【New】A1-The_History_of_Translation
EN_60950-1_2006_A1_2010
-3-
EN 60950-1:2006/A1:2010
1.2.3 Add the following definition:
1.2.3.Z1 PORTABLE SOUND SYSTEM small battery powered audio equipment: − whose prime purpose is to listen to recorded or broadcasted sound; and − that uses headphones or earphones that can be worn in or on or around the ears; and − that allows the user to walk around
4.3.13.6 Replace the existing NOTE by the following:
NOTE Z1 Attention is drawn to : 1999/519/EC: Council Recommendation on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields 0 Hz to 300 GHz, and 2006/25/EC: Directive on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (artificial optical radiation). Standards taking into account mentioned Recommendation and Directive which demonstrate compliance with the applicable EU Directive are indicated in the OJEC.
Starter Unit 3 Welcome A1a-2d 课件
其他
播种
seeds
蔬菜
flower
水果
/iˈnfvlaHitʊeeədi(drh)i/aelrsboest
其他
friend Clara to
pay a播vi种sit to their yard.
What else can Clara see in their yard?
/hen/ I can see a hen.
To live a better life there, Heidi and her grandpa decided to build a big yard. Can you help with that?
seeds
蔬菜
carrot
水果
/ˈkerət/
其他
播种
seeds
蔬菜
eggplant
水果
A: What’s that? B: It’s _____________. A: What are those? B: They’re _______________. A: How many__________can you see? B: I can see _______________.
You are organizing a farmhouse class activity. Please introduce what is in the yard of your choice.
Starter Unit 3 Welcome Section A (1a-2d)
What is fun in a yard?
通过本课时学习，我们能够：
正确认读、书写院落中可能存在的果蔬、家禽等相关的新授单词；能 够听辨并且掌握可数名词或词组的单复数形式。 （学习理解）
新教材人教版英语必修第二册课件-HISTORY-AND-TRADITIONS-泛读-技能初养成
[知识拓展]
(1)make an approach to
与……进行首次商谈
(2)the approach to(doing) sth. (做)某事的方法/途径
④I'm _e_a_g_e_rl_y_(eager)looking forward to meeting my good friends. ⑤The head is eager that all the workers should come in time. →The head is eager _fo_r_ all the workers _to_ come ina/an(large/good) amount of＋不可数名词 许多……
(作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式)
(large) amounts of＋不可数名词 许多……
(作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式)
the amount of
……的数量
(2)amount to
总计为；相当于
[即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①Joe has spent quite _a_n amount of energy on his English. ②A large amount of water _is__w_a_s_te_d_(waste) every day. ③Large amounts of money _h_a_v_e(have) been wasted.
[知识拓展] (1)be eager for/about/after be eager (for sb.) to do sth. (2)eagerly adv. eagerness n. [U]
newmark翻译理论
as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalent and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.
History of Translation in__ China
1) The introduction of Karl Marx’s (1818-1883) and Lenin’s (1870-1924) classical works on socialist and communist theories. April, 1919: Chen Wangdao (陈望道，1890-1977): the full text of the Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels, 1848) 1922: Lenin’s Nations and Revolution (1917) was translated; 1930: The translation of Marx’s monumental work Capital (1859) was published. The translations and publications of the classical works of Marxism –Leninism provided an ideological preparation for the birth of new China.
History of Translation in China
The earliest historical documents recording (the Rites of Zhou 《周记》 and the Books of Rites《礼记》) sporadic (分散的，个别 的)translation activities in China can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (c. 11th century-221 BC) ， when officials entitled xiangxu (象胥) or sheren (舌人) carried out translation activities so as to make communication possible between different nations. “ The Song of Yue Nationality”(越人 歌) appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period (722BC -481BC), which might be considered as the first poem translated in ancient China.
英语历史文献翻译50题
英语历史文献翻译50题1. In the ancient text, "thou art" was often used, which means _____.A. you areB. he isC. she isD. they are答案：A。
本题考查常见的古英语短语“thou art”的翻译。
选项A“you are”是“thou art”的现代英语对应翻译；选项B“he is”意思是“他是”，不符合；选项C“she is”意思是“她是”，也不符合；选项D“they are”意思是“他们是”，不正确。
所以正确答案是A。
2. The phrase "forsooth" in the old document can be translated as _____.A. indeedB. perhapsC. neverD. always答案：A。
“forsooth”这个短语在古代文献中常见，其意思是“确实；的确”，选项A“indeed”与之相符。
选项B“perhaps”表示“也许”；选项C“never”表示“从不”；选项D“always”表示“总是”，都不符合“forsooth”的意思，所以选A。
3. "Yonder lies the castle" should be translated into _____.A. 这里有城堡B. 那里有城堡C. 远处有城堡D. 旁边有城堡答案：B。
“yonder”意思是“那里；那边”，所以“Yonder lies the castle”应翻译为“那里有城堡”，选项B 正确。
选项 A 中“这里”对应的英语是“here”；选项C“远处”常用“far away”等表达；选项D“旁边”常用“beside”等词，均不符合题意。
4. The word "anon" in the historical text could mean _____.A. soonB. lateC. neverD. often答案：A。
history of translation theory
Later on, the translation of the Bible remained subject to many conflicts between western theories and ideologies of translation for more than a thousand years. The problems intensified with the growth of concepts of national cultures and with the coming of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, when "translation came to be used as a weapon in both dogmatic and political conflicts as nation states began to emerge and the centralization of the Church started to weaken evidence in linguistic terms by the decline of Latin as a universal language."
With the spread of Christianity, translation came to acquire another role, that of dissemination the word of God. Translation of the New TESTAMENT was marked by St Jerome (fourth century CE). "His approach to translating the Greek Septuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the scriptures."
汉英句子翻译第二节
【9】《当代翻译理论》. 刘宓庆. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.
【10】《文体与翻译》（增订版）. 刘宓庆. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
【11】《翻译学：艺术论与科学论的统一》. 黄振定. 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1998.
【12】《翻译文化史论》. 王克非. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚， 符合原意。
原文：大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个 总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不 全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报 名上电大英语班时，招来了多少惊讶的 目光。
难点分析：
大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八 年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩 子的女工，竟然报名上当地电大英语班时，招 来了多少惊讶的目光。
2. 语篇意识
语篇意识是指把整个语篇视为一个整体，注重 其内在连贯性(coherence)，也就是注重文章思 路和逻辑，注意上下文联系。连贯性是通过 Cohesion来实现的，就是把上下文联系起来的 那些词汇和语法手段，如连词、代词、指示词 以及起连接作用的短语和句式等。
如果缺乏整体观，翻译中只会盯住一个个孤立 的句子，译出来的句子语法正确，但上下文无 法串联或明显累赘，头绪混乱，看不出来龙去 脉。
3、翻译实践
【13】《英汉翻译手册》. 倜 西、董乐山. 北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司, 2002.
【14】《中国时尚热点新词速译》. 朱诗向. 北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2002.
【15】《英文汉译技巧》. 陈廷祐. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2001.
【16】《实用英语翻译技巧》. 吴伟雄、方凡泉. 昆明：云南人民出版社, 1997.
《英语专业系列》课件
Research and Academic Writing
Discover strategies for conducting research and producing academic papers.
Media and Communication
1
The Power of Media
Explore the influence of media on language, culture, and society in the age of digital communication.
《英语专业系列》PPT课 件
An engaging and comprehensive presentation on the English major, covering topics such as Language and Linguistics, Literature and Culture, and more.
Sociolinguistics
Language Variation
Investigate how language varies across different speech communities and social contexts.
Attitudes and Perceptions Language Planning
Building Linguistic Skills
Learn about the fundamental linguistic concepts and skills necessary for an indepth understanding of English.
English Literature Overview
Chinese translation history
The history of translation in ChinaThe history of translation in China is extensive and profound enough in impact to be almost epic. China's philosophical, political, and cultural outlooks change in distinct relation to the translation of other nation’s languages to its own. China's translation history spans over 3,000 years.1.) Translation in China: five regions function as one, Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC)Originally historical records note only the translators within China's borders as it was separated into five regions who spoke languages distinct to each area. For coherence amongst the land, translators functioned as officers for this specific role.During the time of the Zhou Dynasty, then, the significance of communicating, and therefore translating, was given import as an imperial scholar Jia Gongyan. He gave translating an official definition, “translation is to replace one written language with another without changing the meaning for mutual understanding."2.) Translation in China: foreign philosophy becomes native, Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 BC)Taoism was a relatively unchallenged philosophy in China until Buddhism gained a spotlight through foreign contact with India. Their Buddhist Sutras were translated from Sanskrit to reach the people of China on a wide scale. A significant translation issue arose, what should be the guiding principle:•Should translation be “literal” word by word from the original language to the tar get language to remain true to the text?•Should it be “free” as in a translation that is allowed to adjust enough to make sense to the target audience of this differing culture?A school specifically for translation was erected. Reaching into the eighth century, Sanskrit translation was refined and continued by Buddhist monks giving Taoism a significant rival. A Toaist Monk, however bridged the gap by translating Buddhist sutras himself, Xuan Zang also offered middle ground to the translation queries admonishing that translation must be BOTH truthful and understandable.3.) Song dynasties (960-1279) From religion to global education through translationBranching out from philosophy, translation began introducing Western interests in Science and affectin g scholarly interests in China. Works on elements, astronomy, and even Plato’s Logic debuted in China. Religion was not entirely left behind as in the 16th century Christian texts from missionariesas well as literature on technology they brought was translated.4.) Qing dynasty (1582-1773)Italian, Portuguese, Swiss, Polish, and French missionaries undertook the introduction of material to be translated exposing China to their varied interests especially science. Close to 70 of such missionaries visited China during this time.5.) Ming DynastyThe Ming Dynasty became a time of scholarship where translated text were used as the basis for further research. Xu Guangqi, Prime Minister and a noted Scientist led the charge to translation ofscientific studies from far off nations. Yan Fu, concerned for China's state in the wake of the rest of the world, became captivated by translated literature on evolution and natural selection. The worry arose for him that China would be eliminated if it did not adapt to the trends of the rest of the world. Survival of the fittest became a popular topic amongst the aristocracy. Yan Fu is celebrated in translation history because of his focus on the reading-audience of government officials and their formal use of translation to Classical Chinese. With government support, Yan Fu set down his triple translation criteria dominating for half a century thereafter:1. Faithfulness—true to the original document2. Fluency—understandable to the readers3. Elegance—aesthetically pleasing6.) Qing Dynasty[i]Translation during this time was mainly literary, namely Western novels to Chinese expanding creative interest in China from the range of generally essays and poetry. Grammatical errors were overlooked because of the Classical Chinese the translations were managed into by Lin Shu. 7.) May 4th Movement (beginning in 1916)-[ii]This time was also called the “new culture movement” as Marx and Lennin’s work seeped into the Chinese populace through translation of Communist works. By 1919 Chen Wangdo published a version of The Communist Manifesto. Thereafter translated communist theories fueled the Chinese revolution. A Transition Bureau was established by the Communist Party of China for the translation o f Marxist/Lenninism works for guidelines of founding the People’s Republic of China. Readership amongst the populace increased as Chinese vernacular in translation done by Lu Xun and Qu QuibaiLu Xun emphasized the faithfulness of translation. Qu Qiubai, as a politician also translated Russian literature into Chinese with importance on faithfulness to the original text. Moreover, Qiubai encouraged the inclusion of words and expressions form other cultures into colloquial Chinese.8.) 1949-1978Translation enjoyed a seat of special importance in the culture of China influencing the political, social, and educational domains in a more explicit way. The United Nations recruited translators from China for their skill to help translate documents9.) 1978-2001Normal translation practice continued to change with the political, economic, and cultural times. In 1978, “market-oriented translation” came into being. Market-oriented translation was open for access by every individual and organization.。
历史学专业英语词汇
Unit 1history ['histri] n. 历史，历史学narrative ['nærətiv] n. 记事，叙事Herodotus [hə'rɔdətəs] n. 希罗多德circa ['sə:kə] prep. （拉丁语）大约（简写c., ca., cir., circ., C.）Thucydides [θju'sidədi:z] n. 修昔底德chronological [.krɔnə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 年代学的，按年代顺序的territorial [.teri'tɔ:riəl] adj. 区域性的，地方性的thematically [θi'mætikli] adv. 按主题方式，按专题方式Big History 大历史（学派）archaeology [.ɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi] n. 考古学methodology [.meθə'dɔlədʒi] n. 方法论approach [ə'prəutʃ] n. 研究方法discipline ['disiplin] n. 学科perspective [pə'spektiv] n. 观点the humanities [hju:'mænitiz] 人文学科the social sciences 社会科学classification [.klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类anthropology [.ænθrə'pɔlədʒi] n. 人类学global history 全球史historiography [.histɔ:ri'ɔgrəfi] n. 历史编纂学，史学史，文献学biographical [.baiə'græfikəl] adj. 传记的，传记体的thematic [θi'mætik] adj. 主题的，专题的medieval [medi'i:vəl] adj. 中世纪的philosophy of history 历史哲学meta-level ['metə 'levəl]总体层面，元级teleological [.teli'ɔlədʒikəl] adj. 目的论的diplomatic [.diplə'mætik] adj. 外交的historical method 史学方法primary sources 原始材料epistemology [i.pisti'mɔlədʒi] n. 认识论Peloponnesian [.peləpə'ni:ʃən] adj. 伯罗奔尼撒半岛的divine [di'vain] adj. 神的，神圣的chronology [krə'nɔlədʒi] n. 编年史cyclical ['saiklikl] adj. 循环的posthumous ['pɔstjuməs] adj. 身后的，死后的dynastic [dai'næstik] adj. 王朝的Saint Augustine [seint ɔ:'gʌstin] n. 圣奥古斯丁Christian ['kristjən] adj. 基督教的，基督教徒的the Renaissance [rə'neisəns] n. 文艺复兴，文艺复兴时期religious [ri'lidʒəs] adj. 宗教的Hegel ['heigl] n. 黑格尔secular ['sekjulə] adj. 世俗的Ranke [ræŋk] n. 兰克epic ['epik] adj. 史诗的，叙事的；史诗，叙事诗nationalistic [.næʃənəl'istik] adj. 民族主义的Fernand Braudel [fer'nan brɔ'del] 费尔南•布罗代尔Le Roy Ladurie [lə rwa ladju'ri:] 拉鲁瓦•拉杜里Marc Bloch [mark blɔk] 马克•布洛克Lucien Febvre [lysjæn fevr] 吕西安•费弗尔multi-disciplinary [.mʌlti'disiplinəri] adj. 多学科的the Annales ['ænəlz] School 年鉴学派quantitative history 数量史学raw data 原始数据ethnic ['eθnik] adj. 族群的，族裔的racial ['reiʃəl] adj. 种族的genre ['ʒɑ:nrə] n. 类型，流派，风格history of everyday life 日常生活史Marxist ['mɑ:ksist] adj., n. 马克思主义（者）的；马克思主义者Eric Hobsbawm ['erik 'hɔbsbɔm] 埃里克•霍布斯鲍姆Georges Lefebvre [ʒɔrʒ lə'fevr] 乔治•勒费弗尔François Furet [fran'swa fy're] 弗朗索瓦•弗雷Roland Mousnier [rɔ'lan mu:'njei] 罗兰•穆尼埃anti-Marxist adj. 反马克思主义的feminist ['feminist] adj. 女性主义的，女权主义的；女权主义者postmodernist [.pəust'mɔdərnist] n., adj. 后现代主义者；后现代主义（者）的Richard Evans ['ritʃəd 'evənz] 理查德•埃文斯Keith Windschuttle [keiθ 'winʃʌtl] 凯斯•温修德historical periodization [piəriədai'zeiʃən] 历史分期classificatory [.klæsifi'keitəri] adj. 类别的，分类上的retrospective [.retrəu'spektiv] adj. 事后回想的，回顾的the Gilded Age 镀金时代the Dark Age(s) 黑暗时代the First World War 第一次世界大战decimal ['desiməl] adj. 十进法的，以十为基础的talismanic [.tæliz'mænik] adj. 护符（般）的，有护符般效力的the Victorian [vik'tɔ:riən] Era 维多利亚时代the Napoleonic [nə.pəuli'ɔnik] Era 拿破仑时代the Meiji ['mei'dʒi:] Era 明治时代the Merovingian [.mærə'vindʒiən] Period 墨洛温王朝时期Romantic [rə'mæntik] period 浪漫主义时期the sexual ['seksjuəl] revolution 性革命conservative [kən'sə:vətiv] adj. 保守的Roman Catholic ['kæθəlik] culture 罗马天主教文化Franco ['frɔŋkəu] n. 弗朗哥Unit 2primitive culture 原始文化Paul Tournal [pɔl turnal] 保罗·杜纳尔anté-historique ['a:ŋtei 'istɔrik] n.（法语）史前的prehistoric ['pri:his'tɔrik] n. 史前的Daniel Wilson ['dænjəl 'wilsn] 丹尼尔·威尔逊prehistorian [pri:hi'stɔ:riən] n. 从事史前史研究的专家，史前史学家the Stone Age 石器时代the Bronze Age 青铜器时代the Iron Age 铁器时代excavation [.ekskə'veiʃən] n. 发掘geologic [dʒiə'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质学的geographic [dʒiə'græfik] adj. 地理学的literate ['litərit] adj. 识字的，有文化的geneticist [dʒi'netisist] n. 遗传学家linguist ['liŋgwist] n. 语言学家paleontology [.pæliɔn'tɔlədʒi] n. 古生物学biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n. 生物学geology [dʒi'ɔlədʒi] n. 地质学archaeoastronomy [.ɑ:kiəuəs'trɔnəmi] n. 考古天文学linguistics [liŋ'gwistiks] n. 语言学molecular [mə'lekjulə] adj. 分子的genetics [dʒi'netiks] n. 遗传学archaeological [.a:kiə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 考古的，考古学上的artifact ['ɑ:tifækt] n. 人工制品anonymous [ə'nɔniməs] adj. 无名无姓的，匿名的Neanderthal [ni'ændətɑ:l] n. 尼安德特人academic [.ækə'demik] adj. 学术上的，从事学术研究的New Guinea [nju: 'gini] n. 新几内亚Paleolithic [.pæliəu'liθik] n. 旧石器时代；adj. 旧石器时代的the Lower Paleolithic 旧石器时代早期Homo sapiens ['həuməu 'seipienz] n. 智人（现代人的学名）Homo habilis ['həuməu 'hæbilis] n. 能人species ['spi:ʃi:z] n. 种类，物种usher ['ʌʃə] vi. 引入，引导anatomic [.ænə'tɔmik] adj. 解剖学上的burial ['beriəl] n. 埋葬，葬礼，坟墓sophisticated [sə'fisti.keitid] adj. 复杂的，精密的，老练的highlight ['hailait] n. 精彩部分，闪光点the Middle Paleolithic 旧石器时代中期the Cro-Magnon ['krəʊ'mænjɔŋ] n. 克罗马尼翁人nomadic [nəu'mædik] adj. 游牧的，游牧民族的，流浪的hunter-gatherer n. 捕猎采集者egalitarian [i.gæli'tɛəriən] adj. 平等主义的sedentary ['sedən.təri] adj. 定居的，固定不动的chiefdom ['tʃi:fdəm] n. 首领的地位，首领的权威stratification [.strætifi'keiʃən] n. 分层indigenous [in'didʒinəs] adj. 土著的，土生土长的，本地的the Upper Paleolithic 旧石器时代晚期Mesolithic [.mesə'liθik] n. 中石器时代；adj. 中石器时代的the Middle Stone Age 中石器时代Neolithic [.ni:əu'liθik] n. 新石器时代；adj. 新石器时代的Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n] n. 更新世；adj. 更新世的millennia [mi'leniə] (millenniums) n. 数千年marshland ['mɑ:ʃlænd] n. 沼泽地midden ['midn] n. 贝冢deforestation [.di:fɔris'teiʃən] n. 森林开发，滥发森林composite ['kɔmpəzit] adj. 合成的，复合的flint [flint] n. 极硬的东西，打火石microlith ['maikrəliθ] n. 细石器microburin [.maikrə'bjuərin] n. 小雕刻刀tackle ['tækəl] n. 用具，滑车adze, adz [ædz] n. 锛子canoe [kə'nu:] n. 独木舟bow [bəu] n. 弓the New Stone Age 新石器时代domestication [də.mesti'keiʃən] n. 驯养，驯化warfare ['wɔ:fɛə] n. 战争，战事Stonehenge ['stəun'hendʒ] n. 巨石阵millennium [mi'leniəm] n. 一千年Sumerians [su:'miriəns] n. 苏美尔人Peru [pə'ru:] n. 秘鲁Mesoamerica [.mezəuə'merikə] n. 中美洲the Fertile Crescent ['kresənt] n. 新月沃地（西亚伊拉克两河流域连接叙利亚一带地中海东岸的一片弧形地区，为上古文明发源地之一）irrigation [.iri'geiʃən] n. 灌溉the Metal Age 金属时代Chalcolithic [.kælkə'liθik] n. 铜石并用时代；adj. 铜石并用时代的the Old World 旧大陆，东半球（尤指欧洲）metallurgy [me'tælədʒi] n. 冶金术，冶金学metalworking ['metəl.wə:kiŋ] n. 金属加工tin [tin] n. 锡outcropping ['autkrɔpiŋ] n. 露出，露出地表arsenic ['ɑ:sənik] n. 砷，砒霜ferrous ['ferəs] adj. 含铁的cradle ['kreidəl] n. 摇篮，发源地valley ['væli] n. 流域Euphrates [ju:'freiti:z] n. 幼发拉底河Tigris ['taigris] n. 底格里斯河Mesopotamia [.mesəpə'teimiə] n. 两河流域Nile [nail] n. 尼罗河Indus ['indəs] n. 印度河subcontinent [sʌb'kɔntinənt] n. 次大陆adjacent [ə'dʒeisənt] adj. 临近的implement ['implimənt] n. 工具，器具ornament ['ɔ:nəmənt] n. 装饰物，装饰。
Unit Two China's Translation__ History
Ⅱ.Translate the following into Chinese: 1. There are very few tourists and they don’t spend because they can’t afford it. 2. “You want me to tell you what my husband thinks? If you want my opinion, I will tell you my opinion. I am not going to be channeling my husband,” said Hilary Clinton in early August of 2009. 3. I don’t think the US will ever be cured of Islamophobia.
It was an age when science was gaining importance in the Western world. The most remarkable achievements during these two centuries were the introduction of such basic sciences as mathematics, geometry （几何学） and astronomy(天文学).
Lin Zexu, the special imperial envoy to Guangdong province in 1838, was regarded as the first Chinese who opened his eyes to look at the outside world. Yan Fu, has not only translated many western books on sciences, but put forwards the famous three principles on translation：Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance.
Chapter 1 A Brief History of__ Translation
Yan Fu: The first one to systematically introduce western academic thoughts and bourgeois thoughts and culture Study in England at 25 Study Chinese from Wu Rulun（吴汝纶） His study and horizon superior to Li Hongzhang, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao
The Third Phase
Monk Yanzong 释彦琮 The first Chinese monk translator of Buddhist scriptures Over 100 volumes 8 points for scripture translation
Xuanzang 玄奘
1.2 Classification of Translation
translators modes materials to be translated human translation; machine translation oral interpretation; written translation literary works; scientific materials; practical writing; political essays disposal fullfull-text translation; abridged translation; adapted translation; integrated translation techniques principles aims effects literal translation; free translation; alliteration foreignization; domestication communicative translation; semantic translation overt translation; covert translation
新中国史英文
新中国史英文The Emergence of New China: A Journey Through TimeAs the sun rose over the ancient land of China, a new era dawned, one that would forever reshape the course of history. The establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 marked the culmination of a long and arduous struggle, a revolution that would usher in a new chapter in the nation's rich tapestry. This is the story of the rise of New China, a tale of resilience, transformation, and the unwavering spirit of a people determined to forge a better future.The path to the establishment of the People's Republic of China was paved with the blood, sweat, and tears of countless individuals who fought tirelessly against the oppressive forces of imperialism and feudalism. The Chinese Communist Party, led by the visionary Mao Zedong, emerged as the vanguard of this revolutionary movement, uniting the masses and galvanizing them towards a common goal –the overthrow of the Nationalist government and the creation of a socialist state.The journey was not an easy one, as the Chinese people faced numerous challenges and setbacks along the way. The devastatingimpact of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the civil war that followed, and the immense task of rebuilding a war-torn nation all tested the resilience and determination of the people. Yet, through it all, the indomitable spirit of the Chinese people shone through, as they rallied together to overcome these obstacles and forge a new path forward.The establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 marked a pivotal moment in the nation's history. The new government, led by Mao Zedong, embarked on a series of ambitious reforms and policies aimed at transforming China into a modern, industrialized socialist state. The implementation of the Five-Year Plans, the collectivization of agriculture, and the rapid industrialization of the country all contributed to the rapid economic and social transformation of China.One of the most significant achievements of the early years of the People's Republic was the eradication of poverty and the improvement of the living standards of the Chinese people. The government's focus on providing basic necessities such as food, housing, and healthcare to the masses, as well as the emphasis on education and cultural development, helped to bridge the gap between the urban and rural areas and to create a more equitable society.However, the path to progress was not without its challenges. The Great Leap Forward, a bold attempt to rapidly industrialize and collectivize the country, resulted in widespread famine and economic upheaval, leading to the deaths of millions of people. The subsequent Cultural Revolution, a political and social movement aimed at purging "bourgeois" elements from Chinese society, also had devastating consequences, disrupting the educational system, destroying cultural heritage, and causing widespread social unrest.Despite these setbacks, the Chinese people remained resilient and determined to forge a better future. The death of Mao Zedong in 1976 marked the beginning of a new era, as the country embarked on a series of economic reforms and opening-up policies under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. These reforms, known as the "Reform and Opening-up" policies, transformed China into an economic powerhouse, lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty and propelling the country onto the global stage.The transformation of China in the decades following the establishment of the People's Republic has been nothing short of remarkable. From a largely agricultural, impoverished nation, China has emerged as a global economic and technological superpower, with a rapidly growing middle class and a thriving private sector. The country's investment in education, infrastructure, and scientific research has enabled it to become a leader in fields such asrenewable energy, artificial intelligence, and space exploration.Yet, as China continues to grow and evolve, it faces new challenges and opportunities. The ongoing tensions with the United States, the need to address environmental degradation and climate change, and the ever-changing geopolitical landscape all present formidable obstacles. However, the resilience and adaptability that have defined the Chinese people throughout their history suggest that they are well-equipped to navigate these challenges and continue to shape the course of the 21st century.In the end, the story of New China is one of triumph over adversity, of a people who have risen from the ashes of a tumultuous past to forge a new and vibrant future. It is a testament to the power of human determination, the transformative potential of collective action, and the enduring spirit of a nation that has left an indelible mark on the world stage. As China continues to write the next chapter of its history, the world watches with bated breath, eager to witness the unfolding of this remarkable and ever-evolving story.。
Newmark的翻译理论
Distinction
Semantic translation: It focuses primarily on the semantic content of the source text. Communicative translation: It focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors.
语义翻译（semantic translation）
交际翻译（communicative translation）
关联翻译法（correlative approach to translation）
隐喻翻译（metaphor translation）
Semantic translation and Communicative translation
杀鸡取卵 goose-hen
(3)Translation of metaphor by simile
e.g. They crowded around him and the flood of questions came. 他们围着他，问题像潮水般涌来。
Methods of Translating Metaphors
translation, correlative approach to translation（关联翻译法）. 关联翻译法（correlative approach to translation）: The more important the language of the original or source language text， the more closely it should be translated.
History of the English Language
History of the English LanguageWhat is English?A short history of the origins and development of EnglishThe history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th centuryOld English (450-1100 AD)The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have greatdifficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be , strong and water , forexample, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.Middle English (1100-1500)In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conqueredEngland. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French wordsadded. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.Modern EnglishEarly Modern English (1500-1800)Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter.Part of Beowulf , a poem written in Old English An example of Middle English by ChaucerFrom the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishinghouses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. Late Modern English (1800-Present)The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.Varieties of EnglishFrom around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example,frame-up , was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon , ranch , stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words(through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written inEarly Modern English by ShakespeareToday, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.The Germanic Family of LanguagesEnglish is a member of the Germanic family of languages. Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.。
第三讲 清朝末年的西学翻译第一部分
Lecture 3Translation of Western Learning in the Late Qing Dynasty清朝末年的西学翻译Translation into Chinese all but stopped for roughly a hundred years with the expulsion of foreign missionaries in 1723. It resumed following the British invasion (1840-1842) and the subsequent arrival of American, British, French and German missionaries.The Opium War in the 1840 reduced China to a semicolonial and semifeudal country. Since then, progressive people who were anxious about the fate of China began to look for ways of its rejuvenation. They propelled the effort of translating and disseminating western knowledge about philosophy, natural and social sciences and brought about the third peak of translation in Chinese history.1. Translations by the advocators of Westernization Movement（洋务派的翻译）Prompted by the failure of the Opium War, the Qing government initiated the Westernization Movement from the 1860s. Owing to the Westernization Movement, western science and technology was transmitted to China once more.The proposition of “Chinese learning as the base and Western learning for application” by Zhang Zhidong became popular with the new-style intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty.They believed that a mastery of the advanced western technology in making ships and artillery could enable China to “learn from the foreign and conquer the foreign.”张之洞的“中学为体，西学为用”，成为晚清新式知识分子最典型的西学观点。
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以这一版为主，黄色部分是之前所缺的。
Requirement:
1. Translate the 1st paragraph（the content in【】）into Chinese;
2. Dead line 2015-09-30；
3. Please name your file as 姓名-班级-A1
4. Font 宋体, size 14
The History of Translation
【The first traces of translation date from 3000 BC, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom, in the area of the First Cataract, Elephantine, where inscriptions in two languages have been found. It became a significant factor in the West in 300 BC, when the Romans took over wholesale many elements of Greek culture, including the whole religious apparatus. In the twelfth century, the West came into contact with Islam in Moorish Spain. The situation favored the two essential conditions for large-scale translation: a qualitative difference in culture and continuous contact between two languages. When the Moorish supremacy collapsed in Spain, the Toledo school of translators translated Arabic versions of Greek scientific and philosophical classics. Luther’s Bible translat ion in 1522 laid the foundations of modern German and King James’s Bible(1611) had a seminal influence on English language and literature. Significant periods of translation preceded Shakespeare and his contemporaries, French classicism and the Romantic Movements.】
The twentieth century has been called the “age of translation” or “reproduction”. Whereas in the nineteenth century translation was mainly a one-way means of c ommunication between men of letters and, to a lesser degree, philosophers and scientists and their educated readers abroad, whilst trade was conducted in the l anguage of the dominant nation, and diplomacy, previously in Latin, was in Fren ch, international agreements between state, public and private organizations are now translated for all interested parties, whether or not the signatories understa nd each other’s languages. The setting up of a new international company, gives translation enhanced political importance.。