完型讲义

完型、改错、语法课程讲义第一章：概况1、教材简介2、要掌握的内容第二章：真题讲解1、2001年完形填空Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century 31 silent reading become commonplace.One should be 32 , however. of assuming that silent reading came about 33 because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual 34 of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.The last century 35 a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and 36 there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, 37 came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries. Railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and 39 whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in 40 way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, 41 its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership 42 .By the end of the century students were being recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 44 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term “reading” implied.31．A. would B. should C. did D. could32．A. way B. aware C. sick D. thought33．A. correctly B. simply C. amply D. directly34．A. mode B. model C. mould D. mood35．A. saw B. watched C. experienced D. concluded36．A. ever B. thus C. even D. for37．A. however B. as C. so D. since38．A. which B. whose C. where D. there39．A. of B. in C. against D. over40．A. no B. any C. one D. some41．A. wherever B. whoever C. whatever D. whichever42．A. on the other B. in the second place C. on the contrary D. in hand 43．A. adapt B. adopt C. consume D. condemn44．A. whether B. though C. if D. unless45．A. that B. what C. how D. why2、标注题型3、2002年真题You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. You 51 of daily activity may change: you find yourself 52 and active in the middle of the night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working. You stay in your room and have little contact with people 53 with those who speak your language. In your mind, you criticize the people around you they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed, concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You become 55 when you can't go into a restaurant and order the type of food you really like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U. S．news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home. Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are probably suffering from culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects. It affects people who have moved away from an environment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them—the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of.51．A. way B. pattern C. method D. track52．A. sleepy B. happy C. awake D. sad53．A. for B. lest C. besides D. except54．A. even B. merely C. indeed D. rather55．A. offended B. uninterested C. frustrated D. isolated56．A. here B. there C. back D. away57．A. the same as B. different from C. similar to D. familiar with58．A. situation B. condition C. reflection D. position59．A. in B. at C. within D. into60．A. unwritten B. written C. spoken D. secrete4、2004年真题Robert Spring, a 19th century forger, was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of famous Americans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and 51 in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he prospered by selling his small but 52 collection of early U. S．autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began 53 signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing then on the title pages of old books. To lesson the chance of detection, he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and 54 .Forgers have a hard time selling their produces. A forger can't approach a 55 buyer must deal with people who don’t have mu ch knowledge in the field. Forgers have many ways to make their work look real. For example, they buy old books to use the 56 paper of the title page, and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In Spring's time, 57 after the Civil War, Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring 58 a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson, the only daughter of Genera “Stonewall” Jackson. For several years Miss Fanny's 59 problems forced her to sella great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to her famous father. Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand. All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the 60 .51．A. arrived B. migrated C. traveled D. moved52．A. excellent B. genuine C. false D. rare53．A. originating B. innovating C. designing D. imitating54．A. subscription B. retention C. circulation D. accumulation55．A. respectful B. respectable C. respective D. respecting56．A. rough B. fragile C. aged D. preserved57．A. right B. simply C. only D. late58．A. invented B. discovered C. detected D. located59．A. lawful B. financial C. administrative D. criminal60．A. fakes B. realities C. originals D. duplicates5、2005年真题In Mr. Allen's high school class, all the students have to "get married." However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51.These mock ceremonies sometimes become so _52_that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the "minister." Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that _53_ take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial _54_ should be understood before people marry.Mr. Allen doesn't only introduce his students to major problems _55_ in marriage such as illness or unemployment. He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and _56_ that can strain a marriage to the breaking point. He even _57_ his students with the problems of divorce and the fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. _58_ they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feel that Mr. Allen's course is valuable and have _59_ the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have _60_ the school to offer the course again.51. A. duplications B. imitations C. assumptions D. fantasies52. A. noisy B. artificial C. graceful D. real53. A. might B. would C. must D. need54. A. issues B. adjustments C. matters D. expectancies55. A. to face B. facing C. having faced D. faced56. A. tribulations B. errors C. triumphs D. verdicts57. A. informs B. concerns C. familiarizes D. associated58. A. Until B. Before C. After D. As59. A. taken B. suggested C. endorsed D. reproached60. A. confirmed B. convinced C. compromised D. conceived6、2006年真题Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we 52 ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to 53 invitations, when to take statements seriously and 54.These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are 55 a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend 56 our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry 57 conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are 58. He or she is like a fish out of water.No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked 59 you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make me feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the 60 country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.51. A. complaint B. anxiety C. grief D. conflict52. A. convert B. associate C. orient D. familiarize53. A. refuse B. welcome C. deliver D. withdraw54. A. why not B. what not C. when not D. where not55. A. as much B. as much C. as much D. as if56. A. on B. with C. as D. for57. A. on the level of B. in accordance withC. by means ofD. in view of58. A. adjusted B. modified C. rejected D. removed59. from behind B. from under C. out of D. away from60. A. guest B. target C. host D. master7、2003年真题There were red faces at one of Britain's biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy $100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-year-old schoolboy （they thought he was twenty-one）.The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51 ．The band lost $20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because, for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and, for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he would have pocketed $20,000 54 ．Not bad for a fifteen-year-old. If certainly is better than 55 the morning full newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found, in his grandfather's house, a suitcase full offoreign banknotes. The clean, crisp, banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy 57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filed with notes.The cashiers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currency by 90%．They exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate. In three days, before he was found out, he took $200,000 from nine different banks．59 , he had already spent more than half of this on taxi-rides, restaurant meals, concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends（at least he was generous!）before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the banks have 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost their jobs.51．A. pay off B. pay up C. pay for D. pay out52．A. principle B. criterion C. custom D. deal53．A. to be B. having been C. being D. is54．A. profit B. advantage C. benefit D. commission55．A. sending B. transmitting C. delivering D. dispatching56．A. convincing B. valuable C. unusual D. priceless57．A. came B. pulled C. headed D. pushed58．A. problem B. question C. talk D. saying59．A. Interestingly B. Unfortunately C. Particularly D. Amazingly 60．A. kissed goodbye B. got rid of C. lived up to D. made up for8、1999年真题The problem of caring for the weak and sick members of the society has existed from the very earliest times. But the idea is a new one in the history of man.The Greek, for instance, had 31 public institutions for the sick. Some of their doctors maintained surgeries where they could carry on their work, but they were very small, and only one patient could be treated 32 . The Romans, in time of war, established infirmaries, 33 were used to treat sick and injured soldiers. Later on, infirmaries were founded in the larger cities and were 34 out of public funds.35, the Roman influence was responsible for the establishment of hospitals. 36 Christianity grew, the care of the sick became the duty of the Church. During the Middle Ages Monasteries and convents provided most of the hospitals Monks and nuns were the nurses.The custom of making pilgrimages to religious shrines also helped advance the 37 of hospitals. These pilgrimages were often long, and the travelers had to stop 38 at small inns along the road.These inns were called hospitalia, or guest houses, from the Latin world hospes, meaning “a guest”. The inns connected with the monasteries 39 themselves to caring for travelers who were ill or lame or weary. In this way the nam e “hospital” became connected with 40 for the afflicted.Since living conditions during the Middle Ages were not very comfortable or hygienic, the hospitals of those days were 41 clean or orderly. In fact, many 42 hospital would put two or more patients in the same bed!During the seventeenth century, there was a general 43 living conditions. People began to feel that it was the duty of the state to care for its ailing citizens. But it wasn’t 44 the eighteenth century that public hospitals became general in the larger towns of England. Soon, the idea of public hospitals began to 45 and they appeared all over Europe.31. A. a few B. no C. many D. few32. A. at a time B. at no time C. once and again D. once for all33. A. they B. that C. in which D. which34. A. supplied B. recruited C. built D. supported35. A. In the same way B. In a big wayC. In a wayD. In the way36. A. Since B. Although C. If D. As37. A. history B. idea C. condition D. equipment38. A. overnight B. for sleeping C. once D. in time39. A. devoting B. that devoted C. casing D. friendship40. A. housing B. hospitality C. casing D. friendship41. A. far from being B. far to beingC. so far as to beD. so much from being42. A. a B. other C. of the D. such43. A. agreement on B. awareness ofC. improvement inD. interest in44. A. in B. by C. up to D. until45. A. occur B. spread C. conceive D. strike第三章：定语从句11、定语从句（1）8个关系代词和3个关系副词2、定语从句练习 2002年试题/Unit1（1）As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, 37 came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries. Railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.38．A. which B. whose C. where D. there15. This is the shop__ I often speak to you.A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. in which16. This is the shop__ I often buy food stuff.A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. in which11. The reason__ he died was lack of medical care.A. which B for that C as D why10. There can’t be any life on Venus, ___ the temperature is as high as 900FA whichB when C. where D there1. The professor and her achievement __ you told me about are admired by us all.A.whoB. whichC. thatD. whom31. I have kept up a friendship with a girl who I was at school __twenty years ago.A. aboutB. sinceC. tillD. with3、定语从句（2）Unit 1 定语从句练习3. Such people __ know Tom thought he was a trustworthy man.A. thatB. whichC. asD. whatPassage 1Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 3 ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 ，with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing .4、定语从句练习Passage13/Unit1(2)Families have also 13 changes these years．more families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .15．A. than B．that C．which D．as7. A microscope can reveal vastly __ detail than is visible to the naked eye.A. thanB. than moreC. more thanD. more6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than __ in the public today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. existed5、定语从句练习 Unit 1（2）20. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ___ the students’ potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which23. They will move into the new house next Friday, ____ it will be completely furnished.A. by the timeB. by which timeC. by that timeD. by this time39. He’s written a book ___ the name I’ve completely forgot ten.A. whoseB. whichC. of whichD. that第四章：通过真题分析六大题型1、并列、排比关系 Passage 13Many theories concerning the cause of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status，5 as a rejection of middle-class values.2．A. before B．unless C．until D．because4．A. return B．reply C．reference D. response第五章：定语从句21、定语从句（3）But引导定语从句2、What引导从句3、What引导从句2001年试题By the end of the century students were being recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 44 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term “reading” implied.45．A. that B. what C. how D. why4、定语从句（4）5. This is the best book ___ on the subject.A. which there isB. that there isC. which isD. what is2. I don’t suppose anything happens ___ he doesn’t foresee.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as第六章：六种题型的巩固与提高1、题型简单介绍第七章：非谓语动词1、三大非谓语动词（1）I was angry for ___ being late.2、三大非谓语动词（2）12. After seeing the movie, ____.A. the book was read by him.B. the book mad him want to read it.C. the reading of the book interested him.D. he wanted to read the book14. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost15. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ____ insufficiently popular with all members.A. being consideredB. consideringC. to be consideredD. having considered3、三大非谓语动词（3）3. A new technique ___, the yield of this factory rose last year.A. being worked outB. to be worked outC. working outD. having been worked out8. ____, she went back to her room.A. There was no cause for alarmB. There being no cause for alarmC. There be no cause for alarmD. There has been no cause for alarm1. Since British Railways introduced its new inter-city expresses, many businessman have taken ___ by train.A. in travellingB. to travelC. to travellingD. on travel2. I don’t think you will have any difficulty ___ a driving license.A. for gettingB. to getC. having gotD. getting3. Sam is getting ___ to go to a party, but is having trouble ___ on what clothes to wear.A. to dress… decidingB. to be dressed… to decideC. dressed….decidingD. dressing… decid ing4. I will overlook ___ so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again.A. you to beB. your beingC. you to have beenD. you having been5. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ___ in a short period of time.A. being createdB. to have been createdC. having been createdD. to be created6. Shortly after his retirement, the former president ___ gardening and hunting.A. took toB. took onC. took inD. took after7. Technology will play a key role in ___ future life-styles.A. to shapeB. shapingC. shaped ofD. shaped9. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ____.A. were not able to help laughterB. could not help but laughingC. could not help laughingD. could not help to laughE. could not help but laugh10. It is better to die on one’s feet than ____.A. living on one’s kneesB. live on one’s kneesC. on one’s kneesD. to live on one’s knees11. The students expected there ___ more reviewing classes before the final exams.A. isB. BeingC. have beenD. to be13. For there ___ successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.A. isB. to beC. will beD. being15. ____ to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism.A. When attributing emotionB. Attributing emotionC. Emotion is attributedD. If emotion is attributed20. John was relying on there ___ another opportunity.A. wasB. beingC. had beenD. would第八章：虚拟语气第一节：虚拟语气（1）1、if条件句虚拟语气，如果……就……2、if 主将从现，主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时来代替将来时3、祈使句+and+表将来时态的句子——主将从现得变体形式5. ___ today, he would get there by Monday.A. If he leftB. Was he to leaveC. Were he to leaveD. If he leaves6. The business is risky. But ___, we would be rich.A. should we succeedB. would we succeedC. might we succeedD. could we succeed16. ___ the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A. Had it not been forB. Were it not forC. Had it not beenD. Should it not be38. ___ for your help, we’d never have been able to get over the difficulties.A. Had it not beenB. Had it notC. If it were notD. If we had not been39. The storm delayed us. ___ the storm we would have been in time.A. ForB. Were it not forC. Had it not been forD. But第二节：虚拟语气（2）第三节8. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ___ to its burning temperature.A. is heatedB. will be heatedC. be heatedD. would be heated9. It is advisable that a general announcement ___ to the teaching staff.A. will be madeB. should makeC. be madeD. have been made17. The board deemed it urgent that these files ___ right away.A. had to be printedB. should have been printedC. must be printedD. should be printed28. These facts suggested that women ___ in opportunity for physical exercise by cultural taboos.A. should been limitedB. had been limitedC. be limitedD. have been limited25. I second Mr. Wang’s motion that a special committee ___ to examine the problem.A. be establishedB. establishedC. was to establishD. was established17. The board deemed it urgent that these files ___ right away.A. had to be printedB. should have been printedC. must be printedD. should be printed第三节：虚拟语气（3）31. I would very much like to have gone to see the movie, but I ___ a ticket.A. shall not haveB. haven’t hadC. don’t haveD. didn’t have26. He was fully occupied yesterday, otherwise he ___ to the sales conference.A. would comeB. would have comeC. cameD. had come24. Sally can’t have been in Paris, or ___.A. I metB. I’d metC. I’ll meet himD. I’d have met33. “I wish you ___ the play last night.” “It’s a shame that I ___”.A. had attended/ didn’tB. attended / didn’tC. ha d attended/ hadn’tD. could attend / haven’t36. It is a imperative on us ___.A. to be tolerant of himB. that we should be tolerant of himC. to tolerant of himD. to tolerant him10. If only we ___ a phone! I’m tired of queuing outside the public phone box.A. hadB. had hadC. would haveD. have had第九章：主谓一致1、主谓一致1. She as well as the other students ___ how to install this electric equipment.A. has learnedB. are learningC. have learnedD. are to learn2. Beef cattle ___ of all livestock for economic growth in certain geographic regions.A. the most are importantB. are the most importantC. is the most importantD. that are most important5. The police ___ the prisoner’s statements by questioning several witnesses.A. are verifyingB. is verifyingC. are verifiedD. is verified8. In the last few years, intensive design and development effort ___ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.A. have been appliedB. has been appliedC. is been appliedD. would be applied3. ___ in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water.A. Plants are widely spacedB. The spacing of plants is wideC. Plants to be spaced widelyD. The wide spacing of plants6. She says more than one ___ dismissed from this company.A. have beenB. should beC. has beenD. had been第十章：倒装1、倒装1. Not only ___ to determine the depth of the ocean floor, but it is also used to locate oil.A. to use seismologyB. is seismology usedC. seismology is usedD. using seismology6. Not only ___ all the positive charge of an atom, it is the site of the weight of every atom.A. does the nucleus holdB. the nucleus holdingC. the nucleus does holdD. holds the nucleus4. Only recently ___ possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determine their chemical composition.A. it becomesB. having becomeC. has it becomeD. which becomes18. Only with a complete grasp of all the cues of social intercourse ___ disappear.A. this strain willB. will this strainC. this strain shouldD. should this strain3. ___ to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begunB. No sooner had he begunC. Not until he begunD. Scarcely did he begin17. On no account ___ borrow money from friends, and still less ___ dependent on the favors of rich relatives.A. I would…I would beB. would I…I would beC. would I…would I beD. I would…would I be13. ___ the 18th century did man realize that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.A. Not untilB. It was not untilC. UntilD. It was until14. ___ that the pilot couldn’t fly through it.A. So the storm was severeB. So severe was the stormC. The storm so severe wasD. Such was the storm severe第十一章：总结和归纳1、历年真题的总结、归纳和分析（1）Families have also 13 changes these years．more families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .13．A. survived B．noticed C．undertaken D．experienced 14．A. contrarily B．consequently C．similarly D．simultaneously 15．A. than B．that C．which D．as16．A. system B．structure C．concept D．heritage Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.9．A. affect B．reduce C．check D．reflect10．A. point B．lead C．come D．amount11．A. in general B．on average C．by contrast D．at length。