山东大学山大 1996年西方经济学考研真题及答案解析

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山东大学-西方经济学试卷C(带答案)

一、名词解释边际效用递减规律：是指在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，当一个人连续消费某种商品时，随着所消费该商品的数量增加，其总效用虽然相应增加，但物品的边际效用，即每消费一个单位的该商品，其所带来的效用的增加量有递减的均势。

生产可能性边界：用来表示经济社会在既定资源和技术条件下所能生产的各种商品最大数量的组合，反映了资源稀缺性与选择性的经济学特征。

通常为两种商品的生产可能性比较。

在坐标轴上表示出的图形为生产可能性曲线，也可称为转换线。

微观经济学：是指个量经济活动，即单个经济单位的经济活动。

是指个别企业、经营单位及其经济活动，如个别企业的生产、供销、个别交换的价格等。

微观经济的运行，以价格和市场信号为诱导，通过竞争而自行调整与平衡GDP：是指一个国家或者地区所有常驻单位在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值。

GDP是国民经济核算的核心指标，也是衡量一个国家或地区总体经济状况重要指标。

乘数效应：是一种宏观的经济效应，也是一种宏观经济控制手段，是指经济活动中某一变量的增减所引起的经济总量变化的连锁反应程度。

经济增长：通常是指在一个较长的时间跨度上，一个国家人均产出（或人均收入）水平的持续增加。

经济增长率的高低体现了一个国家或地区在一定时期内经济总量的增长速度，也是衡量一个国家或地区总体经济实力增长速度的标志。

二、简答题1、请解释“谷贱伤农”的道理。

2、在成本约束条件下，厂商如何选择两类投入品的数量组合以实现产量的最大化？3、为实现总需求的扩张，政府可以通过扩大支出和减税两种手段实现，他们的政策效应大小相同吗？为什么？4、凯恩斯有关货币需求的理论主要内容是什么？参考答案：1、谷物是农产品的简称，一般情况下农产品的需求价格弹性比较小，因此当谷物价格下降时，农产品需求量增长有限，农民总收益不仅不会增加反而会有减少。

2、在成本约束条件下，厂商选择投入到各种生产要素使用过程中的最后一块钱带来的边际产量相等以实现产量的最大化。

(完整版)1996年考研英语真题超详解.doc

实用标准文案1996 年年全真试题PartⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked［A］,［B］, ［C］ and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growthand maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They areneeded for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them,and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently,and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “ safe side ” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body ’ s vitamin needs.1. ［ A］ either ［ B］ so ［C］nor ［D］ never2. ［ A］ shifting ［B］transferring ［ C］ altering ［D］ transforming3. ［ A］ any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4. ［ A］ serious ［ B］ apparent ［C］ severe ［D］fatal5. ［ A］ mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6. ［ A］ in that ［ B］ so that ［C］such that ［ D］except that7. ［ A］ undertakes ［B］holds ［ C］ plays ［ D］ performs8. ［ A］ Supplying ［B］Getting ［ C］ Providing ［D］ Furnishing9. ［ A］ exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］ excess ［D］external10. ［A］ nevertheless［B］therefore［C］moreover［D］meanwhilePartⅡ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked ［ A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answerto each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWERSHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Tight lipped elders used to say,“ It’ s not what you want in this world, but what you get. ”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, andeach of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. Ifwe intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which foodto cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you haveto offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.实用标准文案This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling outstandard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking toyou, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and otherqualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares ” and abilities must be displayed inan orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information aboutyour could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep youreyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seekingthe employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.11. What do the elders mean when they say, “ It ’ s not what you want in this world, but whatyou get. ”?［A］ You ’ ll certainly get what you want.［B］ It ’s no use dreaming.［C］ You should be dissatisfied with what you have.［D］ It ’s essential to set a goal for yourself.12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passageas.［A］ an illustration of how to write an application for a job［B］ an indication of how to secure a good job［C］ a guideline for job description［D］ a principle for job evaluation13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to finda job because.［A］ that is the first step to please the employer［B］ that is the requirement of the employer［C］ it enables him to know when to sell his services［D］ it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you havesomething.［A］ definite to offer［B］imaginary to provide［C］ practical to supply［D］desirable to presentPassage 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America cannow watch the Corporation’ s news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels,five BBCnational radio services and dozens of local radio stations.They are brought sport,comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of￡83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years—yet the BBC’ s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at leastfor the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nationwide debate in Britain.实用标准文案The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC— including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation,and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation—of whom there are many—are fond of quoting the Americanslogan“If it ain’ t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC“ ain’ t broke” , they say, by which theymean it is not broken (as distinct from the word‘ broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. Thecommercial TV channels——ITV and Channel 4——were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, andcutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changesin the long term.15. The world famous BBC now faces.［A］ the problem of news coverage［B］an uncertain prospect［C］ inquiries by the general public［D］shrinkage of audience16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?［A］ Extension of its TV service to Far East.［B］ Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.［C］ Potentials for further international co-operations.［D］ Its existence as a broadcasting organization.17. The BBC ’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for.［A］ the financial support from the royal family.［B］ the privileges granted by the Queen.［C］ a contract with the Queen.［D］ a unique relationship with the royal family.18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than.［A］ the emergence of commercial TV channels.［B］ the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.［C］ the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.［D］ the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century“capital” and“ labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the declinein efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and thirdgeneration after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.实用标准文案The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers andimportance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsiblewealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholderswere thus enriched by the world ’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouthand Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable ” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends andoccasionally attending a shareholders ’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. Onthe other hand “ shareholding ” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the laterVictorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders ” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capitaland labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation withthe men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family businessnow passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal termsthe managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockouttaught the two parties to respect each other ’ s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19. It ’ s true of the old family firms that .［A］ they were spoiled by the younger generations［B］ they failed for lack of individual initiative［C］ they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies［D］ they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in.［A］ the separation of capital from management［B］ the ownership of capital by managers［C］ the emergence of capital and labour as two classes［D］ the participation of shareholders in municipal business21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that.［A］ the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers［B］ the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers［C］ the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly［D］ the trade unions seemed to play a positive role22. The author is most critical of.［A］ family firm owners［B］landowners［C］ managers［D］shareholdersPassage 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Amongthe many shaping factors, I would single out the country ’s excellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“ spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at homein arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported,“With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilledworkman. ”A further stimulus to invention came from the“ premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventorsmedals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairsand at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the newmachines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,the American worker took readilyto that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,“ A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions;they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process⋯The designer and the inventor⋯are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do notexist.”This nonverbal“ spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing.Robert Fulton once wrote,“The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, inwhich a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius forspatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced thatAmerican characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier timesit meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was ina large part due to.［A］ elementary schools［B］enthusiastic workers［C］ the attractive premium system［D］a special way of thinking24.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics.［A］ benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.［B］ shed light on disciplined school management.［C］ was brought about by privileged home training.［D］ owed a lot to the technological development.25. A technologist can be compared to an artist because.［A］ they are both winners of awards.［B］ they are both experts in spatial thinking.［C］ they both abandon verbal description［D］ they both use various instruments26. The best title for this passage might be.［A］ Inventive Mind［B］Effective Schooling［C］ Ways of Thinking［D］Outpouring of InventionsPassage 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines.A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and oftenunenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the originand evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent,unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.“ Scientific” creationism, whichis being pushed by some for“equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accountsof evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and themajority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard“ scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’ s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. Atappropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. Inthe last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. Hedescribes their programmes and tactics,and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectivenessof his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts ofdata and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists willbe extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:“ This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.27.“Creationism” in the passage refers to.［A］ evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe［B］ a notion of the creation of religion［C］ the scientific explanation of the earth formation［D］ the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe28. Kitcher’s book is intended to.［A］ recommend the views of the evolutionists［B］ expose the true features of creationists［C］ curse bitterly at his opponents［D］ launch a surprise attack on creationists29. From the passage we can infer that.［A］ reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate［B］ creationists do not base their argument on reasoning［C］ evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists［D］ creationism is supported by scientific findings30. This passage appears to be a digest of.［A］ a book review［B］ a scientific paper［C］ a magazine feature［D］ a newspaper editorial实用标准文案Part ⅢEnglish —Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.31） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some,however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the formscientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern ofdifferent areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.32） This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusionthat the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannotgenerally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questionswill arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuableto treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.33） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not relatedto immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriaterecipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goalof the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “ good”as opposed to “ bad”science,but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to becomeconfused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34 ） However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world ’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35 ） New forms of thought as well as new subjects forthought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section Ⅳ Writing36. Directions:A. Title: GOOD HEALTHB. Time limit: 40minutesC. Word limit: 120—150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the“ OUTLINE” below and should start with thegivenopening sentence:“ The desire for good health is universal” .E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1.Importance of good health.2.Ways to keep fit.3.My own practices.1996 年试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C6. A7. D8.B9. C 10. APart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart A用准文案Passage 2 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.DPassage 3 19.C 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 4 23.D 24.A 25.B 26.APassage 5 27.D 28.B 29.B 30.APart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在些原因中，有些属社会需求；另一些是由于科学上某些特定展在一定程度上自我加速而生的必然果。

1996考研数学三真题和详解

1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上.) (1) 设方程y x y =确定y 是x 的函数,则dy =___________. (2) 设()arcsin x f x dx x C =+⎰,则1()dx f x =⎰___________.. (3) 设()00,x y 是抛物线2y ax bx c =++上的一点,若在该点的切线过原点,则系数应满足的关系是___________. (4) 设123222212311111231111n n n n n n n a a a a A a a a a a a a a ----⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,123n x x X x x ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,1111B ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,其中(;,1,2,,)i j a a i j i j n ≠≠=.则线性方程组T A X B =的解是___________.(5) 设由来自正态总体2~(,0.9)X N μ容量为9的简单随机样本,得样本均值5X =,则未知参数μ的置信度为0.95的置信区间为___________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.)(1) 累次积分cos 20(cos ,sin )d f r r rdr πθθθθ⎰⎰可以写成 ( )(A) 10(,)dy f x y dx ⎰(B) 10(,)dy f x y dx ⎰(C)1100(,)dx f x y dy ⎰⎰(D) 10(,)dx f x y dy ⎰(2) 下述各选项正确的是 ( ) (A) 若21nn u∞=∑和21nn v∞=∑都收敛,则21()nn n uv ∞=+∑收敛(B)1n nn u v∞=∑收敛,则21nn u∞=∑与21nn v∞=∑都收敛(C) 若正项级数1nn u∞=∑发散,则1n u n≥(D) 若级数1nn u∞=∑收敛,且(1,2,)n n u v n ≥=,则级数1n n v ∞=∑也收敛(3) 设n 阶矩阵A 非奇异(2n ≥),A *是矩阵A 的伴随矩阵,则 ( )(A) 1()n A AA -**= (B) 1()n A A A +**= (C) 2()n A AA -**= (D) 2()n A AA +**=(4) 设有任意两个n 维向量组1,,m αα和1,,m ββ,若存在两组不全为零的数1,,m λλ和1,,m k k ,使111111()()()()0m m m m m m k k k k λαλαλβλβ+++++-++-=,则( )(A) 1,,m αα和1,,m ββ都线性相关 (B) 1,,m αα和1,,m ββ都线性无关(C) 1111,,,,,m m m m αβαβαβαβ++--线性无关 (D) 1111,,,,,m m m m αβαβαβαβ++--线性相关(5) 已知0()1P B <<且()1212[]()()P A A B P A B P A B +=+,则下列选项成立的是( ) (A) ()1212[]()()P A A B P A B P A B +=+ (B) ()1212()()P A B A B P A B P A B +=+ (C) ()1212()()P A A P A B P A B +=+ (D) ()()1122()()()P B P A P B A P A P B A =+三、(本题满分6分)设(),0,()0,0,xg x e x f x xx -⎧-≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩其中()g x 有二阶连续导数,且(0)1,(0)1g g '==-. (1)求()f x '；(2)讨论()f x '在(,)-∞+∞上的连续性.四、(本题满分6分)设函数()z f u =,方程()()xyu u p t dt ϕ=+⎰确定u 是,x y 的函数,其中(),()f u u ϕ可微；()p t ,()u ϕ'连续,且()1u ϕ'≠.求()()z z p y p x x y∂∂+∂∂.五、(本题满分6分)计算2(1)xx xe dx e -+∞-+⎰.六、(本题满分5分)设()f x 在区间[0,1]上可微,且满足条件120(1)2()f xf x dx =⎰.试证:存在(0,1)ξ∈使()()0.f f ξξξ'+=七、(本题满分6分)设某种商品的单价为p 时,售出的商品数量Q 可以表示成aQ c p b=-+,其中a b 、、 c 均为正数,且a bc >.(1) 求p 在何范围变化时,使相应销售额增加或减少.(2) 要使销售额最大,商品单价p 应取何值?最大销售额是多少?八、(本题满分6分)求微分方程dy dx =的通解.九、(本题满分8分)设矩阵010010000010012A y ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦. (1) 已知A 的一个特征值为3,试求y ； (2) 求矩阵P ,使()()TAP AP 为对角矩阵.十、(本题满分8分)设向量12,,,t ααα是齐次线性方程组0AX =的一个基础解系,向量β不是方程组0AX =的解,即0A β≠.试证明:向量组12,,,,t ββαβαβα+++线性无关.十一、(本题满分7分)假设一部机器在一天内发生故障的概率为0.2,机器发生故障时全天停止工作,若一周5个工作日里无故障,可获利润10万元；发生一次故障仍可获得利润5万元；发生两次故障所获利润0元；发生三次或三次以上故障就要亏损2万元.求一周内期望利润是多少?十二、(本题满分6分)考虑一元二次方程20x Bx C ++=,其中B C 、分别是将一枚色子(骰子)接连掷两次先后出现的点数.求该方程有实根的概率p 和有重根的概率q .十三、(本题满分6分)假设12,,,n X X X 是来自总体X 的简单随机样本；已知(1,2,3,4)k k EX a k ==.证明：当n 充分大时,随机变量211n n i i Z X n ==∑近似服从正态分布,并指出其分布参数.1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题解析一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分,把答案填在题中横线上.) (1)【答案】()1ln dxx y +【解析】方法1：方程y x y =两边取对数得ln ln ln y x y y y ==,再两边求微分,()()11ln 1ln 1dx y dy dy dx x x y =+⇒=+()()ln 10x y +≠. 方法2：把y x y =变形得ln y yx e=,然后两边求微分得()()()ln ln 1ln 1ln y y y dx e d y y y y dy x y dy ==+=+,由此可得 ()1.1ln dy dx x y =+(2)【答案】C【解析】由()arcsin x f x dx x C =+⎰,两边求导数有()1()arcsin ()xf x x f x '==⇒=于是有1()dx f x ⎰212==⎰()2112x =--⎰C =.(3)【答案】0c a≥(或20ax c =),b 任意【解析】对2y ax bx c =++两边求导得()0022y ax b,y x ax b,''=+=+ 所以过()00x ,y 的切线方程为()()0002y y ax b x x ,-=+-即()()()200002y ax bx c ax b x x .-++=+-又题设知切线过原点()00,,把0x y ==代入上式,得2200002ax bx c ax bx ,---=--即20ax c.=由于系数0a ≠,所以,系数应满足的关系为0c a≥(或20ax c =),b 任意. (4)【答案】()1000T,,,【解析】因为A 是范德蒙行列式,由i j a a ≠知()0ijA a a =-≠∏.根据解与系数矩阵秩的关系,所以方程组TA XB =有唯一解.根据克莱姆法则,对于2111112122222133332111111111n n n n n nnn x a a a x a a a x a a a x a a a ----⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦, 易见 1230n D A ,D D D .=====所以TA XB =的解为12310n x ,x x x =====,即()1000T,,,,.【相关知识点】克莱姆法则：若线性非齐次方程组11112211211222221122,,.n n n n n n nn n n a x a x a x b a x a x a x b a x a x a x b +++=⎧⎪+++=⎪⎨⎪⎪+++=⎩或简记为 112nij ji j a xb ,i ,,,n ===∑其系数行列式1112121222120n n n n nna a a a a a D a a a =≠,则方程组有唯一解12j j D x ,j ,,,n.D==其中j D 是用常数项12n b ,b ,,b 替换D 中第j 列所成的行列式,即1111111121212212111,j ,j n ,j ,j n j n n,j nn,j nna ab a a a a b a a D a a b a a -+-+-+=.(5)【答案】(4.412,5.588) 【解析】可以用两种方法求解：(1)已知方差220.9σ=,对正态总体的数学期望μ进行估计,可根据因2(,0.9)XN μ,设有n 个样本,样本均值11ni i X X n ==∑,有20.9(,)XN n μ,将其标准化,~(0,1)XN 得：)1,0(~1N nX μ-由正态分布分为点的定义21P uαα⎫⎪<=-⎬⎪⎭可确定临界值2αu ,进而确定相应的置信区间22(x u x u αα-+.(2)本题是在单个正态总体方差已知条件下,求期望值μ的置信区间问题. 由教材上已经求出的置信区间22x u x u αα⎛-+ ⎝,其中21,(0,1)P U u UN αα⎧⎫<=-⎨⎬⎩⎭,可以直接得出答案.方法1：由题设,95.01=-α,可见.05.0=α查标准正态分布表知分位点.96.12=αu 本题9n =, 5X =, 因此,根据 95.0}96.11{=<-nX P μ,有 1.96}0.95P <=,即 {4.412 5.588}0.95P μ<<=,故μ的置信度为0.95的置信区间是(4.412,5.588) .方法2：由题设,95.01=-α,22222{}{}2()10.95,()0.975P U u P u U u u u ααααα<=-<<=Φ-=Φ=查得.96.12=αu20.9σ=,9n =, 5X =代入22(x u x u αα-+得置信区间(4.412,5.588).二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.) (1)【答案】(D)【解析】方法1：由题设知,积分区域在极坐标系cos ,sin x r y r θθ==中是(),|0,0cos ,2D r r πθθθ⎧⎫=≤≤≤≤⎨⎬⎩⎭即是由221124x y ⎛⎫-+= ⎪⎝⎭与x 轴在第一象限所围成的平面图形,如右图.由于D 的最左边点的横坐标是0,最右点的横坐标是1, 下边界方程是0y ,=上边界的方程是y =从而D的直角坐标表示是(){010D x,y |x ,y ,=≤≤≤≤故(D)正确.方法2：采取逐步淘汰法.由于(A)中二重积分的积分区域的极坐标表示为()1,|0,0sin ,2D r r πθθθ⎧⎫=≤≤≤≤⎨⎬⎩⎭而(B)中的积分区域是单位圆在第一象限的部分, (C)中的积分区域是正方形(){}0101x,y |x ,y ,≤≤≤≤所以,他们都是不正确的.故应选(D).(2)【答案】(A) 【解析】由于级数21nn u∞=∑和21nn v∞=∑都收敛,可见级数()221nn n uv ∞=+∑收敛.由不等式222n n n nu v u v ≤+及比较判别法知级数12n nn u v∞=∑收敛,从而12n nn u v∞=∑收敛.又因为()2222n n nnn n u v u v u v ,+=++即级数()21n n n u v ∞=+∑收敛,故应选(A).设()21112n n u ,v n ,,n ===,可知(B)不正确. 设()21112n u n ,,n n=-=,可知(C)不正确.设()()11112n nn u ,v n ,,nn--==-=,可知(D)不正确.注：在本题中命题(D)“若级数1nn u∞=∑收敛,且(1,2,)n n u v n ≥=,则级数1n n v ∞=∑也收敛.”不正确,这表明：比较判别法适用于正项级数收敛(或级数绝对收敛)的判别,但对任意项级数一般是不适用的.这是任意项级数与正项级数收敛性判别中的一个根本区别. (3)【答案】(C)【解析】伴随矩阵的基本关系式为AA A A A E **==,现将A *视为关系式中的矩阵A ,则有()A A A E ****=.方法一：由1n A A-*=及1()AA A*-=,可得 121()().n n A A A A AA A A--****-=== 故应选(C).方法二：由()A A A E ****=,左乘A 得1()()n AA A AA -***=,即1()()n A E A AA -**=.故应选(C). (4)【答案】(D)【解析】本题考查对向量组线性相关、线性无关概念的理解.若向量组12,,,s γγγ线性无关,即若11220s s x x x γγγ+++=,必有120,0,,0s x x x ===.既然1,,m λλ与1,,m k k 不全为零,由此推不出某向量组线性无关,故应排除(B)、(C). 一般情况下,对于1122110,s s s s k k k l l αααββ++++++=不能保证必有11220,s s k k k ααα+++=及110,s s l l ββ++=故(A)不正确.由已知条件,有()()()()1111110m m m m m m k k λαβλαβαβαβ+++++-++-=,又1,,m λλ与1,,m k k 不全为零,故1111,,,,,m m m m αβαβαβαβ++--线性相关.故选(D).(5)【答案】(B) 【解析】依题意()()()()()12121212)(,.()()()()()P A A B P A B P A B P A B A B P A B P A B P B P B P B P B P B +⎡⎤++⎣⎦=+=因()0P B >,故有()()1212)(P AB A B P AB P A B +=+.因此应选(B).注：有些考生错误地选择(D).他们认为(D)是全概率公式,对任何事件B 都成立,但是忽略了全概率公式中要求作为条件的事件12,A A 应满足12()0,()0P A P A >>,且12,A A 是对立事件.【相关知识点】条件概率公式：()(|)()P AB P B A P A =.三、(本题满分6分)【解析】(1) 由于()g x 有二阶连续导数,故当0x ≠时,()f x 也具有二阶连续导数,此时,()f x '可直接计算,且()f x '连续；当0x =时,需用导数的定义求(0)f '.当0x ≠时, 22[()]()()()(1)().x x xx g x e g x e xg x g x x e f x x x ---''+-+-++'== 当0x =时,由导数定义及洛必达法则,有2000()()()(0)1(0)lim lim lim 222x x x x x x g x e g x e g x e g f x x ---→→→'''''-+--'==洛洛. 所以 2()()(1),0,()(0)1,0.2xxg x g x x e x x f x g x -'⎧-++≠⎪⎪'=⎨''-⎪=⎪⎩(2) ()f x '在0x =点的连续性要用定义来判定.因为在0x =处,有200()()(1)lim ()lim xx x xg x g x x e f x x -→→'-++'=0()()()(1)lim 2x xx g x xg x g x e x e x --→''''+-+-+= 0()(0)1lim(0)22x x g x e g f -→''''--'===. 而()f x '在0x ≠处是连续函数,所以()f x '在(,)-∞+∞上为连续函数.四、(本题满分6分) 【解析】由()z f u =可得(),()z u z u f u f u x x y y∂∂∂∂''==∂∂∂∂. 在方程()()xyu u p t dt ϕ=+⎰两边分别对,x y 求偏导数,得()(),()().u u u u u p x u p y x x y yϕϕ∂∂∂∂''=+=-∂∂∂∂ 所以()(),1()1()u p x u p y x u y u ϕϕ∂∂-==''∂-∂-. 于是 ()()()()()()()01()1()z z p x p y p x p y p y p x f u x y u u ϕϕ⎡⎤∂∂'+=-=⎢⎥''∂∂--⎣⎦.五、(本题满分6分)【分析】题的被积函数是幂函数与指数函数两类不同的函数相乘,应该用分部积分法. 【解析】方法1:因为21(1)111x x x x x xe x dxdx xd e e e e-----=-++++⎰⎰⎰分部积分 1(1)1111ln(1),1x xx x x x xx x e x dx d e e e e e x e C e---=-=-+++++=-+++⎰⎰所以20lim ln(1)ln 2.(1)1x x x x x x xe xe dx e e e -+∞-→+∞⎡⎤=-++⎢⎥++⎣⎦⎰而 lim ln(1)lim ln (1)11x x x x xxx x x xe xe e e e e e -→+∞→+∞⎡⎤⎧⎫⎡⎤-+=-+⎨⎬⎢⎥⎣⎦++⎣⎦⎩⎭lim ln(1)1x x xx xe x e e -→+∞⎧⎫=--+⎨⎬+⎩⎭lim 001xx xe →+∞-=-=+,故原式ln 2=. 方法2:220001(1)(1)1x x x x x xe xe dx dx xd e e e-+∞+∞+∞-==-+++⎰⎰⎰0000011111(1)ln(1)ln 2.1xxx x x x x xx dx dx e dx e e e e d e e e +∞-+∞+∞+∞-+∞+∞---=-+==++++=-+=-+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰六、(本题满分5分)【分析】由结论可知,若令()()x xf x ϕ=,则()()()x f x xf x ϕ''=+.因此,只需证明()x ϕ在[0,1]内某一区间上满足罗尔定理的条件.【解析】令()()x xf x ϕ=,由积分中值定理可知,存在1(0,)2η∈,使112201()()()2xf x dx x dx ϕϕη==⎰⎰,由已知条件,有1201(1)2()2()(),2f xf x dx ϕηϕη==⋅=⎰于是(1)(1)(),f ϕϕη==且()x ϕ在(,1)η上可导,故由罗尔定理可知,存在(,1)(0,1),ξη∈⊂使得()0,ϕξ'=即()()0.f f ξξξ'+=【相关知识点】1.积分中值定理：如果函数()f x 在积分区间[ ,]a b 上连续,则在[ ,]a b 上至少存在一个点ξ,使下式成立：()()()()baf x dx f b a a b ξξ=-≤≤⎰.这个公式叫做积分中值公式. 2.罗尔定理：如果函数()f x 满足(1)在闭区间[ ,]a b 上连续； (2)在开区间()a,b 内可导；(3)在区间端点处的函数值相等,即()()f a f b =, 那么在()a,b 内至少有一点ξ(a b ξ<<),使得()0f ξ'=.七、(本题满分6分)【分析】利用函数的单调性的判定,如果在x 的某个区间上导函数()0f x '≥,则函数()f x 单调递增,反之递减.【解析】(1)设售出商品的销售额为R ,则()()22(),().ab c p b aR pQ p c R p p b p b -+'==-=++ 令0,R '=得00p b ==>.当0p <<时,0R '>,所以随单价p 的增加,相应销售额R 也将增加.当p >时,有0R '<,所以随单价p 的增加,相应销售额R 将减少. (2)由(1)可知,当p =时,销售额R 取得最大值,最大销售额为2maxR b c ⎡⎤⎫⎥=-=⎪⎪⎥⎭⎥⎦.八、(本题满分6分) 【解析】令y z x =,则dy dz z x dx dx=+. 当0x >时,原方程化为dz z xz dx +=dxx =-,其通解为1ln(ln z x C +=-+ 或Cz x=. 代回原变量,得通解(0)y C x +=>.当0x <时,原方程的解与0x >时相同,理由如下: 令t x =-,于是0t >,而且dy dy dx dydt dx dt dx =⋅=-===从而有通解(0)y C t +=>,即(0)y C x =<.综合得,方程的通解为y C +=.注：由于未给定自变量x 的取值范围,因而在本题求解过程中,引入新未知函数yz x=后得=从而,应当分别对0x >和0x <求解,在类似的问题中,这一点应当牢记.九、(本题满分8分)【分析】本题的(1)是考查特征值的基本概念,而(2)是把实对称矩阵合同于对角矩阵的问题转化成二次型求标准形的问题,用二次型的理论与方法来处理矩阵中的问题. 【解析】(1)因为3λ=是A 的特征值,故31001300313138(2)0,003113110011y E A y y ------==⋅=-=-----所以2y =.(2)由于TA A =,要2()()T T AP AP P A P ==Λ,而21000010000540045A ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦是对称矩阵,故可构造二次型2T x A x ,将其化为标准形Ty y Λ.即有2A 与Λ合同.亦即2T P A P =Λ.方法一：配方法.由于 22222123434558T x A x x x x x x x =++++22222212334444222212344816165()55255495(),55x x x x x x x x x x x x x =+++++-=++++那么,令1122334444,,,,5y x y x y x x y x ===+=即经坐标变换1122334410000100,400150001x y x y x y x y ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎢⎥⎣⎦有 222221234955Tx A x y y y y =+++. 所以,取 10000100400150001P ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,有 211()()595T T AP AP P A P ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦. 方法二：正交变换法.二次型22222123434558T x A x x x x x x x =++++对应的矩阵为21000010000540045A ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦, 其特征多项式2310000100(1)(9)00540045E A λλλλλλλ---==------.2A 的特征值12341,1,1,9λλλλ====.由21()0E A x λ-=,即12340000000000044000440x x x x ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦,和24()0E A x λ-=,即12348000080000044000440x x x x ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦,分别求得对应1,2,31λ=的线性无关特征向量123(1,0,0,0),(0,1,0,0),(0,0,1,1)T T T ααα===-,和49λ=的特征向量4(0,0,1,1)T α=.对123,,ααα用施密特正交化方法得123,,βββ,再将4α单位化为4β,其中：1234(1,0,0,0),(0,1,0,0),,T T T Tββββ====. 取正交矩阵[]123410000100000,,,P ββββ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣, 则 1221119T P A P P A P -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦, 即 211()()19T T AP AP P A P ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦.十、(本题满分8分)【解析】证法1： (定义法)若有一组数12,,,,,t k k k k 使得1122()()()0,t t k k k k ββαβαβα+++++++= (1)则因12,,,t ααα是0AX =的解,知0(1,2,,)i A i t α==,用A 左乘上式的两边,有12()0t k k k k A β++++=. (2) 由于0A β≠,故120t k k k k ++++=. 对(1)重新分组为121122()0t t t k k k k k k k βααα++++++++=. (3)把(2)代入(3)得 11220t t k k k ααα+++=.由于12,,,t ααα是基础解系,它们线性无关,故必有120,0,,0t k k k ===.代入(2)式得:0k =. 因此向量组12,,,,t ββαβαβα+++线性无关.证法2： (用秩)经初等变换向量组的秩不变.把第一列的-1倍分别加至其余各列,有()()1212,,,,,,,,.t t ββαβαβαβααα+++→ 因此 ()()1212,,,,,,,,.t t r r ββαβαβαβααα+++=由于12,,,t ααα是基础解系,它们是线性无关的,秩()12,,,t r t ααα=,又β必不能由12,,,t ααα线性表出(否则0A β=),故()12,,,,1t r t αααβ=+.所以 ()12,,,, 1.t r t ββαβαβα+++=+即向量组12,,,,t ββαβαβα+++线性无关.十一、(本题满分7分)【解析】设一周5个工作日内发生故障的天数为X ,则X 服从二项分布即(5,0.2)B . 由二项分布的概率计算公式,有{}500.80.32768,P X ==={}14510.80.20.4096,P X C ==⋅= {}232520.80.20.2048,P X C ==⋅={}{}{}{}310120.05792.P X P X P X P X ≥=-=-=-==设一周内所获利润Y (万元),则Y 是X 的函数,且10,0,5,1,()0,2,2,3.XX Y f X X X =⎧⎪=⎪==⎨=⎪⎪-≥⎩若若若若由离散型随机变量数学期望计算公式,100.3276850.409620.05792 5.20896EY =⨯+⨯-⨯=(万元).【相关知识点】1.二项分布的概率计算公式：若(,)Y B n p ~,则{}(1)kkn kn P Y k C p p -==-, 0,1,,k n =.2.离散型随机变量数学期望计算公式：{}1()nkk k E X xP X x ==⋅=∑.十二、(本题满分6分)【解析】一枚色子(骰子)接连掷两次,其样本空间中样本点总数为36.设事件1A =“方程有实根”,2A =“方程有重根”,则{}221404B A B C C ⎧⎫=-≥=≤⎨⎬⎩⎭.用列举法求有利于i A 的样本点个数(1,2i =),具体做法见下表:有利于的意思就是使不等式24B C ≤尽可能的成立,则需要B 越大越好,C 越小越好.当B 取遍1,2,3,4,5,6时,统计C 可能出现的点数有多少种.由古典型概率计算公式得到11246619(),3636p P A ++++===2111().3618q P A +===【相关知识点】古典型概率计算公式：().i i A P A =有利于事件的样本点数样本空间的总数十三、(本题满分6分) 【解析】依题意,12,,,n X X X 独立同分布,可见22212,,,nX X X 也独立同分布.由 (1,2,3,4)k k EX a k ==及方差计算公式,有224222242222242211,(),111,().i i i i n n ni n i i i EX a DX EX EX a a EZ EX a DZ DX a a n n n====-=-====-∑∑ 因此,根据中心极限定理n U =的极限分布是标准正态分布,即当n 充分大时,n Z 近似服从参数为2422(,)a a a n-的正态分布.【相关知识点】1.列维-林德伯格中心极限定理,又称独立同分布的中心极限定理：设随机变量12,,,n X X X 独立同分布,方差存在,记μ与2σ()0σ<<+∞分别是它们相同的期望和方差,则对任意实数x ,恒有1lim )(),ni n i P X n x x μ→∞=⎫-≤=Φ⎬⎭∑ 其中()x Φ是标准正态分布函数.2.方差计算公式：22()()()D X E X E X =-.。

2015年山东大学考研试题807西方经济学历年真题汇编(1995-2014)

2015年山东大学考研试题（1995-2014）807西方经济学历年真题汇编目录2014年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (2)2013年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (3)2012年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (4)2011年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (5)2010年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (6)2009年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (7)2008年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (8)2007年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (9)2006年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (10)2005年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (11)2004年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (12)2003年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (13)2002年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (14)2001年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (15)2000年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (16)1999年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (17)1998年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (18)1997年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (19)1996年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (20)1995年山东大学807西方经济学考研真题 (21)一．名词解释（共30分，共5题，每题6分）。

1.生产者剩余（以前考过）2.伯特兰模型（注：很好的新题，高鸿业课本上也没专门谈论这个）3.逆向选择（以前考过）4.边际储蓄倾向（以前考过）5.理性预期（2013年考过）二．简答题（共40分，共4题，每题10分）。

1.根据科斯定理，可以怎样解决外部性问题（以前考过）2.说明财政政策效果与IS和LM曲线斜率的关系（以前考过）3.说明凯恩斯的货币需求函数，它有古典学派的货币需求函数有什么不同（2012年考过）4.用短期厂商成本曲线说明准租金的内涵及意义（很好的新题，完全是高鸿业课本上的，不过容易忽视）三．计算题（共30分，共2题，每题15分）1.某垄断厂商只使用劳动一种生产要素，生产函数为Q=2L，其面临的需求函数为P=95-2Q。

1997年--2013年山东大学山大管理学考研历年真题试题

1997年--2013年山东大学山大管理学考研历年真题目录2013年山东大学管理学考研真题 (2)2012年山东大学管理学考研真题 (3)2011年山东大学管理学考研真题（一） (4)2011年山东大学管理学考研真题（二） (5)2010年山东大学管理学考研真题（一） (6)2010年山东大学管理学考研真题（二） (7)2009年山东大学管理学考研真题（一） (8)2009年山东大学管理学考研真题（二） (9)2008年山东大学管理学考研真题 (10)2007年山东大学管理学考研真题 (11)2006年山东大学管理学考研真题 (12)2005年山东大学管理学考研真题 (13)2003年山东大学管理学考研真题 (15)2002年山东大学管理学考研真题 (16)2001年山东大学管理学考研真题 (17)2000年山东大学管理学考研真题 (18)1999年山东大学管理学考研真题 (19)1998年山东大学管理学考研真题 (20)1997年山东大学管理学考研真题 (21)2013年山东大学管理学考研真题一.名词解释共15分1 彼得德鲁克2 直线职能制3 德尔菲技术法4 弹性原则5 知识螺旋二.简答共60分1 简析决策学派2 什么是经营单位组合分析法?如何运用3 简述古典组织理论4简析公平理论5传统管理考评的缺点以及如何克服6 预算控制的重要性及局限性三。

论述共50分1 结合所学，职业发展有几个阶段？如何认识职业定位理论及职业发展维度？谈谈自己的职业定位，并制定一份职业发展规划。

2 结合实际，谈谈影响决策的因素。

四。

案例分析（原题，资料略）共25分1、ABC那个方式更好，为什么？AB应该借鉴C，做的第一件事是什么？2、结合案例，分析领导者应具备的素质。

3、你认为如何成为一位成功的领导者。

2012年山东大学管理学考研真题一、名词解释1，孔茨2，非正式沟通网络3，民族中心论4，《管理决策新科学》5，管理幅度二、简答1，知识管理的作用或重要性2，为什么决策遵循的是满意原则而不是最优原则3，管理者考评的内容，各自的重点4，组织文化结构5，计划层次体系6，巴纳德的组织理论三、论述1，风险管理的目标与流程2，组织中的职权如何划分，各职权间为什么总是有矛盾，如何解决？四、案例分析涉及激励理论2011年山东大学管理学考研真题（一）一、名词解释1西蒙2头脑风暴3职位权力4正强化5激励因素二、简答1、管理者的角色，管理者所需的技能2、如何理解决策遵循的是满意原则不是最优原则3、领导的权变理论的主要内容，影响权变的因素4、简评经验管理学派的管理理论5、虚拟组织的特点6、简述管理的道德观三、论述1、工作设计的影响因素和原则，工作设计的过程（这个题我没选，所以具体怎么说的忘了，大体意思这样）2、联系实际说明目标管理的过程，以及影响目标管理成功的因素3、技术创新中“先发制人”和“后发制人”的优缺点四、案例分析动力公司要收购中央电子公司，并承诺其总裁瓦斯克斯实行彻底的分权，而结果中央电子公司服从收购以后，总公司（即动力公司）先派会计来查账并要求瓦斯克斯编制利润计划、年度计划等，完不成总公司就会追究其原因；又来干涉瓦斯克斯的劳资关系，要集中控制员工的福利计划；最后，瓦斯克斯要求扩建资金，总公司要求其填写一份基建申请表，而且能不能申请成功还取决于15个分公司的需要。

山大(西方经济学)模拟试题及参考答案

C.投资乘数的大小与国民收入同方向的变动
D. 投资乘数的大小与国民收入反方向的变动
3.在完全竞争市场上，厂商处于长期均衡时（ CD ）
A.SMC=SMR=SA,C=SAR
备金率和贴现率的提高意味着货币紧缩的政策倾向，中央银行购买债券同样是扩张货币的政策倾向。有时中央银行也可以采用选择性信贷和道义说服等手段控制货币发行数量。
4、经济增长的影响因素包括那些？
答：影响经济增长的因素主要包括资源状态、人口和人力资本、技术变协、投资扩张等四大类因素。
三、计算题
给定的某商品的供给曲线为
.
精品文档
B. 将提供物质产品与劳务的各个部门的产值加总
C.将各生产要素在生产中所得到的各种收入加总
D. 把购买各种最终产品所支出的货币价值加总
10. 下列行业中哪一个行业最接近于完全竞争模式（
C）
A. 飞机
B. 卷烟
11.预算线的位置和斜率取决于（ C）
C.种植业
D.汽车
A. 消费者的收入 C.消费者的收入和商品的价格 12. 某种经济活动有负的外部影响时，该活动的（
5.某人正在等待着某项工作，这种情况可归类于（
B）
A. 就业
B. 失业
6.在以下情况中，乘数最大的是（ D ）
C.非劳动力
D.就业不足
A. 边际储蓄倾向为 0.2
B. 边际储蓄倾向为 0.4
C.边际储蓄倾向为 0.3
D. 边际储蓄倾向为 0.1
7.市场不能提供纯粹的公共物品是因为（ D）。
A. 公共物品不具有排他性
D）
A. 电影票降价 10%
B. 电影票提价 15%
14.政府规定最低价格，会使（ C）。

山东大学西方经济学历年真题1995-2011年[1]

山东大学1995年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题西方经济学一.名词解释1.边际替代率2.资本边际效率3.挤出效应4.生产可能性曲线（边界）二．简答1．需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线，但也有例外情况，请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线。

2．简述“有效需求原理”的基本内容三．论述1．作图并证明，非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比。

2．试述LM曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM分析的意义山东大学生1996年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题西方经济学一．名词解释1．规模收益2．完全垄断3．通货膨胀4．法定准备率二．简答1．公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量2．为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最的低的市场三．论述1．完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的2．为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题（试用二部门，三部门和四部门经济模型说明）试题西方经济学一．名词解释1．需求收入弹性2．等产量线3．投资乘数4．边际消费倾向二．简答1．无差异曲线主要有哪些性质2．如图所示，请说明IS-LM模型中从非均衡A到均衡点E 的调整过程三．论述1．试述购买替代品的最大效用原则2．论述“内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用试题西方经济学一．名词解释1．替代效应2．机会成本3．加速原理4．边际消费倾向二．简要回答下列问题1．简述货币政策的基本问题和主要工具（手段）2．西方生产理论和市场理论所分析的中心问题各是什么？三．论述下列问题1．试述垂直的总供给曲线所建立的假定前提并推导（画）出这条曲线2．已知预算线BL与无差异曲线U1相交于H，W 两点，与无差异曲线U2相切于V点（如图）问：（1）什么是预算线和无差异曲线（2）证明：V点的总效用为最大。

试题西方经济学一．名词解释1．国民生产总值2．挤出效应、3．寡头垄断4．规模经济5．边际效益二．简答1．IS曲线是如何推导出来的2．何谓挤出效应？哪些因素影响挤出效应的大小3．名义GDP，实际GDP与潜在GDP的联系与区别三．论述运用市场结构理论，说明竞争程度对市场机制在资源配置方面的影响四．选做题（任选一题）1．论述均衡价格的形成，变化及其应用2．论述需求弹性理论的基本内容试题西方经济学一．设需求曲线的方程为Q=10-2P，求其点弹性值是多少？怎样调整价格，可以使总收益增加？二．运用供求原理说明“谷贱伤农”的道理。

95年至2012年(答案)山大西方经济学试题汇总

12年一、名词解释（30分）IS曲线、逆向选择、公共物品、投资乘数、一般均衡、流动偏好陷阱IS曲线--IS曲线是描述产品市场达到均衡，即I=S时，国民收入与利息率之间关系的曲线。

IS曲线向右下方倾斜。

IS曲线上的每一点都表示使投资等于储蓄的收入和利率的各种组合。

逆向选择--指由交易双方信息不对称和市场价格下降产生的劣质品驱逐优质品，进而出现市场交易产品平均质量下降的现象。

公共物品--私人部门不愿意或不能生产而由政府提供的商品和劳务，主要包括国防、安全保卫、公务员、邮政、航天、气象等。

公共物品一般具有非排他性和非竞争性的特点。

投资乘数--投资乘数是指投资量变化数与国民收入变化数的比率,它表明投资的变动将会引起国民收入若干倍的变动。

一般均衡--在一般均衡分析中，每一商品的需求和供给不仅取决于该商品本身的价格，而且也取决于所有其他商品(如替代品和补充品)的价格。

每一商品的价格都不能单独地决定，而必须和其他商品价格联合着决定。

当整个经济的价格体系恰好使所有的商品都供求相等时，市场就达到了一般均衡。

流动偏好陷阱--当利息率极低时，人们预计利息率不大可能再下降，或者说人们预计有价证券的市场价格已经接近最高点，人们愿意以货币形式持有其所有的金融资产，因而将所持有的有价证券全部换成货币，以至于人们对货币的投机需求趋向于无穷大。

此时，投机性货币需求曲线平行于横轴，货币政策失效，而财政政策有极大作用。

二、简答题（40分）1、什么叫市场失灵？导致市场失灵的主要方式有哪些？由于完全竞争市场以及其他一系列理想化假定条件并不是现实资本主义经济的真实写照，因此，西方学者认为，在现实资本主义经济中，看不见的手的原理一般来说并不成立，帕累托最优状态通常不能得到实现。

换句话说，现实的资本主义市场机制在很多场合不能导致资源的有效配置。

这种情况被称为所谓“市场失灵”。

在以下情况下市场会失灵：不完全竞争，公共物品，外部影响，信息不完全等。

山东大学-西方经济学试卷B（带答案）

⼭东⼤学-西⽅经济学试卷B（带答案）⼀、单选题1.假如某⼚商的平均收益曲线从⽔平线变为向右下⽅倾斜的曲线，这说明（B）。

A.既有⼚商进⼊也有⼚商退出该⾏业B.完全竞争被不完全竞争所取代；C.新的⼚商进⼊了该⾏业D.原有⼚商退出了该⾏业2.在以下情况中，乘数最⼤的是（C）A.边际消费倾向为0.6B.边际消费倾向为0.4C.边际消费倾向为0.64D.边际消费倾向为0.23.当咖啡价格急剧升⾼时，在其他条件不变的情况下，对茶叶的需求量将（C）A.减少B.不变C.增加D.难以确定4.下列体现了需求规律的是（D）A.药品的价格上涨，使药品质量得到了提⾼B.汽油的价格提⾼，⼩汽车的销售量减少C.丝绸价格提⾼，游览公园的⼈数增加D.照相机价格下降，导致销售量增加5.某⼈正在等待着某项⼯作，这种情况可归类于（B）A.就业B.失业C.⾮劳动⼒D.就业不⾜6.在以下情况中，乘数最⼤的是（D）A.边际储蓄倾向为0.2B.边际储蓄倾向为0.4C.边际储蓄倾向为0.3D.边际储蓄倾向为0.17.市场不能提供纯粹的公共物品是因为（D）。

A.公共物品不具有排他性B.公共物品不具有竞争性C.消费者都想“免费乘车”D.以上三种情况都是8.信息不对称导致市场失灵是因为（D）A.消费者⽆法识别好的产品或服务；B.劣质产品对优质产品有负的外部影响；C.⼀块臭⾁坏了⼀锅汤；D.上述说法都说得过去。

9.⽤⽀出法计算国内⽣产总值时：（D）A.将⼈们取得的收⼊加总B.将提供物质产品与劳务的各个部门的产值加总C.将各⽣产要素在⽣产中所得到的各种收⼊加总D.把购买各种最终产品所⽀出的货币价值加总10.下列⾏业中哪⼀个⾏业最接近于完全竞争模式（C）A.飞机B.卷烟C.种植业D.汽车11.预算线的位置和斜率取决于（C）A.消费者的收⼊B.商品的价格C.消费者的收⼊和商品的价格D.以上都不正确12.某种经济活动有负的外部影响时，该活动的（B）A.私⼈成本⼤于社会成本B.私⼈成本⼩于社会成本C.私⼈利益⼤于社会收益D.私⼈收益⼩于社会收益13.某类电影现⾏平均票价为4元，对该类电影需求的价格弹性为1.5，经常出现许多观众买不到票的现象，这些观众⼤约占可买到票的观众的15%，要想使所有想看电影⽽⼜能买得起票的观众都买得到票，可以采取的办法是（D）A.电影票降价10%B.电影票提价15%C.电影票降价15%D.电影票提价10%14.政府规定最低价格，会使（D）。

山东大学1996年解剖学专业课考研真题试卷

山东大学1996年解剖学专业课考研真题试卷
一、解释下列名词（20分）
1、海氏三角(腹股沟三角）
2、腱鞘
3、斜角肌间隙
4、腰肋三角
5、三边孔
6、小网膜
7、大脑动脉环
8、声门裂
9、丘系交叉
10、脉络丛
二、肘关节的组成及运动，并写出肘关节动脉网的构成及其临床意义。

（10分）
三、试述咽的位置，毗邻，结构特点，哪些结构有防御功能？（10分）
四、试说明哪些器官属于腹膜内位器官，腹膜间位器官，腹膜外位器官，网膜孔位于何处，有何意义。

（10分）
五、试述脾的形态，位置及周围的韧带。

韧带内有何内容？（10分）
六、试述腹股沟浅。

深淋巴结的位置及关系。

（10分）
七、试述脑桥的分布。

与脑神经有关核团的名称，纤维束的名称及纤维联系。

（10分）
八、实数典型脊神经的构成，纤维成分和分布，（10分）
九、试述右侧视区和躯体运动的动脉供应，该区血供障碍，出现那些功能障碍？为什么？（10分）
十、试绘图描述脑干腹侧的形态结构。

（10分）。

山东大学1996年法学综合专业课考研真题试卷

山东大学1996年法学综合专业课考研真题试卷
一、名词解释(每小题3分,共15分)
1、用益物权
2、刑法上的追诉时效
3、对行政行为的合理性监督
4、不起诉
5、公示催告程序
二、简述题（每小题10分，共50分）
1、简述民事法律行为的实质要件和形式要件。

2、简述犯罪集团的概念及其特征。

3、简述“被告不得自行收集证据”的规定与“被告负有举证责任”的规定是否矛盾？行政诉讼法作上诉规定意义何在？
4、刑事诉讼证据有哪些特点？
5、采取诉前保全措施应符合什么条件？
三、论述题（第 1题为必答题，15分；第2、3题任选一题，20分；共35分）
1、试论国家行政立法的性质。

2、试论企业债券危机的预防。

3、论我国刑法中的死刑。

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布丁考研网，在读学长提供高参考价值的复习资料
山东大学
一九九六年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
96年
一.名词解释(5’×4)
1规模收益2完全垄断3通货膨胀4法定准备率
二.简答(15’×2)
1。

公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量
2。

为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场
三.论述(25’×2)
1。

完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的
2。

为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明)。