ECONOMICS REPORT - Many Americans Are Watching Their Credit Reports

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英语二阅读真题翻译单篇

2010年考研英语二阅读真题翻译版Text 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm-double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector-for Chinese contemporary art-they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buyingImpressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds-death, debt and divorce-still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.Text 2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of theirwives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.Text 3over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors - habits - among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to - Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever - had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day - chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins - are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing andputting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.Text 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.2011年考研英语二阅读真题翻译版Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stablefirms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.Text 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damagehas been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.Text 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views theyafforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleader's talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigors; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different:"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.2012年考研英语二阅读真题翻译版Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students' academic achievement, it shouldmove to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.Text 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls' lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls' identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls' lives and interests.Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, itwas popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.Text 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a "preliminary step" in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds."Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companiesare unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for 'connecting the dots', explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.Text 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till V on Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would。

克林顿提名奥巴马演讲全文(英文)

克林顿提名奥巴马演讲全文We're here to nominate a President, and I've got one in mind.I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty. A man who ran for President to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election, saw it suffer the biggest collapse since the Great Depression. A man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed their children and keep their hopes alive.I want to nominate a man cool on the outside but burning for America on the inside. A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation and creativity, education and cooperation. A man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama.I want Barack Obama to be the next President of the United States and I proudly nominate him as the standard bearer of the Democratic Party.In Tampa, we heard a lot of talk about how the President and the Democrats don't believe in free enterprise and individual initiative, how we want everyone to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy.The Republican narrative is that all of us who amount to anything are completely self-made. One of our greatest Democratic Chairmen, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician wants you to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself, but it ain't so.We Democrats think the country works better with a strong middle class, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote growth and broadly shared prosperity. We think "we're all in this together" is a better philosophy than "you're on your own."Who's right? Well since 1961, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24. In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector jobs. What's the jobs score? Republicans 24 million, Democrats 42 million!It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics,because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us.Though I often disagree with Republicans, I never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate President Obama and the Democrats. After all, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little Rock Central High and built the interstate highway system. And as governor, I worked with President Reagan on welfare reform and with President George H.W. Bush on national education goals.I am grateful to President George W. Bush for PEPFAR, which is saving the lives of millions of people in poor countries and to both Presidents Bush for the work we've done together after the South Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and the Haitian earthquake.Through my foundation, in America and around the world, I work with Democrats, Republicans and Independents who are focused on solving problems and seizing opportunities, not fighting each other.When times are tough, constant conflict may be good politics but in the real world, cooperation works better. After all, nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day. All of us are destined to live our lives between those two extremes. Unfortunately, the faction that now dominates the Republican Party doesn't see it that way. They think government is the enemy, and compromise is weakness.One of the main reasons America should re-elect President Obama is that he is still committed to cooperation. He appointed Republican Secretaries of Defense, the Army and Transportation. He appointed a Vice President who ran against him in 2008, and trusted him to oversee the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation of the recovery act. And Joe Biden did a great job with both. He appointed Cabinet members who supported Hillary in the primaries. Heck, he even appointed Hillary! I'm so proud of her and grateful to our entire national security team for all they've done to make us safer and stronger and to build a world with more partners and fewer enemies. I'm also grateful to the young men and women who serve our country in the military and to Michelle Obama and Jill Biden for supporting military families when their loved ones are overseas and for helping our veterans, when they come home bearing thewounds of war, or needing help with education, housing, and jobs.President Obama's record on national security is a tribute to his strength, and judgment, and to his preference for inclusion and partnership over partisanship.He also tried to work with Congressional Republicans on Health Care, debt reduction, and jobs, but that didn't work out so well. Probably because, as the Senate Republican leader, in a remarkable moment of candor, said two years before the election, their number one priority was not to put America back to work, but to put President Obama out of work. Senator, I hate to break it to you, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job!In Tampa, the Republican argument against the President's re-election was pretty simple: we left him a total mess, he hasn't cleaned it up fast enough, so fire him and put us back in.In order to look like an acceptable alternative to President Obama, they couldn't say much about the ideas they have offered over the last two years. You see they want to go back to the same old policies that got us into trouble in the first place: to cut taxes for high income Americans even more than PresidentBush did; to get rid of those pesky financial regulations designed to prevent another crash and prohibit future bailouts; to increase defense spending two trillion dollars more than the Pentagon has requested without saying what they'll spend the money on; to make enormous cuts in the rest of the budget, especially programs that help the middle class and poor kids. As another President once said – there they go again.I like the argument for President Obama's re-election a lot better. He inherited a deeply damaged economy, put a floor under the crash, began the long hard road to recovery, and laid the foundation for a modern, more well-balanced economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant new businesses, and lots of new wealth for the innovators. Are we where we want to be? No. Is the President satisfied? No. Are we better off than we were when he took office, with an economy in free fall, losing 750,000 jobs a month. The answer is YES.I understand the challenge we face. I know many Americans are still angry and frustrated with the economy. Though employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend and even housing prices are picking up a bit, too many people don't feel it.I experienced the same thing in 1994 and early 1995. Our policies were working and the economy was growing but most people didn't feel it yet. By 1996, the economy was roaring, halfway through the longest peacetime expansion in American history.President Obama started with a much weaker economy than I did. No President – not me or any of my predecessors could have repaired all the damage in just four years. But conditions are improving and if you'll renew the President's contract you will feel it.I believe that with all my heart.President Obama's approach embodies the values, the ideas, and the direction America must take to build a 21st century version of the American Dream in a nation of shared opportunities, shared prosperity and shared responsibilities.So back to the story. In 2010, as the President's recovery program kicked in, the job losses stopped and things began to turn around.The Recovery Act saved and created millions of jobs and cut taxes for 95% of the American people. In the last 29 months the economy has produced about 4.5 million private sector jobs. Butlast year, the Republicans blocked the President's jobs plan costing the economy more than a million new jobs. So here's another jobs score: President Obama plus 4.5 million, Congressional Republicans zero.Over that same period, more than more than 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been created under President Obama –the first time manufacturing jobs have increased since the 1990s.The auto industry restructuring worked. It saved more than a million jobs, not just at GM, Chrysler and their dealerships, but in auto parts manufacturing all over the country. That's why even auto-makers that weren't part of the deal supported it. They needed to save the suppliers too. Like I said, we're all in this together.Now there are 250,000 more people working in the auto industry than the day the companies were restructured. Governor Romney opposed the plan to save GM and Chrysler. So here's another jobs score: Obama two hundred and fifty thousand, Romney, zero.The agreement the administration made with management, labor and environmental groups to double car mileage over thenext few years is another good deal: it will cut your gas bill in half, make us more energy independent, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and add another 500,000 good jobs.President Obama's "all of the above" energy plan is helping too – the boom in oil and gas production combined with greater energy efficiency has driven oil imports to a near 20 year low and natural gas production to an all time high. Renewable energy production has also doubled.We do need more new jobs, lots of them, but there are already more than three million jobs open and unfilled in America today, mostly because the applicants don't have the required skills. We have to prepare more Americans for the new jobs that are being created in a world fueled by new technology. That's why investments in our people are more important than ever. The President has supported community colleges and employers in working together to train people for open jobs in their communities. And, after a decade in which exploding college costs have increased the drop-out rate so much that we've fallen to 16th in the world in the percentage of our young adults with college degrees, his student loan reform lowers the cost of federal student loans and even more important, gives students the right to repay the loans as a fixed percentage oftheir incomes for up to 20 years. That means no one will have to drop-out of college for fear they can't repay their debt, and no one will have to turn down a job, as a teacher, a police officer or a small town doctor because it doesn't pay enough to make the debt payments. This will change the future for young Americans.I know we're better off because President Obama made these decisions.That brings me to health care.The Republicans call it Obamacare and say it's a government takeover of health care that they'll repeal. Are they right? Let's look at what's happened so far. Individuals and businesses have secured more than a billion dollars in refunds from their insurance premiums because the new law requires 80% to 85% of your premiums to be spent on health care, not profits or promotion. Other insurance companies have lowered their rates to meet the requirement. More than 3 million young people between 19 and 25 are insured for the first time because their parents can now carry them on family policies. Millions of seniors are receiving preventive care including breast cancer screenings and tests for heart problems. Soon the insurance companies, not the government, will have millions of new customers many ofthem middle class people with pre-existing conditions. And for the last two years, health care spending has grown under 4%, for the first time in 50 years.So are we all better off because President Obama fought for it and passed it? You bet we are.There were two other attacks on the President in Tampa that deserve an answer. Both Governor Romney and Congressman Ryan attacked the President for allege dly robbing Medicare of 716 billion dollars. Here's what really happened. There were no cuts to benefits. None. What the President did was save money by cutting unwarranted subsidies to providers and insurance companies that weren't making people any healthier. He used the saving to close the donut hole in the Medicare drug program, and to add eight years to the life of the Medicare Trust Fund. It's now solvent until 2024. So President Obama and the Democrats didn't weaken Medicare, they strengthened it.When Congressman Ryan looked into the TV camera and attacked President Obama's "biggest coldest power play" in raiding Medicare, I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. You see, that 716 billion dollars is exactly the same amount of Medicare savings Congressman Ryan had in his own budget.At least on this one, Governor Romney's been consistent. He wants to repeal the savings and give the money back to the insurance companies, re-open the donut hole and force seniors to pay more for drugs, and reduce the life of the Medicare Trust Fund by eight years. So now if he's elected and does what he promised Medicare will go broke by 2016. If that happens, you won't have to wait until their voucher program to begins in 2023 to see the end Medicare as we know it.But it gets worse. They also want to block grant Medicaid and cut it by a third over the coming decade. Of course, that will hurt poor kids, but that's not all. Almost two-thirds of Medicaid is spent on nursing home care for seniors and on people with disabilities, including kids from middle class families, with special needs like, Downs syndrome or Autism. I don't know how those families are going to deal with it. We can't let it happen.Now let's look at the Republican charge that President Obama wants to weaken the work requirements in the welfare reform bill I signed that moved millions of people from welfare to work.Here's what happened. When some Republican governors asked to try new ways to put people on welfare back to work, theObama Administration said they would only do it if they had a credible plan to increase employment by 20%. You hear that? More work. So the claim that President Obama weakened welfare reform's work requirement is just not true. But they keep running ads on it. As their campaign pollster said "we're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact checkers." Now that is true. I couldn't have said it better myself – I just hope you remember that every time you see the ad.Let's talk about the debt. We have to deal with it or it will deal with us. President Obama has offered a plan with 4 trillion dollars in debt reduction over a decade, with two and a half dollars of spending reductions for every one dollar of revenue increases, and tight controls on future spending. It's the kind of balanced approach proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission.I think the President's plan is better than the Romney plan, because the Romney plan fails the first test of fiscal responsibility: The numbers don't add up.It's supposed to be a debt reduction plan but it begins with five trillion dollars in tax cuts over a ten-year period. That makes the debt hole bigger before they even start to dig out. They saythey'll make it up by eliminating loopholes in the tax code. When you ask "which loopholes and how much?," they say "See me after the election on that." People ask me all the time how we delivered four surplus budgets. What new ideas did we bring? I always give a one-word answer: arithmetic. If they stay with a 5 trillion dollar tax cut in a debt reduction plan – the – arithmetic tells us that one of three things will happen: 1) they'll have to eliminate so many deductions like the ones for home mortgages and charitable giving that middle class families will see their tax bill go up two thousand dollars year while people making over 3 million dollars a year get will still get a 250,000 dollar tax cut; or 2) they'll have to cut so much spending that they'll obliterate the budget for our national parks, for ensuring clean air, clean water, safe food, safe air travel; or they'll cut way back on Pell Grants, college loans, early childhood education and other programs that help middle class families and poor children, not to mention cutting investments in roads, bridges, science, technology and medical research; or 3) they'll do what they've been doing for thirty plus years now – cut taxes more than they cut spending, explode the debt, and weaken the economy. Remember, Republican economic policies quadrupled the debt before I tookoffice and doubled it after I left. We simply can't afford to double-down on trickle-down.President Obama's plan cuts the debt, honors our values, and brightens the future for our children, our families and our nation.My fellow Americans, you have to decide what kind of country you want to live in. If you want a you're on your own, winner take all society you should support the Republican ticket. If you want a country of shared opportunities and shared responsibilities – a "we're all in it together" society, you should vote for Barack Obama and Joe Biden. If you want every American to vote and you think its wrong to change voting procedures just to reduce the turnout of younger, poorer, minority and disabled voters, you should support Barack Obama. If you think the President was right to open the doors of American opportunity to young immigrants brought here as children who want to go to college or serve in the military, you should vote for Barack Obama. If you want a future of shared prosperity, where the middle class is growing and poverty is declining, where the American Dream is alive and well, and where the United States remains the leading force for peace and prosperity in a highly competitive world, you should vote forBarack Obama. I love our country – and I know we're coming back. For more than 200 years, through every crisis, we've always come out stronger than we went in. And we will again as long as we do it together. We champion the cause for which our founders pledged their lives, their fortunes, their sacred honor –to form a more perfect union.If that's what you believe, if that's what you want, we have to re-elect President Barack Obama.God Bless You – God Bless America.。

深圳大学研究生基础综合英语听力(12-13第二学期)VOA-Special English

1.allowanceThis is the VOA Special English Economics Report.Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance. The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly.The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration. Some children get a weekly allowance. Others get a monthly allowance.In any case, parents should make clear what, if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money.At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance.The object is to show young people that a budget demands choices between spending and saving. Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs, like clothing or electronics.Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life.Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save it.Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future.Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance.A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest.Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on.That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up.2.e-commerceFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report in Special English.Americans are buying more products and services than ever before through the Internet. And experts say the popularity of online sales is likely to spread to other countries.Online sales now represent as much as one-tenth of all retail sales in the United States. This has led traditional stores to seek new ways to keep their customers loyal.Lynne Shaner used the Internet to buy everything she needed for her wedding and holiday gifts for her husband and step-daughter. Other than food, 90 percent of her purchases were made on her home computer."I find that, by being able to go online and choose the things that I need to choose, and have them delivered to me right at my doorstep, I eliminate all the driving, all the crowds, all the noise of that, and I usually get a better selection."There are a lot of people like her. Experts say American online shopping hit records in both November and December. Fifty-seven percent of Americans have bought something electronically.Store owners worry that this growing amount of online sales will hurt their business. Cornell University marketing professor Ed McLaughlin says they should be worried. He spoke to VOA b y Skype."Anything that can move online, will. And it's just a matter of time."Professor McLaughlin says traditional stores can keep their customers by selling goods like clothing, which buyers may want to see and try on before purchasing. He says the stores could also offer things that are difficult to ship. He also says some stores can please customers by offering to set upor repair electronic products.Bill Martin is the founder of ShopperTrak. His business helps stores learn about their customers. He told VOA by Skype that traditional stores offer a social experience that some people enjoy."There is still a lot of emotion in the buying decision, you know, that takes place. Oftentimes, you know, you need that last sense of …Boy, this is exactly what I want' -- that feeling before you're ready to part with money, and you can't always get that on-line. It's a rather cold process."Bill Martin says traditional stores can provide goods to buyers more-quickly than online stores. And some retailers are using websites to persuade people to visit their stores.While e-commerce worries some business owners, the only worry for delivery services like FedEx and UPS is keeping up with the number of packages. UPS Manager Dana Kline says her company is very busy at this time of year. UPS is so busy that it has filled 55,000 temporary worker positions during the holiday season.3.food safetyThis is the Agriculture Report in Special English.Each year, bad food sickens about one in six Americans. Proposed new rules aim to improve food safety. Officials say the changes could prevent more than one million cases of food-related illnesseseach year.The new rules were proposed this month, exactly two years after President Obama signed the Food Safety Modernization Act. The rules are the first step in putting the law into effect, making the biggest changes in food safety since the 1930s.The law makes the Food and Drug Administration responsible for preventing foodborne illnesses. Experts say this is a change from the role that the FDA has played in the past in reacting to disease outbreaks.Congress passed the law after a series of outbreaks linked to bagged spinach, peanut butter and other foods. Margaret Hamburg is commissioner of the FDA.They occurred because of problems that would have been addressed by these kinds of approaches. So I think, you know, we‟re very optimistic that we will begin to see real change.”The agency is proposing to require food manufacturers to show that they have identified where contamination is most likely to happen. Manufacturers would also have to show that they have taken steps to prevent it. The proposed rules also deal with safety in growing and harvesting fruits and vegetables.The Congressional Budget Office estimates that establishing all of the provisions of the law will cost the government $1.4 billion. The Grocery Manufacturers of America, an industry group, has not released an estimate of what it will cost producers.But FDA Deputy Commissioner Michael Taylor says the new rules are worth the price.“Even if you just look at estimated reductions in illness, but if you also take into account avoiding disruption of the food supply and the loss of confidence in those commodities by consumers, so Ithink we‟ll see that the benefits substantially outweigh the costs of implementation.”Caroline Smith-DeWaal is director for food safety at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. She says the rules should have been released a year ago.“We‟re really happy that the new rules have come out. They‟re a little late.”And she notes that they are not finished.“The bigger question is, where are the rules on imports that haven‟t been released yet?”The FDA says about 15 percent of food eaten by Americans is imported, and that share is growing. Rules have not been released yet to require imported foods to meet the same standards as food produced in the United States. But the agency says they are coming soon.4.IphonesFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report in Special English.The iPhone has become one of the most popular mobile phones in the United States. An 18-year-old student in California has used his knowledge of the device to create his own business. And he has gained national recognition for his work.Vincent Quigg is the chief executive officer of TechWorld. His company is kind of like a hospital for iPhones."I'm 18 years old. I'm a college student. And I'm the CEO and founder of TechWorld, where we specialize in customizing and repairing iPhones."Vincent Quigg launched TechWorld while in high school."My mom became single a couple of years ago and I had to grow up. And in order to keep my lifestyle, I had to find different ways to stay financially ahead of the game [to] keep my phone, keep a car, transportation and all that stuff. So I had to find ways to be entrepreneurial."An organization called the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, or NFTE, helped the young man get started. Both he and his mother, Carla Quigg, admit that he had a hard time developing a business plan."He quit the class, which I was very disappointed.""It was extremely hard for myself to find a business to start and run with it. But once I had that 'aha moment' or what I knew I wanted to go with, it was really easy and extremely fun."At the time, Vincent worked for the electronics store BestBuy. He says people always came into the store with broken electronic devices. He decided that repairing those devices was what he wanted to do. He not only re-registered for the NFTE class, but he also won the organization's national competition for best young entrepreneur.Estelle Reyes is executive director for NFTE in Los Angeles."He has an incredible gift for presenting himself and his dreams in a very compelling way that engages everyone to rally around him."His business has grown through word-of-mouth. Vincent says he now fixes up to 10 phones per week. He earns about $1,500 each month in sales. Brisa Munoz is one of his satisfied customers."I actually looked him up on the Internet because I had heard so much about this kid, how he won entrepreneur of the year. So I looked him up, and I was like, whoo, I want him to fix my phone.'"TechWorld has two other employees. Kacee Wheeler is one of them."He's such an amazing kid, and you always see his wheels turning with ideas every day. And it's really inspiring for him to be so young and pushing and have the drive. It's amazing to me."Kacee Wheeler works on the technical side of the business. Vincent Quigg now deals with finances and planning. He says he wants to continue to grow his business. His biggest goal, he says, has always been to work for himself.ughingThis is the VOA Special English Health Report.Imagine this situation. You pass a group of people. The people are talking to each other. You cannot hear what they are saying. But suddenly they start laughing. What would you think? Would you think they were laughing at something funny that one of them said? Or -- be honest with yourself -- would you think they were laughing at you? Yes, you.Being laughed at is a common fear. But a major study published in two thousand nine found that this fear is not the same around the world. It differs from culture to culture.People in Finland were the least likely to believe that people laughing in their presence were making fun of them. Less than ten percent of Finns in the study said they would think that, compared to eighty percent of people in Thailand.Some people in the study said they felt unsure of themselves in social situations but hid their feelings of insecurity. Others said they avoided social situations where they had been laughed at before.The study found that people in Turkmenistan and Cambodia were more likely to be in the first group. They would hide their feelings of insecurity if they were around other people's laughter. But peoplein Iraq, Egypt and Jordan were more likely to try to avoid such situations if they felt they had been laughed at before.Shy people often avoid situations that would force them into close contact with other people. They worry that something they say or do will make other people laugh at them. But some people worry much more than others. They may have a disorder called gelotophobia. Gelos is a Greek word. It means laughter. Phobia means fear. This fear of laughter can be truly sad for those who live with it. It can affect how they lead their lives.In the study, a team from the University of Zurich led more than ninety researchers from around the world. They wanted to understand the difference between normal shyness and true gelotophobia. Another purpose of the study was to compare the levels of fear of being laughed at in different cultures. The researchers surveyed more than twenty-two thousand people in forty-two different languages. The findings appeared in the scientific journal Humor.And that's the VOA Special English Health Report. Is shyness a serious problem for you or someone you know? It was for a university student who asked people in our audience for advice on how to deal with it. You can find out what they said at -- where you can also read, listen and learn English with our stories. I'm Faith Lapidus.6.living longerFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report in Special English.A new study says people are living longer, but many are living longer in poor health. Researchers found that life expectancy has increased by about five years since 1990. On average, men worldwide can expect to live 67 and a half years. Women can expect to live to age 73.Almost 500 researchers in 50 countries took part in the study of global disease and disability. The findings appear in a series of articles in the Lancet. Richard Horton is the medical journal's editor-in-chief."All of us in the world of health focus on diseases and often bad news. Actually, the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study broadly presents very good news."The research found that far fewer people died of measles, tetanus, respiratory problems and diarrheal diseases in 2010 than in 1990. Deaths from infections, childbirth-related problems and malnutrition fell about 17 percent to 13.2 million.Global efforts have focused on reducing HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. HIV/AIDS deaths have dropped since 2006, and TB deaths fell almost 20 percent since 1990. But each of these diseases still kills more than a million people every year. The number of malaria deaths increased by an estimated 20 percent, to almost 1.2 million in 2010."Those three big, big diseases are not just going to go away."Mike Cohen is the head of global health research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was not involved in the research, but says it shows a change taking place worldwide."As infectious diseases have been better controlled and people live longer, and as their diets change and lifestyles change, the inevitable consequence in health is, you have to deal much more broadly with hypertension, heart disease, diabetes."The study found that these kinds of non-communicable diseases caused more than half of the global burden of disease in 2010.The two biggest killers -- heart disease and stroke -- caused one-fourth of all deaths in 2010. That was up from one-fifth in 1990.There was a 48 percent increase in the number of deaths from lung cancer, which is commonlycaused by smoking tobacco.The top causes of disability in 2010 were physical conditions like arthritis and back problems, and mental and behavioral problems like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Harvard University professor Joshua Salomon was a co-author of the disability research."I think in general we've been more successful at reducing mortality and less successful at actually addressing chronic disability."7.SahelFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture Report in Special English.In Africa, severe food shortages have affected eighteen million people in nine Sahel countries this year. This was the third severe food crisis in four years in the area bordering the Sahara. How can the Sahel break its cycle of food insecurity? Aid workers are asking that question as this year's emergency eases. David Gressly is the United Nations regional humanitarian coordinator for the Sahel."If we don't seize the opportunity in two thousand thirteen, there's a good chance that this whole issue will be forgotten until the next drought, and then we'll be asking ourselves the same set of questions."Mr. Gressly says during a crisis, families eat just one or two meals a day, take their children out of school, sell their animals and go into debt. These actions put them at greater risk in a future crisis. In fact, many of the families affected by this year's food crisis had yet to recover from the earlier ones.Aid agencies sent food and emergency assistance. They supplied farmers with drought-resistant seeds, improved fertilizers and medicine for livestock. Aid groups also worked to improve irrigation systems and grain storage. These measures dealt with short-term needs, but David Gressly says thework should not stop when the crisis eases."And I think now there's an understanding [of the need for] a very targeted program looking at these eighteen million people affected this year, working with them to find ways so that they don't have to make the kinds of decisions to survive in a crisis of a drought, for example, that compromises their long-term future."Aid groups say they are working to build the "resilience" of communities, to make them stronger during a crisis. David Gressly says this means taking steps like reducing child malnutrition and changing cultural practices that may be harmful.For example, he says there is a practice in many communities across the Sahel to give water to babies under six months of age because of the heat. But the water is often dirty and makes the children sick. This starts a cycle toward severe malnutrition. It can be prevented by feeding babies only breast milk.This year's food crisis followed unpredictable and insufficient rains. High food prices only made the situation worse. David Gressly says aid agencies in Chad have been building dams to store water during the rainy season. This water can later be used to irrigate fields.Al Hassan Cisse from the British aid group Oxfam says building the resilience of poor people also means investing in food reserves and social protections like health care. Aid groups say prevention costs less than treatment.8.SchoolFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Education Report in Special English.Funerals began this week for the school shooting victims in Newtown, Connecticut. Last Friday a20-year-old local man killed 20 children, six educators and himself at Sandy Hook ElementarySchool. Officials say Adam Lanza used guns owned by his mother after shooting her to death at their home.The shooting was the second deadliest ever at an American school. In 2007 a student at Virginia Tech killed 32 people and then himself.What happened in Newtown has once again reopened debate about gun control and issues like mental health services. President Obama spoke Sunday at a memorial service in the town. He said he will use whatever power he has as president "in an effort aimed at preventing more tragedies like this."On Wednesday, he named Vice President Joe Biden to lead an administration team in developing proposals to reduce gun violence.Students at Sandy Hook Elementary are expected to return to school in a neighboring town in January after winter break. Sandy Hook will remain closed until further notice.In the gunfire last week, a community lost a school for the most tragic of reasons. Days earlier, another community not very far away regained a school in a story of hope, renewal and the strength of the human spirit.Flooding from Hurricane Sandy nearly destroyed Saint Camillus School in the Rockaway area of Queens, in New York City. The Catholic school stands just a short distance from the Atlantic Ocean. The more than 200 students and teachers went to another school while Saint Camillus was closed for six weeks.Many people remain displaced in the area. But the reopening of the school on December 10 was a victory for the community."So good morning boys and girls."Good morning, Sister Agnes!"Sister Agnes White is principal of Saint Camillus."We're all together. We're back home, and we are ready to start anew."Earlier, Sister Agnes gave cut-out paper stars to students to tape anywhere they wanted on the school walls."Between now and Christmas, this building should be filled with stars, a symbol of light. We all lost light. We know what it's like to be without light. But now we have light in this building and we need the light that you're going to put up with the stars, a symbol of the light of Jesus Christ."Parts of the school remain damaged beyond repair. Some students lost their homes as a result of the storm.School secretary Kerry Montero says the message from Hurricane Sandy is clearest in the many recent acts of kindness."It's touching, you know, the outpouring of help that we've received from everyone. I mean, we've had people from Connecticut, California, Brooklyn, all over the place, coming and helping us."9.sun powerFrom VOA Learning English, this is the TECHNOLOGY REPORT in Special English.Officials say the islands of Tokelau in the South Pacific Ocean have become the world's first territory totally powered by the sun. The move is expected to save money and ease the environmental burdenof depending on imported fossil fuels.New Zealand's foreign affairs minister released a statement about The Tokelau Renewable Energy Project. Murray McCully said Tokelau's three main atolls, or islands, now have enough solar capacity to meet all of their electricity needs. He said until now, Tokelau has been one hundred percent dependent on diesel for producing electricity. That, he said, has burdened the country with heavy economic and environmental costs.The three atolls of Tokelau are Atafu, Nukunonu and Fakaofo. The group o f islands is about halfway between New Zealand and Hawaii and is administered by New Zealand. Together they have about one thousand five hundred citizens.Each atoll received its own solar power grid system. New Zealand officials estimated the cost of the project to build the three solar grids at around seven million dollars. The last of the grids was completed earlier this month.It is estimated that oil imports make up to thirty percent of national income in some parts of the Pacific. The move to solar power could save Tokelau about one million dollars a year. One project coordinator said Tokelau would now be able to spend more on social programs to help its citizens.Other South Pacific islands are attempting similar projects. The island nations of Samoa and Tuvalu are aiming to get all of their electricity from renewable sources by twenty-twenty. The Cook Islands plans to start moving to solar panels and wind turbines. And most houses in the South Pacific groups of islands will begin to use solar water heaters.East Timor's government has promised that no households in the capital, Dili, would be using firewood for cooking by twenty fifteen. It also says fifty percent of the country's electricity will come from renewable sources by the end of the decade.New Zealand Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully says the country will hold a Pacific energy summit in March next year. He said the meeting would build on the success of clean and affordable energy solutions for Tokelau, Tonga, and the Cook Islands.10.UnemploymentFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report in Special English.The International Labor Organization says nearly 200 million people are without jobs. And the ILO is warning of even higher unemployment this year.The United Nations agency this week released a report called "Global Employment Trends 2013". It says the number of unemployed worldwide rose by more than four million last year, compared with 2011. The report says one fourth of this increase was in developed economies. The remaining 75 percent were in mainly developing economies in Asia, and in African countries south of the Sahara Desert.The report says an estimated 39 million people stopped looking for work last year. It says the average length of unemployment increased sharply in developed economies. One-third of all job seekers there were unemployed for a year or more.The ILO's Director-General, Guy Ryder, is concerned about the world economy. He says the recovery is not expected to be strong enough to reduce unemployment quickly."We see that unemployment is set to rise again. Our projection would be for 5.1 million more in 2013 and still a further 3 million in 2014. So the trends are very much in the wrong direction."The ILO report says the labor market is especially difficult for young people. It says almost 74 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 are unemployed worldwide. That represents anunemployment rate of 12.6 percent.The report says more and more young people who experience long-term unemployment stop looking for work. It says this prevents young people from gaining on-the-job experience.Guy Ryder says the ILO has been warning about the risks of what it calls a "lost generation." He has called on policy makers to support youth employment.Mr. Ryder says all countries, especially developed ones, must provide more predictable policies. He says these policies must include measures to increase wages and support stronger consumption. And he says countries should enact reforms to strengthen the banking industry, so banks can support investment and provide credit.While the I.L.O. believes there is reason to be concerned about the world economy, the International Monetary Fund expects the international economy to grow slowly this year. A new IMF report predicts that international growth will reach 3.5 percent in 2013. That would be three tenths of a percent better than the rate last year.11.waste plasticFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report in Special English.这里是美国之音慢速英语科技报道。

医学英语Chapter 6_Obesity Causes and Prevention

《当代医学·英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
catastrophic a. 悲惨的，灾难的
wage v.
开展，进行
adaptive a. 适应的，适合的
prescriptive a. 规定的，惯例的
gastric a. 胃的
bypass n. 旁路
morbid a. 病态的
obese a.
过度肥胖的
Obesity and Social Ties
《当代医学·英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
Chapter 6
When one person gains weight, their close friends often follow. Researchers have just (1)_o_f_f_e_re_d__ evidence in a study that says obesity appears to (2) _s_p_re_a_d__ through social ties. But the findings might also offer hope.
lipid n.
类脂（化合）物
execute v.
实施，执行
havoc n.
大破坏，浩劫
undernourished a. 营养不足的
《当代医学·英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
Chapter 6
strategically ad. exertion n. sedentary a. winch n. casket n.
《当代医学·英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
Chapter 6
obese. A sister or brother of a person who became obese had a 40 percent increased chance of becoming obese. The (10) _ri_s_k___ for a wife or husband was a little less than that.

高二英语经济趋势单选题50题

高二英语经济趋势单选题50题1. The GDP of a country is often considered as an important indicator of its economic _____.A. strengthB. weaknessC. problemD. solution答案：A。

解析：GDP（国内生产总值）通常被视为一个国家经济实力（strength）的重要指标。

选项B“weakness”（弱点）与GDP作为积极的经济衡量指标相悖；选项C“problem”（问题）不能准确描述GDP与经济的关系，GDP是一种衡量方式而不是问题本身；选项D“solution” 解决方案）也不符合GDP的性质，它不是一种解决方案。

2. Inflation means that the general level of prices for goods and services is _____.A. risingB. fallingC. stableD. disappearing答案：A。

解析：通货膨胀（Inflation）的定义就是商品和服务的总体价格水平在上升（rising）。

选项B“falling”（下降）是通货紧缩的情况；选项C“stable”（稳定）与通货膨胀概念不符；选项D“disappearing”消失）完全不符合价格水平与通货膨胀的关系。

3. High unemployment rate may lead to a decrease in _____.A. consumer spendingB. production capacityC. both A and BD. none of the above答案：C。

解析：高失业率意味着很多人没有工作也就没有收入，这会导致消费支出（consumer spending）减少，同时企业因为需求减少也会降低生产能力 production capacity），所以选项C正确。

12月英语四级考试第2套真题试卷及答案

12月英语四级考试第2套真题试卷及答案大学英语四级考试涉及的语法知识点多、涉及面宽，对不少考生来说都是一个难题。

考生要多刷真题巩固练习考点内容，下面小编就跟大家聊聊关于12月英语四级考试第2套真题试卷及答案吧，希望能帮助到大家。

12月英语四级考试真题试卷(完整版第2套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short easy on how to besthandle the relationship between teachers and students. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)听力音频MP3文件，点击进入听力真题页面Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each newsreport, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions willbe spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) It tries entertain its audience.B) It tries to look into the distance.C) It wants to catch people's attention.D) It has got one of its limbs injured.2. A) It was spotted by animal protection officials.B) It was filmed by a local television reporter.C) Its videos Were posted on social media.D) Its picture won a photography prize.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) The distance travelled.B) The incidence of road accidents.C) The spending on gas.D) The number of people travelling.4. A) Fewer people are commuting.B) Gas consumption is soaring.C) Job growth is slowing down.D) Rush-hour traffic is worsening.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) He told a stranger the sad story about himself.B) He helped a stranger to carry groceries to his car.C) He went up to a stranger and pulled at his sleeves.D) He washed a stranger's car in return for some food.6. A) He ordered a lot of food for his family.B) He gave him a job at his own company.C) He raised a large sum of money for him.D) He offered him a scholarship for college.7. A) He works hard to support his family.B) He is an excellent student at school.C) He is very good at making up stories.D) He has been disabled since boyhood.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questionswill be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Attended an economics lecture.B) Taken a walk on Charles Street.C) Had a drink at Queen Victoria.D) Had dinner at a new restaurant.9. A) Treat a college friend to dinner.B) Make preparations for a seminar.C) Attend his brothers birthday party.D) Visit some of his high school friends.10. A) Gather statistics for his lecture.B) Throw a surprise birthday party.C) Meet with Jonathan's friends on the weekend.D) Join him in his brother's birthday celebration.11. A) By car.B) By train.C) By taxi.D) By bus.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Taking a vacation abroad.B) Reviewing for his last exam.C) Saving enough money for a rainy day.D) Finding a better way to earn money.13. A) Preparing for his final exams.B) Negotiating with his boss for a raise.C) Working part time as a waiter.D) Helping the woman with her courses.14. A) Finish her term paper.B) Save enough money.C) Learn a little bit of Spanish.D) Ask her parent's permission.15. A) He has rich sailing experience.B) He speaks Spanish fluently.C) He is also eager to go to Spain.D) He is easy to get along with.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spokenonly once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) She went to the same university as her mother.B) She worked as a nurse in the First World War.C) She won the Nobel Prize two times.D) She was also a Nobel Prize winner.17. A) She fought bravely in a series of military operations.B) She developed X-ray facilities for military hospitals.C) She helped to set up several military hospitals.D) She made donations to save wounded soldiers.18. A) Both died of blood cancer.B) Both fought in World War I.C) Both won military medals.D) Both married their assistants.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) They were the first settlers in Europe.B) They were the conquerors of Norway.C) They discovered Iceland in the ninth century.D) They settled on a small island north of England.20. A) It was some five hundred miles west of Norway.B) It was covered with green most time of the year.C) It was the Vikings' most important discovery.D) It was a rocky mass of land covered with ice.21. A) The Vikings' ocean explorations.B) The making of European nations.C) The Vikings' everyday life.D) The Europeans' Arctic discoveries.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) Work hard for a better life.B) Make mistakes now and then.C) Dream about the future.D) Save against a rainy day.23. A) Teach foreign languages for the rest of his life.B) Change what he has for his past imaginary world.C) Exchange his two-story house for a beach cottage.D) Dwell on the dreams he had dreamed when young.24. A) Criminal law.B) City planning.C) Oriental architecture.D) International business.25. A) Dream and make plans.B) Take things easy in life.C) Be content with what you have.D) Enjoy whatever you are doing.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passagewith ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choicesgiven in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark thecorresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through thecentre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Technological changes brought dramatic new options to Americans living in the 1990s. During this decade new forms of entertainment, commerce, research, andcommunication became commonplace in the U.S. The driving force behind much ofthis change was a(n) 26 popularly known as the Internet.The Internet was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. In the caseof an attack, military advisers suggested the 27 of being able to operate one computerfrom another terminal. In the early days, the Internet was used mainly by scientists tocommunicate with other scientists. The Internet28 under government control until1984.One early problem faced by Internet users was speed. Phone lines could only transmitinformation at a 29 rate. The development of fiber-optic (光纤) cables allowed for billionsof bits of information to be received every minute. Companies like Intel developed fastermicroprocessors, so personal computers could process the 30 signals at a more rapidrate.In the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was developed, in large part, for 31 purposes.Corporations created home pages where they could place text and graphics tosell products. Soon airline tickets, hotel 32 , and even cars and homes could bepurchased online. Universities 33 research data on the Internet, so students could find 34 information without leaving their dormitories. Companies soon discovered that workcould be done at home and 35 online, so a whole new class of telecommuters began toearn a living from home offices unshaven and wearing pajamas (睡衣).A) advantage B) commercial C) conservation D) equipped E) incoming F) innovationG) limited H) local I) maintained J) occupations K) posted L) remained M) reservationsN) submitted O) valuableSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statementsattached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose aparagraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questionsby marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Health Benefits of KnittingA) About 15 years ago, I was invited to join a knitting group.I agreed to give it a try.B) My mother had taught me to knit at 15, and I knitted in class throughout college andfor a few years thereafter. Then decades passed without my touching a knitting needle. But within two Mondays in the group, I was hooked, not only on knitting but also oncrocheting (钩织), and I was on my way to becoming a highly productive crafter.C) I've made countless baby blankets, sweaters, scarves, hats, caps for newborns. I takea knitting project with me everywhere, especially when I have to sit still and listen. As Idiscovered in college, when my hands are busy, my mind stays focused on the here andnow.D) It seems, too, that I'm part of a national renewal of interest in needle and otherhandicrafts (手工艺). The Craft Yarn Council reports that a third of women ages 25-35 now knit or crochet. Even men and schoolchildren are swelling the ranks, among themmy friend's three small grandsons. Last April, the council created a "Stitch Away Stress" campaign in honor of National Stress Awareness Month. Dr. Herbert Benson, a pioneerin mind/body medicine and author of The Relaxation Response, says that the repetitiveaction of needlework can induce a relaxed state like that associated with meditation(沉思) and yoga. Once you get beyond the initial learning curve, knitting and crochetingcan lower heart rate and blood pressure.E) But unlike meditation, craft activities result in tangible and often useful productsthat can enhance self-esteem. I keep photos of my singular accomplishments on mycellphone to boost my spirits when needed.F) Since the 1990s, the council has surveyed hundreds ofthousands of knitters andcrocheters, who routinely list stress relief and creative fulfillment as the activities'main benefits. Among them is the father of a prematurely born daughter who reportedthat during the baby's five weeks in the intensive care unit, "learning how to knit infanthats gave me a sense of purpose during a time that I felt very helpless. It's a hobbythat I've stuck with, and it continues to help me cope with stress at work, provide asense of order in hectic (忙乱的) days, and allow my brain time to solve problems."G) A recent email from the yarn (纺纱) company Red Heart titled "Health Benefits ofCrocheting and Knitting" prompted me to explore what else might be known about thehealth value of activities like knitting. My research revealed that the rewards go wellbeyond replacing stress and anxiety with the satisfaction of creation.H) For example, Karen Hayes, a life coach in Toronto, conducts knitting therapyprograms, including Knit to Quit to help smokers give up the habit, and Knit to Heal forpeople coping with health crises, like a cancer diagnosis or serious illness of a familymember. Schools and prisons with craft programs report that they have a calmingeffect and enhance social skills. And having to follow instructions on complex craftprojects can improve children's math skills.I) Some people find that craftwork helps them control their weight. Just as it'schallenging to smoke while knitting, when hands are holding needles and hooks, there'sless snacking and mindless eating out of boredom.J) I've found that my handiwork with yarn has helped my arthritic (患关节炎的) fingersremain more dexterous (灵巧的) as I age. A woman encouraged to try knitting andcrocheting afterdeveloping an autoimmune disease that caused a lot of hand painreported on the Craft Yarn Council site that her hands are now less stiff and painful.K) A 2009 University of British Columbia study of 38 women with an eating disorder whowere taught to knit found that learning the craft led to significant improvements. Seventy-four percent of the women said the activity lessened their fears and kept themfrom thinking about their problem.L) Betsan Corkhill, a wellness coach in Bath, England, and author of the book Knit forHealth & Wellness, established a website, Stitchlinks, to explore the value of whatshe calls therapeutic knitting. Among her respondents, 54 percent of those who wereclinically depressed said that knitting made them feel happy or very happy. In a studyof 60 self-selected people with persistent pain, Ms. Corkhill and colleagues reported thatknitting enabled them to redirect their focus, reducing their awareness of pain. Shesuggested that the brain can process just so much at once, and that activities likeknitting and crocheting make it harder for the brain to register pain signals. Perhapsmost exciting is research that suggests that crafts like knitting and crocheting may helpto keep off a decline in brain function with age. In a 2011 study, researchers led by Dr. Yonas Geda at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester interviewed a random (随机的) sample of1,321 people ages 70-89, most of whom were cognitively (在认知方面) normal, about thecognitive activities they engaged in late in life. The study, published in the Journal ofNeuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, found that those who engaged in craftslike knitting and crocheting had a diminished chance of developing mild cognitivedisorder and memory loss.M) Although it is possible that only people who arecognitively healthy would pursuesuch activities, those who read newspapers or magazines or played music did not showsimilar benefits. The researchers speculate that craft activities promote thedevelopment of nerve pathways in the brain that help to maintain cognitive health.N) In support of that suggestion, a 2014 study by Denise C. Park of the University ofTexas at Dallas and colleagues demonstrated that learning to knit or do digitalphotography enhanced memory function in older adults. Those who engaged inactivities that were not intellectually challenging, either in a social group or alone, did not show such improvements.O) Given that sustained social contacts have been shown to support health and a longlife, those wishing to maximize the health value of crafts might consider joining a groupof like-minded folks. I for one try not to miss a single weekly meeting of my knittinggroup.36. When the author was a college student, she found that knitting helped herconcentrate.37. Knitting can help people stay away from tobacco.38. Even men and children are now joining the army of knitters.39. Being a member of a crafts group enhances one's health and prolongs one's life.40. Knitting diverts people's attention from their pain.41. The author learnt to knit as a teenager, but it was not until she was much older thatshe became keenly interested.42. When people are knitting, they tend to eat fewer snacks.43. Survey findings show that knitting can help people relieve stress.44. According to a study, knitters and crocheters are lesslikely to suffer mild cognitivedamage.45. The products of knitting can increase one's sense of self-respect.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by somequestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.Nobody really knows how big Lagos is. What's indisputable is that it's growing veryquickly. Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa could triple. Yet cities insub-Saharan Africa are not getting richer the way cities in the rest of the world have. Most urban Africans live in slums (贫民窟); migrants are often not much better off thanthey were in the countryside. Why?The immediate problem is poverty. Most of Africa is urbanising at a lower level ofincome than other regions of the world did. That means there's little money around forinvestment that would make cities liveable and more productive. Without upgrades andnew capacity, bridges, roads and power systems are unable to cope with expandingpopulations. With the exception of South Africa, the only light rail metro system in sub-Saharan Africa is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Traffic jam leads to expense andunpredictability, things that keep investors away.In other parts of the world, increasing agricultural productivity and industrialisationwent together. More productive farmers meant there was a surplus that could feedcities; in turn, that created a pool of labour for factories. But African cities aredifferent. They are too often built around consuming natural resources. Government isconcentrated in capitals, so is the money. Most urban Africans work for a smallminority of the rich, who tend to be involved in either cronyish (有裙带关系的) businesses or politics. Since African agriculture is still broadly unproductive, food isimported, consuming a portion of revenue.So what can be done? Though African countries are poor, not all African cities are. InLagos, foreign oil workers can pay as much as $65,000 per year in rent for a modestapartment in a safe part of town. If that income were better taxed, it might provide therevenue for better infrastructure. If city leaders were more accountable to their residents, they might favour projects designed to help them more. Yet even as new roads are built, new people arrive. When a city's population grows by 5% a year, it is difficult to keepup.46. What do we learn from the passage about cities in sub-Saharan Africa?A) They have more slums than other cities in the world.B) They are growing fast without becoming richer.C) They are as modernised as many cities elsewhere.D) They attract migrants who want to be better off.47. What does the author imply about urbanisation in other parts of the world?A) It benefited from the contribution of immigrants.B) It started when people's income was relatively high.C) It benefited from the accelerated rise in productivity.D) It started with the improvement of peopled livelihood.48. Why is sub-Saharan Africa unappealing to investors?A) It lacks adequate transport facilities.B) The living expenses there are too high.C) It is on the whole too densely populated.D) The local governments are corrupted.49. In what way does the author say African cities are different?A) They have attracted huge numbers of farm labourers.B) They still rely heavily on agricultural productivity.C) They have developed at the expense of nature.D) They depend far more on foreign investment.50. What might be a solution to the problems facing African cities?A) Lowering of apartment rent.B) Better education for residents.C) More rational overall planning.D) A more responsible government.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.For the past several decades, it seems there's been a general consensus on how to getahead in America: Get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy your own home. But do Americans still believe in that path, and if they do, is it attainable?The most recent National Journal poll asked respondents about the American dream, what it takes to achieve their goals, and whether or not they felt a significant amount ofcontrol over their ability to be successful. Overwhelmingly, the results show that today， the idea of the American dream—and what it takes to achieve it—looks quite differentthan it did in the late 20th century.By and large, people felt that their actions and hard work—not outside forces—were thedeciding factor in how their lives turned out. But respondents had decidedly mixedfeelings aboutwhat actions make for a better life in the current economy.In the last seven years, Americans have grown more pessimistic about the power ofeducation to lead to success. Even though they see going to college as a fairly achievablegoal, a majority—52 percent—think that young people do not need a four-year collegeeducation in order to be successful.Miguel Maeda, 42, who has a master's degree and works in public health, was the first inhis family to go to college, which has allowed him to achieve a sense of financialstability his parents and grandparents never did.While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of the degree rather than the educationitself, others still see college as a way to gain new perspectives and life experiences. Sixty-year-old Will Fendley, who had a successful career in the military and neverearned a college degree, thinks "personal drive" is far more important than just going tocollege. To Fendley, a sense of drive and purpose, as well as an effective high-schooleducation, and basic life skills, like balancing a checkbook, are the necessaryingredients for a successful life in America.51. It used to be commonly acknowledged that to succeed in America, one had to have .A) an advanced academic degreeB) an ambition to get aheadC) a firm belief in their dreamD) a sense of drive and purpose52. What is the finding of the latest National Journal poll concerning the Americandream?A) More and more Americans are finding it hard to realize.B) It remains alive among the majority of American people.C) Americans' idea of it has changed over the past fewdecades.D) An increasing number of young Americans are abandoning it.53. What do Americans now think of the role of college education in achieving success?A) It still remains open to debate.B) It has proved to be beyond doubt.C) It is no longer as important as it used to be.D) It is much better understood now than ever.54. How do some people view college education these days?A) It promotes gender equality.B) It needs to be strengthened.C) It adds to cultural diversity.D) It helps broaden their minds.55. What is one factor essential to success in America, according to Will Fendley?A) A desire to learn and to adapt.B) A strong sense of responsibility.C) A willingness to commit oneself.D) A clear aim and high motivation.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chineseinto English. You should write your answer onAnswer Sheet 2.华山位于华阴市，据西安120公里。

美国前总统比尔·克林顿在2012年9月5日民主党全国代表大会上的演讲

A transcript of former President Bill Clinton's remarks Wednesday night at the Democratic National Convention, as provided by the Democratic Party:We're here to nominate a president, and I've got one in mind.I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty. A man who ran for president to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election, saw it suffer the biggest collapse since the Great Depression. A man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed their children and keep their hopes alive.I want to nominate a man cool on the outside but burning for America on the inside. A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation and creativity, education and cooperation. A man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama.I want Barack Obama to be the next president of the United States and I proudly nominate him as the standard bearer of the Democratic Party.In Tampa, we heard a lot of talk about how the president and the Democrats don't believe in free enterprise and individual initiative, how we want everyone to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy.The Republican narrative is that all of us who amount to anything are completely self-made. One of our greatest Democratic chairmen, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician wants you to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself, but it ain't so.We Democrats think the country works better with a strong middle class, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote growth and broadly shared prosperity. We think "we're all in this together" is a better philosophy than "you're on your own."Who's right? Well, since 1961, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24. In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector jobs. What's the jobs score? Republicans 24 million, Democrats 42 million.It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us.Though I often disagree with Republicans, I never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate President Obama and the Democrats. After all, PresidentEisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little Rock Central High and built the interstate highway system. And as governor, I worked with President Reagan on welfare reform and with President George H.W. Bush on national education goals. I am grateful to President George W. Bush for PEPFAR, which is saving the lives of millions of people in poor countries and to both Presidents Bush for the work we've done together after the South Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and the Haitian earthquake.Through my foundation, in America and around the world, I work with Democrats, Republicans and Independents who are focused on solving problems and seizing opportunities, not fighting each other.When times are tough, constant conflict may be good politics but in the real world, cooperation works better. After all, nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day. All of us are destined to live our lives between those two extremes. Unfortunately, the faction that now dominates the Republican Party doesn't see it that way. They think government is the enemy, and compromise is weakness.One of the main reasons America should re-elect President Obama is that he is still committed to cooperation. He appointed Republican secretaries of defense, the army and transportation. He appointed a vice president who ran against him in 2008, and trusted him to oversee the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation of the recovery act. And Joe Biden did a great job with both. He appointed Cabinet members who supported Hillary in the primaries. Heck, he even appointed Hillary. I'm so proud of her and grateful to our entire national security team for all they've done to make us safer and stronger and to build a world with more partners and fewer enemies. I'm also grateful to the young men and women who serve our country in the military and to Michelle Obama and Jill Biden for supporting military families when their loved ones are overseas and for helping our veterans, when they come home bearing the wounds of war, or needing help with education, housing, and jobs.President Obama's record on national security is a tribute to his strength, and judgment, and to his preference for inclusion and partnership over partisanship.He also tried to work with congressional Republicans on health care, debt reduction, and jobs, but that didn't work out so well. Probably because, as the Senate Republican leader, in a remarkable moment of candor, said two years before the election, their No. 1 priority was not to put America back to work, but to put President Obama out of work.Senator, I hate to break it to you, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job.In Tampa, the Republican argument against the president's re-election was pretty simple: we left him a total mess, he hasn't cleaned it up fast enough, so fire him and put us back in.In order to look like an acceptable alternative to President Obama, they couldn't say much about the ideas they have offered over the last two years. You see they want to go back to the same oldpolicies that got us into trouble in the first place: to cut taxes for high income Americans even more than President Bush did; to get rid of those pesky financial regulations designed to prevent another crash and prohibit future bailouts; to increase defense spending $2 trillion more than the Pentagon has requested without saying what they'll spend the money on; to make enormous cuts in the rest of the budget, especially programs that help the middle class and poor kids. As another president once said_ there they go again.I like the argument for President Obama's re-election a lot better. He inherited a deeply damaged economy, put a floor under the crash, began the long hard road to recovery, and laid the foundation for a modern, more well-balanced economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant new businesses, and lots of new wealth for the innovators.Are we where we want to be? No. Is the president satisfied? No. Are we better off than we were when he took office, with an economy in free fall, losing 750,000 jobs a month. The answer is yes.I understand the challenge we face. I know many Americans are still angry and frustrated with the economy. Though employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend and even housing prices are picking up a bit, too many people don't feel it.I experienced the same thing in 1994 and early 1995. Our policies were working and the economy was growing but most people didn't feel it yet. By 1996, the economy was roaring, halfway through the longest peacetime expansion in American history.President Obama started with a much weaker economy than I did. No president_ not me or any of my predecessors could have repaired all the damage in just four years. But conditions are improving and if you'll renew the President's contract you will feel it.I believe that with all my heart.President Obama's approach embodies the values, the ideas, and the direction America must take to build a 21st century version of the American Dream in a nation of shared opportunities, shared prosperity and shared responsibilities.So back to the story. In 2010, as the president's recovery program kicked in, the job losses stopped and things began to turn around.The Recovery Act saved and created millions of jobs and cut taxes for 95 percent of the American people. In the last 29 months the economy has produced about 4.5 million private sector jobs. But last year, the Republicans blocked the president's jobs plan costing the economy more than a million new jobs. So here's another jobs score: President Obama plus 4.5 million, congressional Republicans zero.Over that same period, more than more than 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been created under President Obama_ the first time manufacturing jobs have increased since the 1990s.The auto industry restructuring worked. It saved more than a million jobs, not just at GM, Chrysler and their dealerships, but in auto parts manufacturing all over the country. That's why even auto-makers that weren't part of the deal supported it. They needed to save the suppliers too. Like I said, we're all in this together.Now there are 250,000 more people working in the auto industry than the day the companies were restructured. Gov. Romney opposed the plan to save GM and Chrysler. So here's another jobs score: Obama 250,000, Romney, zero.The agreement the administration made with management, labor and environmental groups to double car mileage over the next few years is another good deal: it will cut your gas bill in half, make us more energy independent, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and add another 500,000 good jobs.President Obama's "all of the above" energy plan is helping too_ the boom in oil and gas production combined with greater energy efficiency has driven oil imports to a near 20 year low and natural gas production to an all-time high. Renewable energy production has also doubled.We do need more new jobs, lots of them, but there are already more than three million jobs open and unfilled in America today, mostly because the applicants don't have the required skills. We have to prepare more Americans for the new jobs that are being created in a world fueled by new technology. That's why investments in our people are more important than ever. The president has supported community colleges and employers in working together to train people for open jobs in their communities. And, after a decade in which exploding college costs have increased the drop-out rate so much that we've fallen to 16th in the world in the percentage of our young adults with college degrees, his student loan reform lowers the cost of federal student loans and even more important, gives students the right to repay the loans as a fixed percentage of their incomes for up to 20 years. That means no one will have to drop-out of college for fear they can't repay their debt, and no one will have to turn down a job, as a teacher, a police officer or a small town doctor because it doesn't pay enough to make the debt payments. This will change the future for young Americans.I know we're better off because President Obama made these decisions.That brings me to health care.The Republicans call it Obamacare and say it's a government takeover of health care that they'll repeal. Are they right? Let's look at what's happened so far. Individuals and businesses have secured more than a billion dollars in refunds from their insurance premiums because the new law requires 80 percent to 85 pecent of your premiums to be spent on health care, not profits or promotion. Other insurance companies have lowered their rates to meet the requirement. More than 3 million young people between 19 and 25 are insured for the first time because their parents can now carry them on family policies. Millions of seniors are receiving preventive careincluding breast cancer screenings and tests for heart problems. Soon the insurance companies, not the government, will have millions of new customers many of them middle class people with pre-existing conditions. And for the last two years, health care spending has grown under 4 pecent, for the first time in 50 years.So are we all better off because President Obama fought for it and passed it? You bet we are.There were two other attacks on the president in Tampa that deserve an answer. Both Gov. Romney and congressman Ryan attacked the president for allegedly robbing Medicare of $716 billion. Here's what really happened. There were no cuts to benefits. None. What the president did was save money by cutting unwarranted subsidies to providers and insurance companies that weren't making people any healthier. He used the saving to close the donut hole in the Medicare drug program, and to add eight years to the life of the Medicare Trust Fund. It's now solvent until 2024. So President Obama and the Democrats didn't weaken Medicare, they strengthened it.When congressman Ryan looked into the TV camera and attacked President Obama's "biggest coldest power play" in raiding Medicare, I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. You see, that $716 billion is exactly the same amount of Medicare savings congressman Ryan had in his own budget.At least on this one, Gov. Romney's been consistent. He wants to repeal the savings and give the money back to the insurance companies, re-open the donut hole and force seniors to pay more for drugs, and reduce the life of the Medicare Trust Fund by eight years. So now if he's elected and does what he promised Medicare will go broke by 2016. If that happens, you won't have to wait until their voucher program to begins in 2023 to see the end Medicare as we know it.But it gets worse. They also want to block grant Medicaid and cut it by a third over the coming decade. Of course, that will hurt poor kids, but that's not all. Almost two-thirds of Medicaid is spent on nursing home care for seniors and on people with disabilities, including kids from middle class families, with special needs like, Down syndrome or autism. I don't know how those families are going to deal with it. We can't let it happenNow let's look at the Republican charge that President Obama wants to weaken the work requirements in the welfare reform bill I signed that moved millions of people from welfare to work.Here's what happened. When some Republican governors asked to try new ways to put people on welfare back to work, the Obama administration said they would only do it if they had a credible plan to increase employment by 20 percent. You hear that? More work. So the claim that President Obama weakened welfare reform's work requirement is just not true. But they keep running ads on it. As their campaign pollster said "we're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact checkers." Now that is true. I couldn't have said it better myself_ I just hope you remember that every time you see the ad.Let's talk about the debt. We have to deal with it or it will deal with us. President Obama hasoffered a plan with $4 trillion in debt reduction over a decade, with $2 of spending reductions for every $1 of revenue increases, and tight controls on future spending. It's the kind of balanced approach proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission.I think the president's plan is better than the Romney plan, because the Romney plan fails the first test of fiscal responsibility: The numbers don't add up.It's supposed to be a debt reduction plan but it begins with $5 trillion in tax cuts over a 10-year period. That makes the debt hole bigger before they even start to dig out. They say they'll make it up by eliminating loopholes in the tax code. When you ask "which loopholes and how much?" they say, "See me after the election on that."People ask me all the time how we delivered four surplus budgets. What new ideas did we bring?I always give a one-word answer: arithmetic. If they stay with a $5 trillion tax cut in a debt reduction plan_ the_ arithmetic tells us that one of three things will happen:1) they'll have to eliminate so many deductions like the ones for home mortgages and charitable giving that middle class families will see their tax bill go up $2,000 year while people making over $3 million a year get will still get a 250,000 dollar tax cut; or2) they'll have to cut so much spending that they'll obliterate the budget for our national parks, for ensuring clean air, clean water, safe food, safe air travel; or they'll cut way back on Pell Grants, college loans, early childhood education and other programs that help middle class families and poor children, not to mention cutting investments in roads, bridges, science, technology and medical research; or3) they'll do what they've been doing for thirty plus years now_ cut taxes more than they cut spending, explode the debt, and weaken the economy. Remember, Republican economic policies quadrupled the debt before I took office and doubled it after I left. We simply can't afford to double-down on trickle-down.President Obama's plan cuts the debt, honors our values, and brightens the future for our children, our families and our nation.My fellow Americans, you have to decide what kind of country you want to live in. If you want a you're on your own, winner take all society you should support the Republican ticket. If you want a country of shared opportunities and shared responsibilities_ a "we're all in it together" society, you should vote for Barack Obama and Joe Biden. If you want every American to vote and you think it's wrong to change voting procedures just to reduce the turnout of younger, poorer, minority and disabled voters, you should support Barack Obama. If you think the president was right to open the doors of American opportunity to young immigrants brought here as children who want to go to college or serve in the military, you should vote for Barack Obama. If you want a future of shared prosperity, where the middle class is growing and poverty is declining, where the American Dream is alive and well, and where the United States remains the leading force forpeace and prosperity in a highly competitive world, you should vote for Barack Obama.I love our country_ and I know we're coming back. For more than 200 years, through every crisis, we've always come out stronger than we went in. And we will again as long as we do it together. We champion the cause for which our founders pledged their lives, their fortunes, their sacred honor_ to form a more perfect union.If that's what you believe, if that's what you want, we have to re-elect President Barack Obama.God bless you _ God bless America.。

voa special english 四篇

A sister or brother of a person who became obese had a forty percent increased chance of becoming obese. The risk for a wife or husband was a little less than that.
The information was highly detailed. There was even contact information for close friends of the people in the study.
The researchers examined more than 40,000 social ties. They found that a person's chances of becoming severely overweight increased by fifty-seven percent if a friend had become obese.
The study found that the sex of the friends was also an influence. In same-sex friendships, a person had a seventy-one percent increased risk of becoming obese. Men had a forty-four percent increased risk of becoming obese after weight gain in a brother. In sisters, it was sixty-seven percent.
If friends help make obesity acceptable, then they might also be influential in losing the fat. The researchers note that support groups are already an effective tool in dealing with other socially influenced problems, like alcoholism.

克林顿提名奥巴马演讲稿(带中文翻译)

Former(前任的) President Bill Clinton's（克林顿）remarks（言论）to the Democratic （民主的）National（国）Convention（大会）（即民主党大会）, as prepared for delivery（投递，交货）（即准备稿）. Clinton veered（转向）from these prepared （预先准备）remarks（言论）multiple（众多）times throughout（贯穿）his speech.We're here to nominate（提名）a President, and I've got one in mind.I want to nominate（提名）a man whose own life（自己的生活中）has known（就已经知道）its fair share of（公平的份额）adversity（逆境，引申困难）and uncertainty（不确定）.A man who ran for（竞选，过去时）President to change the course（过程）of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election（选举）, saw it suffer the biggest collapse（崩溃）since the Great（大）Depression（萧条）.A man who stopped the slide（滑）into depression（萧条）and put us on the long road to recovery（复原）, knowing all the while(始终知道，倒装）that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed（养活）their children and keep their hopes alive.I want to nominate（提名）a man cool（冷静）on the outside but burning（燃烧）for America on the inside.A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation（改革）and creativity（创造性）, education and cooperation（合作）.A man who had the good sense（明智的）to marry Michelle Obama.I want Barack Obama to be the next President of the United States and I proudly（自豪地）nominate him as the standard bearer（旗手，引申领袖）of the Democratic Party（民主党）.In Tampa（坦帕）, we heard a lot of talk about how the President and the Democrats （民主党人）don't believe in free enterprise（企业）and individual（个人的）initiative （主动权，引申积极性）, how we want everyone to be dependent（依赖）on the government, how bad we are for the economy.The Republican（共和党）narrative （叙述）is that all of us who amount to anything are completely（完全地）self-made （白手起家）. One of our greatest（最大的）Democratic（民主党）Chairmen（主席）, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician（政治家）wants you to believe he was born in a log（伐木）cabin（小屋）he built himself, but it ain't so.（但事实并非如此）We Democrats（民主党人）think the country works better with a strong middle（中产）class（阶级）, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless（无情的）focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote（促进）growth（增长）and broadly shared prosperity（繁荣，引申共同富裕）. We think "we're all in this together（我们一起来）" is a better philosophy（哲学）than "you're on your own（你走你的路）."Who's right? Well since 1961, the Republicans（共和党人）have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24. In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector（部门）jobs（工作）. What's the jobs score（成绩）? Republicans（共和党人）24 million, Democrats（民主党人）42 million!It turns out（证明）that advancing（促进）equal opportunity（机会平等）and economic empowerment（赋予经济权利）is both morally（道德上地）right and good economics, because discrimination（歧视）, poverty（贫困）and ignorance（愚昧）restrict（限制了）growth, while investments （投资）in education, infrastructure（基础设施）and scientific（科学）and technological research increase（增长了）it, creating more good jobs and new wealth （财富）for all of us.Though（尽管）I often disagree with Republicans（共和党人）, I never learned to hate them the way the far right（右派）that now controls their party seems to（似乎）hate President Obama and the Democrats（民主党人）. After all, President Eisenhower（艾森豪威尔）sent（派出）federal（联邦）troops（军队）to my home-state（家乡）to integrate（整合）Little Rock Central High（小石城中心高中）and built the interstate（洲际）highway system（高速公路系统）. And as governor（州长）, I worked with President Reagan（里根）on welfare（福利）reform （改革）and with President George H.W.Bush（老布什）on national（国民）education goals.I am grateful to（感激）President George W. Bush（布什）for PEPFAR（布什搞的机构）, which is saving the lives of millions of people in poor countries and to both Presidents Bush for the work we've done together after the South Asia tsunami （海啸）, Hurricane（飓风）Katrina（卡特里娜）and the Haitian（海地）earthquake （地震）.Through（通过）my foundation（基金会）, in America and around the world, I work with Democrats（民主党人）, Republicans（共和党人）and Independents（无党派人士）who are focused on solving problems and seizing（抓住）opportunities, not fighting（争斗）each other.When times are tough（强硬）, constant（经常性的）conflict （冲突）may be good politics（政治）.but in the real world, cooperation works better. After all（毕竟）, nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day. All of us are destined（注定）to live our lives between those two extremes（极端）.Unfortunately, the faction（派系）that now dominates（主导）the Republican Party （共和党）doesn't see it that way. They think government is the enemy（敌人）,and compromise（妥协）is weakness（软弱的表现）.One of the main reasons America should re-elect（改选）. President Obama is that he is still committed（坚定的）to cooperation. He appointed（任命）Republican Secretaries（秘书）of Defense（国防）, the Army and Transportation（运输部长）. He appointed a Vice（副总统）President who ran against him in 2008, and trusted him to oversee（监督）the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation（实现）of the recovery（复苏）act（法案）. And Joe Biden（乔.拜登）did a great job with both.He appointed Cabinet（内阁）members who supported Hillary（希拉里）in the primaries（初选）. Heck（hell委婉说法，见鬼）, he even appointed Hillary! I'm so proud of her and grateful（感激）to our entire（整个）national security team（国家安全团队）for all they've done to make us safer and stronger and to build a world with more partners and fewer（更少的）enemies. I'm also grateful to the young men and women who serve（服务）our country in the military（军队）and to Michelle Obama and Jill Biden（拜登）for supporting military families when their loved ones are overseas（海外）and for helping our veterans（退伍军人）, when they come home bearing（承受）the wounds（创伤）of war, or needing help with education, housing, and jobs.President Obama's record on national security（国家安全问题上的记录）is a tribute （证明）to his strength（力量）, and judgment, and to his preference（偏好）for inclusion（包容）and partnership（伙伴关系）over partisanship（引申党派合作）.He also tried to work with Congressional（国会）Republicans（共和党人）on Health Care（卫生保健）, debt（债务）reduction（削减）, and jobs, but that didn't work out （实施）so well. Probably because, as the Senate（参议院）Republican（共和党）leader, in a remarkable（非凡的）moment（时刻）of candor（坦率）, said two years before the election, their number one priority（优先，连前引申首要任务）was not to put America back to work（意指解决就业）, but to put President Obama out of work. Senator（参议员）, I hate to break it to you（不喜欢这样告诉你）, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job!In Tampa, the Republican（共和党）argument-against（反对）the President's re-election （连任）was pretty（相当）simple；we left him a total mess（我们一离开他们就要乱）, he hasn't cleaned it up fast enough, so fire him and put us back in.In order to look like an acceptable（接受的）alternative（替代）to President Obama, they couldn't say much about the ideas they have offered over（提过）the last two years. You see they want to go back to the same old policies that got us into trouble in the first place；to cut taxes（税收）for high income Americans even more than President Bush did;；to get rid of（摆脱）those pesky（讨厌的）financial regulations（法规，引申制度）designed to prevent（防止）another crash and prohibit（禁止）future bailouts（救助）；to increase（增加）defense（国防）spending（开支）two trillion（兆）dollars more than the Pentagon（五角大楼）has requested（要求）without（没有）saying what they'll spend the money on;；to make enormous（庞大的）cuts（削减）in the rest of the budget （预算）, especially（特别是）programs（规划）that help the middle class and poor kids.As another President once said ：there they go again（他们又来了）.I like the argument(辩论) for President Obama's re-election （连任）a lot better. He inherited （继承，引申接手）a deeply damaged（被摧毁）economy, put a floor under the crush （碎地铺板，引申救市）, began the long hard road to recovery, and laid the foundation（基础）for a modern（现代的，引申全新的经济）, more well-balanced （均衡的）economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant（充满活力的）new businesses, and lots of new wealth for the innovators（创新者）.Are we where we want to be? No. Is the President satisfied（满意的）? No. Are we better off（更好）than we were when he took office（上任）, with an economy in free fall（自由落体）, losing 750,000 jobs a month. The answer is YES.I understand the challenge we face. I know many Americans are still angry and frustrated（沮丧）with the economy. Though（尽管）employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend and even housing prices are picking up a bit（一点起色）, too many people don't feel it.I experienced the same thing in 1994 and early 1995. Our policies（政策）were working and the economy was growing but most people didn't feel it yet. By 1996, the economy was roaring（咆哮，意指腾飞）, halfway（中途）through（穿过，引申创造了）the longest peacetime（和平时期）expansion（扩张）in American history.。

Economics Report

1、Leaders from more than one hundred nations are in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for a three-day United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. More than forty thousand activists and political and business leaders are also there. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon spoke at the opening of the event, known as the Rio + 20.2、This year, officials are trying to reach final agreement on a document that details goals for reducing poverty while supporting clean energy and sustainable development. The conference will draw attention to seven major issues. The UN says jobs, energy and sustainable cities are of top importance. It notes that food security, water, oceans and dealing with disasters are other issues basic to lifting people out of poverty.3、The Mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg, took part in a discussion among mayors of some of the world's largest cities. They talked about measures to cut greenhouse gasses. These gasses are known to trap heat and have been linked to climate change. Cities are responsible for up to seventy-five percent of the gases. Mr.Bloomberg said the world's mayors are taking the lead on issues like the environment and sustainability.4、Mayors reported using electric vehicles, better street lighting and improved waste management to reduce cities' greenhouse emissions.5、Still, some environmental activists say the conference document is too weak. They say there are many promises of action but few clear targets for reducing pollution and the use of natural resources.。

中英互译

※- - - - - -英译汉- - - - - -※1、Science fiction is a literature genre developed in the 20th century in which the fiction writer addresses how scientific discoveries, technological developments, and future events and societal changes affect human beings. The description of these influences may be a careful and informed extrapolation of scientific facts and principles, or it may range into farfetched areas flatly contradictory of such facts and principles.科幻小说是20世纪发展起来的一种文学体裁，科幻小说作家在其作品中描述科学发现、技术进步以及未来的事情和社会变化如何影响人类。

对这些影响的描写，可能是对科学事实和原理的一种细致而有根据的判断，或是描写与这些事实和原理完全矛盾的令人难以置信的一些领域。

2、Managerial economics is the study of the application of economic principles of decision-making in business firms or in other management units. The basic concepts are derived mainly form microeconomic theory, which studies the behavior of individual consumers, firms, and industries, but new tools of analysis have been added. Statistical methods, for example, are becoming increasingly important in estimating current and future demand for products.管理经济学研究将经济学原理运用于企业公司或其他管理部门的决策之中，其基本概念主要来自研究个体消费者、公司和行业的经济行为的微观经济学，但加进了新的分析方法。

1英语阅读-经济学人《Economics》双语版-Rebuilding the American dream machine

（1）：重建美国梦机器From The Economist print editionRebuilding the American dream machine重建美国梦机器FOR America's colleges, January is a month of reckoning. Most applications for the next academic year beginning in the autumn have to be made by the end of December, so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard :how many people want to attend. One of the more unlikely offices to have been flooded with mail is that of the City University of New York (CUNY), a public college that lacks, among other things, a famous sports team, bucolic campuses and raucous parties (it doesn't even have dorms), and, until recently, academic credibility.对美国的大学而言，一月是一个清算的月份。

大多数要进入将于秋季开学的下一学年学习的申请必须在12月底前完成，因此一所大学的声望就有了客观依据:申请人的多少。

纽约城市大学，一所公立学院，与其他学校相比，它没有一支声名显赫的运动队，没有田园诗一般的校园，也没有喧嚣嘈杂的派对——甚至连宿舍都没有，而且，直到最近也没取得学术上的可信度，可就是这所大学的办公室塞满了学生们寄来的申请函，这简直有些令人难以置信。

E-Commerce Challenges Traditional Stores打印版

E-Commerce Challenges Traditional StoresFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report in Special English.Americans are buying more products and ________ than ever before through the Internet. And experts say the __________of online sales is likely to spread to other countries. Online sales now ________ as much as one-tenth of all retail sales in the United States. This has led traditional stores to seek new ways to keep their _________ loyal.Lynne Shaner used the Internet to buy everything she needed for her __________ and holiday gifts for her husband and step-daughter. Other than food, 90 percent of her _________ were made on her home computer."I find that, by being able to go online and choose the things that I need to choose, and have them __________ to me right at my doorstep, I eliminate all the driving, all the crowds, all the noise of that, and I usually get a better __________."There are a lot of people like her. Experts say American online shopping hit ________ in both November and December. Fifty-seven percent of Americans have bought something electronically. Store owners worry that this growing amount of online sales will hurt their business. Cornell University ________ professor Ed McLaughlin says they should be worried. He spoke to VOA by Skype. "Anything that can move online, will. And it's just a matter of time."Professor McLaughlin says traditional stores can keep their customers by selling goods like clothing, which buyers may want to see and try on before _________ He says the stores could also offer things that are difficult to ship. He also says some stores can please customers by offering to set up or repair ___________ products.Bill Martin is the founder of ShopperTrak. His business helps stores learn about their customers. He told VOA by Skype that traditional stores offer a social _____________ that some people enjoy."There is still a lot of _________ in the buying decision, you know, that takes place. Oftentimes, you know, you need that last sense of ‘Boy, this is exa ctly what I want' -- that feeling before you're ready to_______ with money, and you can't always get that on-line. It's a rather cold process."Bill Martin says traditional stores can provide goods to buyers more-quickly than online stores. And some retailers are using websites to persuade people to visit their stores.While e-commerce worries some business owners, the only worry for delivery services like FedEx and UPS is keeping up with the number of ___________. UPS Manager Dana Kline says her company is very busy at this time of year. UPS is so busy that it has filled 55,000 ___________ worker positions during the holiday season。

研究生英语综合教程Unit-答案 1

cooperativeness
being intelligent decisiveness and
creative
a sense of humor assertiveness
great
good ability of financial
communication management
skills
good ability in dealing with interpersonal
business, along with the successful building up of the social
network.
精选ppt
6
Starting out—Task 1
Step Three
Based on your work done in the previous two steps, tell each other what you would like to be after graduation, an employer or an employee? Give reasons for your choice.
2. According to NACE, employment situation in 2007 was more
optimistic, with more college graduates finding jobs and
with a higher starting pay than in this year. T
the cooperation of many workers. As an employer, he must be
good at Communicating with different people, which is the

高一英语(完形填空与阅读理解加油站一)

教师辅导讲义C . food of many different choices D. very traditional food only in restaurants2.Why do you think most American cities are full of restaurants serving international cooking?A.Because ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States.B.Because the United States is a country of immigrants from all over the world.C.Because the American people have been fed up with their simple and boring traditional food.D.Because there are many ethnic sections like Chinatown, Little Italy, or Germantown in these cities.3.Which of the following is health food?A. Preserved fruitsB. SausagesC. French friesD. Fresh beans4.What can we infer from the passage?A.American people used to have big breakfast which usually took them quite a long time.B.American people now like fast food as well as health food, which seems contradictory.C.American people cannot afford to enjoy their lunch because of the fast pace of life.D.American people are mostly vegetarians because they love health food.'5.How do you understand the phrase "take time" in the last paragraph?A. spend time B . do something slowlyC . enjoy the moment D. waste timeII. Put the following phrases either in English or Chinese according to the reading passage1. physical well-being________________2. health food________________3. attitude toward _________________4. take place________________5. a variety of ________________6. 由……组成 _______________7. 热衷于8. 浪费时间做某事9. 以……为主食10. 赶紧做完________________III. Fill in the blank with the words or phrases in the reading passage1.In the sentence "The United States is famous for its very solid and unchanging diet", we can also say "The United Statesis_______________________ its very solid and unchanging diet".2.People who have settled in a new country are called_____________ .3.Americans have now learnt to enjoy a______________ tastes, other than meat and potatoes.4.Health food is becoming popular as people have begun to care more about their_______________ .5.We will try our best to restore her to health but it may _______________ .6.There are 12 people in the team; that is, the team ________________ 12 people.IV. Translation1．我们公司主要由4个部门组成。

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)真题

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark,A.B.C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Harlon Coben believes that if you are a writer,you’ll find the time;and that if can’t find the time,then writing isn’t an priority and you’re not a writer.For him,writing is a_1job-a job like any other.He has_2it with plumbing. Pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.3,like most writers these days,you are holding down a job to pay the bills,it’s not4_to find the time to write.But it’s not impossible.It requires determination and single-mindedness.5that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly_6often have to do other work to7their writing income.As Harlon Coben has suggested,it’s a8of priorities.To make writing a priority,you’ll have to_9some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.Depending on your10and your lifestyle,that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music,though some people can write11_they listen to music.You might have to12_the amount of exercise or sport you do.You’ll have to make social media an13activity rather than a daily,time-consuming14_.There’ll probably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time with your family.It’s a_15learning curve,and it won’t always make you popular.There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,16 your writing-and that’s reading.Any write needs to read as much and as widely as they can;it’s the one17_supporter-something you cannot do without.Time is finite.The older you met,the_18it seems to go.We need to use it as carefully and as19_as we can that means that prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do.If you’re a writer,that means-_20-writing.1.A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasantbined pared C.confused D.confronted3.A.If B.Though C.Once D.Unless4.A.Enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy5.A.Accept B.Explain C.Remember D.Suppose6.A.Well-known B.well-advised C.well-informed D.well-chose7.A.donate B.generate C.supplement D.calculate8.A.cause B.purpose C.question D.condition9.A.highlight B.sacrifice C.continue D.explore10.A.relations B.interests C.memories D.skills11.A.until B.because C.while D.before12.A.put up with B.make up for C.hang on to D.cut down on13.A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensive D.emotional14.A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan15.A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.funny16.A.in place of B.in charge of C.in response to D.in addition to17.A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisible D.instant18.A.duller B.harder C.quieter D.quicker19.A.peacefully B.generously C.productively D.gratefully20.A.at most B.in turn C.on average D.above allSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1On a recent sunny day13000chickens roam over Larry Brown’s40 windswept acres in Shiner,Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows.This all seems random,but it’s by design, part of what the$6.1billion US.egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8a dozen,are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special house gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“I’m excited about our progress,”says Brown,who is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.The birds waste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements“allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.In barely more than a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats,but both have exploded into major supermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful.It could open the floodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.Such farming also brings minimal,if any,improvement to the food products(though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs willembrace sustainability.Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change,and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment.Young adults“really care about the planet,”says John Brunnquell,president of Egg Innovations.“They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”21.The climate-friendly eggs are produced.A.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppersC.as a replacement for organic eggsD.on specially designed farmsrry Brawn is excited about its progress in.A.reducing the damage of wormsB.accelerating the disposal of wasteC.creating a sustainable systemD.attracting customers to his product23.The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph4to suggest.A.the doubts over natural foodsB.the setbacks in the egg industryC.the potential of regenerative productsD.the promotional success of supermarkets24.It can be leaned from the last paragraph that young people.A.are reluctant to change their dietB.are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsC.are curious about new foodsD.are amazed at agricultural advances25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton ever regenerative product’sA.market prospectsB.nutritional valueC.standard definitionD.moral implicationText2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least40have,or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring-said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the“unretirement”trend.Other reasons,according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,preventing boredom or avoiding depression.“The concept of retirement is evolving,”said Christine Russell,senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.“It’s not just about finances.The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are living longer.Older Americans are also percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades.About20%of people65 and older were in the workforce in February2019,up from an all-time low of 10%in January1985according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings topreserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed,which surveyed 2,000adults between40to79.Six in10“unretirees”are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life.Among the most popular ways they are doing this,the company said,is by reducing their overall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years,said Brent Weiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.He suggested that pre-retirees should speak with a financial advisor to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a family and ultimately retiring,”Weiss said.“It’s not just a financial decision,but an emotional one.Many people believe they can’t retire.”26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that.A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that Americans tend to think that.A.retirement may cause problems for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD.“unretirement”contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to.bor shortagesB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs29.Many“unretirees”are increasing their savings by.A.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less30.With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people are.A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiasticText3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in2010by user experience expert Harry Brignull,“dark patterns”is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.Brignull identifies12types of common dark patterns,ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel,where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start,but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a2019study of53,000product pages and11000websites,researchersfound that about one in10employs these design practices.Though widely prevalent,the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray are as they engender.Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with ll,compliance,risk,and legal teams to review their privacy policy,and include in the discuss the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company’s user interface,as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets,pricing,and promotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digital deception.Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns,most recent at the state level.In March,the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that“ensure that customer will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.”The regulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from using“confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t optout.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need for greater account ability from within the business community.Dark patterns also be addressed on a self regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,not just to legal requirements,but also to industry best practices and standard.31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs tat dark patterns.A.improve user experienceB.leak user information for profitC.undermine users’decision-makingD.remind users of hidden costs32.The2019study on dark patterns is mentioned to show.A.their major flawsB.their complex designsC.their severe damageD.their strong presence33.To handle digital deception,businesses should.A.listen to customer feedbackB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to.A.guide users through opt-out processesB.protect consumers from being trickedC.grant companies data privacy rightsD.restrict access to problematic content35.According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patterns is.A.new legal requirementsB.businesses’self-disciplineC.strict regulatory standsD.consumers’safety awareness.Text4Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way isreports.But a new study published in Cognition found that,in at least one real-world situation a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons,according to study co-author Enc Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside:Students attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat,optionally watched an11-minute video on the topic and joined a50-minute discussion.The other half focused on charitable giving instead.Then,unknown to the students,there searchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester nearly14,000receipts for almost500students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,including voting rates,blood donation and returning library books.But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics,meal purchases containing meat decreased from52to45percent-and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at52percent.“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,”Schwitzgebel says Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania,who was not involved in the study,says she wants the effect to be cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.And if real,she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge:“Easy come,easy go”.Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism,showing it as achievable or more common.Second, the Video may have had an emotional impact.Least rousing,he thinks,was rational argument,although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role.Now there searchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistant seating habits and students video exposure.Meanwhile Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect-will be eating his words.36.Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are.A.hard to determineB.narrowly interpretedC.difficult to ignoreD.poorly summarized37.Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating?A.It is common among students.B.It is a behavior easy to measure.C.It is important to students’health.D.it is a hot topic in ethics classes.38.Eric Schwitzgebels previous findings suggest that ethics professors.A.are seldom critical of their studentsB.are less sociable than other professorsC.are not sensitive to political issuesD.are not necessarily ethically better39.Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is.A.permanentB.predictableC.uncertainD.unrepeatable40.Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students change in behaviorA.can bring psychological benefitsB.can be analyzed statisticallyC.is a result of multiple factorsD.is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column,there are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)A.Make it a habitB.Don’t go it aloneC.Start low,go slowD.Talk with your doctorE.Listen to your bodyF.Go through the motionsG.Round out your routineGetting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times,but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19concerns,it can be tricky to know where to start.And it’s important to get the right dose of activity.“Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,”says Mary Yoke,PhD,a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.Follow this advice to return to exercise safely.41.Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break.If you were walking3miles a day,playing18holes of golf three times a week,or lifting10-pound dumbbells for three sets of10reps,reduce activity to½mile every otherday,or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days,or use5-pound dumbbells for one set of10reps.Increase time,distance,and intensity gradually.“This isn’t something you can do overnight,”Denay says.But you’ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42.If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences,back off.If you feel good,go a little longer or faster.Feeling wiped out after a session?Go easier next time.And stay alert to serious symptoms,such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness,or faintness,and seek medical attention immediately.43.Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start,says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT,a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital.All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest,most accessible form of exercise.Although it can be a workout on its own,if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes,tennis,cycling,or any other activity,walking is also a great first step.44.Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity,you can practice the moves.With or without a club or racket,swing like you’re hitting the ball.Paddle like you’re in a kayak or canoe.Mimic your favorite swimming strokes.The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.45.Exercising with others“can keep you accountable and make it more fun,so you’re more likely to do it again,”Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant.But when you can’t connect in person,consider using technology.Chat on the phone witha friend while you walk around your neighborhood.FaceTime or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.You can also join a livestreamor on-demand exercise class.Section III Translation46.Direction:In this section there is a test in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)Although we try out best,sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.Changes in the light,the limitations of your painting materials,and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing,it turns out that this can actually be good for you.Unexpected result have two benefits:you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one door closes,anther opens.You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become your second nature.In fact,creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life,with which you are more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.Section IV WritingPart A47.Direction:Suppose you are planning a campus food festival.Write an email to the international students in your university to1)introduce the food festival and2)invite them to participateYou should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use yourown e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B48.Directions:Write an easy based on the chart below.In your writing,youshould1）interpret the chart and2）give your commentsYour should write about150words on the ANSSWER SHEET(15points)。

2022年全国研究生考试英语(二)真题及答案

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2022年全国研究生考试真题与答案英语（二）台风天搞农业2022年考研英语（二）真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if you're a writer, you'll find the time; and that if you can't find the time, then writing isn't a priority and you're not a writer. For him writing is a _____(1)job-a job like any other. He has _____(2)it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work with pipes today. _____(3), like most writers these days, you' re holding down a job to pay the bills, it's not_____(4)to find the time to write. But it's not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness._____(5)that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly _____(6)often have to do other work to _____(7)their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested it's a_____(8)of priorities. To make writing a priority, you'll have to _____(9)some of yourday-to-day-activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your _____(10)and your life style, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write _____(11)they listen to music. You might have to_____(12)the a mount of exercise or sport you do. You'll have to make social media an _____(13) activity rather than a dailytime-consuming_____(14). There'll probably have to be less socializing with your friends and less time with your family. It'sa_____(15)learning curve, and it won't always make you popular.There's just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, _____(16)your writing-and that's reading. And writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it's the one_____(17)supporter-something you can't do without.Time is finite. The older you get, the _____(18)it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as_____(19)as we can. That means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you're a writer, thatmeans_____(20)writing.1. A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasant2. bined pared C.confusedD.confronted3. A.If B.Through C.Once D.Unless4. A.enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy5. A.Accept B.Explain C.RememberD.Suppose6. A.well-known B.well-advised C.well-informedD.well-chosen7. A.donate B.generate C.supplementD.calculate8. A.cause B.purpose C.question D.condition9. A.highlight B.sacrifice C.continue D.explore10. A.relations B.interests C.memories D.skills11. A.until B.because C.while D.before12. A.put up with B.make up of C.hang on toD.cut down on13. A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensiveD.emotional14. A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan15. A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.funny16. A.in place of B.in charge of C.in response toD.in addition to17. A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisibleD.instant18. A.duller B.harder C.quieter D.quicker19. A.peacefully B.generously C.productivelyD.gratefully20. A.at most B.in turn C.on average D.above allSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen. are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they're also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change."I'm excited about our progress," says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more covercrops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers."The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandy wine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, andpasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults "really care about the planet," says John Brunnquell, president of Eggs Innovations. "They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing.21. the climate-friendly eggs are produced _____.A.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppersC.as a replacement for organic eggsD.on specially designed forms22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in _____.A.reducing the damage of climate changeB.accelerating the disposal of wasteC.creating sustainable systemD.attracting customers to his products23. the example of organic eggs is used in the Paragraph if to suggest _____.A.the doubts to over natural feedsB.the set breaks in the eggs industryC.the potential of regenerative productsD.the promotional success of super markets24. It can be learned from paragraph that young people_____.A.are reluctant to change their dietB.are likely to buy climate friendly eggsC.are curious about new foodD.are amazed at agriculture advances25 John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products _____.A.markets prospectsB.standard definitionC.market prospectD.moral implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprisingis that more than half of "unretirees"-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring -said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of "unretiree" respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."The concept of retirement is evolving." said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segmentof the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from anall-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 "unretirees" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring." Weiss said. "It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire.26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicatesthat_____.A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger one doseC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to work in retirement27. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that_____.A.retirement may cause problems for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD."unretirement" contributes to the economy28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to_____.bor shortageB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs29. Many retirees are increasing their savings by_____.A.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less30. With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that many people are_____.A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked o frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are example of patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brig null, dark patterns" is a catch-all tern for practices that manipulateuser interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brig null identifies 12 types of common dark patters, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel." where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception."Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. "The regulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from using" confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability form within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.31. It can be learned from the first two paragrphs that dark patterns _____.A.improve user experienceB.leak user information for profitC.undermine users decision-makingD.remind users of hidden costs32. The 2019 study on dark pattern is mentioned to show _____.A.their major flawsB.their complex designsC.their severe damageD.their strong presence33. To handle digital deception business should _____.A.listen to customer feedbackB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.rely on professional training34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to _____.A.guide user though opt-out processesB.protect consumers from being trickedC.grant companies data privacy rightD.restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph a key to coping with dark patterns is _____.A.new legal requirementsB.business self-disciplineC.strict regulatory standardsD.consumers' safety awarenessText4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests on sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzeebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, theresearchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent."That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention," Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: Easy come, easy go.Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence-classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants" eating habits and students' video exposure. Meanwhile. Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect will be eating his words.36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are _____.A.hard to determineB.narrowly interpretedC.difficult to ignoreD.poorly summarized37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?A.It is common among students.B.It is a behavior easy to measure.C.It is important to students' health.D.It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38. Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors _____.A.are seldom critical of their studentsB.are less sociable than other professors.C.are not sensitive to political issuesD.are not necessarily ethically better39. Nina Strolminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is _____.A.permanentB.predictableC.uncertainD.unrepeatable40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in behavior_____.A.can bring psychological benefitsB.can be analyzed statisticallyC.is a result of multiple factorsD.is a sign of self-developmentSection II Reading ComprehensionPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How to Get Active Again After a Break.Moving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart-attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build strength and stamina.Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it's important to get the right dose of activity. "Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout," says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break._____(41)Don't try to go back to what you were -doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps reduce activity to ½mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. "This isn't something you can do overnight," Denay says. But you'll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away._____(42)If you're breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately._____(43)Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step._____(44)Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you're hitting the ball. Paddle like you're in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will -remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again._____(45)Exercising with others "Can keep you account-able and make it more fun, so you're more likely to do it again," Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can't connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class. SilverSneakers offers them for older adults, or try EverWalk for virtual challenges.41._____A.Start low, go slowB.Round out your routineC.Talk with your doctorD.Make it a habitE.Go through the motionsF.Don't go it aloneG.Listen to your body42._____A.Start low, go slowB.Round out your routineC.Talk with your doctorD.Make it a habitE.Go through the motionsF.Don't go it aloneG.Listen to your body43._____A.Start low, go slowB.Round out your routineC.Talk with your doctorD.Make it a habitE.Go through the motionsF.Don't go it aloneG.Listen to your body44._____A.Start low, go slowB.Round out your routineC.Talk with your doctorD.Make it a habitE.Go through the motionsF.Don't go it aloneG.Listen to your body45._____A.Start low, go slowB.Round out your routineC.Talk with your doctorD.Make it a habitE.Go through the motionsF.Don't go it aloneG.Listen to your bodySection III TranslationDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)46. Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one door closes, another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become your Second nature. In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when problem arises.Section IV WritingPart A47. Direction:Suppose you are planning a campus food festival, write an mail to international students in your university to1) introduce the food festival and2) invite them to participate.Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name, use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)Part B48.Direction:Write an essay based on the chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)真题答案：1－20：BBAADCACCBBCDBAADABCD21-25:DCCBA26-30:31-35:36-40:41-45:46.虽然我们尽了最大的努力，但是有时候我们的作品很少能达到预期的效果。

高三英语经济现象解读练习题40题

高三英语经济现象解读练习题40题1.The government's economic policies are aimed at promoting _____.A.growthB.declineC.stagnationD.depression答案：A。

选项A“growth”意为增长，政府的经济政策通常是为了促进经济增长。

选项B“decline”是下降；选项C“stagnation”是停滞；选项D“depression”是萧条。

政府政策一般不会以经济下降、停滞或萧条为目标。

2.Inflation can lead to a decrease in the purchasing power of _____.A.consumersB.producersC.employeesD.employers答案：A。

通货膨胀会导致消费者的购买力下降。

选项B“producers”是生产者；选项C“employees”是员工；选项D“employers”是雇主。

通货膨胀主要影响消费者的购买力。

3.During a recession, many businesses face difficulties in _____.A.expandingB.contractingC.stabilizingD.flourishing答案：A。

在经济衰退期间，很多企业在扩张方面面临困难。

选项B“contracting”是收缩；选项C“stabilizing”是稳定；选项D“flourishing”是繁荣。

经济衰退时企业难以扩张。

4.The stock market is an important indicator of a country's economic _____.A.stabilityB.instabilityC.growthD.decline答案：A。

股票市场是一个国家经济稳定性的重要指标。

选项B“instability”是不稳定；选项C“growth”是增长；选项D“decline”是下降。

小学下册K卷英语上册试卷

小学下册英语上册试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.He is very ___. (happy)2.Which animal is known for its slow movement and shell?A. TurtleB. SlothC. SnailD. ArmadilloA3.What do we call the act of helping others?A. AssistanceB. SupportC. AidD. HelpingC4.My sister is a ______. She enjoys playing piano.5.What do we call a person who studies economics?A. EconomistB. Financial AnalystC. BusinessmanD. All of the above6.I enjoy _____ (乘坐) the bus.7.This girl, ______ (这个女孩), loves to play the flute.8.The ____ swims in rivers and loves to catch fish.9. A _______ is a reaction that produces energy.10.The picture is on the ___. (wall)11.The capital of Oman is __________.12.My sister loves __________ (唱歌).13.The __________ was a significant period of change in Europe. (文艺复兴)14.Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed are called________.15.He is _____ (tall/short) for his age.16.I have a ________ (玩偶) that talks when you squeeze it.17. A ____ is often seen resting on leaves during the day.18.The cake is _____ (burnt/fresh).19.The Earth’s crust is divided into many pieces called ______ plates.20. A reagent is a substance used to cause a ______ reaction.21.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lived in a tower?A. RapunzelB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Belle22.Who is the main character in "Harry Potter"?A. RonB. HermioneC. HarryD. DracoC23.I like to _______ (jump) rope.24.What do you call a small, round fruit that is usually sour?A. KiwiB. LemonC. LimeD. All of the aboveD25.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Calf26.Reactivity is the ability of a substance to undergo a _____.27.Which one is a vegetable?A. AppleB. CarrotC. BananaD. Grape28.The ________ (innovation) improves lives.29.What do you call a group of fish?A. SchoolB. PackC. SwarmD. FlockA30.What is the capital city of Gabon?A. LibrevilleB. Port-GentilC. FrancevilleD. Moanda31.My parents encourage me to read ________ (经典) literature to expand my knowledge.32.The picnic is ___. (fun)33.I ride my ________ (bike) to school.34.I love to build and create with my _________ (玩具工具).35.The chemical reaction that occurs in a battery is a type of _______ reaction.36.The chemical symbol for barium is __________.37.I have a ________ (遥控直升机) that I fly around the park.38.I can create a storybook with my toy ________ (玩具名称).39.My best friend lives next ____.40. A ________ is a body of water that connects two larger bodies of water.41.The baby is ______ (crying).42. A chemical that can donate electrons is called a ______.43.The skunk's spray is a powerful ________________ (防御).44.I like to ______ (参与) in community service projects.45.What do you eat for dessert?A. SoupB. SaladC. CakeD. Rice46.The owl is wise and can turn its _________ (头) 180 degrees.47. A bear can climb ______ (树木).48.Which fruit is typically red and round?A. BananaB. AppleC. OrangeD. Peach49.My ________ (玩具) is a source of comfort.50.The snow is ___. (cold)51.What is the name of the famous ancient civilization that built the Great Wall?A. RomansB. GreeksC. ChineseD. EgyptiansC52.Chemical compounds can be ________ or ionic.53.What is the name of the famous bear who loves honey?A. Paddington BearB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. BalooB54.I feel ________ (兴奋) about going to the amusement park.55.She is a great ________.56.The ancient Romans were renowned for their ________ and public works.57._____ (叶子) can be smooth or rough.58.Which animal is known for having a long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. RhinoD. Hippo59.What do you call a person who writes stories?A. AuthorB. EditorC. PublisherD. Illustrator60.What type of tree produces acorns?A. PineB. MapleC. OakD. BirchC61. A substance that increases the rate of a reaction is known as a _____.62.Which animal is known for its ability to build dams?A. BeaverB. OtterC. SquirrelD. Rabbit63.What do you call a young frog?A. TadpoleB. CubC. KitD. PupA64.What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. CastleC. HutD. CabinA65.What do you call an animal that is active at night?A. DiurnalB. NocturnalC. CrepuscularD. SeasonalB66.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. ColosseumD. Statue of LibertyA67.Most plants have roots, stems, and __________.68.The __________ was a significant movement for workers' rights. (工人运动)69.The chemical formula for calcium acetate is ______.70.What do we call a person who draws pictures?A. WriterB. ArtistC. SculptorD. Photographer71. A ______ helps to protect against predators.72.__________ (化学创新) leads to advancements in technology and medicine.73. A mixture that can be separated by physical means is called a _______ mixture.74.Many plants are important for _____ (生态平衡).75. A base feels slippery and can taste ______.76.The squirrel is ______ (climbing) the tree.77. (Mayan) civilization was known for its advanced calendar. The ____78.We have a ______ (家庭) game night.79.The ______ (生长) of plants varies with seasons.80.My cat likes to play with my _________ (玩具球).81.The chemical formula for silver nitrate is __________.82.I love to ______ (与他人分享) my knowledge.83.My friend is very ________ (幽默).84.The chemical formula for cyclopentane is ______.85.He has a pet ___. (rabbit)86.The weather is ___ (perfect) for a picnic.87.My favorite animal is a ______ (大象). It is the largest land animal and is very ______ (温和).88.What is the name of the holiday in July?A. New YearB. Independence DayC. Labor DayD. ThanksgivingB89.What is the color of an eggplant?A. GreenB. YellowC. PurpleD. RedC90.In summer, the weather is usually _______ (炎热).91.What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. TranslationD. EvolutionB92.The ____ is known for its agility and speed.93.What do we call a sweet dessert made with fruit and cream?A. PavlovaB. Eton MessC. Fruit SaladD. All of the above94.The __________ (历史记录) can be found in libraries.95.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. Chiang MaiC. PhuketD. PattayaA96.The _______ offers a way to connect with nature.97.What is the name of the famous American author known for her novel "To Kill a Mockingbird"?A. Harper LeeB. J.K. RowlingC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. Mark TwainA98.I love going to the ________ during summer.99.I love to _____ (visit) botanical gardens.100.The _______ (The Great Migration) saw African Americans move north for jobs.。

高三英语经济英语单选题30题

高三英语经济英语单选题30题1. The _____ situation of the country has been greatly improved in recent years, with more new industries emerging.A. economyB. economicC. economicalD. economize答案：B。

解析：本题考查economy相关词汇的用法。

A选项“economy”是名词，意为“经济；节约”，在这里需要一个形容词来修饰“situation”，所以A选项错误。

B选项“economic”是形容词，意为“经济的；经济学的”，可以用来修饰“situation”，表示“经济状况”，符合题意。

C选项“economical”也是形容词，但它的意思是“节约的；经济实惠的”，侧重于表示节省资源或金钱等，与“经济状况”的语义不符，所以C选项错误。

D选项“economize”是动词，意为“节约；节省”，不能用来修饰名词，故D选项错误。

2. In the face of inflation, the central bank usually _____ the interest rate.A. raisesB. risesC. arisesD. arouses答案：A。

解析：本题考查经济现象中与利率相关的词汇。

A选项“raises”是及物动词，有“提高；增加”的意思，在这里表示央行提高利率，是正确的用法。

B选项“rises”是不及物动词，意为“上升；升起”，不能直接接宾语“the interest rate”，所以B选项错误。

C选项“arises”是不及物动词，意为“出现；产生”，与利率的调整无关，C选项错误。

D选项“arouses”是及物动词，意为“引起；唤醒”，也不符合利率调整的语境，D选项错误。

3. The exchange rate between the two currencies _____ constantly due to various factors.A. variesB. variousC. varietyD. variable答案：A。

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One change, in two thousand one, permits people to see their FICO [FYE-coh] score. FICO is short for the Fair Isaac Corporation. That company developed a way to represent credit risk with a number. The number is based on information gathered by credit reporting agencies. Fair Isaac says many lenders not just in the United States but around the world use its technology to create credit scores. But lenders are not the only ones interested in these numbers. As of May, the company says it sold ten million credit scores to individuals. People with high scores can expect lower interest rates for loans. The idea is that the higher the score, the lower the risk. Paying bills on time and paying off credit-card debt improves credit scoret reporting agencies. Two companies are Equifax, in Atlanta, Georgia, and TransUnion in Chicago, Illinois. The third, Experian, is owned by a British company. These agencies will sell people a copy of their credit report. But Congress last year again amended the Fair Credit Reporting Act. As of this September first, all Americans can receive one free credit report per year from each of the three agencies. This VOA Special English Economics Report was written by Mario Ritter. Our reports are online at . I'm Barbara Klein. Date Last Modified on Friday, August 19, 2005 By UNSV.
ECONOMICS REPORT - Many Americans Are Watching Their Credit Reports
By Mario Ritter Broadcast: Friday, August 19, 2005 I'm Barbara Klein with the VOA Special English Economics Report. More and more Americans are reading their own credit report. Credit reports are used by lenders to decide how risky it would be to offer a loan or credit to an individual. The report holds information about a person's current loans and credit-card debt. It records late payments of bills and any unpaid loans. It all adds up to a credit history. These days, though, lenders often welcome people with bad credit histories. They are charged higher interest rates and other loan costs. Some Americans want to read their credit report to know if they have been a victim of identity theft. They can see if any loans or credit cards have been opened in their name with stolen personal information. Another reason is that credit reports are not always correct. They might contain wrong information or old information. Before nineteen seventy-one, Americans could not see any of this information. Then Congress passed a law to give citizens the right to see and dispute their credit reports. Over the years, new rights have been added to the Fair Credit Reporting Act.