoreau's style differs markedly from that of Emerson, whose natural expression is through abstraction. Thoreau presents experience through concrete images;Romantic Poets▪Often the romantic writers were transcendentalists and mystics. Sometimes they were lovers of nature. All the great poets of the middle of the nineteenth century in American literature were romanticists.Henry W adsworth Longfellow 朗费罗Americans owe a great debt to Longfellow because he was among the first of American writers to use native themes.W alt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves Of Grass 草叶集a collection of some of the finest American free-verse poetry ever written.Emily Dickinson 狄金森▪She is widely considered one of the greatest poets in American literature. Her unique, gemlike lyrics are distillations of profound feeling and original intellect, and they stand outside the mainstream of American literary tradition.American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was Emily Dickinson.▪To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee,▪One clover and a bee,▪And revery.▪Revery alone will do,▪If bees are few.James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) 库柏▪They are vivid and fascinating stories about Indian life. They also tell of the poineers in early America. The characters are vigorous, and the description of primitive forest life is captivating.Unfortunately Cooper‘s Indians are ideal Indians. They are very unlike the real American Indian, and have given people a false concept of the aboriginal American.Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 霍桑▪As America's first true psychological novel, The Scarlet Letter would convey these ideals;contrasting puritan morality with passion and individualism.The Scarlet Letter 红字The Scarlet Letter attained an immediate and lasting success because it addressed spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.▪Hawthorne was masterful in the use of symbolism, and the scarlet letter "A" stands as his most potent symbol, around which interpretations of the novel revolve. At one interpretive pole the "A"stands for adultery and sin, and the novel is the story of individual punishment and reconciliation.At another pole it stands for America and allegory, and the story suggests national sin and its human cost. Y et possibly the most convincing reading, taking account of all others, sees the "A" asa symbol of ambiguity, the very fact of multiple interpretations and the difficulty of achievingconsensus.Moby Dick莫比·迪克▪The novel Moby Dick by Herman Melville is an epic tale of the voyage of the whaling ship the Pequod and its captain, Ahab, who relentlessly pursues the great Sperm Whale (the title character) during a journey around the world.Harriet Beecher Stowe: 1811-1896 斯托夫人Stowe learned about slave life by talking to these people and by reading various materials, including slave narratives and antislavery tracts. She also saw Northern racial prejudice. Uncle Tom‘s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋▪The novel ends with a chapter summarizing the lesson learned from these "sketches" of experiences with slavery: that slavery is indeed a very cruel and evil institution that should be abolished.Abraham Lincoln 林肯The Gettysburg Address Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Nov. 19, 1863 ▪Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.▪The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.现实主义小说Realistic Novelists▪writers who were interested in problems of daily life; authors who could picture the pioneers of the Far W est, the new immigrants, and the struggles of the working classes now began to gain the favor of the reading public. This literary interest in the so-called ‗reality‘ of life started a new period in American writing known as the rise of Realism.Mark Twain 1835 – 1910 马克·吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·芬历险记▪The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is about a young boy, Huck, in search of freedom and adventure. The shores of the Mississippi River provide the backdrop for the entire book.Kate Chopin 1851-1904 肖班The A wakening 觉醒Henry James (1843-1916) 詹姆斯▪Among James' masterpieces are Daisy Miller(1879), where the young and innocent American, Daisy finds her values in conflict with European sophistication and The Portrait Of A Lady (1881) where again a young American woman becomes a victim of her provincialism during her travels i n Europe.Theodore Dreiser 1871-1945 德莱塞In his fiction, Dreiser deals with social problems and with characters who struggle to survive. His sympathetic treatment of a "morally loose" woman in Sister Carrie was called immoralSister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹Cather's work made her one of the most important American novelists of the first half of the 20th century. Cather's fiction is characterized by a strong sense of place, the subtle presentation of human relationships, an often unconventional narrative structure, and a style of clarity and beauty. Beginning with Alexander's Bridge (1912), Cather devoted herself to writing. Many of her books drew on her memories and knowledge of Nebraska. O Pioneers! (1913), My Antonia (1918), and A Lost Lady (1923) offer fascinating explorations of the experience of pioneers of the PlainsMy Antonia 我的安东尼娅The twentieth century witnessed a renaissance in American literature. The volume of American literary activity, the large number of new authors, the high level of their powers, the originality, daring, and general success of many new forms of expression, and the absorbed response of a reading public larger and more critical than ever before, produced a new and brilliant national literature.Robert Frost(1874-1963)弗罗斯特one of the finest of rural New England's 20th century pastoral poets.▪The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Ezra Pound (1885-1972) 庞德▪Ezra Pound founded the Imagist movement in poetry, which encouraged experimenting with different verse forms, and opposed representational art in favor of abstract forms.The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.Langston Hughes(1902-1967) 休斯The Lost Generation 迷惘的一代▪Name applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First W orld W ar, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could repalce them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) 海明威William Faulkner 1897-1962 福克纳In an attempt to create a saga of his own, Faulkner has invented a host of characters typical of the historical growth and subsequent decadence of the South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is then built on the model of the actual, historical drama extending over almost a century and a half Each story and each novel contributes to the construction of a whole, which is the imaginary Y oknapatawpha County and its inhabitants.John Steinbeck(1902-1968) 斯坦贝克He is best remembered for THE GRAPES OF WRA TH (1939), a novel widely considered to be a 20th-century classic.The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄Eugene O‘Neill(1888-1953) 奥尼尔one of the greatest playwrights in American history. Through his experimental and emotionally probing dramas, he addressed the difficulties of human society with a deep psychological complexity.Arthur Miller 1915－2005 阿瑟·米勒Miller's plays are, above all, concerned with morality as they reflect the individual's response to the manifold pressures exerted by the forces of family and society.Joseph Heller (1923-1999) 海勒was a popular and respected writer whose first and best-known novel, Catch-22(1961), is considered a classic of the post-W orld W ar II era.▪Catch-22 is most often interpreted as an antiwar protest novel that foreshadowed the widespread resistance to the Vietnam W ar that erupted in the late 1960s.Toni Morrison 莫里森The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛first novel, a book heralded for its richness of language and boldness of vision. Set in the author's girlhood hometown of Lorain Ohio, it tells the story of black, eleven-year-old Pecola BreedloveAlice W alker 沃克The Color Purple紫色published in 1982, tells the story of Celie, a Black woman in the South. Celie writes letters to God in which she tells about her life--her roles as daughter, wife, sister, and mother.Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell 1900-1949 米切尔GONE WITH THE WIND 飘▪The novel had similar success throughout the United States and around the world. It won for Margaret Mitchell a Pulitzer Prize in 1937. It has sold more copies worldwide than any other book except the Bible.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学史复习笔记5篇
英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
《英美文学选读》自学资料 (全)
强人总结《英美文学选读》自学资料 (全)American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and naïve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no except ion. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and s ocial meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe asshe does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: S he follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire fora better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter three : The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natur al world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams.He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:T hey have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2.The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strangeness is from her born pride and self-esteem,the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, s he has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creati ng unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. His “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter the ir chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subject is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devoted all those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil and damnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is enveloped in dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by the contrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason and passion, etc.Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodI. The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the pilgr ims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians’ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and th e characteristics of his own poetry1. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works s hould be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.II. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.V. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic PeriodI. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism expressed in the last two lines show the poet’s critical attitude toward the ugly social reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.III. John Keats and his “Ode on a Grecian Urn”In the poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn, and their everlasting joys. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is the glory and the limitation of the world conjured up by and object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of joy by defying our pain and suffering. But at last, the urn presents his ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty.IV. The character analysis of Elizabeth in Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceElizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent, contrasting her empty-minded, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a women of distinct character. She is not passive, but pursue her true love bravely. She turns down Mr. Collin’s marriage proposa l and seeking her happiness with Darcy, the one she possesses true affection for her. She is also courageous. When Darcy’s aunt lady comes to force her into a promise of never consenting to marry Darcy, she boldly challenges her authority, contempt and arrogance. On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodI. The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the pilgr ims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians’ refusal shows that they are one step neare r the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry1. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works s hould be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who arenow buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic PeriodI. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism expressed in th e last two lines show the poet’s critical attitude toward the ugly social reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.III. John Keats and his “Ode on a Grecian Urn”In the poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn, and their everlasting joys. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is the glory and the limitation of the world conjured up by and object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of joy by defying our pain and suffering. But at last, the urn presents his ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty.IV. T he character analysis of Elizabeth in Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceElizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent, contrasting her empty-minded, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a women of distinct character. She is not pass ive, but pursue her true love bravely. She turns down Mr. Collin’s marriage proposal and seeking her happiness with Darcy, the one she possesses true affection for her. She is also courageous. When Darcy’s aunt lady comes to force her into a promise of never consenting to marry Darcy, she boldly challenges her authority, contempt and arrogance. On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.Chapter Four The Victorian PeriodI. The features of Charles Dickens1. His critical realism: While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, he carried the duty to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2. He is a master storyteller. With his first senten ce, he engages the reader’s attention and holds it to the end.3. What he writes is mainly the middle and lower-middle class life in London.4. He is a master of language with a large vocabulary and an adeptness with the vernacular.5. He is a great humorist as well as a great painter of pathos. He always mingles the two to make his fictional world realistic.6. His characters are not only true to life but also large than life. There are both individual characters and type characters.II. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre1. Theme: The novel sharply criticizes the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions like Lowood School, where girls are trained to be humble slaves. It rebukes the social discrimination and false convention about love and marriage. Besides, the novel is a moral fable. It tells us that people have to go through all kinds of physical or moral tests to obtain their final happiness.2. The character analysis of Jane Eyre: Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain, but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, as a little governess. She is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.III. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Height1. The novel is an extraordinary moving love story: the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine is the most intense, beautiful, and the most horrible passions ever found among human beings.2. It is also a work of critical realism. Heathcliff is abused, rejected and distorted by the society only because he is a poor orphan of obscure parents. He suffers all kinds of inhuman treatment after the death of his benefactor. He loves Catherine dearly but forced to be separated from her. So, Heathcliff’s cruel revenge upon his enemies is justified in a way.3. The author makes clear that it is wrong to discriminate on the basis of social status, and it is cruel and destructive to break genuine, natural human passions. Although Catherine and Edgar’s marriage is ideal in the eyes of the whole neighborhood, her love for Heathcliff is hard and everlasting.IV. Robe rt Brouning’s “My Last Duchess”Dramatic Monologue can best bring out the Duke’s character in a dramatic way. The Duke is extremely cruel to kill his newly-married wife just because his jealousy. He is addressing to a character who exists but remains silent in the poem. He is showing off to this silent character about his wife’s beauty and his own power to destroy it. He justifies his own deed as a trifle matter. However, as audience, we may fee l strongly the contrary. His arrogance, cruelty and hypocrisy are fully exposed. What he says and what we feel form a sharp contrast and achieve an dramatic effect.V. George Eliot’s MiddlemarchGorge Eliot pays great attention to the mutual effect between the inner world of the character and the outer world of the environment. Dorothea had wanted to escape the common meaningless life of the gentle ladies and enter some noble cause by marrying Casaubon. But her voluntary help, companionship and tenderness are ignored by her husband, she is forced into the idle life.When Dorothea got up, Mr. Casaubon was in library. Looking through the windows at the white landscape and cloudy sky, she felt a dullness and lifelessness. The furniture, the book, and everything in the house too looked lifeless and shrunk to her. The gloomy environment found ready response from her inner heart. Her great disappointment with her marriage is here joined together with the outer dreary and lifeless environment to make up a pathetic picture.Chapter Five The Modern PeriodI. The feat ures of Shaw’s plays:1. Problem plays: He took the modern social issues as his subject with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, or religious problems.2. In his characterization, he makes the tricks of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His characters are the representatives of ideas, which shift and alter during the play.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学期末复习资料1 (20%)题型为选择题。
参考邮箱课件后选择题。
英美文学选读期末复习资料2 (30%)题型为填空和名词解释Literature refers to writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry.Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry with over 3,000 lines, is regarded today as the national epic of the english people.Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. Popular subjects for romances: King Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round Table.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme .The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.An extended metaphor is often called a conceit.Soliloquy is a speech in a play which the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two young “star-cross‘d lovers”whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families.Francis Bacon introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.John Donne is the leading figure of the“metaphysical school.”All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.In 1797 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the two poets became very good friends. They collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads, first published in 1798The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets.”Jane Austen is the only important female author in the 18-19th century英美文学选读期末复习资料3 (30%)指出作者，作品名及选文大意To be，or not to be：that is the question：“To be” is to continue to live, or to take action. “not to be” is to die, or to do nothing but suffering, to end one’s life by self- destruction. It is a dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and deathIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.it briskly introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley at Netherfield—the event that sets the novel in motion—this sentence also offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune”by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man “must be in want of a wife,”the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, is in (perhaps desperate) want of a husband.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring ; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.英美文学选读期末复习资料4 (10%)分析以下诗歌，见邮箱！Sonnet18Death Be Not PrideThe Sick RoseI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud英美文学选读期末复习资料5 (10%)分析以下小说Jane EyreAnalysis of the workThe work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, through constant starvation and humiliation, to be humble slaves, the social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt's house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriageAt the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo aseries of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.Analysis of the HeroineJane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Robinson CrusoeCharacterizationRobinson is a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist .Artistic FeaturesDefoe was a very good story-teller. Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible，and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.注：以上只是仅供参考的复习资料，更全面的资料请自行下载本学期课件，邮箱ygwxxd@密码12345。
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作II．名词术语:Ode——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.Alliteration——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at lastRage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped openKenning——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.e.g. Helmet bearer—— warriorSwan road——the seaThe world candle—— the sunRepetition &Variatione.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature /the foe / horrible monsterA host of young soldiers / a company ofKinsmen / a whole warrior-bandCaesura——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura.e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.the gold-hall of men, the mead-drinking placenailed with gold plates. That was not the first visitBallad——is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.Epic——is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton’s Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.The six main characteristics:1. The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.2. The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.3. The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiringsuperhuman courage.4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.5. It is written in a very special style.6. The poet tries to remain objective.Sonnet (Italian Sonnet, Shakespearean Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet, Miltonic Sonnet)①Italian sonnetcreated by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School.Petrarch (1304-1374) most famous early sonneteerIt falls into two main parts:an octave rhyming “abbaabba” (set up a problem ) + volta followed by a sestet rhyming “cdecde” or some variant, such as “cdccdc” (answer)②English / Shakespearean sonnetThe greatest practitioner: William Shakespearethree quatrains followed by a coupletoften presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains ?The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end.——a fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming：ababcdcdefefgg③Spenserian sonnetA variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenserthree quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet ?the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee——has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no breakbetween the octave (an eight line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.④Miltonic SonnetConceit——in literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Simile—is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements ha ving at least one quality or characteristic in common.Simile is almost always introduced bythe following words:like,as,as…as,as it were,as if,as though,be something of,similar to, etc.Metaphor—is a figure of speech where comparison is implied.It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality.But unlike a simile,this comparison is implied,n ot expressed with the word"as"or"like".Symbol——In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.Types of SymbolsI. Universal or cultural symbols/traditional symbolsare those whose associations are the common property of asociety or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal.e.g. water—lifeSerpent—the DevilLamb—Jesus ChristII. Contextual, Authorial, or Private symbolsare those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional; instead, they derive their meaning, largely if not exclusively, from the context of the work in which they are used.e.g. the albatross in Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Synecdoche——a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part e.g.My baby woke for a bottle.[提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.]Oxymoron——is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory.Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective–noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.e.g. painful pleasure a thunderous silencePun——The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intendedhumorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, and George Carlin.Puns can be classified in various ways:①The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.②A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.③Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.④A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.⑤A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.⑥Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture.Personification——a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.ExaggerationDramatic monologue—— a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audienceIrony——in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device,literarytechnique, or event characterized by an incongruity, or contrast, between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case.——A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency, in which an apparently straightforward statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance.Allusion——is a figure of speech, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection; where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference". Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices. A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock or T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. James JoyceRomanticism——Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.Modernism——Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from theconventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.The basic themes of modernism:1. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.2. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.3. Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did.The characteristics of modernism：1. Complexity and obscurity: (juxtaposition, no limitation of space)2. The use of symbols: (symbol: a means to express their inexpressible selves)3. Allusion: (Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature, art, history, or religion.)4. Irony: (an expression of one’s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.)Rhyme scheme——the pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza. Head rhyme: As busy as a bee End rhymeCrossed rhymeWill ye bridle the deep sea with reins, will ye chasten the high sea with rods?Will ye take her to chain her with chains, who is older than all ye Gods?Internal rhyme:“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary" Iambic meter/ trochaicmeter/anapestic meterIamb is a metrical unit (foot) of verseabout [?'ba?t] =?+'ba?t[?'ba?t]an unstressed syllable(?) +a stressed syllable(?)=one iambic foot/meterAbout about about about about=iambic pentameter抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。
19-20上期《英美文学》学习材料(新编)(3)
KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATUREI. A Brief Survey of the History of English Literature1.Anglo-Saxon period (450-1066): Beowulf;2.Norman period (1066-1350): Romance;3.The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400);4.15th century (1400-1550): Ballads;5.Renaissance period (1550-1642): Spencer and Shakespeare;6.17th century (1603-1688): 1) F. Bacon; 2) metaphysical poets; 3) John Milton; 4) JohnBunyan;7.18th century (1688-1798): 1) D. Defoe; 2) A. Pope; 3) S. Johnson; 4) H. Fielding; 5) T.Gray; 6) R. Burns;8.Age of Romanticism (1798-1832): 1) W. Wordsworth; 2) S. T. Coleridge; 3) G. G.Byron; 4) P. B. Shelly; 5) John Keats;9.Victorian Age (1832-1901): 1) Charles Dickens; 2) W. M. Thackeray; 3) Browning; 4)the Bronte sisters; 5) T. Hardy; 6) O. Wilde;10.20th century (1901—1980’s): 1) T. S. Eliot; 2) James Joyce; 3) Angry Young men; 4)Theatre of the Absurd (S. Beckett)II. Multiple choice1、“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. ”Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 includes three stanzas according to the content with these last two lines as a（）, which completes the sense of the above lines.A. preludeB. coupletC. epigraphD. exposition2、“Therefore at this fair are all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures, and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wive s, husbands, children, masters, servants…” The above sentences are taken from（）.A. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsC. Henry Fielding’s Tom JonesD. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe3、As a lexicographer, he distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary—A Dictionary of the English Language. What is his name?（）.A. Jonathan SwiftB. Samuel JohnsonC. Ben JonsonD. John Milton4、The composition of “Kubla Khan”by S.T. Coleridge was based on （）.A. a storyB. a dreamC. a dialogueD. an experience5、“Tiger! Tiger! Burning bright/ In the forests of the night, / What immortal hand or eye / Could frame thy fearful symmetry?”(“The Tiger” by William Blake) The above lines （）.A. descri be the tiger’s fierce eyes and forceful hands at nightB. express the poet’s curiosity for the skillful creation of the tigerC. express the poet’s surprise at the sight of the tiger’s well-proportioned bodyD. express the poet’s terror at the sight of the tiger in the forest at night6、“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a （）.”This quotation in Austen’s Pride and Prejudice sets the tone of the novel.A. houseB. titleC. wifeD. fame7、In Hardy’s Wessex no vels, there is an apparent（）touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.A. realisticB. nostalgicC. romanticD. sentimental8、“If I’ve done wrong, I’m dying for it. It is enough! You left me too; but I won’t up braid you! I forgive you. Forgive me!” These above lines are uttered by the heroine in（）.A. Shakespeare’s Romeo and JulietB. Emily Bronte ’s Wuthering HeightsC. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’UrbervillesD. Bernard Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession9、Modernism takes（）as its theoretical base.A. the irrational philosophyB. Darwin’s evolutionary theoryC. the French symbolismD. Utilitarianism10、The beginning of “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock” moves from a series of fairly concrete physical settings—a cityscape( the famous “patient etherized upon a table”)and several interiors (women’s arms in the lamplight, coffee spoons, fireplaces)—to a series of vague ocean images. It aims to convey（）.A. Prufrock’s emotional distance from the world as he comes to recognize his second-rate statusB. Prufrock’s eagerness to meet his dating loverC. Prufrock’s reluctance to meet his dating loverD. Prufrock’s excitement about the modern world 11、“North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet stree t except at the hour when the Christian Brothers’ School set the boy free. An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbours in a square ground. The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.”The above passage is the first paragraph of Araby by James Joyce. It sets a(n)（）tone of the story.A. optimisticB. activeC. gloomyD. serious12、In Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne, the name of Goodman Brown’s wife is （）, which also contains many symbolic meanings.A. RuthB. HesterC. FaithD. Mary13、The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of __________ to the outbreak of ___________.（）A. the 17th century…the American War of IndependenceB. the 18th century…the American Civil WarC. the 17th century…the American Civil WarD. the 18th century…the U.S.-Mexican War14、“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by（）.A. E.E. CummingsB. T.S. EliotC. Ezra PoundD. Robert Frost15、Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to（）.A. CynicismB. ModernismC. TranscendentalismD. Neo-Classicalism16、In（）, William Faulkner illuminates the problem of black and white in the American Southern society as a close-knit destiny of blood brotherhood.A. Go Down, MosesB. Light in AugustC. The Marble FaunD. As I Lay Dying17、The theme of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is（）.A. the conflict of human psycheB. the fight against racial discriminationC. the familial conflictD. the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past18、Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel（）the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”A. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventures of Tom SawyerC. The Gilded AgeD. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg19、Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement?( )A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology.C. The Glorious revolution.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.20、Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?( )A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.21、Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of ( ) adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. ChristianB. KnightlyC. GreekD. Primitive22、Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ( )A. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales23、"Bassanio: Antonio, I am married to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, my wife, and all the world,Are not with me esteem’d above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all,Here to the devil, to deliver you.Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer."The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate ( )A. dramatic ironyB. personificationC. allegoryD. symbolism24、The true subject of John Donne’s poem, "The Sun Rising," is to( )A. attack the sun as unruly servantB. give compliments to the mistress and her power of beautyC. criticize the sun’s intrusion into the lover’s private lifeD. lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lie25、Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a " in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.( )A. tragic epicB. comic epicC. romanceD. lyric epic26、The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are( )A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways27、Here are four lines from a literary work: "Others for language all their care express,/And value books, and women men, for dress." The work is( )A. Thomas Gray’s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"B. John Milton’s Paradise LostC. Alexander Pope’s Essay on CriticismD. Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream28、The phrase "to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils" may well sum up the implied meaning of( )A. Gulliver’s TravelsB. The Rape of the LockC. Robinson CrusoeD. The Pilgrim’s Progress29、William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT( )A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech30、Which of the following is taken from John Keats’"Ode on a Grecian Urn"?( )A. "I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!"B. "They are both gone up to the church to pray."C. "Earth has not anything to show more fair."D. "Beauty is truth, truth beauty."31、"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is an epigrammatic line by （）A. J. KeatsB. W. BlakeC. W. WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley32、"Ode on a Grecian Urn" shows the contrast between the （）of art and the （）of human passing.A. glory...uglinessB. permanence... transienceC. transience ... sordidnessD. glory ... permanence33、In the statement "-oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?" the term "soul" apparently refers to （）A. Heathcliff himselfB. CatherineC. one’s spiritual lifeD. one’s ghost34、The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the （）A. bitter satireB. larger-than-life caricatureC. Latinized dictionD. dramatic monologue35、The Victorian Age was largely and age of （）, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. poetryB. dramaC. proseD. epic prose36、( ) is the first important governess novel in the English literary history.A. Jane EyreB. EmmaC. Wuthering HeightsD. Middlemarch37、The major concern of ( ) fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.A.D. H. Lawre nce’sB.J. Galsworthy’sC.W. Thackeray’sD.T. Hardy’s38、Which is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism. （）A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. Bernard Shaw39、Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism? （）A. To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B. To put the stress on traditional values.C. To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D. To advocate a conscious break with the past.40、The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the ( ) in the American literary history.A. individual feelingsB. idea of survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature41、Henry David Thoreau’s work ( ), has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.A. WaldenB. The PioneersC. NatureD. Song of Myself42、The famous 20-year sleep in "Rip Van Winkle" helps to constructthe story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irving’s ( )A. concern with the passage of timeB. expression of transient beautyC. satire on laziness and corruptibility of human beingsD. idea about supernatural manipulation of man’s life43、Walt Whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry. His innovation first of all lies in his use of ( ), poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. bland verseB. heroic coupletC. free verseD. iambic pentameter44、The literary characters of the American type in early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following features EXCEPT that they （）A. speak local dialectsB. are polite and elegant gentlemenC. are simple and crude farmersD. are noble savages(red and white) untainted by society45、Hster Pryme, Dimmesdale, Cillingworth, and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in （）A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablestC. The portrait of a LadyD. The Pioneers46、"This is my letter to the World" is a poetic expression of Emily Dickinson’s ( ) about her communication with the outside world.A. indifferenceB. angerC. anxietyD. sorrow47、With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,( )became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the19th century.A. SentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism48、After The Adventu res of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom’s buddy Huck in a book entitled （）A. Life on the MississippiB. The Gilded AgeC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD.A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 49、However, the k eynote of Daisy Miller’s character, turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures. ( )A. experienceB. sophisticationC. worldlinessD. innocence50、Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be ( )A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists51、Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression? ( )A. Religion and immortalityB. Life and deathC. Love and marriageD. War and peace52、In "After Apple- Picking," Robert Frost wrote: "For I have had too much / Of apple-picking: I am overtired/ Of the great harvest I myself desired." From these lines we can conclude that the speaker is ( )A. happy about the harvestB. still very much interested in apple-pickingC. expecting a greater harvestD. indifferent to what he once desired53、Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ( )A. Ezra PoundB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Robert FrostD. Emily Dickinson54、The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their ( )A. indestructible spiritB. pessimistic view of lifeC. war experiencesD. masculinity55、In The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape, O’Neill adopted the expressionist techniques to portray the ( ) of human beings in a hostile universe.A. helpless situationB. uncertaintyC. profound religious faithD. courage and perseverance56、In Hemingway’s "Indian Camp", Nick’s night trip to the Indian village and his experience inside the hut can be taken as ( )A. an essential lesson about Indian tribesB. a confrontation with evil and sinC. an initiation to the harshness of lifeD. a learning process in human relationship57、Which of the following statements about Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story " A Rose for Emily," is NOT true? ( )A. She has a distorted personality.B. She is physically deformed and paralyzed.C. She is the symbol of the old values of the South.D. She is the victim of the past glory.58. "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is an epigrammatic line by ( )A. J. KeatsB. W. BlakeC. W. WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley59. Ode to the West Wind was written by ( )A. William Blake.B. William Wordsworth.C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.D. Percy B. Shelley.60. Death of a Salesman was written by ( )A. Arthur MillerB. Ernest HemingwayC. Ralph EllisonD. James BaldwinIII. Supply the names, nationalities and the literary schools for the following works.1. The Scarlet Letter_________________________________________2. The Sun Also Rises________________________________________3. The Tragedy of Macbeth____________________________________4. David Copperfield_________________________________________5. The Waste Land___________________________________________6. Jane Eyre________________________________________________7. Sons and Lovers___________________________________________8. Don Juan_________________________________________________9. Farewell To Arms__________________________________________10. Leaves of Gras s___________________________________________11. The Canterbury Tales________________________________________12. Pilgrim’s Progress__________________________________________13. Paradise Lost______________________________________________14. Ode To The West Wind______________________________________15. Doctor Faustus_____________________________________________16. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning____________________________17. An Essay on Criticism_______________________________________18. Robinson Crusoe_______________________________________________19. A Modest Proposal_____________________________________________20. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling_____________________________21. School For Scandal____________________________________________22. Elegy Written In A Country Churchyard____________________________23. The Songs of Innocence_________________________________________24. Auld Lang Syne_______________________________________________25. I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud___________________________________26. Kubla Khan___________________________________________________27. Ode On A Grecian Urn__________________________________________28. Sense And Sensibility___________________________________________29. Wuthering Heights_____________________________________________30. My Last Duchess______________________________________________31. The Mill On The Floss__________________________________________32. Tell Of The D’Urbervilles________________________________________33. Mrs. Warren’s Profession________________________________________34. The Man of Property___________________________________________35. When We Are Old______________________________________________36. A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man___________________________37. Rip Van Winkle_______________________________________________38. Nature_______________________________________________________39. Moby-Dick___________________________________________________40. Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn__________________________________41. Daisy Miller__________________________________________________42. Because I Could Not Stop For Death_______________________________43. Trilogy Of Desire______________________________________________44. In A Station Of The Metro_______________________________________45. The Road Not Taken___________________________________________46. The Hairy Ape________________________________________________47. The Great Gatsby______________________________________________48. For Who The Bell Tolls_________________________________________49. A Rose For Emily______________________________________________50. Catcher In The Rye_____________________________________________51. Commonsense_________________________________________________52. Poor Richards’ Almanac and Autobiography_________________________ IV. Supply the author, the title and the thematic sense for the following excerpts. Hamlet:（soliloquy/monologue）To be, or not to be：that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die：to sleep; No more；and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die，to sleep;To sleep！perchance to dream: aye, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled(摆脱) off this mortal coil, Must give us pause：there's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life;For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay,The insolence of office and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death,The undiscover'd country, from whose bournNo traveller return, spuzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lose the name of action. Soft you now!The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisonsBe all my sins rememb'red.1.Because I could not stop for Death,He kindly stopped for me;The carriage held but just ourselvesAnd Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste,And I had put awayMy labor, and my leisure too,For his civility.2.“The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.”3.“Then I mus t go: --you have said it yourself.”“No: you must stay! I swear it—and the oath shall be kept.”“I tell you I must go!” I retorted, roused to something like passion. “ Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton? –a machine without feelings? And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? –You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you—and full as much of heart!”4.I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 5."Her eyes met his and he looked away. He neither believed nor disbelieved her, but heknew that he had made a mistake in asking; he never had known, never know, what she was thinking. The sight of her inscrutable face, the thought of all the hundreds of evenings he had seen her sitting there like that, soft and passive, but so unreadable, unknown, enraged him beyond measure."6、"And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall,Then how should I beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways."7、"God knows, ... I’m not myself-I’m somebody else-- ... and I’m changed, and I can’t tell what’s my name, or who I am."8、"I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I---I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference."9、"Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow10、Nor lose poss ession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st;So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.11、I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make my interest in her wares seem the more real. Then I turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar. I allowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice call from one end of the gallery that the light was out. The upper part of the hall was now completely dark.Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.12.No Man Is An Island ——John DonneNo man is an island entire of itself;every man is a piece of the continent,part of the main;if a clod be washed away by the sea,Europe is the less,as well as if a promontory were,as well as any manner of thy friends or of thine own were;any man's death diminishes me,because I am involved in mankind.And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls;it tolls for thee.13.What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties!in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! inapprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals!14.Macbeth Act 5, scene 5, 19–28Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrowcreeps in this petty pace from day to dayTo the last syllable of recorded time;And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsthe way to dusty death.Out, out brief candle!Life is but a walking shadow,a poor player that struts and fretshis hour upon the stage and then is heard no more.It is a tale told by an idiot,full of sound and fury signifying nothing.15.I'M Nobody! Who are you?I'M Nobody! Who are you?Are you--Nobody--too?Then there's a pair of us!Don’t tell! they'd advertise--you know!How dreary--to be--Somebody!How public--like a Frog--To tell your name--the livelong June--To an admiring Bog!16.Song of Myself (1892 version)1I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance,Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,Nature without check with original energy.2Houses and rooms are full of perfumes, the shelves are crowded with perfumes,I breathe the fragrance myself and know it and like it,The distillation would intoxicate me also, but I shall not let it.The atmosphere is not a perfume, it has no taste of the distillation, it is odorless,It is for my mouth forever, I am in love with it,I will go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked,I am mad for it to be in contact with me.The smoke of my own breath,Echoes, ripples, buzz’d whispers, love-root, silk-thread, crotch and vine,My respiration and inspiration, the beating of my heart, the passing of blood and air through my lungs,The sniff of green leaves and dry leaves, and of the shore and dark-color’d sea-rocks, and of hay in the barn,The sound of the belch’d words of my voice loos’d to the eddies of the wind,A few light kisses, a few embraces, a reaching around of arms,The play of shine and shade on the trees as the supple boughs wag,The delight alone or in the rush of the streets, or along the fields and hill-sides,The feeling of health, the full-noon trill, the song of me rising from bed and meeting the sun.Have you reckon’d a thousand acres much? have you reckon’d the earth much?Have you practis’d so long to learn to read?Have you felt so proud to get at the meaning of poems?Stop this day and night with me and you shall possess the origin of all poems,You shall possess the good of the earth and sun, (there are millions of suns left,) You shall no longer take things at second or third hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books,You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me,You shall listen to all sides and filter them from your self.17.IF《如果》——Rudyard Kipling（拉迪亚德.吉普林）If you can keep your head when all about youAre losing theirs and blaming it on you;If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,But make allowance for their doubting too;If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies,Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;If you can dream - and not make dreams your master;If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;If you can meet with triumph and disasterAnd treat those two imposters just the same;If you can bear to hear the truth you've spokenTwisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,Or watch the things you gave your life to broken,And stoop and build ‘em up with worn-out tools;If you can make one heap of all your winningsAnd risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,。
英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
一.What is the theme of Beowulf这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚?（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：?哈姆雷特、?奥赛罗、?李尔王、?麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质?；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力?；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. 3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up hisambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料American Literature Introduction1.Basic Qualities of American WritersIndependent, Individualistic, Critical, Innovative, Humorous2.How to define American Literature?American literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.3.American Literature History1). Colonial period: (1607-the end of 18th century) 殖民时代的美国文学a.1607-War of IndependencePuritanism：hard work, thrift,piety and sobriety(n.节制，清醒).Forms: histories & poetry (religion)Representative writers: William Bradsteet , John Winthropb.War of IndependenceEnlightenment: discontented with the rule of British government--war(1775-1783)intellectual growth and political upheavalRepresentative writers: Benjamin Franklin , an everlasting myth of "American Dream"c.Cultural IndependenceRepresentative writers: Washington Irving--the father of American Literature,Sketch Book《见闻札记》James Fenimore Cooper, Leatherstocking Tales , Rip V an Winkle& The Legend of Sleepy Hollow2). Romanticism: the first half of 19th century 浪漫主义文学时期的美国文学a.The early Romanticism“New England Transcendentalism”paved the way for the romantic literary movement Representative writers:①.Ralph Waldo Emerson declared the cultural independence of the new nation from European literary tradition.The American Scholar Nature & Self-Reliance②. Henry David Thoreau Walden 《瓦尔登湖》b.“American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”High Romanticism(=mature Romanticism) Representative writers:①.Walt Whitman：Leaves of GrassEmily Dickinson:woman poet②.Edgar Allan Poe: father of American short stories and the detective story.③.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterHerman Melville: Moby Dick3). The realistic period(1865 - 1914) 现实主义文学a.Midwestern Realism①.William.Dean. Howells : founding father of American Realism ,The Rise of Silas Lapham②.Cosmopolitan Novelist: Henry James--- Psychological realism③.Local Colorism地方特色主义:MarkTwain--the Lincoln of our lit.-----The Adventure of Huckleberry Finnb.Naturalism: (from the last decade of 19th century to the early 20th century)Major Writers: Stephen Crane-----The Red Badge of CourageTheodore Dreiser ----- Sister Carrie Jack London-----The Call of the Wild4). The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 美国现代主义文学a.The 1920sMajor Writers: F. Scott FitzgeraldHemingway (the principal spokesman for Lost Generation)Imagism------Major Writer: Ezra Poundother poets:T.S Eliot, William Carlos Williams,Robert Frostb.The 1930sMajor Writer: John Steinbeck: spokesman for the poverty-stricken people The Grapes of Wrath (1939)American Drama: Eugene O’NeillSouthern Writer: William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury5). Modern and Contemporary American Lit. 二战后的美国文学The Post-war Poetry: Confessional Poetry自白诗Black Mountain Poets黑山派The Beat Generation垮掉的一代The New York Poets纽约派The Post-war novelMajor Writers: Flannery O' Connor(f.) ---A Good Man is Hard to FindSaul Bellow -----Nobel LaureateJ.D. Salinger ---The Catcher in the RyeJoseph Heller ---Catch-22Thomas Pynchon ----Gravity's RainbowWomen Writers: Amy Tan ---The Joy Luck Club汤亭亭Maxine Hong Kingston ---The Woman WorriorPearl Buck ---The Good EarthBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)1.美国开国之父华盛顿曾说过一句话：“我一生崇拜的人，只有三个，第一个人是富兰克林，第二个也是富兰克林，第三个人还是富兰克林！He appears on the American 100 dollar bill.2.LifeBorn in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston; No regular educationBecame an apprentice 学徒of a printer when he was 12An editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16Went to Philadelphia 费城when he was 17 to make his own fortuneSet up himself as an independent printer and publisher; Became financially independentat 42 retired to do what he liked(read, make scientific experiments and do good to his fellow men) 3.Inventions 发明: Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal / baɪˈfəukl/ glasses双焦点眼镜, even a strange musical instrument called an “armonica”玻璃琴, lightning-rod避雷针, The theories of electricity; first applied the terms “positive”and “negative”to electrical charges.4.His contributions to Society社会贡献: a. Pennsylvania Hospital; b. America’s first circulating library in Philadephia; c. University of Pennsylvania; d. American Philosophical Society; e. the postal system.5.Success as a statesman政治家Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence; Seeking help from France in American Independent War.6.Success as a writer作家His newspaper and magazinePennsylvania Gazette /gə'zet/《宾夕法尼亚公报》(later the Saturday Evening Post 《周六晚报》) Philadelphia Gazette《费城公报》General Magazine《大众杂志》---- the first colonial magazineHis works (masterpieces)The Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac [ˈɔ:lmənæk] 《格言历书》7.AutobiographyFranklin wrote this book when he was 65 years old.It’s a record of his rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.Content: four parts written at four different times1st part: 1771; a letter to his son; about 80 pages; his life before the age of 252nd part: 1784; (13virtues) 3rd part: 1788; 4th part: 1790;Franklin’s 13 virtues in The Autobiography:Around 1730, while in his 20s, Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues that he felt were an important guide for living.a.Temperance/ ˈtempərəns/ . Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.节制。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学复习资料英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，包含了许多经典的文学作品和作家。
通过复习英美文学，我们可以更好地了解西方文化和思想，同时也能够提升自己的语言表达能力和文学素养。
本文将为大家提供一些英美文学复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、英国文学1. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。
这些作品被誉为世界文学的瑰宝，展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧才华和对人性的深刻洞察。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说：《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
奥斯汀以细腻的笔触和幽默的描写，刻画了当时英国社会的风貌和女性的处境，成为英国文学的代表作家之一。
3. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说：《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
狄更斯以其对社会问题的关注和对人性的揭示而闻名，他的作品揭示了当时英国社会的黑暗面，对社会改革产生了深远影响。
4. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说：《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》等。
伍尔夫以其独特的意识流写作风格和对女性问题的关注，开创了现代主义小说的新篇章。
二、美国文学1. 马克·吐温的小说：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。
吐温以其幽默风趣和对美国社会的讽刺洞察而受到广泛赞誉，他的作品展现了美国南方的风土人情和对奴隶制度的批判。
2. 埃米莉·迪金森的诗歌：迪金森的诗歌充满了哲思和深度，她以其独特的写作风格和对生死、爱情等主题的探索而成为美国文学的重要代表。
3. 威廉·福克纳的小说：《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》等。
福克纳以其复杂的叙事结构和对南方社会的描绘而被誉为美国文学的巨匠，他的作品展现了南方社会的衰落和黑暗。
4. 托尼·莫里森的小说：《亲爱的》、《宠儿》等。
莫里森以其对种族、性别和身份问题的关注而成为美国文学的重要代表，她的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和歧视。
三、阅读技巧和复习建议1. 阅读经典作品时，要注重对文本细节的理解和分析。
Ame Exam Paper英美文学习资料
美国文学史及选读试题I. Multiple Choice 10’1. Who is different from others according to the division of writingperiod?A. Washington IrvingB.William Cullen BryantC. Captain John SmithD. James Fenimore Cooper2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____.A. 1798-1832B. 1810-1860C. 1860-1864D. 1776-17833. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven?(“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”)A. 11B. 12C. 13D. 164. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing?A. theologyB. literatureC. estheticsD. revolution5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____.A. typographyB. journalismC. revolutionD. the development of paper-making industry6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”?A. Walt ScottB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Washington IrvingD. Philip Freneau7. Who is the first American prose stylist that t acquired international fame?A. Captain John SmithB. Washington IrvingC. Benjamin FranklinD.E. A. Poe8. Who is the writer of To a Waterfowl?A. Anne BradstreetB. Thomas HardyC. William Cullen BryantD. Walt Whitman9. Thomas Paine is a ____?A. novelistB. dramatistC. poetD. pamphleteer10. Edgar Allan Poe mainly writes ____A. short storiesB. literary critic theoriesC. poemsD. dramasII. Blank-Filling 20’1.____’s reports of exp loration, published in the early 1600s, havebeen described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English.2.Hard work, ____, piety, and ____were the Puritan values thatdominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.3. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of twowriters, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of____ 4.From 1732 to 1785, Franklin wrote and published his famous____, an annual collection of proverbs.5.On January 10, 1776, Paine’s famous pamphlet ____ appeared. Itboldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis.6.As a poet, ____heralded American literary independence: his closeobservation of nature distinguished his treatment of indigenous wild life and other native American subjects.7.The attitudes of America’s writers were shaped by their____environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ____traditions of Europe.8.Romantic writers placed increasing value on the ____ expression ofemotion and displayed increasing attention to the ____ states of their characters.9.Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: ____ and____.10.T he central figure in Cooper’s Novels, ____ goes by various namesof Leatherstocking, Deerslyer, Pathfinder, and Hawkeye.III. Chinese Alternation of English Literary Terms 10’1.Puritanism2.Romanticism3.Sketch Book4.Thanatopsis5.The Wild Honey SuckleIV. Give a brief comment on American Crisis. 15’V. Answer the following questions. 25’1. What does the word “Power” in To a Waterfowl refer to? 5’2. What is your understanding on Helen in the poem To Helen? 5’3. What is the tone of Thanatopsis? 5’4. List some sound devices used in Raven 10’VI. Translate this poem by E. Dickinson. 20’There is no frigate like a bookTo take us lands away,Nor any horses like a pageOf prancing poetry.This traverse may the poorest takeWithout oppress of toll;How frugal is the chariotThat bears a human soul!。
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美国文学史及选读试题
I. Multiple Choice 10’
1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing
period?
A. Washington Irving
B.William Cullen Bryant
C. Captain John Smith
D. James Fenimore Cooper
2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____.
A. 1798-1832
B. 1810-1860
C. 1860-1864
D. 1776-1783
3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven?
(“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”)
A. 11
B. 12
C. 13
D. 16
4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing?
A. theology
B. literature
C. esthetics
D. revolution
5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____.
A. typography
B. journalism
C. revolution
D. the development of paper-making industry
6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”?
A. Walt Scott
B. Geoffrey Chaucer
C. Washington Irving
D. Philip Freneau
7. Who is the first American prose stylist that t acquired international fame?
A. Captain John Smith
B. Washington Irving
C. Benjamin Franklin
D.
E. A. Poe
8. Who is the writer of To a Waterfowl?
A. Anne Bradstreet
B. Thomas Hardy
C. William Cullen Bryant
D. Walt Whitman
9. Thomas Paine is a ____?
A. novelist
B. dramatist
C. poet
D. pamphleteer
10. Edgar Allan Poe mainly writes ____
A. short stories
B. literary critic theories
C. poems
D. dramas
II. Blank-Filling 20’
1.____’s reports of exp loration, published in the early 1600s, have
been described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English.
2.Hard work, ____, piety, and ____were the Puritan values that
dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.
3. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of two
writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of____ 4.From 1732 to 1785, Franklin wrote and published his famous
____, an annual collection of proverbs.
5.On January 10, 1776, Paine’s famous pamphlet ____ appeared. It
boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis.
6.As a poet, ____heralded American literary independence: his close
observation of nature distinguished his treatment of indigenous wild life and other native American subjects.
7.The attitudes of America’s writers were shaped by their
____environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ____traditions of Europe.
8.Romantic writers placed increasing value on the ____ expression of
emotion and displayed increasing attention to the ____ states of their characters.
9.Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: ____ and
____.
10.T he central figure in Cooper’s Novels, ____ goes by various names
of Leatherstocking, Deerslyer, Pathfinder, and Hawkeye.
III. Chinese Alternation of English Literary Terms 10’
1.Puritanism
2.Romanticism
3.Sketch Book
4.Thanatopsis
5.The Wild Honey Suckle
IV. Give a brief comment on American Crisis. 15’
V. Answer the following questions. 25’
1. What does the word “Power” in To a Waterfowl refer to? 5’
2. What is your understanding on Helen in the poem To Helen? 5’
3. What is the tone of Thanatopsis? 5’
4. List some sound devices used in Raven 10’
VI. Translate this poem by E. Dickinson. 20’
There is no frigate like a book
To take us lands away,
Nor any horses like a page
Of prancing poetry.
This traverse may the poorest take
Without oppress of toll;
How frugal is the chariot
That bears a human soul!。