《英语语言学Cha》PPT课件
语言学精品课ppt-02
English consonants p pill d desk m member f feel z zoo ʃ shy ʤ Jill w wait b k n v θ ʒ l ϳ ball t till kiss g gap name ŋ ring veal s so thin ð thy measure ʧ chain letter r reef yard
3) Phonetics studies speech sounds from three different angles. Accordingly, it can be further classified into three sub-branches: ________ phonetics, ________ phonetics and ________ phonetics. 4) The speech organs are contained in three important areas or cavities: the ________, the ________ and the ________.
5) There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is ________ transcription; the other is ________ transcription.
6) ________ are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air stream and may be either voiced or voiceless.
Standard and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription—the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). A list of symbols are used to transcribe the sounds. The vowels The consonants
英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件cha
• white
• Connotative meaning: Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.
• mother
• white
a
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• Social meaning (stylistic meaning): Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.
• The analysis of word meaning into its sense components is not enough.
• man: [+Human + Adult + Male]
• Be a man.
• Although a knowledge of semantic features may help one to make an acceptable sentence, yet it does not always work, because many words are often used figuratively without observing the normal usage rules.
non-adult
a
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《英语语音教程》课件
In English, examples of Monophthongs include the
votes in the words "bed", "bad", and "bike"
Monophthongs are typically more open and relaxed compared to diphthongs
Refers to the process in which certain consonant phonemes lose their burst during pronunciation, sounding like a brief pause or omission. For example, in the word "cat", the consonant/k/loses its burst during pronunciation and sounds more like "cah".
Rhythm
Rhythm in English refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed vegetables in speech Understanding the natural rhythm of English is essential
Introduction and Rhythm
Introduction
Introduction refers to the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice when speaking It is a critical aspect of English promotion as it implies meaning, title, and emphasis
语言学导论PPT课件
isn’t innate
As.
Material →
→ product
.
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※ competence ① (Grammar) is equal to everybody ② ideal knowledge of language user
performance ① isn’t equal to everybody ② influenced by psychological and social factors.
.
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3. Social functions of language (1) Communicative means (the most important one) (2) The means for conceptual thinking and recognition of
the world. (3) The vehicle and transmitter of culture.
language is cultural-dependant language mirrors culture
.
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4. Functions of language in communication (1) Phatic (2) Directive function (3) Informative function (4) Expressive function (5) Interrogative function (6) Evocative function (7) Performative function
Descriptivism: a) Language is live, changing. If one of
语言学ppt课件
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3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
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“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
英语语言学-语言学知识点 PPT
buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife
teacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee
语言学知识点
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
How speech sounds are made
fast (adj) and fast (n)
如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:
beauty, fish, ball, scale beauty: 美丽；美女 fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找 ball: 球；舞会 scale: 规模；鱼鳞 看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一
The principal suprasegmentals are:
Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’.
Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
语言学课02精品PPT课件
The consonants
English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs）
i: beat æ bat u: moon ɒ lot ei say ǝu so eǝ pair
i bit ǝ another ʊ put ɑ: car ai buy aʊ noãw ʊǝ poor
Speech Production (Speaker)
transmitted in the air
Speech Perception (Hearer)
The process of speech production and perception
Subdivisions:
articulatory phonetics —how to produce speech sounds
2.5.2. Classification of English consonants
By manners of articulation Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [m] [n] [ŋ] Fricatives: [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] Affricates: [ʧ] [ʤ] Liquids: lateral [l] retroflex [r] Nasals: [m][n]
l letter ϳ yard
t till g gap ŋ ring s so ð thy ʧ chain
r reef
Vowels of American English
i beet ε bet o boat ʌ butt ǝ sofa
ı bit u boot ɔ bore ɒ pot/bar ɔϳ boy
英语语言学语言学知识点课件
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:
英语语言学语言学知识点
6
• 2）Duality（二层性）:
• 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点
1
•I 语言学导论 •II 语言学主要分支学科 •III 语言学的流派和理论
英语语言学语言学知识点
2
I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学 研究中几对重要的概念)
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• 4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) • 1) descriptive & prescriptive • 2) synchronic & diachronic
• 3) langue & parole
• 4) competence & performance
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程第一章ppt语言学教程胡壮麟主编Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology)Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics)Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics?1.2 What is language?1.3 Features of language1.4. Origin of language1.5. Functions of language1.6. What is linguistics1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.8. Macrolinguistics1.9 Important distinctions in linguisticsLead-inQestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?1.2 What is language ?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.__ by （英）沃德霍(Wardhaugh,R.)1.3 Design Features of languageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.3.1 Arbitrariness ?Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning –Saussure.Eg: name,book,pen(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.Eg: Hi, Aha,Hush, Hem, Hey.(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: according to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words.Eg: He came in and sat down.(3) Idiom is not arbitrary.Eg: apple-polisher, black sheep, a yellow dog.1.3.2 DualityDuality (double articulation)Lower level----sounds (meaningless Eg: Consonants and Vowels)Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning Eg: word)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent.A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a1.3.3 CreativityPeculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.Eg: 说曹操曹操到（not refer to Cao Cao himself）1.3.4 Displacement----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters, in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.Eg: 911 events , New York1.4. Origin of language语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一。
英语语言学教程Chapter_2_PPT
Place of articulation (发音部位p. 31-32)
The point where a consonant is made Consonants may be produced at practically any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
（肺，气管，喉，鼻，口）
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
1.2 The IPA
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.
The international phonetic alphabet (P.28)
2.2 Consonants and vowels (p. 29-37)
Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. A vowel is produced without such “stricture” so that „air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth and nose.” (Crystal, 1997: 154)
英语语言学讲课PPT课件
• Questions: • 1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought
following types:
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• Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 • Fricatives 擦音 • Affricates 塞擦音 • Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚ • Nasals 鼻音 • Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音
第8页/共38页
4. Classifications of English
• Question:
s o u n d s • Analyze the impor tant features of vowels and consonants.
speech
第9页/共38页
• (1) Classification of consonants • In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the
diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
第7页/共38页
• Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. • Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音 : the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
英语语言学概论课程课件
The History and Development of English
Linguistics
Early Beginnings
The Growth of Philosophy
Modern Linguistics
The study of English linguistics can trace its roots back to the Renaissance, with the works of scholars such as William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon
The Creation of New Words and the Development of Vocabulary
02 03
Language Change and Evolution
Linguistics investments how languages change over time and explore the processes that lead to language evolution
Communication and Social Interaction
Annotative meaning: the emotional or cultural associations a word may have
Context and Means
Sense depends on the context in which it is used
Context can change the intended meaning of a word or phrase
the IPA symbols and their
英语语言学第二章讲课课件
英语语言学第二章讲课课件一、教学内容本节课我们将学习英语语言学第二章，主要内容包括：语系与语言分类、语音学与音系学基础、以及词汇学初步。
具体涉及教材第二章的13节，重点探讨语言的起源、语言如何通过语音和词汇表达意义，以及不同语言之间的相似与差异。
二、教学目标1. 理解世界主要语系的特点及其分类依据，能列举至少三种语系并说明其代表性语言。
2. 掌握语音学基本概念，识别不同语音特征，并能在实际语境中进行应用。
3. 运用词汇学知识分析词语构成，提高词汇理解和运用能力。
三、教学难点与重点重点：语音学基本概念、词汇学的主要理论。
难点：语音的发音规则、词汇在不同语境中的应用。
四、教具与学具准备教具：PPT展示、录音机、语音示例CD。
学具：笔记本、词典、语音学基础教材。
五、教学过程1. 导入（5分钟）：通过展示世界地图，引入不同地区语言的多样性，激发学生对语言起源和分类的兴趣。
2. 理论讲解（20分钟）：介绍语系分类、语音学基础和词汇学构成，结合教材第二章13节内容。
3. 实践情景引入（10分钟）：播放不同语言的问候语录音，让学生体验语言差异。
4. 例题讲解（15分钟）：讲解语音学中元音、辅音的分类及发音规则，通过例词进行示范。
5. 随堂练习（10分钟）：分组进行语音模仿和词汇构造练习。
六、板书设计1. 语系与语言分类印欧语系汉藏语系阿尔泰语系2. 语音学基础元音与辅音发音规则3. 词汇学初步词根、词缀词语构成七、作业设计beautifulunderstand2. 答案：beautiful: beauty, beautifully, beastunderstand: understanding, understandable, misunderstand八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 反思：关注学生在课堂上的参与度，针对语音模仿环节进行教学调整，提高学生的发音准确性。
2. 拓展延伸：鼓励学生课下阅读更多关于语音学和词汇学的资料，了解语言的发展趋势及其背后的文化因素。
语言学PPT (2)
Violation of the maxim of Relation
Ex-7 A:“Mrs. X is an old bag." B:“The weather has been quite delightful this summer,isn't it?"
The violation of the maxim of Manner
Sometimes the first Quantity maxim will be in conflict with the Quality maxim.
Ex-2 A: “Where C lives? "
B: “Somewhere in the south of France."
B dosen't konw where doe C lives exactly, in order to up uphold the Quality maxim ,he has chosen to violate the maxim of Quantity.
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Culture Vs. Nature
Nature refers to what is born and grows, while culture refers to what has been grown and brought up with, in other words, what can be nurtured.
2. Spiritual culture: the products of mind (ideologies, beliefs, values and concepts of time and space, for example), abstract, ambiguous, and hidden
• 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。
• 在中国人的心目中，“夏日炎炎”、“夏日之 可畏”，“夏天”常常与酷暑炎热联系在一起。
• 。“夏天”带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如 此的迥异。原因同样是双方所处的地理位置。 中国位于亚洲大陆，属大陆性气候，四季分明， 夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。 而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚 温和，令人惬意。
English teacher：Er...what do you mean？
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请客吃饭 称呼用语 接受礼物 电话用语 面对恭维 问候用语 考虑问题的主体 亲属称谓
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• ，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? ／Thou art more lovely and more temperate， (我能不能拿夏天同你相比？／你啊比夏天来 得可爱和煦。)
随后，由于学者各自的学术立场和观察角度不 同，产生了各种定义。各种定义应当是互补的。
综合各家之见解，文化是指人类创造出来的并 可以通过学习获得和为后人学习和传递下去的 一切物质和非物质产品。
4
文化的特征
（ 1 ）文化是人类创造出来的； （ 2 ）文化是人们后天学习获得的； （ 3 ）文化是一个群体或社会全体成员共同享
In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
3
第一个给文化下明确定义是英国人类学家泰勒， 他认为文化是“一个复杂的总体，它包括知识、 信仰、艺术、伦理道德、法律、风俗以及作为 一个社会成员的个人通过学习获得任何其他能 力和习惯。
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• 有一个欧洲国家的女王前往美国访问，到达 芝加哥时，人们以接待君主的隆重的礼仪表 示欢迎，一切顺利。访问圆满结束，女王一 行即将离开该市，芝加哥市长当然在场，在 举行欢送仪式时，市长致颂辞，与会者倾听， 市长热情洋溢，为表示友好，他说：The next time you come，bring the kids along.
有的； （ 4 ）文化是可以代代相传的； （ 5 ）文化是多样的，特殊性是文化的本质。
同时，不同文化间也具有共性。文化是个性和 共性的统一体。
5
文化的要素
1 ．物质要素。一切人造物品是文化的要素，其 中尤以生产工具最重要。物质要素即文化的物质 部分。
2 ．精神要素。精神要素包括哲学、科学、宗教、 道德、艺术以及各种思想观念，其中尤以价值观 念最重要。精神要素是文化的核心和灵魂。狭义 文化即指精神文化。
3 ．语言和象征符号。文化只有借助语言和象征 符号才能创造和表现出来。语言是长期养成的一 套发音习惯，它本身就是一种文化。
4 ．规范体系。人们行为办事的各种规矩，也是 文化不可缺少的要素。
6
Classification of culture
1. Material cultural: concrete, substantial Βιβλιοθήκη nd observable11
• fish in the air • 缘木求鱼 • an odd fish • 怪人 • miss the boat • (错过机会)等。 • work like a horse、 • as strong as a horse、 • flog a willing horse 对努力工作的人进行不必
8
Chinese student：Mr．White，you are so pale，are you sick？
English teacher：Well．．．yes．I have got a bad cold for several days．
Chinese student：Well，you should go to a clinic and see the doctor as soon as possible．
时，有时甚至跟同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就
认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲：谈及自己 时要用谦词，如不使用，也被认为没有礼貌。
• 另一原因，便是中国人几千年来受“出头的椽子
先烂”、”枪打出头鸟”等传统思想的影响，不
愿突出自己。英语中这类词少的原因有二：一为
西方人追求人人平等，二为他们长期以来尊重个
人价值，乐于表现自己。
要的督促 • flog a dead horse 徒劳无益
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• 敬语谦词：像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远 远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地 位多高，you就是you，I就是I，用不着像汉语那
样用许多诸如“您、先生、局长、敝人”等敬语 谦词。
• 产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级 森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级说话
Chapter Seven Language, Culture,
and Society
1. Language and Culture
2
What is culture?
Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.