考研英语翻译学习资料
考研英语翻译-学科专业及相关词汇
考验翻译学习资料：学科、专业名称中英文互译及相关词汇哲学Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economicss国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics计量经济学Quantitative Economics应用经济学Applied Economic财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)统计学Statistics (注意也可能为“统计数据”)法学Law / Science of Law/ Legal Science法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science国际政治学International Politics政治制度Political Institution外交学Diplomacy (注意diplomatism 外交手段，外交手腕)国际关系学International Relations社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology教育学Education/ Education Science 教育学原理Educational Principle心理学Psychology 应用心理学Applied Psychology行为学behaviorism文学Literature 语言学Linguistics应用语言学Applied Linguistics新闻传播学Journalism and Communication电影学Film历史学History专门史History of Particular Subjects近现代史Modern and Contemporary History世界史World History考古学Archaeology博物馆学Museology数学Mathematics应用数学Applied Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics 理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics 等离子体物理学Plasma Physics 凝聚态物理学Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics化学Chemistry 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry天文学Astronomy 天体物理学Astrophysics 天体测量学Astrometry地球物理学Geophysics大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学Marine Sciences (另：oceanology 海洋资源开发研究，海洋地理研究) 地质学Geology构造地质学Structural Geology生物学Biology微生物学Microbiology植物学Botany 动物学Zoology生理学Physiology 遗传学Genetics生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science力学Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics 流体力学Fluid Mechanics理学Natural Science 工学Engineering机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering电气工程Electrical Engineering信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture城市规划与设计Urban Planning and Design水利工程Hydraulic Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering 兽医学Veterinary Medicine 临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry水土保持Soil and Water Conservation荒漠化防治Desertification Combating医学Medicine 基础医学Basic Medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine免疫学Immunology内科学Internal medicine外科学Surgery老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病学Psychiatry护理学Nursing康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine 急诊医学Emergency Medicine公共卫生Public Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene中医学Chinese Medicine 方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science管理学Management Science 工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting情报学Information Science通用前缀：比较－comparative应用－applied临床－clinic后－post相关：广义general 狭义restricted/ special辩证法/辩证法的，辩证的dialectic悖论paradox 谬论fallacy边缘学科/交叉学科interdisciplinary 跨学科cross-disciplinary实地研究/现场研究field study 理论研究theoretical study文献研究literary study/research评论criticism方法论methodology女权主义feminism现代主义modernism 后现代主义post-modernism现实主义realism 唯物主义materialism 唯心主义idealism （有时为理想主义）内涵connotation(文化内蕴)/ intension 外延denotation（字面意义）/extension归纳induction 演绎deductionhumanism 人本主义，人文主义humanitarianism 人道主义，博爱主义relativism 相对主义(注意不等于物理学中的“相对论”！) 这学名词A theory that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them.相对主义：认为真理的概念及道德价值不是绝对的而是相对于持有它们的人或集团的理论relativity 相对论（物理学名词）Encyclopedia 百科全书Renaissance 文艺复兴（时期的）各种学位名称B.A. or BA 文学士（Bachelor of Arts）B.S. or BS 理学士（Bachelor of Science）M.A. or MA 文科硕士（Master of Arts）M.S. or MS 理科硕士（Master of Science）M.B.A. 工商管理硕士（Master of Business Administration）Ph.D 哲学博士（Doctor of Philosophy）（注意并非所有的博士都是Ph. D）D.S. 理学博士（Doctor of Science）M. D. 医学博士（Doctor of Medicine）Eng.D 工学博士（Doctor of Engineering）。
历年考研真题译文英语
历年考研真题译文英语As the competition for graduate school enrollment becomes increasingly fierce, many students turn to the previous years' postgraduate exam questions for practice. One crucial aspect of the exam is the translation of English texts into Chinese. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating past graduate exam questions and offer some strategies for effective translation.Why is translating past graduate exam questions important? Firstly, it helps students familiarize themselves with the structure and style of the exam questions. By practicing translation, students can anticipate the types of passages that are likely to appear in the exam and develop effective strategies to tackle them. Additionally, translating past exam questions provides an opportunity to enhance vocabulary and language proficiency. Through analyzing and translating various texts, students can expand their vocabulary and improve their understanding of English grammar and syntax.To effectively translate past graduate exam questions, it is important to adopt certain strategies. First and foremost, students should focus on understanding the meaning of the original text. By grasping the main ideas and key points, students can ensure an accurate translation. It is also crucial to pay attention to the context of the passage. Understanding the background information and cultural nuances can help in conveying the intended meaning accurately.Another helpful strategy is to break down complex sentences and phrases into simpler components. This allows for a clearer understanding of the intended meaning and facilitates the translation process. Additionally,students should make use of dictionaries and translation tools to verify their translations and explore alternative translations for tricky words or phrases.Grammar and syntax play a significant role in translation accuracy. Students should pay attention to sentence structure, verb tenses, and word order. It is important to ensure that the translated text is not only accurate but also flows smoothly in Chinese.Practicing past graduate exam questions is essential for success in the actual exam. By translating a wide range of texts, students can build the necessary skills and confidence needed to tackle the translation section. Regular practice allows students to identify their weaknesses and areas that require improvement, enabling them to work on those areas and refine their translation skills.In conclusion, translating past graduate exam questions is a crucial aspect of exam preparation. It helps students familiarize themselves with the structure, style, and content of the exam. By adopting effective translation strategies and practicing regularly, students can enhance their language proficiency and increase their chances of success in the graduate entrance exams. Good luck with your exam preparation!。
考研英语常见翻译 及 考研复试专用资料【强烈推荐】
1.自我介绍(self-introduce)Good morning.I am glad to be here for this interview.First let me i uce myself.My name is***,24.I come from******,the capital of******* nce.I graduated from the*******department of*****University in July, In the past two years I have been prepareing for the postgraduate examina while I have been teaching*****in NO.****middle School and I was a head-er of a class in junior grade two.Now all my hard work has got a result s I have a chance to be interview by you.I am open-minded,quick in thought and very fond of history.In my spa me,I have broad interests like many other youngers.I like reading books, ially those about*******.Frequently I exchange with other people by maki mments in the forum on line.In addition,during my college years,I was on Net-bar technician.So,I have a comparative good command of network appli n.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for i ation in Internet.I am a football fan for years.Italian team is my favori yway,I feel great pity for our country’s team.I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on l ng.Of course,if I am given a chance to study******in this famous Univ y,I will stare no effort to master a good command of advance******.2.考研原因(reasons for my choice)There are several reasons.I have been deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere when I came h ast summer.In my opinion,as one of the most famous******in our country provide people with enough room to get further enrichment.This is the f reason.The second one is I am long for doing research in******throughout my Its a pleasure to be with my favorite******for lifetime.I suppose this he most important factor in my decision.Thirdly,I learnt a lot from my*****job during the past two years.H r,I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.Li precious.It is necessary to seize any chance for self-development,espe y in this competitive modern world.In a word,I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for futu ofession after two years study here.First,I hope I can form systematic view of*****.As for******,myss wish is to get a complete comprehension of the formation and developme well as**************.If possible,I will go on with my study for doct degree.In a word,I am looking forward to making a solid foundation future profession after two years study here.摘要；The article focuses on the topics of...The purpose of this article is to...The thesis discusses/deals with/analyzes/elaborates on正面As is vividly depicted in the picture(s),_____________is a contemporary social issue in C common interests and permanent value.There is\are主人公who is\are doing something+地点状语surprise/excitement____________.主人公think(s)that_____________.Obviously,it is__________ makes it possible for主人公to_____________.This kind of social phenomenon is not entirely a coincidence.Its status at the focus of public c mainly results from its profound influence on individuals,collective and even the whole world.But we ask ourselves whether the craze is beneficial or harmful and what we can attribute this phenomenon.Th reasons accounting for it.Firstly,with the rapid development of economy and society,some people feel d desperate about the reality,so they desire to find a goal or a spirit to achieve this ideals and feel satisifi their life.Secondly,just opposite to the above,others do their utmost to keep step with the time.Asso ____with their life closely.Thirdly,some people even don’t have any special purpose but do it as others. deep heart,they don’t treat it as a good or bad thing but as fun.Frankly speaking,this social phenomenon is very dangerous to ourselves.Some young men spend m their time on it.As a result,they don’t have enough time to study or work,they are alw behind.Moreover,it is harmful to the establishment of a harmonious society.To draw a conclusion,we don’t deny that_____is beneficial,but in a sensible way.Personally,I th disadvantages outweigh the advantages and_____should not be recommended to must students.They ca form what theyhave achieved and try to behave that way.And also parents(schools)should give proper to their children(students)to form a proper outlook of the word.更多kaoyan专业课资料，请登录松竹考研商城1.According to a recent survey,four million people die each year from diseaseslinked to smoking.依的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。
考研英语翻译(基础)讲义
第八讲:翻译技巧：句法翻译法定语从句的翻译一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。
（一）重复先行词。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
考研英语 翻译专项解析名师资料汇编正规版
考研英语翻译专项解析名师资料汇编(可以直接使用，可编辑优秀版资料，欢迎下载）翻译专项解析第一章总论第一节翻译命题规律“英语（一）考试大纲”对翻译部分的考查要求和考点的表述是：“主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个画线部分(约150词）译汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
”通过分析和总结历年英译汉试题，可以发规在体裁和题材方面的特点如下：1.体裁特征所选的短文多为正式的说明文或议论文，而且用词规范、正式。
短文内容和句意比较抽象。
2.题材特征所选的短文多是从报纸、杂志和书籍中摘录的，反映自然科学、社会科学的文章片段。
如2021年英译汉原文就选自里奥帕德写的一本书《沙郡年记》，该书是出版于1949年的一本自然随笔和哲学论文集。
3.句子特征英译汉部分考查的画线句子大多语法结构和逻辑关系复杂。
一般都包含复杂的定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、被动句以及特殊的语法现象。
所以考查的重点之一就是准确把握复杂句子结构并将其转化成相应的汉语句子。
4.用词特征英译汉试题句子的用词常常是非常灵活的,常涉及如下几个方面:专有名词、一次多义、熟词生义、代词还原等,需要考生掌握词义选择、词义引申、增词、减词以及词类转换等常见的词法翻译技巧，以达到准确翻译的目的。
为了便于大家复习，下面附上2002—2021年翻译试题的体裁、题材和考点分布。
2002—2021年考研英语翻译试题体裁、题材、考点分布表总之，翻译是阅读理解的一部分，对文章内容的准确理解是准确翻译的基础。
但考研翻译中对英语材料的准确理解与阅读理解中的准确理解是不同概念，翻译中所谓的“准确理解”在于准确把握每个词义，每一层语法修饰关系。
此外，对文章的准确理解只是翻译的前提和基础，是翻译的第一步。
翻译过程包括理解和表达，所以还要把理解准确的英语翻译成通顺、符合表达习惯的汉语。
第二节阅卷采分点翻译部分为人工评阅。
考研英语翻译复习知识点
考研英语翻译复习知识点考研英语翻译词类的转换剖析1词类转换▶转译成动词1.名词转换成动词经典例题: Interest in historical methods has arisen，less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.分析:interest在原文中是名词，而在译文中为了符合中文的表达方式，在不转变意思的前提下，将它改成动词。
参考译文: 人们之所以关注历史讨论的方法，主要是由于史学家们内局部歧过大，其次才是由于外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
(1999年真题) 经典例题: With the click of a mouse，information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven_and_a_half times around the earth per second.参考译文: 只要一点鼠标，来自世界另一端的信息便会以每秒绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。
2.形容词转换成动词经典例题: Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.参考译文: 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流淌(现代交通工具使大量人口流淌变得相对简单)所造成的种种问题也会增加社会压力。
研究生综合英语1Cloze翻译（范文大全）
研究生综合英语1Cloze翻译（范文大全）第一篇：研究生综合英语1Cloze翻译Unit 718岁之前，我们的座右铭响亮又清楚：“我必须要脱离我的父母。
”但是这些话却很少付诸于实践。
我们仍然是家庭的一份子，即使我们离开家去学校，我们仍能感到自主权时不时受到威胁。
18岁以后，我们开始急切的渴望摆脱家庭。
社会给我们提供了第一次能够往返于家庭和自己小天地来回穿梭的机会，上大学、服兵役和短途旅行都是最常见的途径。
为了把我们的世界观与我们家人的分离开，不管反对的呼声多么高，“我知道我想要的是什么”，我们都会为自己的信念据理力争。
我们四处寻找可以称之为属于我们的信仰。
而且在尝试这些信仰的过程中我们常常陷于狂热中，对那些我们的父母感到神秘和难以实现的信念有特别的偏好。
不管我们在这个世界中尝试建立怎样的暂时性的角色，有种担心害怕始终萦绕心头——因为自己还是孩子不能照顾好自己。
我们用反抗和假装的自信来掩饰这种害怕。
为了寻找能够取代父母的同盟者，我们向同龄人寻求帮助并与之行程同盟者。
只要他们的观点与我们自己的观点相吻合，他们就可能会成为取代家庭的庇护所，但那是不能持久的。
只要他们的观点与“我们的团队”的观点有哪怕一点点的分歧，他们就会被我们视为背叛者。
通常在18－22岁之间他们会重新返回家庭。
Unit 8对于大多数人来说，工作是我们的生活的中心，是我们生活的主要方面。
我们将自己清醒时刻中的大部分放在了工作，为工作而准备以及上下班的来回穿梭中。
我们所做的这一切很大程度的决定了我们的生活标准，也在相当程度上决定了我们在同伴中获得的地位。
我们经常听到，因为休闲越来越重要，工作中的侮辱与不公就可以抛到九霄云外；因为大部分工作都是相当的难以忍受，所以从事这项工作的人为了弥补这种乏味，挫折及侮辱便会将希望寄托于生活中的其他方面。
我反对这种绝望消极的观点，因为在可预见的未来，在影响生活所能提供给人们的满意度方面，工作所能提供的物质和精神上的奖励以及工作的环境仍然将继续起到至关重要的作用。
考研翻译资料推荐
考研翻译资料推荐翻译是考研英语的重要部分，对于考生来说，选择合适的翻译资料至关重要。
下面是我推荐的几本考研翻译资料，希望能对大家备考有所帮助。
一、《新编英语翻译教程》《新编英语翻译教程》是由李荣华主编的翻译教材，该书是为全日制本科院校英语专业学生编写的教材。
书中详细介绍了翻译的基本理论和方法，并提供了大量的翻译练习题，帮助考生提高翻译能力。
此外，该书还附带了一些翻译实例，供考生参考。
二、《翻译教程：理论·实践·方法》《翻译教程：理论·实践·方法》是蔡康编著的翻译教材，全面介绍了翻译理论、翻译方法以及翻译实践技巧。
该书内容详实，条理清晰，适合考生系统学习。
书中还提供了大量实例和练习题，帮助考生熟悉各种翻译技巧和方法。
三、《考研英语笔译实务指南》《考研英语笔译实务指南》是徐征编著的翻译参考书，重点介绍了考研英语笔译的相关知识和技巧。
该书包括英语作文翻译、英语写作技巧以及英语应用文翻译等内容，适合考生提高英语翻译能力。
此外，书中还附有大量实例和练习题，供考生进行训练。
四、《考研英语翻译教程：笔译》《考研英语翻译教程：笔译》是杨晓花等编著的专门针对考研英语翻译准备的教材。
该书内容全面，包括翻译基础知识、翻译技巧和实战练习，对于考生系统学习和提高翻译能力很有帮助。
此外，书中还提供了大量例句和实战练习题，帮助考生巩固知识点，并提高翻译质量。
总结一下，以上推荐的四本考研翻译资料都是经过精心编写的教材，内容涵盖了翻译的基本理论和方法，同时提供了大量的实例和练习题，有助于考生系统学习和提高翻译能力。
在备考过程中，考生可以根据自己的实际情况选择适合自己的资料进行学习和练习，提升翻译水平，取得好成绩。
希望以上推荐的翻译资料对广大考研英语考生有所帮助。
考研英语翻译必背高频词汇
考研英语翻译必背高频词汇考研英语翻译必背高频词汇翻译是最难得题型，词汇量必须足，平时素材也要多积累，还要多练习。
下面是店铺整理的考研英语翻译必背高频词汇，欢迎阅读参考！考研英语翻译必背高频词汇篇1能源大省major province of energy日程紧凑tight in schedule号召call upon节水的好处conservation benefits工业中水利用industrial reuse and recycling污染罚款pollution fines城市节水urban water conservation节水装置water saving fixtures地区经济regional economic港口经营多元化diversification in port operation责任和义务perform our duties and fulfill our obligations地区行业盛会a well-known regional event of the industry发起港initiating ports冲破藩篱break free民间团体civil society种族ethnic lines真正的合作伙伴genuine partnership违章建筑区squatter settlements享受不到without access to畅所欲言open dialogues计划经济的束缚the bounding of planning economy紧迫问题pressing issues科教兴省和走可持续发展的道路vitalize the province by scienceand technology and sustainabledevelopment空前膨胀unprecedentedly inflated控制增长势头curb the trend of steep rise面临严峻挑战face severe challenges清醒地看到acutely aware生态恶化ecological deterioration提高意识strengthen the awareness滞后lag behind转轨建制过程缓慢the transition of mechanism is slow总结经验教训draw lessons from the past以发展社区为宗旨的`community development oriented当之无愧的获奖者deserved winners少数民族ethnic minorities有报酬的gainful employment性别问题gender issues手工艺品handicraft works工薪阶层income generation深入了解in-depth knowledge残疾人the handicapped不求最大，但求最好seek the best instead of the largest产业结构industrial structure城乡一体化the unified design between the city and the countryside短期行为short-term conduct房地产开发real estate development扶贫帮困help and support the poor公共绿地public lawn公用事业public utilities会展中心convention center基建规模infrastructure scale精品意识consciousness for the best精品住宅区model human settlements企业效益enterprise revenue考研英语翻译必背高频词汇篇21、toxic a.有毒的;中毒的2、toy n.玩具 vi.(with)漫不经心地考虑;摆弄3、trace n.痕迹,踪迹;极少量 v.描绘;跟踪,追踪4、track n.跑道,小路;轨迹,轮迹 v.跟踪,追踪5、tractor n.拖拉机,牵引车6、trade n.贸易,商业;职业,行业 v.经商,交易7、trademark n.商标;特征 vt.注册的…商标8、tradition n.传统; 惯例; 传说9、traffic n.交通,交通量10、tragedy n.悲剧;惨事,灾难11、tragic a.悲剧的,悲惨的12、trail n.踪迹,痕迹;小路 v.追踪,跟踪;拖,拖曳;13、train n.列车;行列,系列,一串 v.训练,培养14、training n.训练,培养15、trait n.特征,特点,特性16、traitor n.叛徒,卖国贼17、tram n.有轨电车18、tramp n./v步行;沉重的脚步声(走)v.践踏n.流浪者19、transaction n.办理,处理;交易,事务;(pl.)会报,学报20、transcend vt.超出,超越(经验、知识、能力的范围等)21、transfer vt./n.转移;转换;转让;过户;迁移;改乘22、transform vt.改变,变换;变压;转化;改造,改造23、transient a.短暂的，转瞬即逝的;临时的，暂住的24、transistor n.晶体管;晶体管收音机25、transition n.转变，变迁，过渡(时期)26、translate v.翻译，解释;转化，27、translation n.翻译;译文,译本28、transmission n.播送,发射;传动,传送29、transmit vt.传输/导;转送;发射 vi.发射信号;发报30、transparent a.透明的，透光的;易理解的;明显的31、transplant n./v.移植(植物;组织,器官等);迁移;32、transport v.运输,运送,搬运n.运输;运输系统,运载工具33、trap n.陷阱，圈套 vt.诱捕;使中圈套 vi.设圈套34、trash n.垃圾;拙劣的作品;渣滓，败类35、travel n.旅行 v.旅行;行进,传播36、tray n.盘,碟,托盘37、treason n.谋反,通敌,叛国38、treasure n.财宝,财富;珍品 v.珍爱,珍惜39、treat v.对待;治疗;论述;款待,请客 n.款待,请客40、treaty n.条约，协议，协商41、tree n.树,树状物 vi.爬上树42、tremble n.战栗,颤抖 v.发抖,颤抖;摇动;焦虑43、tremendous a.巨大的,极大的44、trench n.&v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕45、trend n.倾向,趋势 vi.伸向,倾向46、trial n.讯问，审讯;试验;试用;尝试47、triangle n.三角(形)48、tribe n.种族，部落;(植物，动物)族，类49、tribute n.贡品;颂词,称赞,(表示敬意的)礼物50、trick n.诡计,骗局;恶作剧;窍门 vt.欺骗,哄骗。
研究生专业英语 第一到第六单元 句子翻译 修改版
Unit 11.他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。
His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by.2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。
机上无人生还。
A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident.3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。
Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it.4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。
Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。
来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。
Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing.6.他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。
MTI资料大全
翻译硕士（MTI）英语翻译基础备考必看——长句翻译（一）1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
唐静：考研翻译冲刺必背单词英汉版
唐静：考研翻译冲刺必背单词英汉版08年46) believe相信，assert断言, claim声称, argue争论, assume假设, maintain主张, contend 斗争坚持说, point out指出, be convinced that确信, accept接受, prove证明, demonstrate展示游行证明, validate证明, state状态，州，说明，陈述, scribe描述, tell说明, show说明展示, consider考虑, opine表达观点, difficulty困难, difficult困难的, compensate补偿, compensate for 补偿, advantage优点, advantageous有优势的, advance进步发展, force力量被迫, strength力量, power力量, thus因此, therefore因此, hence因此, enable使能够, detect探察发现, detector侦探侦测器, error错误, mistake失误, false错误, flaw缺点瑕疵, shortcoming缺点, reason推理原因, reasoned理性的, reasoning推理, reasonable合理的, observe观察, observation观察, observer 观察者;47) follow跟随, pure纯, purely纯, abstract抽象的, attract吸引, concrete具体的, limit限制有限的, confine限制, certain确认;48) as well也, as well as和一样, found建立, charge指控, change改变, critics批评家, criticize批评, critical关键的重要的, criticism批评, while当然而;49) add加, addition增加, in addition此外, additional另加的, tradition传统, traditional传统的, humble谦虚的, humbly谦虚地, perhaps也许, possible可能, possibly可能, probable可能, probably可能地, superior比高级有优势, superior to比高级, super超级, inferior不如, inferior to 不如, common普通, ordinary普通, banal普通的陈腐的, notice注意说明, attention注意, escape 逃跑, carefully当心, careful小心的, care关心, take care of照顾;50) loss失去, lose丢失(lost), at a loss迷茫不知所措, take a loss亏损, injurious对有伤害, injure受伤, injury受伤, intellect智力, intellectual智力知识分子, intelligence智力, wisdom智慧, moral道德, virtue美德, virtually实际上事实上, virtual虚拟的, character文字角色性格, characterize有特点, characteristic特色;07年46) legal法律的合法的, law法律, preserve保存, conserve保留保护, institution机构, constitution宪法, view观点景色, view…as把看作为, regard…as把看作为, take…as把看作为, see…as把看作为, special特别, specialize专业, specific具体的, especial尤其的, especially尤其是; peculiar奇怪的特有的独特的, peculiar to特有的, particular特殊的, particularly特别是, rather than而不是, necessary必须的, essential必不可少的, essence精华, critical关键的重要的, significant重要的, significance重要性, equipment装备, equip装有, facility设施;47) link连接, connect联系, connection联系, on the other另外, on the other hand另一方面, on the one hand一方面, concept概念, notion观念概念, real真实, reality现实, in a way以这种方式, in a manner以这种方法, in a form以这种形式, parallel平行, parallel to与相平行, journal杂志, journalist记者, base基础, basi c基础的, basis基础, comment评论, comment on评论, cover报道覆盖评论;48) idea观点理论想法, profound深刻的, profoundly深刻地, far-reaching影响深远的意义重大的深刻的, citizen市民, rest on/upon依靠取决于, rely on依靠取决于, depend on/upon依靠取决于, responsible负责的, responsibility责任, be held responsible for对负责, response反响响应, media媒介, news media新闻媒体, news agency新闻办, establish建立, established已经建立的, establishment机构建立, convention传统;49) grasp抓掌握, have a grasp of掌握, command命令, have a good command of掌握, feature特点, competent竞争, competition竞争, competitive有竞争力的, compete竞争,50) reaction反映, react反映, action行动, in action在起作用, interaction互相作用, enhance 提高, promotion提高, promote促进, preferable愿意的可取的, prefer宁愿, infer推理提示, confer商量, favor喜欢, flavor风味, favorite喜欢的, judge评判法官, judgment评判, make judgments of对做出评判;06年46) define定义, definition下定义, define…as…把定义为, select选择, elect挑选, individual 个人的, active活力, activity活动, primary主要的, duty责任, thinking思考思维, thought思想思维;47) analogous类似, analogous to与类似, analyze分析, analysis分析, function作用, obligation责任, be obliged to do sth被迫做某事有责任做某事, be obliged to sb感谢某人, obligate被迫, be obligated to do sth 被迫做某事，clear清楚明白, course课程, cause原因导致, lead to导致, reveal揭露, decision决心, decisive果断的具有决定意义的, decide决定;48) exclude排除, exclusive排它的独家的, include包含, conclude得出结论, conclusion结论, contribute贡献, contribution贡献, contribute to对做贡献, make contribution to做出贡献, distribute分发分散, distribution分散, accomplishment完成, accomplish完成, complete完全, solution解决, solve解决, resolve解决, be charged with承担, approach接近方法, aspect方面, inspect研究洞察, expect期待, respect尊重方面, task任务;49) code密码, rule规则, dedicate贡献, dedicate to把献给, govern管理, government政府, energy能力能量, conduct指挥, conduction指挥, production产品, produce生产, explore探索, exploration探索; more than比多, less than比少, no more than不多于, no less than不少于, more than +数字多, more than +名词/动词不仅仅不只是, more than +形容词/副词非常, no more than=not any more than不也不;50) independent独立, independence独立, interdependence互相依靠, reflect影响, reflection 影响, make reflection on影响, earn挣, involve包含包括, salary薪水;05年46) television电视, means工具, feeling感觉, convey传递表达, connect联系连接, nation 国家, create创造, invent发明, event事件, recent最近;47) multi-media大众媒体, increase增加, increasingly逐渐的, bring带来, publish出版, in relation to与有关, relation关系, relate亲戚, related to与有关, concern关心, concerning相关的;48) alone独自, only仅仅唯一, survive生存, underline强调突出下划线, undergo经历, undertake从事承担, undermine暗中破坏, state状态州陈述, statistics调查统计数据, loss失去, take a loss亏损, at a loss迷茫不知所措,49) identify辨别, identity身份, respect尊重方面, expect期待, aspect方面, represent代表, present出席现在礼物, presentation展示, fabricate编造捏造编织, fabric网络纤维, continent大陆, task任务, demand命令, choose选择, choice选择, strategic战略, policy政策;50) deal with处理, deal处理, challenge挑战, scale规模, on…scale在一定规模上, exaggeration夸张夸大, it is no exaggeration to say不夸张的说…, unite联合, unity集体单位, divide分;04年61) structure建造, instruction建立, instrument器械器具, construction建筑, process步骤过程, procedure步骤, schedule日程表, real真是, reality真实的, realize意识到, diversity多样性, diverse各样, philosophy哲学, philosopher哲学家;62) grateful感谢, gratitude感谢, different from与不同, vanish消失, abolish取消撤销废除, assimilate同化, similar相似, native本国, local地方;63) describe描述, description描述, strike罢工, striking打击罢工, remark评论标记, remarkable著名的, accuse起诉, accuse…of…指责, data数据, date日期;64) interested in对感兴趣, relationship关系, relative亲戚相关, relatively相关的, determine 决心, habit习惯, habitual习惯的, though虽然;65) come to逐渐得出, believe in相信, a sort of其中一种, linguistics语言学, physics物理, psychology心理学, aesthetics美学, art艺术, fine art美术, archaeology考古学, anthropology人类学, economy经济, psychiatry精神病学, law法律, media媒体, cross-culture跨文化, mathematics数学, math数学, physician医生, chemistry化学, humanity人文科学, form形式, formula工程式, formulate阐明, grammar语法, pattern模式, produce生产, consequence结果, consequently所以;03年61) furthermore更进一步, further进一步, ability能力, able可能, enable使能够, inability 没能力的, modify纠正, change改变, charge费用, exchange交换, environment环境, deteriorate 恶化, subject科目, reject排斥, refuse拒绝, fancy幻想;62) branch分支, inquire询问研究, acquire获得, require要求, endeavor努力, order命令顺序, disorder无命令, system系统, passion热情, seek寻找, scientific科学的, science科学, phenomenon现象;63) combine联合结合, integrate结合, integration整体一体化, perspective前景观点, unique独特的唯一的, distinct区别, distinctly区别的;64) complex复杂, complicated复杂, sophisticated复杂的狡猾的, include包含, conclude 得出结论, exclude排除, conclusion结论, custom风俗习惯, consume消费, consumer消费者. simple简单, simplicity简单的, implicit暗示, explicit明示;65) make…possible成为可能, research研究;02年61) almost几乎behavior行为trait特点trace跟踪62) explain解释explanation解释，hard困难, remain保持, obscure模糊;63) evolution进化, revolution革命, innovation革新创新, invention发明创造, invest投资, investigation研究调查检测, recognize认出;64) possess拥有具有, possession财产, govern管理, government政府管理, theory学说理论, essential重要, credit信用, achieve达到, achievement成功;65) until直到, till一直, issue问题事件发行,01年71) chat聊天, host主人主持, hold举行, pollution污染, containment污染;72) personality个性, personnel人事, personal个人的, relax放松, relaxation放松, recreation 娱乐, digital数字;73) breakthrough突破, break out爆发, breakout爆发, out-break爆发, outset开始, take place 发生, discover发现;74) ultimate最终, terminate终止, termination终点终端, century世纪, millennium千年, decade十年, thousands of成千上万几千, hundreds of几百, for the better part of decade七八年, half一半, quarter四分之一, triple三倍, double两倍;75) home家国内的, demoti c国内的, exotic异域的, apply申请, apply to申请, application 申请, appliance器具, control控制, operate操作, operation操作, cooperation合作, corporation公司company公司伙伴2000年71) condition条件, situation情况状况, circumstance环境状况, situate位于, vary变化, varying变化的不同的, various各种各样的, variety各种各样, variety of各式各样, expert专家;72) obvious明显, ambiguous模糊的, be bound up with相关, bind绑, efficient有效, efficiency效果, industry工业, agriculture农业, horticulture园艺, in turn反过来, effort努力, all kinds各种各样;73) owing to由于因为, remarkable显著的, mass大众大量, communication交流, community社区, expose暴露, be exposed to暴露于接触, introduce介绍引入, for the reason given above由于上述原因;74) pattern模式, spread扩大, or so大约;75) stress压力强调, migrate移民, migration移民, arise from由引起, arise出现上升, rise 上升, give rise to导致, raise增加喂养,1999年71) while当然而, almost几乎, historian历史学家, history历史, practice练习, conform一致, conform to符合与相一致, inform通知, uniform一致制服, attempt企图;72) valid有效的, validate使有效证明证实, validity有效性, discipline学科, internal内部的, external外部的, quarrel争论, among在中;73) transfer转变, transparent透明明显, augment增加, argument辩论, design设计, interpret 解释口译, interpretation解释, evidence证据, evident明显的;74) agreement同意, refer to提及涉及, in general总之, generally总体上, generally speaking 总的来说, largely总体, appropriate适合, inappropriate不适合;75) equal平等, equally平等的, equate与相等与一致, equate…with与相等与一致, source 来源, resource资源, activity活动, animate有生气, animation兴奋活跃;1998年71) look into搜索寻找, exist存在, exit出口, existence存在, resident居住, residence居住, citizen市民;72) giant巨大, enormous巨大的, put forward提出, propose提出, dominant主要的主导的;73) report报道, finding发现;74) triumph胜利;75) odd奇数奇怪, sound听起来, inflation通货膨胀, inflate膨胀, plausible看起来合理的, elementary基本的, primary主要的;1997年71) actually事实上, in fact事实上, account解释, accountant会计;72) contract合同, entitle使有权, title标题, entitlement权利;73) discuss讨论, discussion讨论, consider考虑, consideration考虑, either…or要么要么, neither…nor两者都不, whether…or是还是, extend扩展延伸, extend to对待, treat请客;74) relevant相对的, extreme极端的;75) encourage鼓励, instinct本能天生的;1996年71) result结果, result from由于, result in导致, to some extent在某种程度上, accelerate加速;72) trend趋势, detail细节, in detail详细;73) support支持, an amount of大量的, goal目标, immediate立即;74) elegant优雅的, elegance优雅, in principle大体上原则上, principal重要的, fascinate迷人, delight高兴;75) standard标准, criterion标准;1995年71) target目标, attack进攻抨击, in doing sth.在做某事的过程中, divert转移, diversion转移,;72) predict预言, prediction预言, reliable可靠的, skill技能;73) experiment试验实验, experience经验, avail有用, available有空的可获得的, comparative比较, compare比较, contrast对比相反;74) quality质量, precise精确;75) favorable喜欢, favor喜欢; youngster年轻人;1994年71) not so much…as与其说不如说, as…as与一样, not so…as与不一样, through因为通过, insight洞察, welfare福利, health健康, worth值得, genius天才, improve提高, tool工具;72) as we call it所谓的正如我们所说, number数字, numerable可数的一定数量的, innumerable巨大的无数的, expand扩大, a series of一系列, direction说明指导, direct说明;73) ignore忽视, careless粗心, fundamental基本的;74) revolve旋转;75) finance财政金融, financial财政的, vice versa反之, etc等等, et al及其它.更多考研免费资料请访问新东方在线考研资讯：考研动态| 报考指南| 复试调剂| 复习指导考研课程：考研英语| 考研政治| 考研数学| 统考专业课| 非统考专业课| 高辅| 艺考考研交流：考研英语| 考研政治| 考研数学| 考研专业课知识问答：考研英语| 考研数学| 考研政治| 考研知识| 专业课| 考研高辅| 考研艺术。
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use theirenergy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence andmanipulating（操纵）others . They are aware that there is a differencebetween being loved and acting loving, between being stupid andacting stupid, between being knowledgeable and actingknowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于2.pretence 虚伪，虚假6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶 )—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest.孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。
考研英语翻译必背词汇
考研翻译必背词汇（红色部分为必背词汇）1990 年英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.(61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect ，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as” nature vs. nurture”.(62)Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(63)That our environment has little，if anything ，to do with our abilities ，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintain s that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely govern ed by our instinct s.Those who support the “nurture” theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic ，intelligence ，offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say ，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raise d in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implication s of these two theories are profound. In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This lead s some “nature” proponent s to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists ，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantage s that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991 年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis ，which has suddenly been officially announce d，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse ，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations ，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this ，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fillthe additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that make s it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.(75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.1992 年英译汉试题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily，make distinction s，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character，social adjustment，physical endurance，manual skills，or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. (72)To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.(73)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test perform ed involve s at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best，the knowledge require d for understanding what you have to do，and the intellectualability to do it. (74)The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumption s can be made fair and reasonable，and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lie s，of course，in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “generalintelligence”. (75)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possess ed.1993 年英译汉试题(71)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reason ed about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference，but there is just the same kind of difference ，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person ，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scale s ，and the operations of a chemist in perform ing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (72)It is not that the scales in the one case ，and the balance in the other ，differ in the principle s of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better，perhaps，if I give you some familiar examples.(73)You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（归纳法）and deduction，that by the help of these operations ，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract from Nature certain naturallaws，and that out of these，by some special skill of their own，they build up their theories.(74)And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words，you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constitute d differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms ，you will discover that you are quite wrong ，and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays ，where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose（散文）during the whole of his life. In the same way，I trust that you will take comfort，and be delighted with yourselves，on the discovery that you have been acting on the principle s of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.(75)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very same kind ，though differing in degree ，as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1994 年英译汉试题According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expand ing the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insight s of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improve d technique s and tools.(72) “In short”, a leader of the new school contend s, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argue s that such master s as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derive d great benefit from, craft information andtechnological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74)Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.(75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.1995 年英译汉试题The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measure d with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) How well the predictions will be validate d by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtain ed has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely define d and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.Properly used, they provide a rapid mean s of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previous ly recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstance s.1996 年英译汉试题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several cause s. (71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable result s of social needs. Others are reasonable consequence s of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception s of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. (73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipient s of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good ” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.1997 年英译汉试题Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. (71)Actually, it isn't, because it assume s that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.(72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.This is a falsechoice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. (74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice . Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which hold s that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.(75)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1998 年英译汉试题They were,by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detect ed: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.(71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expect ed; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emittingradiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventfully, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait.(73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. (74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.(75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.1999 年英译汉试题(71) While there are almost as many definition s of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determine s anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.(72) Interest in historical methods has arise n less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approach es to an understanding of thepast. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(73)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augment ed by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique s appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.(75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.2000 年英译汉试题Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (71) Under modern conditions, this require s varying measure s of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also mean s that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry.In any case,all such interventions are heavilydependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovation s for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerate d speed compared with the past. For example,(74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.(75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.2001 年英译汉试题In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct link s between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those inthe film Total Recall.(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predict s a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. (74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.” Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available , or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technologicaladvances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. (75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.2002 年英译汉试题Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral。
研究生综合英语2读写译复习资料重点翻译短语和句子
Unit one1. cultivate a mustache（L1）蓄胡子2. enhance my distinguished looks (L2) 使我更加气度不凡3. a sickly smile （L19）傻乎乎的笑4. react to sth. with denial and derogation （L32）采取否定和贬低的态度来对待某事5. put his mind to this problem （L42）潜心研究这个问题6. come up with a technique for brushing off praise （L43）想出一个办法来避开别人的表扬7. turn a compliment with a quip （L53）用俏皮话来应对恭维8. handle sth. with skill （L63）应对自如9. come off the assembly line （L66）下了生产线10. swell out one’s chest （L68）挺起胸膛11. a stack of books （L76）一摞书12. (be) arranged neatly into two little words （L118）化为两个简洁的小词Sentences1. It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is much harder to respond to than an insult. (L9)在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。
2. But for every genuinely clever retort there are a thousand that fall flat. (L61)但是在千百次的应对中才会有一句真正巧妙地应答。
在职研究生英语专业翻译学习资料
在职研究生英语专业翻译学习资料Translation一、英汉句式结构对比与翻译英文句式结构1. S+V (主+谓)e.g. 1 He laughed.2. S+V+O (主+谓+宾)e.g. 2 Mary is reading Harry Potter.3. S+V+O+O.C. (主+谓+宾+宾语补足语)e.g. 3 We heard them quarreling.4. S+V+D.O.+I.O. (主+谓+直接宾语+间接宾语)e.g. 4 He gave me some first-hand material.5. S+link. V +P (主+系+表)e.g. 5 He is in a dangerous situation.英文的基本句式结构：主谓结构高度语法化的句式结构主语: 动作发出者 (doer/agent) 或动作承受者 (doee)谓语动词: 始终与主语保持一致 (主谓一致)e.g. 他处于危险的境地。
/ 他处境很危险。
(第五种句型) 部分汉语句子与上述英文句子基本对应。
中文句式结构1. 主谓结构 (S+V)e.g. 1 他没来。
He didn't come.e.g. 2 全家人都在看电视。
(S+V+O)The family are watching TV.e.g. 3 我们看见很多人站在广场上。
(S+V+O+O.C.)We saw may people standing on the square.e.g. 4 你能递给我那本书吗？ (S+V+I.O.+D.O.)Would you please pass me the book?e.g. 5 他看起来很失望。
(S+link. V +P)He looks very disappointed.总结:Doer+do(active) / Doee+be done(passive)2. 主题-评述句(Topic+Comment/Theme+Rheme)汉语句子“话题性”强，结构常为话题+评述、陈述、描述e.g. 1 大象，鼻子长。
历年考研英语翻译汇总
46 Scinentists jumped to the resure withsomedistimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eatusup of birds failed to control them47 but we have at least drawn near the pointofadmitting that birds should continue as a matter ofintrinsicright,regardless of the presence or absence of economicadvantageto us48 Time was when biologists somewhat overwordedthe evidence that these creatures preserve the health of gamebykilling the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthlessspecies49 In europe,whereforestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercialtreespecies are recognized ad mrs of native forest community ,tobepreserved as such ,within reason50 It tends to ignore,andthus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the landcommunitythat lack commercial value, but that are essential to itshealthyning.46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。
研究生英语翻译第一册重点整理
第一课1. metaphors of highway and frontiers 高速公路和前沿领域的比喻2. 无边无际的虚拟空间 giant and unbounded world of virtual realestate3. capture the popular imagination 使民众为之神往4.规范网页和网站 regulate the website and the webpage5.interprete the nature of cyberspace 说明虚拟空间的本质6. 政客们实施的标准 standers enforced by politicians7. sign up for subscription 注册使用8. 限制孩子光临某些网站 restrict childrends’ access to somewebsite9.cause conflict in the terrestrial communities 在现实的社区中引起冲突10.干涉别人的爱好 interfer with anyone else’ hobby1.In their withdrawal, much of the heavy equipment had to be left behind.在撤退时，他们不得不把许多重型装备丢弃。
2.The last government has left behind a long train of problems.上届政府遗留下一大堆问题。
3.You have to follow closely if you want to avoid being left behind. 你如果不想落在后面，就得紧紧跟随。
4. I’ll leave behind these little details for you to settle.这些细枝末节我留待你去解决了。