高中英语Unit1 Art文章 从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史 3人教版选修六
人教版高中英语选修6各单元课文原文
选修6 Unit 1 Art-ReadingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTINGArt is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD)During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.The Renaissance (15th to 16th century)During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replaced those held in the Middle Ages.People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess t heir own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the roles of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angr about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.Modern Art (20th century to today)At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modem art". This is because t he Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modem art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’S ART GALLERIESThe Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70th Street)Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and garden which are well worth a Visit.Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk into gallery, you feel as if youwere inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs just a circular path. Themuseum also has an excellent restaurant.Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century tothe 21st century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists.选修6 Unit 2 Poems-ReadingA FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMSThere are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Otherstry to convey certain emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms.Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. These rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of children's poetry. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.A Hush, little baby, don't say a word, Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird. Ifthat mockingbird won't sing, Papa's going to buy you a diamond ring. If that diamond ring turns to brass, Papa's going to buy you a looking-glass. If that looking-glass gets broke, Papa's going to buy you a billy-goat. If that billy-goat runs away, Papa's going to buy you another today.One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things. List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem. Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).B I saw a fish-portal all on fireI saw a fish-pond all on fire,I saw a house bow to a squire,I saw a person twelve-feet high,I saw a cottage in the sky,I saw a balloon made of lead,I saw a coffin drop down dead,I saw two sparrows run a race,I saw two horses making lace,I saw g girl just like a cat,I saw a kitten wear a hat,I saw a man who saw these too,And said though strange they all were true.C Our first football matchWe would have won ...if Jack had scored that goal,if we'd had just a few more minutes,if we had trained harder,if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,if we'd had thousands of fans screaming,if I hadn't taken my eye off the ball,if we hadn't stayed up so late the night before,if we hadn't taken it easy,if we hadn't run out of energy.We would have won ...if we'd been better!Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines. With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words. Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.D Brother Beautiful, athletic Teasing, shouting, laughing Friend and enemy too MineE Summer Sleepy, salty Drying, drooping, dreading Week in, week out EndlessF A fallen blossom Is coming back to the branch. Look, a butterfly!( by Moritake)G Snow having melted, The whole village is brimful Of happy children.(by Issa)Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables. It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers. It is easyto write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using the minimum of words. The two haiku poems (F and G) above are translations from the Japanese.H Where she awaits her husband On and on the river flows. Never looking back,Transformed into stone.Day by day upon the mountain top,wind and rain revolve.Should the traveller return,this stone would utter speech.,(by Wang Jian)Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetry - Tang poems from China in particular? A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English. This Tang poem (H) is a translation from the Chinese.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may eventually want to write poems of their own. It is easier than you might think and certainly worth a try!I'VE SAVED THE SUMMERI've saved the summerAnd I give it all to youTo hold on winter morningsWhen the snow is new.I've saved some sunlightIf you should ever needA place away from darknessWhere your mind can feed.And for myself I've kept your smileWhen you were but nineteen,Till you're older you'll not knowWhat brave young smiles can mean.I know no answersTo help you on your wayThe answers lie somewhereAt the bottom of the day.But if you've a need for loveI'll give you all l ownIt might help you down the roadTill you've found your own.(by Rod McKuen)选修6 Unit 3 A healthy life-ReadingADVICE FROM GRANDADDear James,It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. It's my birthday in two weeks time and I'll be 82 years old! I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live.This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes. By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways? First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful effects of smoking. I didn't know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didn't know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way. Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said mybreath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told me that she wouldn't go out with me again unless I stopped! I also noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much. When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking.I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. It might help you to stop and strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.Love fromGrandadReading and discussingBefore you read the poster below, discuss what you know about HIV/AIDS with your classmates. Make a list of words that you might come across in this poster.HIV/AIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK?HIV is a virus. A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease. There are many different viruses, for example, the flu virus or the SARS virus. HIV weakens a person's immune system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease. You can have HIV in your blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your immune system so much that you body can no longer fight disease. This stage of the illness is called AIDS. If you develop AIDS, your chances of survival are very small.HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes during sex. For a person to become infected, blood or sexual fluid that carries the virus, has to get inside the body through broken skin or by injection. One day scientists will find a cure for HIV/AIDS.Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. Here are some things you can do to make sure you stay safe.If you inject drugs:do not share your needle with anyone else. Blood from another person can stay on or in the needle. If a person has HIV and you use the same needle, you could inject the virus into your own blood.do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs.Blood could have spilt on it.If you have sex with a male or a female:use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from one person to another.The following statements are NOT true.A person cannot get HIV the first time they have sex.WRONG. If one sexual partner has HIV, the other partner could become infected.You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they have HIV.WRONG. Many people carrying HIV look perfectly healthy. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person begins to look sick.Only homosexuals get AIDS.WRONG. Anyone who has sex with a person infected with H1V/AIDS risks getting the virus. Women are slightly more likely to become infected than men.If you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in their home, you will get HIV/AIDS.WRONG.You can only get the disease from blood or sexual fluid.Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes lose their friends because of prejudice.Many people are afraid that they will get HIV/AIDS from those infected with HIV!AIDS. For the same reason, some AIDS patients cannot find anyone to look after them when they are sick.You can get HIV/AIDS from mosquitoes.WRONG. There is no evidence of this.选修6 Unit 4 Global warming-ReadingTHE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER?During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes. S o how has this come about and does it matter? Earth Care’s Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is human activitythat has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process a re called "greenhouse" gases, t he most important one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: "There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the 'greenhouse effect'. This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the 'greenhouse effect', the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. I t means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmospherecausing the global temperature to go up."We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2).All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossilfuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases t he temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, "We can't predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious." Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases a nd the disappearance o f species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states, "More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals - all of which will make life for human beings better."Greenhouse g ases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse g ases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades o r centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great?WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING?Dear Earth Care,I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. Sometimes I feel that individuals can have little effect on such huge environmental problems. However, 1 still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today. As I'm not sure where to start with my project, I would appreciate any suggestions you may have.Thank you!Ouyang GuangDear Ouyang Guang,There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they do not believe they have the power to do anything to improve our environment. That is not true. Together, individuals can make a difference. We do not have to put up with pollution. The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually comes as a result of many things we do every day. Here are a few suggestions on how to reduce it. They should get you started with your project.1 We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not be casual about this. So if you are not using the lights, the TV, the computer, and so on, turn them off. If you are cold, put on more clothes instead of turning up the heat.2 Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can.3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to. It takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things made from recycled materials.4 Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy - this includes cars as well as smaller things like fridges and microwaves.5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and refresh your spirit when you look at them.6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your family and friends about global warming and tell them what you have learned.Remember - your contribution counts!Earth Care选修6 Unit 5 The power of nature-ReadingAN EXCITING JOBI have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local peopleand tourists, I am never bored.Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive. However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces on earth - the volcano.I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground.When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than you might imagine. This is because n o one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock. However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one. It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii. Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance. There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. It was an absolutely fantastic sight.The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that had been formed during the eruption. Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any closer. All three of us looked like spacemen.We had white protective suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves. It was not easy to walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre. The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.THE LRKE OF HERVENChangbaishan i s in Jilin Province, Northeast China.Much of this beautiful, mountainous area is thick forest . Changbaishan is China's largest nature reserve and it is kept in its natural state for the people of China and visitors from all over the worldto enjoy. The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals. Among the rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers. Many people come to Changbaishan t o study its unique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the mountains, to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools. However, the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on top of the mountain. The lake is 2,194 metres above sea level, and more than 200 metres deep. In winter the surface freezes over. It takes about an hour to climb from the endof the road to the top of the mountain. When you arrive you are rewarded not onlywith the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-known concerns three young women from heaven. They were bathing in Tainchi when a bird flew above them and dropped a small fruit onto the dress of the youngest girl. When she pickedup the fruit to smell it, it flew into her mouth.Having swallowed the fruit, the girl became pregnant and later gave birth to a handsome boy. It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don't forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your love will be as deep and lasting as the lake itself.。
高二英语(人教版)-选修六 Unit 1 Art (1)-3学习任务单
《选修六ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Unit 1 Art(1) Lesson 1 Reading A short history of Western painting》
学习任务单
【学习目标】 1、提取西方绘画简史上不同历史时期绘画作品的特点； 2、归纳和分析不同时期绘画特点形成的历史原因； 3、比较、辨别和评价不同时期艺术流派的绘画作品； 4、预测未来的绘画风格； 5、为国际文化节写一份讲稿介绍西方绘画的过去、现在和未来。
【课前预习任务】 跟读本单元词汇表，熟悉读音和词义。 【课上学习任务】 Task 1. Read the passage and get the main idea.
Task 2. Summarize the characteristics and analyze the reasons of the painting styles on the timeline.
新课标高中英语选修6U1 art课文 翻译
艺术是受一个民族的风俗和信仰影响。
西方艺术风格经历了多次变革。
因为西方艺术多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。
因此，本书只谈及从公元六世纪开始以来最重要的几种艺术风格。
中世纪(5到15世纪)在中世纪时期,画家的主要目的是把宗教主题表现出来。
这一时期传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和人物。
这时的典型绘画充满了宗教的特征，体现出了对上帝的爱戴和敬重。
但是，13世纪时绘画观念在改变是显而易见的，像乔托这样的画家开始以一种更现实的方式来画宗教场景。
文艺复兴时期（15世纪到16世纪）在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。
人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。
同时画家们回到罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。
他们力争如实画出人物和自然。
富人们想拥有自己的艺术品，这样就可以装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅。
他们出价聘请著名艺术家不仅让他们画他们的活动和成就，还要他们画自己的肖像、房子和所有物。
在此期间，最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事务。
这一手法是1428年由马萨乔第一次使用的。
当人们第一次看到他的画时，还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景，并对此深信不疑。
如果没有发现透视法，就没有人能画出如此逼真的画。
巧合的是，这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展，使得绘画的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。
没有新的颜料和新的手法，我们就不能看到很多使这一时期著名的杰作。
印象派(19世纪后期到20世纪初期)19世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会转变成了以工业为主的社会。
许多人从农村迁入到新城市。
有许多新发明和社会变革。
这些变革也自然地促成了新的绘画风格。
在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。
印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。
他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。
然而由于自然光的变化很快，印象派画家们必须很快地作画，因此，他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致了。
高中英语Unit1 Art文章 从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史 4人教版选修六
从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史从整个欧洲美术历程来看，现代派美术潮是从印象派前后这个时期开始的，最早的源头可追溯到十六世纪的威尼斯画派，历经十七世纪的启蒙浪潮，到十九世纪的印象派。
旧的艺术分类法被打破了，不仅绘画与雕塑的界限越来越模糊，而且音乐、戏剧、舞蹈、摄影等都介入美术创作，手段扩展到包括人自身在内的整个环境。
在六七十年代中，先后出现了集合装配艺术、环境发生艺术、身体艺术、表演艺术、大地艺术、观念艺术以及超极现实主义艺术等等。
这些艺术形式大大超越了二十世纪初现代艺术的范畴。
如何看待当今二十世纪的西方现代派美术? 自缭乱缤纷的西方现代派美术出现以来，不仅在我国，就是在西方也是褒贬不一，众说纷纭。
美术不论是传统的还是现代派的，关键是它的内容:表现什么?反映什么? 另一方面，作为美术创作方法和流派也不是固定不变的。
我们应该对艺术家和作品，进行深入的研究和历史主义的社会学的分析，笼统地肯定和否定，或者简单地把现代派美术和资产阶级的颓废艺术划等号都是不科学不全面的。
现代艺术史已经证明，现代派关于夸张、变形与抽象的表现方法，关于色彩、视觉的研究，以及关于新材料的运用等等，对广告制作、家具造型、服装设计、建筑构思、封面装帧等实用美术的应用、发展和变革产生过影响，今后还会继续起一定作用。
总之，现代派艺术家的创作思想是极为复杂和多种多样的。
★著名的有：1）塞尚：塞尚(1839-1906)是法国著名的印象主义画派的画家，又被奉为"后期印象派的三大巨匠之一"，其艺术原则成为现代"立体派"和"表现主义"绘画的先导，因而有"现代绘画之父"的称号。
二十多岁时便自学绘画，常常与印象派画家一起画外光风景。
他爱画静物和风景，尤以静物最有名。
那丰富的想象、大胆的独创、热烈的激情，说明他已脱离传统的学院派绘画，也有别于当时流行的印象主义，而预示着一种新艺术的出现。
新教材高中英语UNIT1ⅠReadingandThinking课件新人教版选择性必修第三册ppt
教材译文
续表
随着乔托·迪·邦多纳 （1267—1337）的出现，这种 情况开始发生变化。虽然他的 画作仍然有宗教主题，但它们 展示了真实环境中的真实人物。
他的绘画作品尤其因逼真的人 物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而有 别于其naissance （from the 14th to the 17th 文艺复兴时期（14至17世纪）
called Impression, Sunrise. In this work,
象》的画作。在这幅作品中，莫 Monet’s aim was to convey the light and
奈试图表达场景中的光线和变化， movement in the scene-the subjective
这是场景给他的主观印象， impression the scene gave him-but not a
教材原文
教材译文
续表
In subject matter, the emphasis
在题材上，重心逐渐从
increasingly shifted from religious themes 宗教主题转移到了我们周围
to people and the world around us. Kings, 的人和世界上。国王、贵族
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
UNIT 1 ART
Ⅰ. 课文翻译
教材原文
教材译文
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画简史
What is Western art? It is hard to give
什么是西方艺术？很难给
a precise definition. As there have been so 出一个准确的定义。由于西方
2019新人教版高中英语选择性必修三unit1课文及翻译(英汉对照)
新人教版高中英语选择性必修三课文及翻译Unit1 Reading and ThinkingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING西方绘画艺术简史What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.什么是西方艺术?很难给出一个精确的定义。
由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。
也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)中世纪(5世纪到15世纪)During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。
Unit 1 Art A Short History of Western Painting(教案)
(人教版高中课程标准试验教科书选修6 Unit 1 ART, A ShortHistory of Western Painting)一、教学课型：阅读活动课本单元的课文主要是对西方绘画史的介绍。
主要介绍各个时期绘画的特点和风格。
二、教材分析1.教学内容（见文本）2.教材处理本文是对西方绘画史的一个简洁的介绍。
主要介绍了不同时期人们的信仰对绘画主题与风格的影响以及各个时期绘画的主题和风格。
本节课主要安排一下几个教学环节①导入②对课文的理解③探究人们各个历史时期的想念根源④通过自己的绘画体现自己对各个时期绘画作品主题和风格的理解。
⑤展示自己的作品并用英语进行描述。
3.教学目的Teaching Goals:（1）. To arouse Ss’ interest in learning about art.（2）. To let the students understand the text and know the four painting styles in different times.（3）. To let the students understand how faith influences the artstyles and guide students to understand what the people’s faith in the four different times and how they influenced the painting styles.（4）. To encourage the students to draw their own paintings according to their understanding and experience to illustrate their understanding to the paintings in different times and express their ideas by using what they have learned from the text.4. 教学辅助teaching aidsMulti-media, simple drawing, pictures, painting papers and pencils 三、教学设计Teaching Procedures:（一）总体思路1.在导入阶段，通过欣赏西方世界名画来激起学生对西方绘画史的兴趣。
英语选修六课文翻译
人教版英语选修6课文译文Unit1 Art第一单元艺术Reading西方绘画艺术简史西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。
人们的生活方式和信仰影响了艺术。
中国和欧洲不同，生活方式在长时间里相似。
西方艺术丰富多彩，仅凭一篇短短的课文难以描述全面。
所以，本篇课文仅描述了从公元5世纪开始的几种主要风格。
中世纪（公元5世纪到15世纪）在中世纪，画家的主要任务是表现宗教主题。
艺术家们并没有把兴趣放在呈现人和自然的真实面貌上，而是着力于体现对上帝的爱戴和敬重。
因此，这段时期的绘画充满着宗教的信条。
到13世纪时，情况已经开始发生变化，像乔托这样的画家以比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。
文艺复兴时期（15世纪到16世纪）在文艺复兴时期，新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的那一套，人们开始更关心人而不是宗教。
画家们回到了罗马、希腊的艺术理论上。
他们尽力地画出人和自然的真实面貌。
富人们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收藏艺术品，他们高价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画画，画自己的房屋和其他财物，画他们的活动，画他们的成就。
在这个阶段，最重要的发现之一是如何用透视法来画出事物的形象。
在1428年，马萨乔成为第一个在绘画中使用透视方法的人，当人们第一次看到他的画时，还以为是透过墙上的小孔，来观看真实的情景，并对此深信不疑。
如果没有透视法，人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画，在文艺复兴时期，油画也得到了发展，它使得色彩看上去更丰富，更深沉。
印象派时期（19世纪后期到20世纪初期）19世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。
许多人从农村迁入城市。
有着大量的新发明，还有许多社会变革。
这些变革也自然而然地导致了绘画风格上的变化。
那些打破传统画法的人有在巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家。
印象派画家是第一批室外写生的艺术家。
他们想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影画出来。
由于自然光的变化很快，所以，印象派画家必须很快地作画。
因此，他们的画就不像以前那些画家的画那样细致了，起初，多数人都看不惯这种新式画法，甚至还非常生气。
Unit1ReadingandThinkingLanguagepoints课件高中英语人教版选择性
什么是西方艺术?很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多 样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的 最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。
找出本段的不定式，并分析其用法
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING 西方绘画艺术简史
What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
various healthy diets. 现在吃晚餐的时候我们不再对食物挑剔, 而是吃各种各样健康的食物。
4. set A apart from B 使A不同于B/使A比B突出/使A优于B A be set apart from B A被和B区分开来/A不同于B tell A from B / distinguish A from B 区分A和B
realist about
realistic
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to persuade
高中英语Unit1 Art文章 从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史 2人教版选修六
从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史同是在文艺复兴的十五六世纪,人文主义的思潮在佛罗伦萨和罗马的艺术体现为争取人的尊严和解放, 赞美人的力量和雄伟;在威尼斯艺术中体现为追求世的幸福和欢乐;而在北方----德国、尼德兰的一些画家身上, 则体现为黑暗的露和对暴力的讽嘲.这不但反映了地域和民族特性的差异,也反映了个人独特的才.★最著名的画家是：丢勒丢勒(1471-1528)是伟大的德国画家,德国文艺复兴时期文化的最杰出的代表人物.丢勒的艺术活动贯串在德国历史上重要的、同时也是悲惨的一个时期,即以宗教改革与伟大农民战争为顶峰的广泛的人民运动时期.丢勒少年时跟父亲学艺, 其中他在二十多岁时是创作生涯硕果累累的时期.由于当时版画销路很广,他就赖版画而扬名,因他的父亲是一个金银工艺师.木刻组画<<启示录>>是这时期最大的收获.由于研究人体比例与透视的科学,此后他的绘画发生重大转变. 他很喜爱意大利的绘画,年轻时曾两次去威尼斯观摹大师的作品.作了自画像, 是最好、最出名的一幅. 他的创作反映了新兴的人文主义的与科学的观点同中世纪宗教世界观的斗争.三、十七世纪荷兰画派文艺复兴以来,所谓的画派,大多是以国家或地域为名的--佛罗伦萨画派、威尼斯画派、德国画派、弗兰德尔派、西班牙画派等, 虽各因其民族和环境的不同而显出自己的特色,但是毕竟在题材和形式上有近似之处.而十世纪的荷兰画派则不止是独具风貌,而且在美术的发展上开始了一个新的时期.荷兰原为尼德兰的北部,从十六世纪后期经数十年的艰苦战,至十七世纪初方赢得了独立.荷兰独立后,尼德兰的南方(比利时)在西班牙统治下仍称弗兰德尔.两地虽然毗邻,在思想和文化方面却完全不同.荷兰人民信奉新教,这也是他们对西班牙天主统治者进行反抗的因素之一. 南方弗兰德尔在西班牙统治下信奉旧教, 在贵族宫廷的养育下产生了标准的巴洛克艺术.荷兰画派无论思想、题材和风格都是全然不同的一种艺术,所以把十七世纪荷兰画派也纳入"巴洛克"的范围,总令人觉得欠妥.独立后的荷兰人,生活简朴,工作勤奋,虽然善于经营计算,积累财富, 却完全不爱"巴洛克"那一套过分华丽的东西.在宗教仪式上主张简约,不需要装饰华丽的大教堂.这样,艺术真正从"庙堂"里解放了出来, 为满足普通居民的需要而寻求新的道路,同时也第一次真正地成了商品.人们不再需要壁画和大型的绘画, 小型而精致的油画就普遍发展起来, 所以荷兰画家中那些善作小画的人, 也有"荷兰小画派"之称.在他们已经安全的乡土上,比其他人更能体会到一架风车、一座水力磨坊、一条村路、一片果园的魅力.他们觉得,真切地描绘出来的这种现实,足以悦目赏心,用不着以幻想或灵光再加装点.静物画作为一种独立的艺术样式,也是从荷兰画派开始的.它的发展, 也由于人们来这不易的安宁富足的小康之家,产生出由衷的喜欢.品类繁多的蔬果鱼肉, 标志着丰盛的餐宴,揩拭得闪闪发亮的日用器皿,显示出居室的雅洁和主人的勤快. 所以在这些刻意求工的静物画中, 也不止是对于各种物质特性单纯的"模仿",它们还是表现了人的生活状态、人们的精神需要和对于生活的理想.应该说,风俗画也是从荷兰画家开始的.除去以农民生活为题材外, 在荷兰风俗画中还广泛地描绘了市民生活的各种场面,在这一类日常生活的普通场面里,毫无出奇惊人的事件,甚至也没有什么"情节",但是它们在人们都能体验到的情趣中, 给人以亲切的感受. 荷兰画家们似乎对那些奇丽的神话故事、壮观的历史勋业和超人的英雄豪杰不感兴趣,而是从身边所见的人物场面中寻找美.这样, 使得他们的艺术更显出独具风貌的民族特征.★著名画家是：伦勃朗伦勃朗(1607-1669)是荷兰十七世纪最大的画家, 是世界现实主义艺术大师.他是一个有天才、好学而热爱艺术的人.年轻从师学画,二十三岁即小有声誉.他的画显示了丰富的想象力和出色的构图技巧, 又在宗教题材更加接近现实生活. 他曾一时辉煌,却是以穷困潦倒而终其一生. 命运的坎坷并未使他的创作衰落,反击使他的艺术追求更富于独立自主的精神.生活的拮据窘困,没有使他讨好上流社会,反而让他对于十七世纪中叶以后荷兰的社会矛盾看得更深刻,从而激发起高度的民主精神和人道精神.一生画了大量自画像,其数量之多,足以陈列一个美术馆, 是世上画家中仅有的.如:<<自画像>>.在他的形象的真实刻划中, 当然也含有美的理想,他的理想就在于能够从一向被人们看作是下贱粗丑的人物身上,发现他们纯良的品格和丰富的情感. 还有许多以圣经故事为题材的作品,但他却把圣经传说中的事迹,当作人身边所见的人物--尤其是不幸下层者的故事来描绘.如:圣家族之类的.他是个有多方面才能的画家,无论宗教、神话、肖像、风景、动物等各种题材的绘画,都有独到的成就,尽管没有留下关于自己生平自传文字,但他却是历史上最令人感到亲切的画家之一,因为他的一些自画像已经向人们诉说了他一生的遭际.其代表作品有：自画像，亚伯拉罕和艾萨克和脱离托拜西斯大家庭四、十八世纪巴洛克艺术巴洛克指的是一种艺术风格。
高中英语Unit1 Art文章 从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史 1人教版选修六
从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史一、十五世纪意大利文艺复兴古典主义始发对我们来说,"古典"这个词听起来有点令人打寒噤.我们觉得它把我们从生机勃勃的光明世界拖到令人窒息的房间中,那里居住的不是健康热情的人们而只是影子."古典艺术"似乎是永远死灭的、古老的,是学院派的产物,是学问的而不是生活的结果,而我们对生动的、现实的和可触摸到的东西的期待却是如此迫切. 现代人首先要求的是一种有强烈世俗气息的艺术,因此不是16世纪艺术而是15世纪艺术才是我们时代的宠儿,这是因为它具有鲜明的现实感和视觉与知觉的朴实性,作为一种妥协,我们接受古风的某些表现,因为我们如此热切地赞美它们,同时也感受到了乐趣.对我们来说早期文艺复兴开创了这样一种视觉景象:有披着迎风飘拂的纱巾、衣着鲜丽、苗条可爱的姑娘,有鲜花盛开的草地,和修长圆柱支撑着阔大拱门的宽敞大厅;这意味着非常充沛的青春与力量,真挚自然但带有一抹神话故事的光彩.我们极不情愿地步出这个欢乐明朗的世界而走入古典艺术巍峨而肃穆的殿堂.这里是些什么样的人呢?他们陌生的姿势使我们心神不安,而且我们失去了较早艺术的纯真自然.在这里,没有一个人物以老朋友的亲密眼光看着我们,没有较舒适的,象家里那样布满家用什物的房间,只有空白的墙壁和厚实的建筑.然而古典艺术不过是15世纪的自然延续,是意大利人完全自发的表现.它不是对外来原型(古代)的模仿,不是暖房中纤细的花草,而是露天原野上茁壮成长的植物.这种密切关系对我们来说是朦胧不清的,因为---这是对意大利古典主义抱有偏见的唯一可能的原因---纯民族的特征已被误认为一般的东西,而且人们试图在完全不同的条件下模仿只有在特定天地间才有生命和意义的形式.意大利盛期文艺复兴的艺术仍然是一种意大利艺术,而且如果"理想"是被用来提升现实, 那么这种现实不仅已得到非常全面的研究,而且理想化本质上是意大利现实的升华.无论我们从年轻时代起通过版画和各种复制品对这些杰作如何熟谙,一幅产生这些成果的世界的连续而生动之画面,也只是慢慢才形成的.15世纪情况不同.在佛罗伦萨,15世纪在我们面前仍然是活生生的.诚然,许多东西亡佚了,很多作品被人们从自然环境中分离出来,囚禁于监狱般的博物馆之中,但是那里仍有足够的地方为我们重新创造那个时代生活的鲜明印象.16世纪艺术保存得更为残缺不全,而且没有得到充分的发展.在佛罗伦萨人们有这样的感觉,15世纪宽广的基础缺少最后成就的顶冠,因为人们未能看到这一发展的完成阶段.古典艺术没有留下宏大风格的不朽之作,这种作品将建筑和雕塑结合在一起以充分表达艺术家的观念.而倾注了这时代全部艺术力量的最伟大的建筑委托工程---罗马对彼得大教堂---最终没有被承认为盛期文艺复兴的不朽之作.我们可以把古典艺术比作一座建筑物的遗迹,差不多完成了,但决非全部完成了,应当从非常分散的残片和不完全的描述中重构它原来的形状,而且,在意大利艺术的整个历史中没有一个时代比黄金时代更鲜为人知,这样说或许是不错的. ★著名的三大先驱有：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗和拉斐尔1）达.芬奇：达.芬奇(1452-1519)是十五至十六世纪意大利的一位艺术大师和科学巨匠.早在青年时期,显示了绘画的卓越才能.可惜的是,直到六十岁逝世之前还在探索不止的达.芬奇,真正完成的创作没有几件,因为当他觉得需要探索的问题已经解决,就转向其他的探索,因而人们公认属于他的完整的创作只有<<岩间圣母>> <<最后的晚餐>>和<<蒙娜.丽萨>>等几件作品.有人曾赞美他:"上天有时将美丽、优雅、才能赋予一人之身,他之所为,无不超群绝寰,显出他的天才来自上苍而非人间之力,达.芬奇正是如此.他的优雅与伟美无与伦比,他的才智之高超致使一切难题无不迎刃而解."在芬奇的身上最突出的特征,还是他对宇宙怀有无穷的疑问和不倦求知的精神.这是在千年的愚昧统治下,人们从神权的迷信中得以解脱出来的最重要品格.幼年时,老师对他很感失望,说他浮躁不驯,不肯循规蹈矩地埋头课文,而总是从一种兴趣转向另一种兴趣.这位保守的学究完全不能理解,正是这样以新奇的目光重新审视一切的勇气和热情,才能让人类从经院的暗室里,冲向彩色缤纷的新天地.对于探究宇宙和生命的无穷的秘密来说,时间对他永远是不够的.可是他的研究成果,在四分五裂的意大利,在统治者们正热衷于争权和掠夺的时代里,竟不能得到真正的重视.芬奇一生都是怀着"报国无门"的心情,从佛罗伦萨漫游到米兰,再回到佛罗伦萨,又漂泊到罗马,最后才受到法王法兰西斯一世的尊重而被邀赴法,不久即客死在异邦.2）米开朗基罗米开朗基罗(1475-1564)是文艺复兴意大利艺坛三杰之一.米开朗基罗六岁时丧母,养在一个石匠的妻子的家里,因此从小就对雕塑发生兴趣.父亲送他进拉丁文与希腊文学校学习,但是他学画画,父亲训斥也无用,十三岁进入佛罗伦萨画家画室学画;1489年转到另一个画家学雕塑.后来当上美术学校的学生兼助手.那里是文艺复兴运动的中心,人文主义学者集中的地方.在那里干了十四年,在思想和艺术上被培养成一个伟大的艺术家.使他离开佛罗伦萨到罗马.二十四岁作为雕塑家开始从事创作,制作了著名的<<大卫>>(雕塑)和<<圣家族>>(壁画),又为教皇在梵蒂冈的西斯廷小教堂画壁画,用了四年时间凭一个人在五百多平方米的天顶上画了三百四十三人,对于如此宏大的工程,找来一些人作助手,最后中意的只有一个调制颜料干杂活的,绘画都由他自己动手.米开朗基罗画的这些巨人充满超人力量,善于表现丰富的运动,并达到戏剧性高潮.人们从中感受到的是对人类的庄严颂歌.他生命的最后二十年专稿建筑.他的作品雄壮宏伟,因此他所画的女性也具有男性的气质.一生未婚,纯讲精神而不涉及肉体.他在孤独中奋战了一生.3）拉斐尔拉斐尔(1483-1520)是文艺复兴意大利艺坛三杰之一.他父亲是宫廷的二级画师.他从小随父学画,七岁丧母,十一岁丧父,进画家画室当助手.学习了十五世纪佛罗伦萨艺术家的作品,走上了独创的道路.从二十二岁到二十五岁创作了大量圣母像,从此声名大扬.他没有达.芬奇那样经验丰富博学深思,也没有米开朗基罗的雄强伟健的英雄气概.可是他虽然只活了三十七岁,却成为文艺复兴盛期最红的画家.他的风格代表了当时人们最崇尚的审美趣味.他是个绝顶聪明的人,他的聪明特别表现在善于汲取他人之长,而后加以综合的创造.他一生创作了不少作品,其中<<大公的圣母>>和<<教皇利奥十世>>等,还作了一些建筑设计,并为西斯廷小教堂设计画稿.他的才能又表现在他创造出最合乎当时人们的口味的形象.风格被特称为一种"秀美"的风格,不仅使当时人倾倒,并且延续了四百年之久,成为后世古典主义者认为不可企及的典范.二．十六世纪德国和尼德兰的艺术德国虽也受意大利文艺复兴的影响,但艺术上仍自具鲜明的民族特点.十五世纪中叶,人文主义在德国知识分子中传播后,不少人向教会展开了斗争. 这个时期,德国落后于欧洲其他国家,而皇帝、诸侯和城市的领导人之间连年进行战争,骑士们更肆无忌惮地乘机抢劫农民和市民们.正是在这样的历史气候下, 促成了十六世纪初马丁.路德的宗教改革运动,和一五二四年伟大的农民战争.一般说来,在绘画的艺术语言中,色彩更长于表现情感,线条更长于表现理智. 而德国民族又常被人认为具有偏重理性思维的特点, 因而德国画家擅长使用线条的说法,则常见于美术史家们的论述中.尽管实际上未必完全如此, 但至少在德国画家的绘画中,我们看到了这种特长.在艺术技巧上除了吸收意大利的经验外, 更接受弗兰德尔(即今之比利时和法国的小部分)画家们的影响.在十五世纪,弗兰德尔与北方的荷兰统称为尼德兰;虽受西班牙王的统治,但新教的势力随着资本主义生产方式的发展而逐渐强大.弗兰德尔既是经济繁荣区域, 又是文化艺术发达之地.大约十三世纪以来许多地方的画家, 都从中世纪流行的湿壁画转向探求一种更方便、更人表现力的绘画材料;油画是在欧洲各国画家的试探中逐渐完善的.不过,弗兰德尔出了不少精研油画技法的能手却是事实.而另一个值得重视的方面是,尽管意大利文艺复兴对弗兰德尔的艺术有所推动, 可是它却保持着相当鲜明的民族特征.。
高中英语Unit1 Art文章 Leonardoda Vinci 3人教版选修六
Leonardoda VinciAs the 15th century gave way to the 16th, da Vinci found himselfincreasinglyinterested inscience, to thedetriment of hispainting career.While he stillsketched and tookcommissions, Leobegan to focus onsuch disciplines as mathematics, architecture, engineering, geology, botany, hydraulics and anatomy. da Vinci's anatomical sketches are still studied today.To better inform his studies of bone and musculature, Leonardo dissected several cadavers, a practice that was still quite controversial at the time. However, for the most part, da Vinci avoided the sort of religious and political rows that would plague other scientists of the period, like Galileo.Leonardo's fascination with science led him down many dead-ends, but also to quite a few useful discoveries. da Vinci is credited with a number of inventions that were firsts for his time, including some so far ahead of his time that they wouldn't actually be built for centuries. They include:•The jack, the same device that you use today to change a tire•Roller bearings, a ball-bearing driven axle that is extremely similar to what cars usetoday•The one-man printing press•Mechanical transmissions, i.e. the gear system used in everything from ten-speeds toautomobiles•The odometerIn addition to these still-employed devices, da Vinci invented a series of scientific instruments for measuring everything from tensile strength tohumidity.At least asimpressive as theinventions thatworked were theinventions thatdidn't work. Although he lacked several key components and raw materials, da Vinci nevertheless envisioned a series of inventions that would eventually be used in the modern world, sometimes with only minor changes to his original designs, including the helicopter, thehang-glider and the machine gun.Leonardo collected his technological innovations in notebooks called codeci. One of the best preserved is the Codex Leicester, deals with everything from fossils to astronomy, included sketches of the how the moon's light is seen from earth, and the properties of water and rocks. For many years, the Codex Leicester was owned by Armand Hammer who called it the Codex Hammer from 1980 until his death; in 1994, it was bought by Bill Gates, who returned its original name.da Vinci had become an extremely celebrated artist by the time he entered middle age, and in Italy, there was only one more realm for him to conquer: Rome. In 1513, da Vinci entered the patronage of Pope Leo X, a scion of the wealthy and powerful Medici family. At the Vatican, Leonardo had mixed successes. Artistically, he found himself dominated by his rivals, Michelangelo and Raphael. Although he received several commissions for paintings, he also spent a lot of time on architectureandengineering.One of the fewpaintings hecompleted inthis period was"St. John the Baptist," another controversial work which has been the subject of much discussion over the years. Catty observers often cite the painting as one indication of Leonardo's gayness, which isn't really so controversial that it needs to be continually re-proven. In the work, John appears to be sexually ambiguous, soft and feminine, with a decidedly "come hither" expression.After a couple of years, Leonardo left Rome under the patronage of Giuliano Medici, the Pope's brother, where he appears to have spent the last years of his life quietly.For the last decade of da Vinci's life, his constant companion (and presumed lover) was a much younger man named Francesco Melzi, whose life is mostly distinguished by that relationship. He was reportedly an extremely good looking guy, a minornobleman from Milan and a talented amateur artist. After Leonardo died, Melzi inherited everything, including the inventions, the codeci, books and numerous drawings and paintings, which he carefully preserved for posterity.Leo was a pretty interesting guy in life, but in death, he took on mythic proportions. For centuries, various untrue legends surrounding his life and his works, including a variety of spurious claims about his death and many forgeries of his work. Among the bullet points you can cross off your list of "things to believe," da Vinci did not die in the arms of the king of France, he didn't invent the bicycle, and he didn't use the same model for Judas as he did for Jesus in "The Last Supper."In the 20th century, Leonardo has been an obsessive figure in the pages of fiction, with appearances in everything from Star Trek to a Saturday morning cartoon of Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure.One of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was named after da Vinci. Between fiction and nonfiction, Leonardo has been featured in hundreds of movies and television shows, and tens of thousands of books. And with the breakout success of The da Vinci Code, and a movie adaptation on the way... Well, let's just say it won't be long before you're really fucking sick of Leonardo da Vinci. If you aren't already.。
高考英语一轮复习Unit1Art话题新人教版选修620211220211
2021年高考英语一轮复习Unit1Art话题新人教版选修620211220211英国画家劳里的工业英国画作British artist LS Lowry’s paintings of industrial, working-class Britain brought him popular fame in the UK. LS Lowry, with his depictions of everyday northern life, is one of Britain’s best loved painters.英国画家LS 劳里的画作描述了工业时代下的、工人阶级的英国，因此在英国名声大噪。
他的画作描述了北方民众的日常生活，劳里因此也成为了英国最受追捧的画家之一。
But remarkably, for such an icon of modern British art, no soloexhibition of his work has ever been held outside the UK. Until now,a collection of Lowry paintings is being shown at an exhibition in Nanjing in eastern China.但值得注意的是，即使关于如此一个现代英国艺术的标志性人物，他的个人展出也仅限于英国国内。
但现在不是了。
在中国东部的都市南京，劳里的画展正在进行。
Lowry’s canvases depict a side of British life that’s now gone. The one above, Mill Scene, from 1965, is reminiscent of many of his paintings, with its smoke stacks and hurrying crowds of workers.劳里的画作里所描述的那些英国人的生活景象差不多远去。
高二英语人教版选修英语课文翻译
Unit 1A Short History of Western Painting西方绘画艺术简史Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Stylesin Western art have changed many times. As(因为) there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible todescribe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this textwill describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this periodwas not interested in showing nature and people as(正如) they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of (充满了) religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13thcentury when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a morehumanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paintpeople and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions aswell as their activities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period washow to draw things in perspective. This technique was first usedby Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, theywere convinced that(相信) they were looking through a hole in awall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realisticpictures. By coincidence(偶然), oil paints were also developed atthis time, which made the colours used in paintings look richerand deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, wewould not be able to see the many great masterpieces for whichthis period is famous.Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal(很多，表程度), from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities.There were many new inventions and social changes also led to(导致) new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from(脱离) the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to (渴望做)show how light and shadow fell on objectsat different times of day. However, because natural light changesso quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about (对…生气)it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.Modern Art(29th century to today)At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as (作为…被接受) the beginning of what we call "modern art". This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environmentin new ways. There are scores of(几十种) modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles mightnot exist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is,the painter does not attempt to(打算做) paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualitiesof the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. Onthe other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。
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从15世纪起谈西方绘画历史简史以风景画为主的巴比松派的出现，是在复辟时代末期和七月革命初期，波旁王朝的腐化和政治空气的低压之际。
一些画家希图通过自然风光的描绘，寄托他们民族的情感和向往自由的理想，而巴黎郊外白露附近有个巴比松小村，有一群画家常常到那里写生，甚或住在那里画画，人们即称这群画家为巴比松派。
由于受其它传统的影响，产生不少受它影响的画家。
巴比松的重要性，不仅在于它以新的精神开辟了法国民族风景画的道路，而且成为后来印象派风景画的直接的先导。
面对自然写生，并极力追求光与色的效果。
在绘画艺术中，色彩对情绪的影响，以及色彩美给人愉悦的感受，是十分强大的。
而大自然的美所提供给人的色彩感受，又是极为丰富的。
所以印象派在色彩上的创造，是一项有益的革新，尤其是在风景画中，他们扩大了视觉感受的领域，从而丰富和推进了现实主义的表现力。
现实主义既然要求真实地去反映现实，那么，印象派忠于自己视觉的真实感受，排除先验的成见，应该说是对现实主义的发展。
★著名的有：
1）德拉克罗瓦：
德拉克罗瓦(1798-1863)是法国浪漫派绘画的杰出代表人物。
他七岁丧父，十七岁丧母，九岁进中学，十八岁成了古典派画家的学生。
他又研究著名画家各个的作品，这些画家的对色彩的爱好，使他也成为重色彩的画家，而与重线条的古典派大师相对立。
他用奔放的笔触、用色彩来塑造形体。
他是个情感、丰富知识广博、有多方面才能的人，他擅长音乐，有很高的文学素养。
他也画壁画、肖像画、静物画、动物画、风景画。
他的绘画创作所表现的内容，足以反映出浪漫主义的种种追求--呼吁自由、缅怀历史、对文学名著的再现、异国
情调和东方色彩、神话幻想和宗教情感、自然和原始的力。
这些作品反映的生活的范围各异，它们达到的水平也并不相同，但肯定的说，所有这些探讨都是与他的浪漫主义的精神相关联的。
浪漫主义所要表现的对象是" 自由的具体的心灵生活"。
资本主义和机器生产所加到人们身上的束缚，他缅怀往古，寄情于神话，羡慕原始的自然之力或东方的奇风异俗，都为了从中获得灵感以抒发自己的幻想激情。
他为人类文化创造了丰硕的财富。
他被称为" 浪漫主义的狮子"。
留下不朽的作品有:<<加利列海>>、<<自由领导人民前进>>、<<希奥岛的屠杀>>等。
2）米勒
米勒是十九世纪法国农民画家。
他出生在农村，童年时代的农村生活给他留下深刻的印象。
茅舍虽然清贫，但父母对子女的抚爱却淳厚至深。
他较少受学院派或同辈画家的影响，自有其独特的朴素风格。
真实地塑造了当代贫苦农民的形象，他们在忧愁和失望中不屈不挠地、只是聚精会神地专注于自己的工作，他们的生活有如季节的循环，看不出希望或变化。
实际上，他是一位悲观的人道主义者，他相信命运和历史是一种力量，这种力量把农民禁锢在使人疲倦的境地。
米勒一生非常贫困，在巴黎十几年中，始终怀才不遇，疾病和穷苦不断袭击着他。
艺术久久不为人所重视。
可贵的是，他一旦决心把艺术奉献给"泥土上的英雄"--农民劳动者，就没有动摇过。
这一点对他一生的艺术成就是有决定意义的。
他是赞美劳动和自然的艺术家，也许他笔下描绘的法国农村与中国农村有某些相象之处，也许是因为中国艺术家对农村生活历来就是感兴趣的，所以他的画似乎特别令中国读者感到亲切。
可以说是最受中国观者欢迎的画家之一。
他留下的不朽的作品:<<拾穗>>和<<播种者>>等。
3）马奈
马奈(1832-1883)是法国印象主义画派中的著名画家，他对欧洲绘画的发
展有重要贡献; 尽管他从来没有参加过印象派画家的联合展览，仍被认为是印
象主义画派的奠基人。
马奈的成就主要体现在人物画方面，第一个把印象主义的光和色彩带进了人物画，开创了印象主义画风。
马奈早年受过学院派的六年教育，后又研究许多历代大师的作品，他的画既有传统绘画坚实的造型，又有印象主义画派明亮、鲜艳、充满光感的色彩，可以说他是一个承上启下的重要画家。
他的作品(尤其是肖像画)很自然地反映出了人物的性格和心理。
四十九
岁的他在艺术上已非常成熟，能够熟练地应用印象主义绘画的表现方法。
可惜他当时身体欠佳，瘫痪症开始发作，但他仍坚持画画，并且画出了许多很有表现力的画。
不久过了一年，因病去世，但留下了大量优秀的艺术佳作。
大致为<<露台>>、<<草地上的午餐>>、<吹笛子的少年>>>等。
4）德加
德加(1834-1917)是十九世纪法国印象主义画家。
青年时受过很严格的学
院基础训练，特别崇拜一位大师，曾教导过，这种严格的环境中，对于他后来表现各种动态的人物，很有好处。
又临摹了许多古典大师的绘画和素描。
所以他的素描颇有功力。
逐渐接近印象派，印象派是以表现"外光"而著称的，他表现室内的人物活动常用印象派表现光和色的技巧，喜欢采取特殊的角度，好象从生活的场景中任意切下来一个片断，而造成清新悦目的效果。
他的作品表现室内的内容特别多，显示出戏剧舞台特具的美感，有时带有一点寂寞的气氛，反映出画家自身常怀着某种悲悯的心情去看待他所描绘的这些"芸芸众生"。
他的好友都称他是悲观主义者。
留下的作品:<<熨衣妇>>、<<赛马场上的马车>>、<<舞台>>等。
5）罗丹
罗丹(1840-1917)是法国著名的雕塑家。
他学习艺术，并不是一帆风顺的。
他出身低微，经历了不少生活的坎坷，他所处的时代正是动乱时期，社会里有种种矛盾，他力图在作品中表达自己对于人生的思考。
他的一些优秀的作品，既具有现实主义的深度，又富有浪漫主义的激情，他的创作实践，确乎使学院派影响下日渐衰颓的艺术，为之一振。
他青年时曾做过多种手艺活儿，这些默默无闻的劳动，不仅使他接近了下层群众，建立了对劳动的感情，同时也为他今后成为一个有多方面表现才能的艺术家，作了技术上的准备。
在艺术上苦干的他，作品常是不断遭受围攻，开始了不平凡的艺术生涯。
虽然他读书并不广博，可是他很重视文学修养，并且对自己喜爱的诗文有精深的体会。
因此在他的作品中，不仅常常含有文学意味的深思和诗的意境，而且他的题材有不少是来自文学作品的。
各类表情样样尽有: 爱、恨、权势、嫉妒、贪婪、悲悯等，
沉迷在滚滚的人海之中。
他终生经常受到不公平的待遇，但热爱祖国仍是他十分重视的品格。
在最后的生命里，也是动荡不安，世事混乱的时候，不免给他思想上带来某种悲伤或玄秘的因素，这种情绪在他后期的作品中流露得较明显。
最终在悲痛和疾病交迫之下与世长辞。
他留下的作品不多，还留下了一册脍炙人口的著作。
作品有<<吻>>等。
六、二十世纪现代绘画艺术
所谓西方国家从二十世纪初发展起来的现代美术中某些流派--野兽派、立
体派、未来派、达达派、表现派、超现实主义、抽象主义、波普艺术等等的统称。
"现代派"一词是和某种新的、非传统的、区别于过去的艺术思想联系在一
起的; 现代派美术既不同于以往的传统美术，也不包括现代的各种现实主义流派，它与现代的西方美术更不是同一概念，它在其中只占一席之地。
西方现代派美术的出现有其政治的、经济的、文化的、哲学的历史渊源，是与现代西方社会的进程紧密相联的。
十七世纪英国资产阶级产业革命后，由
新技术革命引起的一系列变化导致社会结构以及人的思想、意识、价值观念、人与人之间起来的现代科学，以它的实际功效和成果，促使人们对艺术创新逐渐采取比较开放的态度; 摄影技术的日益成熟，严重地动摇了一向视模仿自然为全部目的的绘画信念; 以日本版画为代表的东方艺术和非洲艺术的传入，大大刺激了单一化的发展的西方美术; 在哲学和心理学的影响下，一批画家反对理性的压制和传统的束缚，重视直觉和下意识活动，艺术上不满足于客观事物的再现，而着重于内心的"自我表现"; 西方现实社会的种种矛盾和弊端，在画家的作品中也产生直接的或折射的反映。
所以现代派艺术正是西方现代社会发展的必然产物。