托福班天文学类听力
老托福听力30篇下载之天文学家(原文+翻译)
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Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories peering through telescopes every night. In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his or her time analyzing data and may only be at the telescope a few weeks of the year. Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems and never use a telescope at all. You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes. The most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very simple. First, a photographic plate is coated with a light-sensitive material. The plate is positioned so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image can be developed, enlarged, and published so that many people can study it. Because most astronomical objects are very remote, the light we receive from them is rather feeble. But by using a telescope as a camera, long time exposures can be made. In this way, objects can be photographed that are a hundred times too faint to be seen by just looking through a telescope.许多人认为天文学家是那种每晚都把时间花在冰冷的天文台上，通过望远镜仔细观察的人。
托福听力遇上天文学？不怕,带着法宝来战!
托福听力遇上天文学？不怕，带着法宝来战！以前说过托福听力中的心理学题材，今天和大家来说说天文学这个遥远而神秘的话题。
回顾2015年和2016年，天文学在托福考试听力的lecture中，一直稳稳地保持在第三高频的出现次数。
有趣的是，在无数学生心中听力学科的困难指数排行里，天文学也一直稳稳地排在前列。
又难又常考，那我们必须来和天文学lecture战个痛快了。
难点一：学科词汇托福听力中的天文学lecture，覆盖的内容比较广，大致可以分为三类内容：天体可以是某一个比如TPO24-L4的Venus，还有TPO5-L2的Moon;也可以是某一类，比如TPO26-L3的comets，TPO13-L4的meteorites。
天文学的现象和解释比如TPO2-L4的发现asteroid belt，TPO18-L1的sunspots，TPO21-L1的日心说地心说等。
天文学 Plus就是天文学与其他学科的交叉话题，主要是探讨各类研究技术工具的话题，比如TPO19-L2的optical astronomy VS radio astronomy，也有一些与社会人类学相关的话题TPO14-L3讲seafarers and navigation。
看到这里，有的同学心态已经开始崩了，就上面举例提到的这么几个词，就有好多不认识啊!绝望!这是遇到了天文学听力的第一个Boss-学科词汇。
攻克方法背单词!这个问题的解决办法简单粗暴，就是背单词!在很多单词app比如乐词上，都可以找到词以类记分学科背单词的材料。
背的时候不能只看文字，一定一定一定，要听单词的发音噢!难点二：背景知识第二个难点就是，除了天文学爱好者之外，很多学生还是对天文学有些陌生，背景知识有限。
攻克方法看视频!这个问题的解决办法很舒服~~~就是看视频!bilibili上点击纪录片-宇宙，发现新世界，说不定你就爱上天文学啦!听力实战分析处理掉造成同学理解障碍的两个基础问题，我们继续回到天文学听力的分析上来。
托福强化听力-天文学讲义
C.! He has difficulty believing that research should take so long.!
!D.!
He doubts that the research is given enough credits by modern astronomers.!
11. Why does the professor imply about the discovery of a relationship between the
10. What is the professor’s attitude toward Schwabe’s and Wolf’s research?!
A.! He is surprised that the research is contradictory.!
B.! He is impressed by how many years were spent on the research.!
C.! It was the start of modern astronomy.!
!!D.!
It led to a period of intense scientific research.!
!!TIP： you might also find the answers in the end of this worksheet.!
8. Which hypothesis regarding sunspots did Galileo challenge?!
A.! Sunspots are shadows of planets crossing the Sun.!
B.! Sunspots are clouds in the solar atmosphere.!
十大托福听力必备材料之天文学
十大托福听力必备材料之天文学天文学In ancient times， many people believed theearth was a flat disc． Well over 2，000 years ago； the ancient Greek philosophers were able to put forward two good arguments proving that it was not． Direct observations of heavenly bodies were the basis of both thesearguments． First， the Greeks knew that during eclipses ofthe moon the earth was between the sun and the moon， andthey saw that during these eclipses， the earth's shadow onthe moon was always round， they realized that this could be true only if the earth was spherical， It the earth was aflat disc， then its shadow during eclipses would not be a prefect circle； it would be stretched out into a long ellipse． The second argument was based on what the Greekssaw during their travels． They noticed that the North Star，or Polaris， appeared lower in the sky when they traveled south， in the more northerly regions， the North Star appeared to them to be much higher in the sky． By the way，it was also from this difference in the apparent position of the North Star that the Greeks first calculated the approximate distance around the circumference of the earth，a figure recorded in ancient documents says 400．000 stadium，that's the plural of the world stadium． Today， it's not known exactly what length one stadium represents， but let's say it was about 200 meters， the length of many athletic stadiums． This would make the Greek's estimate about twicethe figure accepted today， a very good estimate for those writing so long before even the first telescope was invented．。
托福TPO18听力答案详细解析
TPO-18 Conversation 1（场景分类——询问工作）Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and an administrator in the university employment office.Student：Hi! I hope you can help me. I just transferred fromNortheasternStateUniversitynearChicago.Administrator：Well welcome toCentralUniversity. ButChicagois such a great city. Why did you leave?Student：（2）Everyone asks that. It’s my hometown. And it was sure convenient to go to a school nearby. ButNortheastern is still fairly small. And it doesn’t have the pro gram I’m interested in. I want to major in international studies. And the only program in the State is here.Administrator：We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies?Student：（3）My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really I like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.Administrator：OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. （1）Right now though I think you are looking for a job.Student：Yeah, a part time job on campus. I thought I’d save money, being away from the big city. But it doesn’t seem to be working that way .Anyway I’m not having much luck.Administrator：I’m no t surprised. Most of our campus jobs are taken in the first week or two of the semester. What work experience have you had?Student：Well, I worked in the university library last year. But I already checked at the library here. They said their remaining positions were for work-study students getting financial aid. I’ve never run into that before.Administrator：Well, I guess each school has its own policies. （5）Uh, we really don’t have much right now. You might be better waiting until next semester. If you really want something, how are your computer skills?Student：About average I’d say. I helped teach some of the basic computer classes. Northeastern offers for new users, if that helps any？Administrator：OK, the technology support department needs people to work its helpdesk. It’s basically a customer service job, answering questions, helping people solve their computer problems, give you a chance to develop your people skills. Student：Something every diplomat needs. But is there some problem? I mean why is the job still open?Administrator：（4）Well, they have extended hours, from 6am to 2am every day. So they need a large staff. But right now they only need people early mornings, late nights, and weekends. You’d probably end up with a bit of everything ra ther than a regular spot. On the bright side you’ll probably be able to get some studyingdone between calls. At least it could be a start and then you can try for better hours next semester.Student：Um, I see why the hours might be a problem. But I guess I can’t afford to be too picky if I want a job. Still maybe we can work something out..词汇：diplomat n. 外交家helpdesk n. 帮助台spot n. 地点picky adj. 挑剔的；吹毛求疵的题目：1. Why does the student go to the university office?解析：主旨题，文中学生找管理员主要是想寻求工作机会。
托福听力天文学考点(一)
托福听力天文学考点(一)托福听力天文学1. 天体运动•天体轨道的形状和特点•行星运动的周期和轨道参数•恒星的运动和分类2. 星际与星系•星际空间中的恒星分布•星系的形成与演化•星际尘埃和恒星之间的相互作用3. 宇宙起源和演化•宇宙大爆炸理论•宇宙的膨胀过程•星系团的形成与演化4. 天体物理观测•天体观测仪器及其原理•数据处理与分析方法•天文学研究的重要发现与突破5. 天文学历史和名人•天文学的发展历史•杰出的天文学家及其贡献•各国天文学研究机构及其活动详解如下：1. 天体运动天体运动是天文学的基础知识，了解天体的运动规律和特点对于研究宇宙起源和结构有着重要意义。
•天体轨道的形状和特点：天体围绕其他天体运动的轨道可以是椭圆、圆形或抛物线等形状。
了解不同轨道形状对天体运动的影响，可以帮助我们理解行星的运动规律和轨道参数的测量。
•行星运动的周期和轨道参数：行星绕太阳运动的周期与其距离太阳的距离有关。
同时，行星的轨道参数如离心率、倾角等也会影响其运动方式。
通过研究行星的运动特点，我们可以更好地了解行星的物理特性和它们与其他天体的相互作用。
•恒星的运动和分类：恒星的运动包括自转和公转。
恒星按照亮度、颜色和质量等特征进行分类，不同类型的恒星具有不同的物理特性和演化过程。
了解恒星的运动和分类，有助于我们研究恒星的形成和演化过程。
2. 星际与星系星际空间是广阔的宇宙中的一部分，其中包含大量的恒星和星系。
•星际空间中的恒星分布：恒星在星际空间中不均匀分布，形成星团、星云和星系等结构。
研究恒星的空间分布有助于我们理解恒星形成的机制和宇宙结构的演化过程。
•星系的形成与演化：星系是由恒星、星际气体和星际尘埃组成的巨大结构。
星系的形成和演化涉及多种物理过程，包括引力作用、恒星形成和超新星爆发等。
了解星系的形成与演化，可以深入研究宇宙的起源和结构。
•星际尘埃和恒星之间的相互作用：星际尘埃对光的传播和天体观测有着重要的影响。
托福听力天文地理篇（astronomygeology）
托福听力天文地理篇(astronomy&geology)Hello, 相信不少备考托福的同学都知道托福听力会考到天文题，今天就为大家来解读一下学科背景专项和套题模考强化段之天文地理篇(astronomy& geology)托福听力天文地理篇(astronomy& geology)首先，小编先来讲一下文章题材，从TPO11-34，我们可以发现一般天文类的文章主要分为两大类，一类是解释说明文(eg现象，物质，新的发现等)，还有一类就是议论文(eg不同观点或者新老观点对比等) 那对于第一类说明文，文章内容主要是现象的特点特征，产生这种现象的原因，科学家们是如何发现现象或探测的方法，以及在文末可能会出现Prof对前文的观点或者方法的评价。
第二类议论文，文章内容主要是新老观点对比，或是不同学术者提出自己的观点，那么那些支持不同观点的论据就是听力中需要记录的要点，同样在文末可能会出现Prof对于这些观点的评价。
天文学类的文章很容易出现新的词或者信息，通常在这些词和信息后面都会有解释甚至是停顿，这时候童鞋们就需要打起十二分精神仔细听，因为考点很有可能就会出现。
以上这些都是童鞋们需要记录的要点。
对于这类的题材问题主要是主旨题，细节题(特征，因果，产生什么作用等)，语境语义题(Prof的观点，或句子文中的含义)下面是小编为大家整理的TPO里面关于天文学一类的素材，按照不同的难易程度来分，11-19可以作为背景专项训练，20-34可以作为模考强化训练，其中25之后和现在考试难度相似Difficult TPO 13 L4, TPO 19 L2, TPO 21 L1, TPO 22 L2, TPO 24 L4, TPO 30 L3Medium TPO 14 L3, TPO 18 L1, TPO 26 L3HOHO~~现在是不是对天文的概念要清晰一点了，接下来小编再和童鞋们分享一下地理篇。
相对于天文学来说，地理学主要是以说明文为主(eg 说明一种现象、板块移动说、自然环境生态的形成等)同样的这些说明文就是对一种现象和自然生态的解释说明，包括了形成过程，特征特点，产生的原因，科学家们如何研究得出结论(eg 用什么仪器设备，探测什么物质的含量等)那文末就会是Prof对前面观点和结论的评价或者是总结。
托福听力词汇分类-天文类
ammonia / 5AmEunjE / 氨 asteroid / 5AstErCid / 小行星asteroid / 5AstErCid / 小行星 astrology / E5strRlEdVI / 占星术astronaut / 5AstrEnC:t / 宇航员 astronomer / E5strRnEmE(r) / 天文学家astronomical / AstrE5nRmIk(E)l / 天文的 astronomical object / AstrE5nRmIk(E)l /天体Astronomy / E5strRnEmI / 天文学 astrophysics / AstrEJ5fIzIks / 天文物理学Big Dipper / 5dipE / 北斗七星black hole 黑洞celestial / si5lestjEl / 天上的 celestial body / si5lestjEl / 天体celestial map / si5lestjEl / 天体图 celestial sphere / si5lestjEl / 天球centrifugal force / sen5trifju^El /离心力 centripetal force / sen5tripitl / 向心力chondrite / 5kCndrait / 球粒状陨石 chromosphere / 5krEumEsfiE / 太阳的色球层clockwise / 5klCkwaiz / 顺时针方向 cluster / 5klQstE /星团comet / 5kCmit / 彗星 constellation / kCnstE5leiFEn / 星群，星座cosmic / 5kCzmik / 宇宙的 cosmic radiation / 5kCzmik / 宇宙射线cosmic rays / 5kCzmik / 宇宙射线 cosmology / kCz5mClEdVi / 宇宙学cosmos (universe) / 5kCzmCs / 宇宙 counterclockwise / 7kauntE5klCkwaiz /逆时针方向eclipse / i5klips / (日/月)食 emission / i5miFEn / 发射，散发faint / feint / 微弱的 feeble / 5fi:bl /微弱的galaxy / 5^AlEksi / 星系 gaseous bodies / 5^AsiEs / 气态包gravitational force / 7^rAvi5teiFEn / 吸引力 Greenwich mean time / 5^renItF / 格林威治时间heaven / 5hevEn / 天空 high–resolution / 7rezE5lju:FEn / 高清晰度ignite / i^5nait / 点燃 illusive object / i5lu:siv / 幻影物体image / 5imidV / 图像 infinite / 5infinit /无限的infrared ray / 5infrE5red / 红外线 interferometer/ 7intEfiE5rCmitE /干扰仪intergalactic / 7intE^E5lAktik / 银河间的 international date line 国际日期变更线interplanetary / 7intE(:)5plAnitEri /行星间的 interstellar / 5intE(:)5stelE / 恒星间的Jupiter / 5dVu:pitE / 木星 leap year / li:p /闰年light year / lait / 光年 luminosity / 7lju:mi5nCsiti / 光度Lunar / 5lju:nE / 月球的 lunar calendar / 5kAlindE / 阴历Mars / mB:z / 火星 Martian / 5mB:FiEn / 火星的massive / 5mAsiv / 厚重的 Mercury / 5mE:kjuri / 水星meteor / 5mi:tjE / 流星 meteor shower / 5mi:tjE / 流星雨meteorite / 5mi:tjErait / 陨石 meteoroid / 5mi:tjErCid / 流星体Milky Way / 5milki / 银河系 molten / 5mEultEn / 溶化naked eye / 5neikid / 肉眼 nebula / 5nebjulE / 星云Neptune / 5neptju:n / 海王星 observatory / Eb5zE:vEtEri / 天文台outer atmosphere / 5AtmEsfiE / 大气层outer space 外太空 photosphere / 5fEutEusfiE / 光球层 planet / 5plAnIt / 行星planetarium / plAnI5teErIEm / 天文馆 planetoid / `plAnItRId / 小行星Pluto / 5plu:tEu / 冥王星Polestar 北极星pseudoscience / (p)sj u:dEu5saiEns / 伪科学quasar / 5kweisB: / 类星体radiation / 7reidi5eiFEn / 辐射 revolution / 7revE5lu:FEn / 公转revolve / ri5vClv / 旋转 rotation / rEu5teiFEn / 自转satellite / 5sAtElait / 人造卫星 Saturn / 5sAtE(:)n / 土星sky atlas / 5AtlEs / 天体图 solar / 5sEulE /太阳的solar calendar / 5kAlindE / 阳历 solar corona / kE5rEunE / 日冕solar eclipse / i5klips / 日食 solar radiation / 7reidi5eiFEn / 太阳辐射solar system 太阳系 space debris / 5debri: / 太空垃圾space shuttle / 5FQtl / 航天飞机 space suit太空服space telescope 空间望远镜 spacecraft / 5speiskrB:ft / 太空船spin / spin / 旋转 star cluster / 5klQstE / 星团stellar 恒星的 sunspot太阳黑子telescope 望远镜 time difference 时差time zone 时区 universal / 7ju:ni5vE:sEl / 宇宙的universe / 5ju:nivE:s / 宇宙 Uranus / 5ju:ErEnEs / 天王星Venus / 5vi:nEs / 金星 write dwarf / dwC:f / 白矮星。
托福听力天文学背景知识
托福听力天文学背景知识英文回答：As an astronomy enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the wonders of the universe and the vastnessof space. My interest in astronomy began when I was a child.I remember looking up at the night sky and being amazed by the countless stars twinkling above me. I would spend hours reading books about space and learning about the different celestial bodies.One of the most interesting aspects of astronomy is the study of galaxies. Galaxies are massive systems of stars, gas, and dust that are held together by gravity. There are billions of galaxies in the universe, each containingbillions of stars. The Milky Way, which is the galaxy that our solar system is a part of, is just one of many galaxies in the universe.Studying galaxies can provide valuable insights intothe formation and evolution of the universe. Astronomers use various techniques to study galaxies, such as observing their light emissions, measuring their distances, and analyzing their chemical compositions. By studying the properties of galaxies, astronomers can learn about the processes that shape the universe.For example, the study of galaxies has led to the discovery of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is a mysterious substance that cannot be directly observed, but its presence can be inferred from its gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy, on the other hand, is an even more mysterious force that is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe. These discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos.中文回答：作为一个天文学爱好者，我一直对宇宙的奇迹和广阔的空间深感着迷。
托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍和举例
托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍和举例托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍和举例托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍首先，主题概念的引出。
往往考察主旨题。
一定要注意新词的解释，留心各种形式的同位语。
其次，通过举例子和对比、逻辑关系等，进行论证和分析。
最后，得出结论或总结。
托福official真题听力中天文学类话题举例1、星球及特征例如木星，冥王星，天狼星，太阳，月球等。
托福official真题2 lecture 4 小行星带是如何发现的。
通过十进制原则，来引出波德定律，推理出波德定律是来源于数学，而且是为了实现测量星球之间的距离。
托福official真题5 lecture 2 支持登月的原因。
首先要了解行星构成的要素及年龄，盆地的形成是很好的研究对象。
接着又说月球中含有水，可以供人们呼吸和作为燃料运用。
托福official真题22 lecture 2 讨论和太阳相关的谜。
托福official真题18 lecture 1 关于太阳黑子的研究，并阐述了随着时间的推移，这个研究是不断进步。
先是欧洲人根据自己的信念主观臆断再到伽利略通过望远镜观察提出了挑战，然后到两位学者长年的研究发现太阳黑子数量变化和地磁周期一致。
可见讲座的主旨是在说人类对于太阳黑子的科学认知的不断演变的过程。
2.天文学理论例如日心说与地心说，不同天文学家的观点，古希腊人对天文现象的解释等。
托福official真题13 lecture 4流星。
最开始教授说要讲不同种类的流星体，但是后来用了大篇幅去解释它的起源，然后又给了流星体分类，最后才讲到了流星，并对其进行分类阐述。
托福official真题21 lecture 1 教授全文是讲述一个例子，希腊是怎么看待地心说的例子，来证明地心说这一传统的观念。
3.交叉学科话题往往和其他学科有交叉，例如历史、化学等。
托福official真题3 lecture 4 天文学家怎么识别行星的化学元素。
从分析光谱的扩大，光谱图案和化学元素的匹配三个方面讲解。
托福听力背景知识：天文学astronomy和cosmology
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福听力背景知识：天文学astronomy和cosmology就托福听力lecture来看，它涉及到多种学术领域。
托福强化听力-天文学 script
!Practice one: TPO 18 lecture 1!⽣生词栏：Script:!!We are going to start a study of sunspots today, and I think you’ll find itrather interesting. Now I’m going to assume that you know that sunspots, inthe most basic terms, are dark spots on the Sun’s surface. That will do fornow.!!The ancient Chinese were the first to record observations of sunspots asearly as the year 165. When later European astronomers wrote aboutsunspots, they didn’t believe that the spots were actually on the Sun. That’sbecause of their belief at the time that the heavenly bodies, the Sun, Moon,Stars, and Planets, were perfect, without any flaws or blemishes. So theopinion was the spots were actually something else, like shadows of planetscrossing the Sun’s face. And this was the thinking of European astronomersuntil the introduction of the telescope, which brings us to our old friend,Galileo.!!In the early 1600s, based on his observations of sunspots. Galileo proposeda new hypothesis. He pointed out that the shape of sunspots, well, thesunspots weren’t circular. If they were shadows of the planets, they would becircular, right? So that was a problem for the prevailing view. And he alsonoticed that the shape of the sunspots changed as they seemed to moveacross the Sun’s surface. Maybe a particular sunspot was sort of square,then later it would become more lopsided, then later something else. Sothere is another problem with the shadow hypothesis, because the shape ofa planet doesn’t change. What Galileo proposed was that sunspots wereindeed a feature of the Sun, but he didn’t know what kind of feature. Heproposed that they might be clouds in the atmosphere, the solar atmosphere,especially because they seemed to change shape and there was nopredicting the changes, at least nothing Galileo could figure out. !!That random shape changing would be consistent with the spots beingclouds. Over the next couple hundred years, a lot of hypotheses were tossedaround.TPO 18 lecture 1!!⽣生词栏：Script ：!The spots were mountains or holes in the solar atmosphere through which thedark surface of the Sun could be seen. Then in 1843, astronomer namedHeinrich Schwa be made an interesting claim, Trobe had been watching theSun every day that it was visible for 17 years, looking for evidence of a newplanet. And he started keeping tracks of sunspots, mapping them, so hewouldn’t confuse them, so he wouldn’t confuse them with any potential newplanet. In the end, there was no planet, but there was evidence that thenumber of sunspots increased and decreased in a pattern, a pattern thatbegan repeating after 10 years, and that was a huge breakthrough. !!Another astronomer named Wolf kept track of the Sun for an even longerperiod, 40 years actually. So Wolf did 40 years of research, and Trobe did 17years of research. I think there is a lesson there. Anyway, Wolf went thoughall records from various observatories in Europe and put together a history ofsunspot observations going back about 100 years. From this information, hewas able to confirm the existence of a pattern, a repeating cycle but Wolfdetected an 11-year cycles.!!Dose that sound familiar to anyone? No? Well, geomagnetic activity, thenatural variations in Earth’s magnetic field, it fluctuates in 11-year cycles.Well, we’ll cover this later in this semester, but for now, well, scientists in thelate 19th century were aware of geomagnetic cycles, so when they heard thatthe sunspots’ cycle was also 11 years, well, they just had to find out what wasgoing on. Suddenly, everyone was doing studies of the possible relationshipbetween the Sun and the Earth. Did the sunspots cause the geomagneticfields or did the geomagnetic fields cause the sunspots? Or is there someother thing that caused both? !!And astronomers did eventually figure out what sunspots had to do withmagnetic fields. And the fact that sunspots are magnetic fields accounts fortheir dark appearance. That’s because magnetic fields reduce the pressureexerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest ofthe Sun’s surface. And since they are cooler, they are darker.!Practice Two: TPO 13 lecture 4!!Script ：!Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class. !Professor:!OK, I wanna go over the different types of meteoroids, and what we've learned from them about the formation of earth, and solar system. Uh… the thing is what's especially interesting about meteoroids is that they come from! interplanetary space, but they consist of the same chemical elements that are! in matter originated on earth, just in different proportions. But that makes it! easier to identify something as a meteoroid, as it opposed to…to just a! terrestrial rock. So to talk about where meteoroids come from, we need to talk! about comets and asteroids, which basically...they’re basically made up of!debris left over from the origin of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago.!!Now I'm going a bit out of a boarder here…umm…I'm not going to go into any! depth on the comets and asteroids now, but we'll come back later and do that.!From now, I'll just cover some basic info about them.!!OK, comets and asteroids. It might help if you think of...remember we talked! about the two classes of planets in our solar system? And how they differ in! composition? The terrestrial planets--like Mars and Earth--composed largely of rocks and metals, and the large gas giants, like Jupiter. Well, the solar system also has two analogous classes of objects, smaller than planets—namely, asteroids and comets. Relatively near the sun and inner solar system, between Jupiter and Mars to be precise, we’ve got the asteroid belt, which contains about 90 percents of all asteroids orbiting the sun. These asteroids are…uh…like the terrestrial planets, and they're composed mostlyof rocky materials and metals.!!Far from the sun, in the outer solar system, beyond Jupiter's orbit,! temperatures are low enough to permit ices to form out of water and…and out! of gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Loose collections of these ices and small rocky particles form into comets. So comets are similar in composition to the gas giants. Both comets and asteroids are...typically are smaller than planets.!TPO 13 lecture4Script ：!And even smaller type of interplanetary debris is the meteoroid. And it's from!meteoroids that we get meteors and meteorites. "Roids" are, for the most part! anyway, they are just smaller bits of asteroids and comets. When these bits! enter earth’s atmosphere, well, that makes them so special that they get a! special name. They're called meteors. Most of them are very small, and they! burn up soon after entering earth’s atmosphere. The larger ones that make it! through the atmosphere and hit the ground are called meteorites. So meteorites are the ones that actually make it through.!!Now we've been finding meteorites on earth for thousands of years, and we’ve analyzed enough of them to learn a lot about their composition, most come from asteroids, though a few may have come from comets. So essentially they are rocks, and like rocks, they're mixtures of minerals. They are generally classified into three broad categories--stones, stony irons andirons.!!Stone meteoroids, which we refer to simply as, uh, stones, are almost entirely! rock material. They actually account for almost all of the meteorite material that falls to earth. But even so, it's rare to ever find one. I mean, it's easier to find an iron meteorite or stony iron. Anyone guess why? Look at their names.What do you think iron meteorites consist of?!!Student:!Mostly iron?!!Professor:!Yeah… iron and some nickel, both of which are metals. And, if you're trying to!find metal?!!Student:!Oh! Metal detectors!!!Professor:!Right, thank you. At least that's part of it. Stone meteoroids, if they lie around! exposed to the weather for a few years, well, they're made of rock, so they end up looking almost indistinguishable from common terrestrial rocks--once that originated on earth. So it's hard to spot them by eye. But we can use metal detectors to help us find the others, and they're easier to spot by eye. So most of the meteorites in collections, uh, in museums, they'll be...they're iron meteorites, or the stony iron kind, even though they only make up about 5 percents of the meteorite material on the ground. !。
解析新托福听力场景之天文学
解析新托福听力场景之天文学众所周知，新托福听力段子越来越难。
虽然ETS 出题的规律已经很明显，但对于大多数考生而言，还是有难度。
尤其对于自己不熟悉的领域，段子一长，速度一快，便苦不堪言。
实际上，备考新托福的过程对考生来讲就是一个锻炼语言能力和拓展知识面的过程，考完后，很多考生发现自己变成了一个个“通才”。
上次我们重点分析了生物学听力段子，本次托福专家在这里和广大考生共同探讨一下天文学。
一、概述天文学应该是许多考生头痛的话题。
在教学过程中，托福专家发现，文科生觉得天文学较难，涉及物理学，比如开普勒定律；理科生虽然物理不错，但是往往缺乏基础知识，比如天狼星的叫法。
天文学考察的频率在lecture 中相对较高。
可以从以下几个方面来考察：☆特定行星：例如木星，冥王星，天狼星，太阳，月球等☆天文学理论：例如日心说与地心说，不同天文学家的观点，古希腊人对天文现象的解释等☆宇宙：例如大爆炸理论，恒星与星云，星系，流星等☆其他话题：往往和其他学科有交叉，如历史等首先，考生要对这些话题的中心词熟悉。
在做TPO 时一定要积累天文学词汇，做到会读和能够快速反应出意思。
可以坚持每天听一个lecture, 记笔记找感觉。
二、案例分析下面是一个天文学的经典案例：TPO 21 Part 2-Lecture 1 (Geocentric & Heliocentric theory听力原文：distinction between the solar system and the universe wasn’t clear until modern times. The ancient Greeks believed that what we called the solar system was in fact the entire universe, and that now know that the planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun, and that the solar system is only a tiny part of the universe.So, as if the Sun, the moon, and the stars all revolve around the Earth everyday, while the Earth itself stayed in one place. And this view is early as the fourth century B.C.E., and the geocentric theory continue to prevail in Western thought for almost 2,000 years, until the 17th century.分析：这一段是描写古希腊人对地心说的信仰，这两段中划线部分为考点。
托福听力TPO-L4-Saturn's Rings
1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To show the connection between asteroids and Saturn's ringsB. To discuss theories about the formation of Saturn's ringsC. To describe the composition of Saturn's ringsD. To show how Saturn's rings affect the planet's atmosphere2.What leads scientists to believe that Saturn's rings are much younger than the planet itself?A. Most of the rings are bright and shiny.B. Most of the rings are composed of complex materials.C. The rings are much thinner than scientists realized.D. There are small moons in between Saturn's rings.3.Why do astronomers suspect that new material has been added to Saturn's ring system?A. The number of moons orbiting Saturn has increased over time.B. The rings exist in spite of Saturn's gravity and magnetic pull.C. The tidal forces of Saturn are stronger than previously believed.D. The amount of water-ice in Saturn's rings is smaller than previously believed.4.Why does the professor mention Edouard Roche?A. To explain why Saturn's magnetic pull affects the orbits of Saturn's moonsB. To explain how much gravitational force is needed to make particles coalesce into a moonC. To explain how a moon might contribute material to Saturn's ring systemD. To explain why asteroids are attracted to Saturn's ring system5.Why does the professor mention the reddish color in some of Saturn's rings?A. To explain why he calls Saturn "the jewel of the solar system"B. To prove that Saturn's rings and its moons are composed of similar materialC. To explain how scientists realized that the ring particles vary greatly in sizeD. To support the possibility that some rings may contain molecules from an asteroid6.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. (MALE PROFESSOR) instead of asking, “How did the rings form?” We should be asking… [looking for a response] uh, anyone? Beth? (FEMALE STUDENT) [tentative, upspeak] How do the rings form? (MALE PROFESSOR) How do the rings form! Why does the professor say this: (MALE PROFESSOR) How do the rings form!A. He wants the woman to answer her own question.B. He wants the woman to rephrase her question.C. He is glad that the woman understands the point he just made.D. He believes that more research on ring formation is needed.Answers：B/A/B/C/D/CSaturn's RingsListen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.Professor: Saturn’s rings have always baffled astronomers.Until about 30 years ago, we thought the rings were composed of particles of ice and rock that were left over from Saturn’s formation, extra material that never managed to form er...er coalesce into a moon.As you know, it’s believed that Saturn and all the planets in our solar syste m, coalesced from a swirling cloud of gas some 4.8 billion years ago. However, if the rings are made of leftovers from that process, then they’d also be about 4.8 billion years old. The problem is that anything gathering space dust for that long would certainly have darkened by now.But Saturn’s rings, most of them anyway, are pristine, so bright and shiny that they make Saturn “the jewel of the solar system”. So the hypothesis that the rings are just made of material left over from the time of planetary formation. That hypothesis must be wrong. Saturn’s rings are much younger than the planet itself. They may have formed only a few hundred million years ago, around the time the earliest dinosaurs lived on earth. We realize now that the ring particles, which range in size from microscopic dust to boulders, bigger than large houses, well, a lot of these particles are eventually lost. Then we believed they gradually spiral down out of the rings and into the planet’s atmosphere. This occurs as a result of the pla net’s gravity. And also because of the effects of its magnetic field.Now, if material from Saturn’s rings is being lost, and nothing new is added from time to time, the rings would be disappearing, but that’s not happening. So somehow, there must be new material feeding the ring system. Question is, where is this new material coming from? So, we’re back to square one. But, instead of asking how did the rings form, we should be asking… anyone? Beth?Student: How do the rings form?Professor: How do the rings form! Because they are apparently replenishing themselves somehow. OK, here is one possibility. The moons, the dozens of moons, they all orbit Saturn, are providing raw material for the rings.A moon in the system is complex at Saturn’s, and Saturn has a t least 49 known moons which vary tremendously in size and shape. A moon in such a complex system, is not only affected by the gravitational force of the planet, but also by that of the other moons.Student: So the planet may be pulling a moon one way, and other moons may be pulling it other ways?Professor: Exactly. Such forces could actually alter a moon's orbit, and as a result there might be a collision when moon might crash into another. And the debris from that collision could become part of the rings. Then there are tidal forces, a moon might get too close to the planet and get broken apart by Saturn's tidal forces.Student: Excuse me! You mean, tidal force is like high tide and low tide on the oceans?Professor: Well, by tidal force, I'm referring to the gravitational pull of Saturn on its moons. In themid-1800s, a French scientist named Edouard Roche was studying the effects of a planet's tidal forces on its moons.Roche was able to show mathematically that if one celestial body, say a moon, if it passes tooclose to another, say a planet, that has a gravitational force stronger than the force of self-attraction that holds the moon together.Well, that first body，that moon，it'd be ripped apart. We call the distance at which this happens the "Roche limit". So if one of Saturn's moons reaches the Roche limit of the planet, or even a larger moon, it would disintegrate, be torn apart and thus add more material to the ring system.And there's another way new material might be added to the Saturn's rings, an asteroid crashing into one of the moons. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that some of the many rings are a bit reddish in color. Yes, George?Student: I'm sorry, I don't follow the logic.Professor: Well, this reddish coloration suggests the presence of complex organic molecules,carbon-based molecules, mixed in with the water ice. Remember, the rest of Saturn's rings are made almost entirely of water ice. And none of Saturn's moons is red. But asteroids could be. And thus could end up contributing to the ring system, the kind of carbon-based molecules we're talking about.Saturn's Rings土星环Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.听一段天文学课的片段。
托福天文学云层听力
托福天文学云层听力英文回答：Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals and can be found at altitudes of 20,000 to 40,000 feet. They are thin and wispy and often appear as streaks or strands in the sky. Cirrus clouds are formed when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. They are usually a sign of fair weather, but they can sometimes indicate the approach of a storm.Cumulus clouds are puffy clouds that look like cotton balls. They are found at altitudes of 2,000 to 10,000 feet. Cumulus clouds are formed when warm, moist air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into droplets. These clouds are usually a sign of fair weather, but they canalso grow into larger thunderstorms.Stratus clouds are flat, gray clouds that cover the entire sky. They are found at altitudes of 1,000 to 2,000feet. Stratus clouds are formed when a layer of warm, moist air is trapped under a layer of cold, dry air. These clouds often produce drizzle or light rain.中文回答：卷云（Cirrus clouds）。
托福听力天文学
astronomy 天文学astronomical 天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer 天文学家astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学cosmos 宇宙cosmology 宇宙学infinite 无限的cosmic 宇宙的cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线celestial 天的celestial body 天体celestial map 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf 矮星quasar 类星体，类星射电源constellation 星座galaxy 新河系cluster 星团solar system 太阳系solar corona 日冕solar eclipse 日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet 行星planetoid 小行星asteroid revolve 旋转，绕转twinkle 闪烁naked eye 肉眼Mercury 水星V enus 金星Earth 地球Mars 火星Jupiter 木星Saturn 土星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin 旋转satellite 卫星lunar 月球的meteor 流星meteor shower流星雨meteoroid 流星体meteorite 陨石comet 彗星space 太空，外层空间spacecraft 宇宙飞船spaceman 宇航员，航天员space suit 宇航服，航天服space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut 宇航员star 恒星stellar 恒星的intergalactic 星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris 太空垃圾ammonia 氨corona 日冕chromosphere 色球photosphere 色球层convection 传送，传导；zone 对流层vacuum 真空infrared红外线的；红外线ray 红外线chondrite 球粒陨石meteorite 陨石absolute magnitude 绝对量级radiation 辐射emission 发射，散发high-resolution 高清楚度interferometer 干扰仪methane甲烷，沼气宇宙和另外两个是包含与被包含关系，银河系和河外星系是并列关系。
【必备资料】ETS官方听力托福样题-天文课上的讨论
【必备资料】ETS官方听力托福样题-天文课上的讨论ETS官方托福听力样题对托福备考阶段的考生具有非常重要的参考价值。
通过样题可以迅速了解ETS的出题风格，和考试类型思路。
那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家全面带来ETS官方的听力样题，希望这些内容能为大家的托福备考带来帮助。
NarratorListen to part of a discussion in an astronomy class. The professor isdiscussing Pluto.ProfessorWell, today I thought we’d talk about some of the reasons why Pluto’s statusas a planet has been debated. You see, until recently what makes a planet aplanet was one of the simpler concepts in astronomy. It’s always been deemed so,uh…so obvious, so… basic that it was never officially defined…So anyway,…uhimprovements in telescopes and related technology have led to a whole host ofdiscoveries in our solar system…with one result being that now even thegenerally accepted idea of what a planet is is being challenged…or at leastqualified. And this directly affects the status of Pluto.Student ASo what makes Pluto so different that it could be, um…reclassified?ProfessorWell, actually, there are several important differences between Pluto and theother planets. First, when you look at the other planets, especially the planetsin the outer solar system, where Pluto orbits, you see that Pluto stands out,it’s the oddball…and I’ll give you one guess why.Student BIt’s gotta be the size…Jupiter, Saturn and uh, Uranus and Neptune,…they’rethe gas giants, and, well, Pluto isn’t.ProfessorExactly,…uh compared to the gas giants, Pluto’s very different,…it’s neithergaseous nor a giant. See, uh Pluto is less than half the size of the nextsmallest planet, Mercury. It’s even smaller than our moon…and smaller than othermoons in our solar system. So Pluto is very small for a planet,…maybe it’s notlarge enough to be considered a planet.Student ABut Pluto orbits the Sun and…I mean…well, that’s one of the things planetsdo.ProfessorYou’re right…Most people agree that a planet orbits a sun, and Plutocertainly does that…every 248 years, but with a highly eccentric orbit. Take alook at this:What I mean when I say ‘eccentric’is…it’s not like the other planets’orbits, instead it’s different in uh, two major ways. One, it’s elliptical, butthe others are nearly circular. So for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to theSun than Neptune and for the rest it’s farther away. And two, Pluto orbits on adifferent plane. That is, all the planets orbit the Sun on the same plane,except Pluto…which orbits at a seventeen degree angle to the other orbits. Doyou see where it looks like it crosses the other orbits?Student A[interrupting]But I don’t see why being small and having an unusual orbit would changePluto’s status. I mean it still has most of the features that the other planetshave, doesn’t it? It’s got an atmosphere, granted it’s thin, but it’s there. Iteven has a moon!ProfessorThat’s true. In fact, if it wasn’t for the discovery of the Kuiper beltrhymes with “piper”, there probably wouldn’t be a question about Pluto’sstatus….[questioning sounds by the students]Student BIt’s…I’m sorry, the what belt?ProfessorUh, it’s the Kuiper belt.It’s like a swarm of icy-rocky objects out beyond Neptune. It turns out thatKuiper belt objects, which are also called KBOs, have a lot in common withPluto.For one, KBOs and Pluto are made of the same stuff, namely rock and ice. Andfor most of its orbit, Pluto is in the Kuiper belt.Remember when I said that Pluto has an eccentric orbit? Well, many KBOs do,too,…for the same reason,…their orbits are influenced by Neptune’s gravity. Now,without going into too much detail,…let me just say that Neptune’s gravity sortof pulls Pluto and the KBOs around…this results in orbits that are ellipticaland almost exactly one and one half times longer than Neptune’s.In light of these similarities, some suggest that Pluto’s merely the largestKBO found to date. Now, I’m saying this because several other large Kuiper beltobjects have been found, some half as large as Pluto. Some scientists believethat they might find other KBOs as large as Pluto…Student BSo you’re saying that Pluto’s more like a KBO than a planet?Student AYeah…I mean, considering everything you just said, um, if Pluto werediscovered today, would it even…well,…would it even be called a planet?ProfessorWell, let’s see. You tell me.Student AHmmm, well…I’d still call it a planet. Like I said before…it may be small,but it’s got an atmosphere and a moon, it orbits the Sun and…Student B[interrupting]Come on…it, it’s obviously a KBO. I mean, it’s in the Kuiper belt, it’s made of the same materials, it orbits the same way and it’s way smaller than any other planet. I think it’s clearProfessorWell, nobody knew about the Kuiper belt when Pluto was discovered, so they called it a planet. But now? I think its status will continue to be questioned until there’s an official definition for planet.24. What is the discussion mainly about?Why most planets are larger than PlutoThe reasons some objects may soon be considered planetsHow Pluto challenges the conventional idea of a planetThe discovery of Kuiper belt objects25. How does the professor emphasize his point about Pluto’s size?By stating the dimensions of nearby planetsBy explaining the relationship between Pluto’s size and its orbitBy identifying the reasons why Pluto was originally misclassifiedBy comparing Pluto to other planets and objects in the solar system26. What are two key features of Pluto’s orbit mentioned in the discussion?Click on 2 answers.Pluto’s orbit is influenced by Neptune’s gravity.Pluto’s orbit is nearly circular.Pluto’s orbit is at an angle to the other planets’ orbits.Pluto’s orbit passes nearer to the Sun than most of the other planets. 27. According to the discussion, what are some reasons for NOT classifying Pluto as a planet?Click on 3 answers.It has an atmosphere.It is located in the Kuiper belt.It is composed of rock and ice.It is located too far from the Sun.It is much smaller than the other planets.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。