Impact of the slope angle of hummocks on the ride-up of finger ice in the Liaohe Estuary

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界面形状对大空间体育馆室内空气品质性能影响的研究

分，为满足人民对高品质生活的期待，体育建筑可为人民提供重要的空间基础和服务保障。

新冠疫情暴发后，为推动群众体育工作持续健康开展，2022年6月国家体育总局颁布了《在新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化背景下有关群众体育工作安全风险防控要点》[1]，建议公共体育设施开放时应“加强通风”“室内场所应优先采用自然通风”。

在室外环境适宜的情况下引入自然通风有助于在减少体育馆全天候运行能耗的同时，完成室内污浊空气与室外新鲜空气的置换，进而降低病毒感染风险，具有节能、健康双重优势。

近年来，国内外学者从节能、舒适等方面评估了体育馆等大空间建筑中的自然通风性能，但在空气品质的健康性能评价方面研究较少。

李晋[2]通过CFD 模拟计算发现，体育馆形体的不对称性有助于提升场地风速及换气次数。

钱锋等[3]以体感温度及热舒适度作为衡量条件发现夏季开闭屋顶可以有效改善体育馆室内热舒适度，节约建筑能耗。

史立刚等[4]以人群吹风舒适感为主要评价标准，比较专业足球场界面形状及通透度对场内风环境的影响。

Hou 等[5]以表面风压、通风量及室内风速为评价指标，比较了不同高跨比穹顶的自然通风潜力。

为此，本研究采用CFD 数值模拟方法，针对场地区、看台区等体育馆主要使用空间，以换气次数、风速、空气龄为评价标准，比较不同界面形状对自然通风体育馆室内空气品质的影响，为当今时代体育馆建筑的绿色、摘要运用CFD 模拟方法，以通风率、换气次数、风速、空气龄为评价指标，为体育馆界面形态设计提供建议。

研究发现界面形状对体育馆总通风量的影响较小，但对活动空间的空气龄影响显著，特别是场地区空气龄。

在上凸高跨比相同的前提下，人字形上凸屋盖的自然通风性能优于拱形上凸屋盖。

当侧界面倾斜角度相同时，外倾侧界面性能优于内倾侧界面。

关键词自然通风；体育馆；顶界面形状；侧界面形状；室内空气品质中图分类号 TU246文献标识码 A基金项目国家自然科学基金青年项目（52008393）DOI 10.19892/ki.csjz.2023.22.33Abstract The influence of façade and roof shapes on natural ventilation performance in gymnasia are investigated through CFD simulation methods with ventilation rate, air changes per hour wind speed, and air age as the evaluation indicators. It is found that roof and façade shapes have small impacts on the air exchange rate of the gymnasium, but significant influences on the air age in the occupied spaces, especially on the air age of the field area. The natural ventilation performance of the human-shaped roof is better than that of the gable-shaped roof with the same height-to-span ratio. When the inclination angle of the side interface is the same, the performance of the outwardly inclined side interface is better than that of the inwardly inclined side interface.Key words natural ventilation; gymnasia; roof shape; façade shape; indoor air quality体育馆建筑是全民健身公共服务体系的关键组成部作者简介：程征（1988—），女，副教授。

2025届浙江“七彩阳光”新英语高三上期末学业水平测试模拟试题含解析

2025届浙江“七彩阳光”新英语高三上期末学业水平测试模拟试题注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。

2．答题时请按要求用笔。

3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5．保持卡面清洁，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Tom’s sco re on the test is the highest in the class. He _____.A．should study last nightB．should have studied last nightC．must have studied last nightD．must study last night2．The Chinese people are kind and caring. If not, I _____ in China in the past 30 years. A．didn’t stay B．hadn’t stayedC．couldn’t stay D．couldn’t have stayed3．If you ___________ to my advice carefully, you wouldn’t have made such a terrible mistake.A．listened B．have listenedC．would listen D．had listened4．She is stubborn in resisting his enquiries about the Moonstone _____ the degree that she makes it seem as if she does not want the mystery ______.A．on; to solve B．with; solvingC．for; being solved D．to; to be solved5．Thanks to her determination and perseverance on the piano lesson, she has a ______ grasp of the subject.A．comprehensive B．confidentialC．conservative D．compulsory6．---Professor Li is wanted on the phone. Where is he?--- I saw him coming, but in a minute, he _____.A．will disappear B．has disappeared C．disappears D．disappeared7．There is no easy way to remember prepositions, as it is one area of English____ the rules seem very irregular.A．that B．whereC．whose D．which8．—The battery in my cell phone is running low.—I that last night before we went to bed.A．was noticing B．have noticed C．would notice D．had noticed9．Was it at the beginning _____ you made the promise ____ you would do all to help make it?A．that; that B．when; thatC．that; when D．when; when10．I would persuade her to make room for you ______it be necessary.A．could B．mightC．should D．would11．You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future.A．that; what B．what; / C．which; that D．/; that12．Could I speak to__________ is in charge of International Sales please?A．who B．whatC．whoever D．whatever13．______in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.A．To absorb B．To be absorbedC．Absorbed D．Absorbing14．—________! Somebody has left the lab door open.—Don’t look at me.A．Hi, there B．Dear meC．Thank goodness D．Come on15．At the meeting they discussed three different ________ to the study of mathematics. A．approaches B．meansC．methods D．ways16．________ your generous help, I do believe I have a better understanding of your country and culture.A．But for B．Out ofC．Thanks to D．As to17．The economy in big cities has continued to rise thanks to the local governments to increase ______.A．that B．themC．it D．those18．If you are feeling so tired, perhaps a little sleep would____．A．act B．helpC．serve D．last19．--- Did you watch the final match of China Open yesterday?---Sure. I it so attentively that I forgot to cook supper.A．watched B．had watchedC．was watching D．was to watch20．Children exposed to air pollution are more to suffering from different diseases.A．possible B．probable C．likely D．certainly第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

超实用备战高考英语考试易错题——阅读理解：主旨大意题(大陷阱) (解析版)

易错点17 阅读理解主旨大意题目录01 易错陷阱（3大陷阱）02 举一反三【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点【易错点提醒二】段落大意类易混易错点【易错点提醒三】文章大意类易混易错点03 易错题通关养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

易错陷阱1：标题类易混易错点。

【分析】标题类是对中心思想的加工和提炼，可以是单词、短语、也可以是句子。

她的特点是短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性、精确性强；不能随意改变语言表达的程度和色彩。

如果是短语类选项，考生容易混淆重点，此时应当先划出选项的关键词。

此类题和文章的中心主题句有很大关系。

中心主题句一般出现在第一段，有时第一段也可能引出话题，此时应当重点关注第二段和最后一段，看看是否会出现首尾呼应。

易错陷阱2：段落大意类易混易错点。

【分析】每个段落都有一个中心思想，通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现，这就是段落主题句。

如果没有明显的主题句时，应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。

有时考生还会找错文章对应位置，盲目选词文中相同的词句，而出现文不对题的现象。

易错陷阱3：文章大意类易混易错点。

【分析】确定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括。

如，议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词语，记叙文中寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。

文中出现不同观点时，要牢记作者的观点彩色体现全文中心的。

此时，要注意转折词，如：but, however, yet, in spite of, on the contrary等。

【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点【例1】（浙江省义乌五校2023-2024学年高三联考试题）The scientist’s job is to figure out how the world works, to “torture (拷问)” Nature to reveal her secrets, as the 17th century philosopher Francis Bacon described it. But who are these people in the lab coats (or sports jackets, or T-shirts and jeans) and how do they work? It turns out that there is a good deal of mystery surrounding the mystery-solvers.“One of the greatest mysteries is the question of what it is about human beings — brains, education, culture etc. that makes them capable of doing science at all,” said Colin Allen, a cognitive scientist at Indiana University.Two vital ingredients seem to be necessary to make a scientist: the curiosity to seek out mysteries and the creativity to solve them. “Scientists exhibit a heightened level of curiosity,” reads a 2007 report on scientific creativity. “They go further and deeper into basic questions showing a passion for knowledge for its own sake.” Max Planck, one of the fathers of quantum physics, once said, the scientist “must have a vivid and intuitive imagination, for new ideas are not generated by deduction (推论), but by an artistically creative imagination.”......ong as our best technology for seeing inside the brain requires subjects to lie nearly motionless while surrounded by a giant magnet, we’re only going to make limited pro gress on these questions,” Allen said.What is a suitable title for the text?A．Who Are The Mystery-solversB．Scientists Are Not Born But MadeC．Great Mystery: What Makes A ScientistD．Solving Mysteries: Inside A Scientist's Mind【答案】C【解析】文章标题。

英语专业八级考试真题2023年

英语专业八级考试真题2023年2023年英语专业八级考试真题Part I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.1. A) She has already booked a table for dinner.B) She will not attend the party tonight.C) She is still unsure about going out tonight.D) She will be late for the dinner appointment.2. A) The woman is determined to become a scientist.B) The woman still feels uncertain about her future career.C) The man is encouraging the woman to apply for a job.D) The woman must work diligently to achieve her goals.3. A) A black dress.B) A blue bag.C) A green umbrella.D) A red jacket.4. A) In a store.B) In a cafe.C) In a hotel.D) In a park.5. A) The man prefers to go by bus.B) The man has no interest in going to a party.C) The woman is willing to give the man a ride.D) The woman advises the man to take a taxi.6. A) The man does not believe the manager.B) The man thinks the manager is right.C) The man agrees with the woman.D) The man misunderstands the woman.7. A) The man enjoyed the movie.B) The man did not like the movie.C) The man only watched part of the movie.D) The man left the movie halfway through.8. A) A refund.B) A replacement.C) A discount.D) An upgrade.9. A) A cleaner's.B) A bookstore.C) A library.D) An office.10. A) At 4:30.B) At 4:45.C) At 5:00.D) At 5:15.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage One11. A) He got a better job offer.B) The company refused to renew his contract.C) He wants to retire early.D) He decided to focus on his writing career.12. A) Freelance writer.B) Full-time reporter.C) Newspaper editor.D) College lecturer.13. A) He enjoys the flexibility of his jobs.B) He pays his bills with the money from his job.C) He writes articles for the local newspaper.D) He struggles to make a living as a freelancer.Passage TwoQuestions 14-17 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A) Educators should not assign summer homework.B) Students should focus on reading during the summer.C) Students need a long break from their studies.D) Educators should encourage students to do voluntary work.15. A) The majority of students do not like reading.B) Teachers should encourage students to read more.C) Reading improves students' academic performance.D) Students hate being assigned compulsory reading.16. A) Read novels by contemporary authors.B) Share their reading experiences with classmates.C) Ask their teachers for book recommendations.D) Visit the library regularly during the summer break.17. A) To improve students' reading skills.B) To keep students occupied during the summer.C) To prepare students for the upcoming school year.D) To provide students with intellectual challenges.Passage ThreeQuestions 18-20 are based on the passage you have just heard.18. A) He is curious about the woman's cooking skills.B) He wants to know the woman's favorite recipe.C) He suggests the woman try a new cuisine.D) He hopes the woman will share her recipe with him.19. A) She dislikes cooking.B) She run a restaurant.C) She follows a strict diet.D) She enjoys experimenting with recipes.20. A) To try out the woman's recipe.B) To watch a cooking show on TV.C) To cook his favorite dish for the woman.D) To learn how to cook from the woman.Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 21-25A weather forecast is a prediction of future weather conditions, such as rain, snow, temperatures, and wind. Meteorologists use complex computer models and historical data to help them forecast the weather.One of the most important tools meteorologists use is radar, which is a device that can detect precipitation, like rain or snow, in the atmosphere. By tracking the movement of precipitation, meteorologists can predict where and when it will rain or snow. Another important tool is a weather satellite, which orbits the Earth and provides images of clouds and weather patterns.Meteorologists also use weather stations to collect data, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and air pressure. Thisdata is used to create weather maps and forecasts. Meteorologists might also use weather balloons or drones to collect data in the atmosphere.Some weather phenomena, like hurricanes and tornadoes, are particularly difficult to forecast. Meteorologists use satellite data, radar, and computer models to predict the path and intensity of these storms.Meteorologists have made significant advancements in weather forecasting in recent decades. Improved technology and data collection methods have led to more accurate forecasts and faster warning times for severe weather events.21. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The tools meteorologists use to predict the weather.B) The history of weather forecasting.C) The impact of climate change on weather patterns.D) The difficulty of forecasting severe weather events.22. How do meteorologists predict where and when it will rain or snow?A) By tracking the movement of precipitation.C) By analyzing past weather patterns.D) By relying on historical data.23. What do weather satellites provide images of?A) Temperature and humidity.B) Weather balloons.C) Clouds and weather patterns.D) Air pressure and wind speed.24. What are some of the challenges meteorologists face when forecasting the weather?A) Collecting data from weather stations.B) Predicting the path and intensity of hurricanes.C) Using complex computer models.D) Increasing warning times for severe weather events.25. What has led to more accurate weather forecasts in recent years?A) Improved technology and data collection methods.B) A decrease in severe weather events.D) Satellite data.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30The concept of time is a fundamental aspect of human existence. Time governs our daily routines, decisions, and interactions with others. However, the way we perceive and measure time can vary across cultures.In Western cultures, time is often viewed as linear and precise. People are expected to arrive at appointments on time and adhere to schedules. Time is seen as a valuable resource that should not be wasted.In contrast, some cultures have a more fluid and flexible view of time. For example, in many African and Latin American cultures, time is seen as circular rather than linear. Meetings and events may start late or last longer than scheduled.The perception of time can also vary within a single culture. For example, different generations or social groups may have different views on punctuality and time management. Younger generations might prioritize efficiency and timeliness, while older generations might value tradition and patience.The impact of technology on our perception of time is also significant. Digital devices and social media have created a culture of instant gratification and constant connectivity. People are expected to respond to messages and emails quickly, blurring the boundaries between work and personal time.26. What is the main focus of the passage?A) The concept of time in Western cultures.B) The influence of technology on our perception of time.C) The variations in how time is perceived across cultures.D) The importance of punctuality in different cultures.27. How is time viewed in many African and Latin American cultures?A) As a linear and valuable resource.B) As circular and flexible.C) As a social construct.D) As an abstract concept.28. How might different social groups within a single culture perceive time differently?A) Younger generations prioritize tradition and patience.B) Older generations value efficiency and timeliness.C) Different social groups have the same view on punctuality.D) Younger generations might prioritize efficiency and timeliness.29. What impact has technology had on our perception of time?A) It has created a culture of instant gratification.B) It has made people less connected.C) It has increased the importance of tradition.D) It has made people less reliant on schedules.30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A) Different cultures have different views on time, and technology has influenced our perception of time.B) Time is an abstract concept that varies across cultures and social groups.C) Punctuality is valued in all cultures, regardless of their perception of time.D) Digital devices have made people more focused on personal time and less on work.Passage ThreeQuestions 31-35The modern workplace is undergoing significant changes due to technological advancements, globalization, and shifting demographics. Employers must adapt to these changes in order to attract and retain top talent.One major trend in the workplace is the rise of remote work. Advances in technology have made it easier for employees to work from anywhere, leading to a growing number of remote workers. This trend has benefits for both employees and employers, such as increased flexibility and reduced overhead costs.Another important trend is the emphasis on diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Companies are recognizing the importance of creating a diverse workforce that reflects the perspectives and backgrounds of their customers. Diversity and inclusion initiatives can lead to greater innovation, better decision-making, and improved employee engagement.The gig economy is also reshaping the way people work. More workers are choosing to work on a freelance or contract basis, rather than traditional full-time employment. This trend provides workers with flexibility and autonomy, but it also presents challenges, such as income instability and lack of benefits.Automation and artificial intelligence are transforming the nature of work by replacing manual tasks and augmenting human capabilities. While this can lead to increased efficiency and productivity, it also raises concerns about job displacement and the future of work.31. What is one major trend in the modern workplace?A) The rise of outsourcing.B) The emphasis on traditional full-time employment.C) The increase in remote work.D) The decline of diversity and inclusion initiatives.32. What are some benefits of remote work for employees and employers?A) Increased oversight and micromanagement.B) Flexible work hours and reduced costs.C) Limited communication and collaboration.D) Strict enforcement of office dress codes.33. Why are companies emphasizing diversity and inclusion in the workplace?A) To reduce innovation and decision-making.B) To reflect the perspectives and backgrounds of their customers.C) To limit employee engagement.D) To promote traditional workforce initiatives.34. What is the gig economy?A) A term used to describe the decline of contract work.B) A trend in traditional full-time employment.C) The emphasis on automation and artificial intelligence.D) More workers choosing freelance or contract work.35. What impact has automation and artificial intelligence had on the nature of work?A) Increased manual tasks and reduced human capabilities.B) Improved job stability and decreased income instability.C) Concerns about job displacement and the future of work.D) A decline in productivity and efficiency.Passage FourQuestions 36-40The hospitality industry plays a vital role in the global economy by providing services such as accommodation, food and beverage, and entertainment. The industry encompasses a wide range of businesses, from hotels and restaurants to airlines and cruise ships.One of the key drivers of growth in the hospitality industry is the rise of international tourism. Travelers from around the world are increasingly seeking unique and personalized experiences, driving demand for high-quality hospitality services.Technological innovation is also transforming the hospitality industry by enhancing customer experiences and improving operational efficiency. For example, hotels are using mobile check-in apps and keyless entry systems to provide convenience and security for guests.Sustainability is another important trend in the hospitality industry. Consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious and are seeking eco-friendly options when traveling.Hotels and restaurants are implementing green practices, such as energy-efficient lighting and waste reduction initiatives, to appeal to environmentally conscious guests.The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the hospitality industry, with travel restrictions and safety concerns leading to a decline in tourism. Hotels and restaurants have had to adapt to new health and safety protocols to ensure thewell-being of guests and employees.36. What services does the hospitality industry provide?A) Entertainment and transportation.B) Accommodation, food and beverage, and entertainment.C) Transportation and energy.D) Food and beverage and accommodation.37. What is driving growth in the hospitality industry?A) A decline in international tourism.B) Increased focus on traditional customer experiences.C) Enhanced operational efficiency.D) Demand for personalized experiences.38. How is technological innovation changing the hospitality industry?A) By eliminating the need for personalized experiences.B) By reducing operational efficiency.C) By enhancing customer experiences.D) By decreasing security for guests.39. Why is sustainability an important trend in the hospitality industry?A) Consumers are seeking more environmentally conscious options.B) Hotels and restaurants want to increase waste production.C) It has no impact on the industry.D) It does not appeal to guests.40. How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the hospitality industry?A) It has led to an increase in tourism.B) It has had no impact on the industry.C) It has resulted in new health and safety protocols.D) It has not affected the well-being of guests and employees.Part III Translation (30 minutes)41. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.42. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from English to Chinese. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.Part IV Writing (30 minutes)43. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Technology and Human Relationships. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:假设你是一名大学生，针对科技时代人际关系的变化，请谈谈你的看法。

高级英语Face to face with Hurricane

Face To Face With Hurricane Camille迎战卡米尔号飓风约瑟夫.布兰克1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered.小约翰。

柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。

就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。

柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。

路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。

但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。

胸部评估.

Kusmols breath
Sighing respiration
Tidal breath Ataxic breath Inhibitory breath
Palpation

Thoracic expansion
Vocal
fremitus(触觉语颤) Pleural friction fremitus(胸膜摩擦感) Confirm the inspection

Vertical lines
Anterior middle line(前正中线） Mid-clavicular lines（锁骨中线） Spinal line（后正中线） axillary lines (anterior,middle, posterior) （腋前、中、后线） Scapular lines（肩胛线）
叩诊的位置
叩诊肺前界
叩诊肺下界(肩胛下线)；
肩胛下线叩诊肺下界移动度：
(三)percussion
1.叩诊方法 direct percussion indirect percussion:the palmar surface of the left distal phalanx of the middle finger serves as the pleximeter and is firmly placed on the chest wall in an interspace;parallel to the ribs.
3.胸部叩诊音的分类
The normal percussion note varies with the thick-ness of the chest wall and the force applied by the examiner. 1 The clear, long, low-pitched sound elicited over the normal lung is termed resonance.

英美文学背诵精华篇

Of Studies 论学习
John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓
Paradise Lost
失樂園
Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apБайду номын сангаасles from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man
Name/CN Name
Writer's Features
Writings / CN Writings English Literature
Writing's Features
The Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness Edmund Spenser 1. The poet's poet; The Faerie Queen An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the 埃德蒙.斯賓賽 2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid 仙后 example of a perfect gentleman; a hero imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a (The Shepheades Calender 牧 represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres dedicated idealism 人日记;Epithalamion 新婚喜 and faithful loves 歌) Christopher 1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal Dr Fauctus 1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; Marlowe medium of English drama 浮士德博士 based on the German legend of a magician 克里斯扥夫.馬洛 2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for The Passionate Shepherd to aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting （Blank verse English drama His Love 多情的牧羊人致情 his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to University wit）人 the Devil William The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet Sonnets 1. 154 poems; English form Shakespeare writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; 十四行詩 2. The traditional theme of the play is to 威廉.莎士比亞 irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic The Merchant of Venice praise the friendship between Antonio and forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一威尼斯商人 Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of 节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign Hamlet great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose is a necessity—“The King’s government must be carried 哈姆雷特 the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常 (Venus and Adonis 维纳斯和 Many people today tend to regard the play as 必要的) 安东尼斯; The Rape of a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their Lucrece 鲁克丽斯受辱 false standards of friendship and love, their (Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the 记;romantic tragicomedies 浪 cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between 漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet; their unreasoning prejudice against Jews action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of Shakespeare's greatest (Shylock). by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is tragedies are : Hamlet, 3. A man of contemplation rather than action; unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer Othello, King Lear, and has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder”

新SAT评分详解及样题

* Combined score of two raters, each scoring on a 1– 4 scale 1-4
SAT 1. Composite Score 2 2. SAT raw score 3 3. SAT Test Score Evidence-Based Reading and Writing raw score 4. SAT Studies OG 1—15 5. SAT Subscore 7 Cross-section Score 3 Section Score 400—1600
3.
)
25+15min 49
:35min 44
2-12 25min
2-8 50min
History Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from a speech delivered by Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas on July 25, 1974, as a member of the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives. In the passage, Jordan discusses how and when a United States president may be impeached, or charged with serious offenses, while in ofﬁce. Jordan’s speech was delivered in the context of impeachment hearings against then president Richard M. Nixon.

课文高英课文

Face to Face with Hurricane CamilleJohn Koshak, Jr., knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday, last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshers lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But, like thousands of others in the coastal communities, john was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family -- his wife, Janis, and their seven children, abed 3 to 11 -- was clearly endangered.Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a long time friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit.John, 37 -- whose business was right there in his home ( he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products' correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor) -- was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier, Hurricane Betsy had demolished undefined his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. "We' re elevated 23 feet," he told his father, "and we' re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We' II probably be as safe here as anyplace else."The elder Koshak, a gruff, warmhearted expert machinist of 67, agreed. "We can batten down and ride it out," he said. "If we see signs of danger, we can get out before dark."The men methodically prepared for the hurricane. Since water mains might be damaged, they filled bathtubs and pails. A power failure was likely, so they checked out batteries for the portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. John's father moved a small generator into the downstairs hallway, wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator.Rain fell steadily that afternoon; gray clouds scudded in from the Gulf on the rising wind. The family had an early supper. A neighbor, whose husband was in Vietnam, asked if she and her two children could sit out the storm with the Koshaks. Another neighbor came by on his way in-land — would the Koshaks mind taking care of his dog?It grew dark before seven o' clock. Wind and rain now whipped the house. John sent his oldest son and daughter upstairs to bring down mattresses and pillows for the younger children. He wanted to keep the group together on one floor. "Stay away from the windows," he warned, concerned about glass flying from storm-shattered panes. As the wind mounted to a roar, the house began leaking- the rain seemingly driven right through the walls. With mops, towels, pots and buckets the Koshaks began a struggle against the rapidly spreading water. At 8:30, power failed, and Pop Koshak turned on the generator.The roar of the hurricane now was overwhelming. The house shook, and the ceiling in the living room was falling piece by piece. The French doors in an upstairs room blew in with an explosive sound, and the group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated. Water rose above their ankles.Then the front door started to break away from its frame. John and Charlie put their shoulders against it, but a blast of water hit the house, flinging open the door and shoving them down the hall. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. Charlie licked his lips and shouted to John. "I think we' re in real trouble. That water tasted salty." The sea had reached the house, and the water was rising by the minute!"Everybody out the back door to the cars!" John yelled. "We' II pass the children along between us. Count them! Nine!"The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. But the cars wouldn't start; the electrical systems had been killed by water. The wind was too Strong and the water too deep to flee on foot. "Back to the house!" john yelled. "Count the children! Count nine!"As they scrambled back, john ordered, "Every-body on the stairs!" Frightened, breathless and wet, the group settled on the stairs, which were protected by two interiorwalls. The children put the cat, Spooky, and a box with her four kittens on the landing. She peered nervously at her litter. The neighbor's dog curled up and went to sleep.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. The house shuddered and shifted on its foundations. Water inched its way up the steps as first- floor outside walls collapsed. No one spoke. Everyone knew there was no escape; they would live or die in the house.Charlie Hill had more or less taken responsibility for the neighbor and her two children. The mother was on the verge of panic. She clutched his arm and kept repeating, "I can't swim, I can't swim.""You won't have to," he told her, with outward calm. "It's bound to end soon."Grandmother Koshak reached an arm around her husband's shoulder and put her mouth close to his ear. "Pop," she said, "I love you." He turned his head and answered, "I love you" -- and his voice lacked its usual gruffness.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. He had underestimated the ferocity of Camille. He had assumed that what had never happened could not happen. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: "Get us through this mess, will You?"A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. The bottom steps of the staircase broke apart. One wall began crumbling on the marooned group.Dr. Robert H. Simpson, director of the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Fla., graded Hurricane Camille as "the greatest recorded storm ever to hit a populated area in the Western Hemisphere." in its concentrated breadth of some 70 miles it shot out winds of nearly 200 m.p.h. and raised tides as high as 30 feet. Along the Gulf Coast it devastated everything in its swath: 19,467 homes and 709 small businesses were demolished or severely damaged. it seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. It tore three large cargo ships from their moorings and beached them. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.To the west of Gulfport, the town of Pass Christian was virtually wiped out. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.Seconds after the roof blew off the Koshak house, john yelled, "Up the stairs -- into our bedroom! Count the kids." The children huddled in the slashing rain within the circle of adults. Grandmother Koshak implored, "Children, let's sing!" The children were too frightened to respond. She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away. Debris flew as the living-room fireplace and its chimney collapsed. With two walls in their bedroom sanctuary beginning to disintegrate, John ordered, "Into the television room!" This was the room farthest from the direction of the storm.For an instant, John put his arm around his wife. Janis understood. Shivering from the wind and rain and fear, clutching two children to her, she thought, Dear Lord, give me the strength to endure what I have to. She felt anger against the hurricane. We won't let it win.Pop Koshak raged silently, frustrated at not being able to do anything to fight Camille. Without reason, he dragged a cedar chest and a double mattress from a bed-room into the TV room. At that moment, the wind tore out one wall and extinguished the lantern. A second wall moved, wavered, Charlie Hill tried to support it, but it toppled on him, injuring his back. The house, shuddering and rocking, had moved 25 feet from its foundations. The world seemed to be breaking apart."Let's get that mattress up!" John shouted to his father. "Make it a lean-to against the wind. Get the kids under it. We can prop it up with our heads and shoulders!"The larger children sprawled on the floor, with the smaller ones in a layer on top of them, and the adults bent over all nine. The floor tilted. The box containing the litter of kittens slid off a shelf and vanished in the wind. Spooky flew off the top of a sliding bookcase and also disappeared. The dog cowered with eyes closed. A third wall gave way. Water lapped across the slanting floor. John grabbed a door which was still hinged to one closet wall. "If the floor goes," he yelled at his father, "let's get the kids on this."In that moment, the wind slightly diminished, and the water stopped rising. Then the water began receding. The main thrust of Camille had passed. The Koshaks and their friends had survived.With the dawn, Gulfport people started coming back to their homes. They saw human bodies -- more than 130 men, women and children died along the Mississippi coast- and parts of the beach and highway were strewn with dead dogs, cats, cattle. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.None of the returnees moved quickly or spoke loudly; they stood shocked, trying to absorb the shattering scenes before their eyes. "What do we do?" they asked. "Where do we go?"By this time, organizations within the area and, in effect, the entire population of the United States had come to the aid of the devastated coast. Before dawn, the Mississippi National Guard and civil-defense units were moving in to handle traffic, guard property, set up communications centers, help clear the debris and take the homeless bytruck and bus to refugee centers. By 10 a.m., the Salvation Army's canteen trucks and Red Cross volunteers and staffers were going wherever possible to distribute hot drinks, food, clothing and bedding. From hundreds of towns and cities across the country came several million dollars in donations; household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. The federal government shipped 4,400,000 pounds of food, moved in mobile homes, set up portable classrooms, opened offices to provide low-interest, long-term business loans. Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropping more than 28 inches of rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.Like many other Gulfport families, the Koshaks quickly began reorganizing their lives, John divided his family in the homes of two friends. The neighbor with her two children went to a refugee center. Charlie Hill found a room for rent. By Tuesday, Charlie's back had improved, and he pitched in with Seabees in the worst volunteer work of all--searching for bodies. Three days after the storm, he decided not to return to Las Vegas, but to "remain in Gulfport and help rebuild the community."Near the end of the first week, a friend offered the Koshaks his apartment, and the family was reunited. The children appeared to suffer no psychological damage from their experience; they were still awed by the incomprehensible power of the hurricane, but enjoyed describing what they had seen and heard on that frightful night, Janis had just one delayed reaction. A few nights after the hurricane, she awoke suddenly at 2 a.m. She quietly got up and went outside. Looking up at the sky and, without knowing she was going to do it, she began to cry softly. Meanwhile, John, Pop and Charlie were picking through the wreckage of the home. It could have been depressing, but it wasn't: each salvaged item represented a little victory over the wrath of the storm. The dog and cat suddenly appeared at the scene, alive and hungry.But the blues did occasionally afflict all the adults. Once, in a low mood, John said to his parents, "I wanted you here so that we would all be together, so you could enjoy the children, and look what happened."His father, who had made up his mind to start a welding shop when living was normal again, said, "Let's not cry about what's gone. We' II just start all over.""You're great," John said. "And this town has a lot of great people in it. It' s going to be better here than it ever was before."Later, Grandmother Koshak reflected : "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important.‖Hiroshima -- the "Liveliest” city in Japan―Hiroshima! Everybody off!‖That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station. I did not understand what he was saying. First of all, because he was shouting in Japanese. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime?The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. From the sidewalk outside the station, things seemed much the same as in other Japanese cities. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down repeatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect: "Tomo aligato gozayimas." Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops."Hi! Hi!" said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. "Hi", or something that sounds very much like it, means "yes". "Can you take me to City Hall?" He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror and repeated "Hi!" "Hi! ‘ We set off at top speed through the narrow streets of Hiroshima. The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel.Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. As in Tokyo, taxi drivers in Hiroshima often know little of their city, but to avoid loss of face before foreigners, will not admit their ignorance, and will accept any destination without concern for how long it may take them to find it.At last this intermezzo came to an end, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long,almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. "That is not here, sir," he said in English. "The mayor expects you tonight for dinner with other foreigners on the restaurant boat. See? This is where it is.‖ He sketched a little map for me on the back of my invitation.Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take me straight to the canal embankment , where a sort of barge with a roof like one on a Japanese house was moored . The Japanese build their traditional houses on boats when land becomes too expensive. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes. This done, I entered one of the low-ceilinged rooms of the little floating house, treading cautiously on the soft matting and experiencing a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.He was a tall, thin man, sad-eyed and serious. Quite unexpectedly, the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned, and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony .The introductions were made. Most of the guests were Japanese, and it was difficult for me to ask them just why we were gathered here. The few Americans and Germans seemed just as inhibited as I was. "Gentlemen," said the mayor, "I am happy to welcome you to Hiroshima."Everyone bowed, including the Westerners. After three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible."Gentlemen, it is a very great honor to have you here in Hiroshima."There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated."Hiroshima, as you know, is a ci ty familiar to everyone,‖ continued the mayor."Yes, yes, of course,‖ murmured the company, more and more agitated."Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters".I was just about to make my little bow of assent, when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie ."Hiroshima –oysters? What about the bomb and the misery and humanity's most heinous crime?" While the mayor went on with his speech in praise of southern Japanese sea food, I cautiously backed away and headed toward the far side of the room, where a few men were talking among themselves and paying little attention to the mayor's speech. "You look puzzled," said a small Japanese man with very large eye-glasses."Well, I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here. I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm .""No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it."Do you feel the same way, too?""I was here, but I was not in the center of town. I tell you this because I am almost an old man. There are two different schools of thought in this city of oysters, one that would like to preserve traces of the bomb, and the other that would like to get rid of everything, even the monument that was erected at the point of impact. They would also like to demolish the atomic museum.""Why would they want to do that?""Because it hurts everybody, and because time marches on. That is why." The small Japanese man smiled, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses. "If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even it many of the town's people still bear hidden wounds, and burns."Like any other, the hospital smelled of formaldehyde and ether. Stretchers and wheelchairs lined the walls of endless corridors, and nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor. The so-called atomic section was located on the third floor. It consisted of 17 beds."I am a fisherman by trade. I have been here a very long time, more than twenty years, "said an old man in Japanese pajamas. ―What is wrong with you?‖"Something inside. I was in Hiroshima when it happened. I saw the fire ball. But I had no burns on my face or body. I ran all over the city looking for missing friends and relatives. I thought somehow I had been spared. But later my hair began to fall out, and my belly turned to water. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. " The doctor at my side explained and commented upon the old man's story, "We still hare a handful of patients here who are being kept alive by constant care. The others died as a result of their injuries, or else committed suicide . ""Why did they commit suicide?""It is humiliating to survive in this city. If you bear any visible scars of atomic burns, your children will encounter prejudice on the part of those who do not. No one will marry the daughter or the niece of an atomic bomb victim. People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation." The old fisherman gazed at me politely and with interest.Hanging over the patient was a big ball made of bits of brightly colored paper, folded into the shape of tiny birds. "What's that?" I asked."Those are my lucky birds. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others. This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. Because, thanks to it, I have the opportunity to improve my character." Once again, outside in the open air, I tore into little pieces a small notebook with questions that I'd prepared in advance for interviews with the patients of the atomic ward. Among them was the question: Do you really think that Hiroshima is the liveliest city in Japan? I never asked it. But I could read the answer in every eye.BlackmailThe chief house officer, Ogilvie, who had declared he would appear at the Croydons suite an hour after his cryptic telephone call actually took twice that time. As a result the nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed when the muted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded.The Duchess went to the door herself. Earlier she had dispatched her maid on an invented errand and, cruelly, instructed the moon-faced male secretary – who was terrified of dogs – to exercise the Bedlington terriersn. . Her own tension was not lessened by the knowledge that both might return at any moment.A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in. When he had followed her to the living room, the Duchess looked pointedly at the half-burned cigar in the fa t man‘s mouth. ―My husband and I find strong smoke offensive. Would you kindly put that out."The house detective's piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face. His gaze moved on to sweep the spacious, well-appointed room, encompassingthe Duke who faced them uncertainly, his back to a window."Pretty neat set-up you folks got.‖ Taking his time, Ogilvie removed the offending cigar, knocked off the ash and flipped the butt toward an ornamental fireplace on his right. He missed, and the butt fell upon the carpet where he ignored it.The Duchess's lips tightened. She said sharply, imagine you did not come here to discuss décor ". The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle . "No, ma'am, can't say I did. I like nice things, though." He lowered the level of his incongruous falsetto voice." Like that car of yours. The one you keep here in the hotel. Jaguar, ain't it?""Aah!" It was not a spoken word, but an emission of breath from the Duke of Croydon. His wife shot him a swift, warning glance."In what conceivable way does our car concern you?‖As if the question from the Duchess had been a signal, the house detective's manner changed. He inquired abruptly, "Who else is in this place?"It was the Duke who answered, "No one. We sent them out.""There's things it pays to check." Moving with surprising speed, the fat man walked around the suite, opening doors and inspecting the space behind them. Obviously he knew the room arrangement well. After reopening and closing the outer door, he returned, apparently satisfied, to the living room.The Duchess had seated herself in a straight-backed Ogilvie remained standing."Now then," he said. "You two was in the hit-'n-run ."She met his eyes directly." What are you talking about?""Don't play games, lady. This is for real." He took out a fresh cigar and bit off the end, "You saw the papers. There's been plenty on radio, too."Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon's cheeks. "What you are suggesting is the most disgusting, ridiculous...""I told you –Cut it out!‖ The words spat forth with sudden savagery , all pretense of blandnessgone. Ignoring the Duke, Ogilvie waved the unlighted cigar under his adversary 's adversary 's nose. "You listen to me, your high-an'-mightiness. This city's burnin' mad –cops, mayor, everybody else. When they find who done that last night, who killed that kid an' its mother, then high-tailed it, they'll throw the book, and never mind who it hits, or whether they got fancy titles neither. Now I know what I know, and if I do what by rights I should, there'll be a squad of cops in here so fast you'll hardly see 'em. But I come to you first, in fairness, so's you could tell your side of it to me." The piggy eyes blinked, then hardened. " 'f you want it the other way, just say so."The Duchess of Croydon –three centuries and a half of inbred arrogancebehind her – did not yield easily. Springing to her feet, her face wrathful, gray-green eyes blazing, she faced the grossness of the house detective squarely. Her tone would have withered anyone who knew her well. ―You unspeakable blackguard ! How dare you!‖Even the self-assurance of Ogilvie flickered for an instant. But it was the Duke of Croydon who interjected, "It's no go, old girl. I'm afraid. It was a good try." Facing Ogilvie, he said, "What you accuse us of is true.I am to blame. I was driving the car and killed the little girl.""That's more like it," Ogilvie said. He lit the fresh cigar. "Now we're getting somewhere."Wearily, in a gesture of surrender, the Duchess of Croydon sank back into her chair. Clasping her hands to conceal their trembling, she asked. "What is it you know?""Well now, I'll spell it out." The house detective took his time, leisurely putting a cloud of blue cigar smoke, his eyes sardonically on the Duchess as if challenging her objection. But beyond wrinkling her nose in distaste, she made no comment. Ogilvie pointed to the Duke. "Last night,early on, you went to Lindy's Place in Irish Bayou. You drove there in your fancy Jaguar, and you took a lady friend. Leastways, I guess you'd call her that if you're not too fussy."As Ogilvie glanced, grinning, at the Duchess, the Duke said sharply, "Get on with it!""Well" – the smug fat face swung back – "the way I hear it, you won a hundred at the tables, then lost it at the bar. You were into a second hundred – with a real swinging party – when your wife here got there in a taxi. ""How do you know all this?""I'll tell you, Duke – I've been in this town and this hotel a long time.I got friends all over. I oblige them; they do the same for me, like letting me know what gi ves, an‘ where. There ain't much, out of the way, which people who stay in this hotel do, I don't get to hear about. Most of ‘em never know I know, or know me. They think they got their little secret tucked away , and so they have – except like now."The Duke said coldly, "I see.""One thing I'd like to know. I got a curious nature, ma‘ am. How'd you figure where he was?"The Duchess said, "You know so much... I suppose it doesn't matter. My husband has a habit of making notes while he is telephoning. Afterward he often forgets to destroy them. ‖The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly . "A little careless habit like that, Duke –look at the mess it gets you in. Well, here's what I figure about the rest. You an' your wife took off home, you drivin', though the way things turned out it might have been better if she'd have drove.""My wife doesn't drive."Ogilvie nodded understandingly. "Explains that one. Anyway, I reckon you were lickered ( = liquored ) up, but good..."The Duchess interrupted. "Then you don't know! You don't know anything for sure! You can't possibly prove...""Lady, I can prove all I need to."The Duke cautioned, "Better let him finish, old girl."。

On the origin and excitation of the extended nebula surrounding NGC 1275

a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0512331v 1 13 D e c 2005Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.000,000–000(0000)Printed 5February 2008(MN L A T E X style ﬁle v2.2)On the origin and excitation of the extended nebula surroundingNGC 1275N.A.Hatch,⋆C.S.Crawford,R.M.Johnstone and A.C.FabianInstitute of Astronomy,Madingley Road,Cambridge,CB30HA5February 2008ABSTRACTWe use line-of-sight velocity information on the ﬁlamentary emission-line nebula of NGC 1275to infer a dynamical model of the nebula’s ﬂow through the surrounding intra-cluster gas.We detect outﬂowing gas and ﬂow patterns that match simulations of buoyantly rising bubbles from which we deduce that some of the nebula ﬁlaments have been drawn out of NGC 1275.We ﬁnd a radial gradient of the ratio [N II ]λ6584/H αwhich may be due to a variation in metallicity,interactions with the surrounding intracluster medium or a hardening of the excitation mechanism.We ﬁnd no preferred spatial correlation of stellar clusters within the ﬁlaments and there is a notable lack of [O III ]λ5007emission,therefore it is unlikely that the ﬁlaments are ionized by stellar UV .Key words:galaxies:clusters:individual:Perseus -cooling ﬂows -galaxies:individual:NGC 1275-intergalactic medium.1INTRODUCTIONNGC 1275is the central galaxy of the X-ray luminous Perseus clus-ter (A426),which has bright centrally peaked X-ray emission,and a cool core with a central temperature of a third the virial tem-perature (Schmidt et al.2002;Sanders et al.2004).Cavities in the X-ray emission are observed in a number of locations surround-ing the central galaxy (Fabian et al.2003a).Where these coincide with GHz radio emission they are interpreted as bubbles ﬁlled with relativistic plasma,which has been injected into the intracluster medium (ICM)by the central engine.Cavities with no observed radio emission have been described as ‘ghost bubbles’,and are thought to have originated from an earlier epoch of activity in the central engine.Minkowski (1957)discovered that the nebula of NGC 1275comprises of two distinct emission-line systems:a high-velocity system (8200kms −1),identiﬁed as a disrupted foreground galaxy (Boroson 1990)at least 60kpc in front of NGC 1275(Gillmon et al.2004),and a low-velocity system (5265kms −1).Although the high-velocity system lies directly in front of NGC 1275,the emis-sion lines are easily distinguished in wavelength from those of the low-velocity system,and clearly indicate photoionization by hot,young stars (Kent &Sargent 1979).The low-velocity system associated with the central galaxy NGC 1275is the focus of this work.It is known to extend over 100kpc in a large array of thin ﬁlaments (Lynds 1970;Conselice et al.2001).Whilst the nebula is extremely luminous–4.1×1042ergs −1in H αand [N II ](Heckman et al.1989),with a total line luminosity probably 20times that in H α–the power⋆E-mail:nah@source remains unknown.Ionization by the central active galac-tic nucleus (AGN)residing in NGC 1275can be ruled out as the dominant source of power for the extended nebula on the grounds that the H αluminosity does not decrease with distance from the nucleus (Johnstone &Fabian 1988),although it may be important in the luminous inner regions.Ionization by hot young stars is an attractive option as it is a local mechanism,but the line ratios are drastically different to those seen in H II regions (Kent &Sargent 1979).Models of heating by X-rays from the ICM have been put forward (Donahue &V oit 1991),as well as conduction from the ICM (Donahue et al.2000),shocks (Sabra et al.2000)and turbu-lent mixing layers (Crawford &Fabian 1992).Soft X-ray emission is associated with some of the optical ﬁl-aments of NGC 1275(Fabian et al.2003b).The ﬁlaments are less luminous in the X-ray than the optical/UV by up to two orders of magnitude implying they are not excited by X-radiation.The soft X-ray emission indicates an interaction between the warm ﬁl-aments and the hot ICM,possibly via heat conduction.Large deposits of molecular hydrogen have been discov-ered in the central regions of NGC 1275(Krabbe et al.2000;Donahue et al.2000)similar to other central cluster galaxies with emission-line nebulae (Edge et al.2002).Recently,molecu-lar hydrogen was observed in the outer ﬁlaments of NGC 1275(Hatch et al.2005),indicating gas at 2000K exists within the hot ICM at radii of over 25kpc.The origin of the ﬁlaments remain a mystery.Current theories include condensing gas from the ICM in the form of a cooling ﬂow (Fabian et al.1984;Heckman et al.1989;Donahue &V oit 1991),gas accreting from previous mergers (Braine et al.1995),the explo-sive expulsion of gas from NGC 1275(Burbidge &Burbidge 1965)or gas drawn out (Fabian et al.2003b).The ﬁlaments are very thin,c0000RAS2N.A.Hatch,C.S.Crawford,A.C.Fabian&R.M.Johnstone long and the majority are radial.Submerged within the ICM,theyenable us to constrain the level of turbulence in the ICM and arguefor a laminarﬂow.As the ICM moves it may drag the warm opti-cally emitting gas,thus theﬁlaments can act as streamlines tracing theﬂow direction(Fabian et al.2003b).None of these problems are exclusive to NGC1275as ex-tended emission-line nebulae are commonly found surrounding other massive galaxies in the centre of X-ray bright‘cool cores’, where the X-ray emission is centrally peaked(Crawford et al. 1999).This work presents new spectroscopic data that explore the kinematic and line-emission properties of the nebula that surrounds NGC1275.After analysing and interpreting the kinematics we put forward a dynamical model of the nebula and discuss the origin of theﬁlaments.The redshift of NGC1275is0.0176,which using H0=70kms−1Mpc−1,gives1kpc≃2.7arcsec.2OBSERV ATIONS AND DATA REDUCTIONThe data were obtained on the nights of2004Sept23and2004 Oct06using the GMOS North instrument on the Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea,Hawaii.The sky on both nights was pho-tometric and the seeing was less than0.8arcsec.Six slit positions were chosen using the map of Conselice et al.(2001;see Fig1), selected to feature particular structures of interest.Two bright stars were aligned on each slit so its exact position was known.The slit width was0.5arcsec,ﬁlter R831+G590was used and the exposure time for each slit was900seconds(3×300s);all exposures were binned2×2before readout.This setup allows us to explore the observed wavelength range4850–6945˚A.The spectroscopic stan-dards BD+28d4211and G1912B2were observed in order toﬂux-calibrate the data.Aﬂat was taken with the GCAL instrument after every slit position observed.CuAr arcs and bias frames were taken with the GCAL instrument on the nights of the2004Sept23and 2004Oct05.A summary of all science exposures taken is given in Table1.The data were reduced using the IRAF Gemini package(ver-sion1.7).The bias frames were combined,ﬂatﬁelds were nor-malised and mosaiced together.All science and standard star frames were reduced by bias subtraction,mosaicing the individ-ual chips together,ﬂatﬁelding and interpolating across the detector gaps.The arcs were calibrated and checked manually against a line list before the wavelength solution was transferred to the data.The science observations wereﬂux calibrated using the standard star G1912B2(BD+28d4211was not used as it was observed35◦from the parallactic angle and showed signs of strong atmospheric dif-ferential refraction),andﬁnally sky-subtracted.The data were de-reddened for Galactic extinction using E(B–V)=0.315.The spec-tra were extracted,converted to ASCII format and analysis was performed using QDP(Tennant1990).The red section covering [O I]λ6300to[S II]λ6731wasﬁtted separately to a blue section covering the lines of Hβto[N I]λ5199.The He Iλ5876wasﬁt-ted separately.The lines were assumed to be Gaussian in proﬁle and share the same redshift and velocity width.[N II]λ6548was assumed to have a third of the intensity of the[N II]λ6584line.Acquisition images were taken at all slit positions through the r G0303ﬁlter.These images were reduced by bias subtraction,ﬂatﬁelding,then normalised and combined using the IRAF IM-AGES package to form an R-band image with a scale of0.1454 arcsec/pixel.The image was used to accurately align the slits with the Hαimage from Conselice et al.(2001).Slit1Spectral R831+G590900 Slit1Image rG0303100 Slit2Spectral R831+G590900 Slit3Spectral R831+G590900 Slit3Image rG030360 Slit4Spectral R831+G590900 Slit4Image rG0303300 Slit5Spectral R831+G590900 Slit5Image rG030380 Slit6Spectral R831+G590900 Slit6Image rG0303300On the origin and excitation of the extended nebula surrounding NGC12753Figure1.Position of the six longslit observations on the Hαnebula surrounding NGC1275.The background image is taken from the data of Conselice et al. (2001)within the low velocity system.The spatial connection and similar-ity in colour to the structures within the high-velocity system sug-gest that many of these blue star clusters may be associated with the disrupted foreground galaxy.The high-resolution HST image shows the Hαﬁlaments themselves to be highly smooth(Figure4) and continuous,consisting of several strands which are individually unresolved on scales of0.25arcsec(corresponding to90parsecs).Excluding the central region where continuum from the galaxy is prominent,our spectra show signs of continuum only at9re-gions.Two of these regions exhibit no line emission so the con-tinuum may have originated from stellar clusters which typically do not have Hαemission(Holtzman et al.1992).The other7re-gions exhibited line emission with very similar line intensity ratios to regions without continuum and only one exhibited[O III]λ5007 emission(see Figure16in section7.3.1).The Hαluminosity from these continuum regions is fairly typical.Although the continuum regions are distinct in the R-band acquisition image as stellar clus-ters,the HST images show that these bright knots are ubiquitous throughout the region stretching beyond the emission-line nebula. These are likely to be chance associations of alignment.It does not appear that the stellar clusters are formed or located within theﬁl-aments.5KINEMATICS OF THE NEBULAThe morphology of theﬁlaments suggest they act as streamlines tracing the gasﬂow in the ICM.Therefore the Doppler shifts of theﬁlaments may reveal the velocityﬁeld in the core of the clus-ter,near NGC1275.The forces that could drive theﬂow ofﬁl-aments are gravity(from NGC1275),which would draw theﬁl-aments inwards,or the outward pull following a buoyantly ris-ing radio/ghost bubble as proposed by Bohringer et al.(1995);c 0000RAS,MNRAS000,000–0004N.A.Hatch,C.S.Crawford,A.C.Fabian&R.M.Johnstonebined colour image of the North and West environment of NGC1275as seen through the HST F450W(shown as blue),F702W(green)and F814W(red)broad-bandﬁlters.The F702Wﬁlter encompasses Hα+[N II]line emission at the redshift of NGC1275.The image is120arcsec by73arcsec in size.The Northwest and Northernﬁlaments including the‘horseshoe’loop are visible.A1-arcminute-long chain of blue stellar clusters runs from the top left(above the cluster galaxy)toward the bottom right where it meets the Western edge of the infalling galaxy(high-velocity system)near the bright star.The white arrow points to a region where the detected Hαemission is redshifted by5538km s−1placing it in the low-velocity system.Figure3.A zoom to the Northwest of the previousﬁgures,showing detail of the loops in the region of the‘horseshoe’ﬁlament.The three colour images have each been unsharp-masked to remove the light from the underlying central galaxy.The image is66by38arcsec in size.c 0000RAS,MNRAS000,000–000On the origin and excitation of the extended nebula surrounding NGC12755Figure4.A detailed image of the Hα‘horseshoe’ﬁlament as seen through the HST F702W broad-bandﬁlter,showing theﬁne structure and smooth-ness of the individual strands.The image is24arcsec on a side,and has been unsharp-masked(i.e.it has had a highly smoothed version of itself subtracted)to remove the underlying gradient due to the light from the cen-tral galaxy continuum.Churazov et al.(2001);Reynolds et al.(2005).A three dimensional ﬂow pattern can differentiate between galactic outﬂow and inﬂow models,and thus constrain the origin of theﬁlaments.The ve-locities are determined from binning the spatial dimension of the longslit spectra in bins of4pixels(0.58arcsecond).All veloci-ties presented are heliocentric and the line-of-sight zero point is deﬁned as the velocity of NGC1275,assumed to be5265kms−1 (Ferruit et al.1997).All distances referred to are projected dis-tances.5.1NorthernﬁlamentThe Northernﬁlament is the dominant long(∼60kpc),thin (<1kpc)structure stretching radially North-South,situated North of NGC1275;slit6was positioned along thisﬁlament.The veloc-ity structure of the Hαand[N II]lines is shown in Figure5.The ﬁlament appears extremely radial for the majority of its length sug-gesting that the dominant direction ofﬂow is also radial.As this ﬁlament is the only structure detected so far out from the galaxy it is extremely unlikely to be in projection with anotherﬁlament,and therefore we assume it to be a single structure.It is improbable that we should be viewing an intrinsically-curvedﬁlament as a linear one,so we assume that it is intrinsically straight.Theﬁlament has a kinematic North-South divide:the North displaying a velocity blueshift by up to−180km s−1,whereas the South is erratically redshifted.The Northern half(above37kpc) is clumpy on scales of up to5kpc in length.Each clump exhibits smooth velocity gradients,although there are velocity discontinu-ities between the clumps.It is possible that some of the velocity could be due to theﬁlament twisting as it falls(note the helical na-ture of the lower parts of theﬁlament,Fig.5).The Southern part of thisﬁlament is split into two vertical segments:slit6covers only the western dimmer segment,whilst slits1and2slice across both. The Western segment is very thin and redshifted.The Eastern seg-ment appears thicker and clumpier,and slit2shows that the emis-sion is blueshifted.Slit1shows that the very bottom of the Eastern segment is redshifted.The kinematic North-south divide indicates the lower part of theﬁlament is moving in the opposite direction to the upper part of theﬁlament:theﬁlament is either being stretched or is collaps-ing,depending on whether it is orientated toward or away from the observer.Half of thisﬁlament must be falling into the galaxy,and the other half must beﬂowing away from the galaxy.Thus we can immediately rule out a model in which theﬁlaments are smoothly falling onto the galaxy below.The Doppler shifts alone do not en-able us to determine which end of theﬁlament is inﬂowing or out-ﬂowing since we then need to know the inclination.However,as part of theﬁlament must beﬂowing away from the galaxy,there must be a mechanism for drawing gas away from the galaxy.We note that the Southern end of the three radial Northern ﬁlaments coincides with a shock front seen in the X-ray images (Fabian et al.2003a).This front is due to the formation of the inner Northern bubble around the radio source which is a cyclical pro-cess taking place every107yr or so(as indicated by the presence of the outer ghost bubbles).If an expanding shock front destroys the emission-lineﬁlaments,then the lower part of the Northernﬁla-ments must previously have been at a larger radial distance in order to have survived the shock emitted from the Northwest ghost bub-ble when it was forming.Therefore the lower half of the Northern ﬁlament is probably moving inward,whilst the upper segment is moving outward,i.e.theﬁlament is likely to be stretching.There is a depression in the thermal pressure just above the Northernﬁlament(Fabian et al.2005),that could be a remnant of a ghost bubble that has buoyantly risen from the central region. We can now interpret theﬁlament in the context of the rising bubble models of Bohringer et al.(1995);Churazov et al.(2001); Fabian et al.(2003b);Reynolds et al.(2005).The radialﬁlament morphology traces the primary direction ofﬂow therefore it acts as a streamline.Part of theﬁlament isﬂowing away from the galaxy due to the uplift caused by the ghost bubble’s buoyant rise through the ICM,whilst the other half has been overcome by the galaxy’s gravity and is nowﬂowing back.The pull from the bubbles com-petes with gravity.For a totalﬁlament length of25kpc and a range in velocity of 400km s−1the dispersion time is6×107years;if theﬁlament is at a small angle from the plane of the sky(as is likely due to its large projected length)the velocity range may be much larger,reducing the dispersion time.5.2Northwestﬁlaments and‘horseshoe’featureTo the Northwest of the galaxy lies an array of radialﬁlaments, one of which extends30kpc from the nucleus and ends in a curved loop that Conselice et al.(2001)refer to as the‘horseshoe’(detail in Fig.4).The loop is positioned underneath a ghost bubble visible as a prominent depression in the X-ray image(Fabian et al.2003a).The morphology of theseﬁlaments has previously been noted to resemble theﬂow underneath an air bubble rising in water (Fabian et al.2003b).Figure6details the line-of-sight velocities of theseﬁlaments.The long radialﬁlament(Western part of the ‘horseshoe’loop)begins with a redshifted line-of-sight velocity of95kms−1which remains fairly constant for5kpc until the line emission shifts Southwest beyond the slit for3kpc,to reappear at ac 0000RAS,MNRAS000,000–0006N.A.Hatch,C.S.Crawford,A.C.Fabian &R.M.JohnstoneFigure 5.Line-of-sight velocities of the Northern ﬁlaments.Purple-blue indicate blueshifted emission,yellow-red indicate redshifted emission,whilst green has zero velocity relative to the central galaxy.Velocities from slit 1(bottom)and slit 2(top)which cut across the Northern ﬁlament are displayed in the image but not shown in graph.Background images are from the data of Conselice et al.(2001).distance of 18kpc from the galaxy with a velocity of 60kms −1.The difference of 35kms −1between the two sides of this gap cannot be unambiguously attributed to a change in speed as a small change in orientation to the plane of our line of sight could also produce the observed velocity deviations.From 18kpc upward,this ﬁlament divides into two velocity structures before curving into the loop which starts at 22kpc (see right panel of Fig.6).These velocity structures have smooth gra-dients with no small scale random deviations in excess of the error (1-10km s −1depending on the line strength).The low velocities,morphological structure of the ﬁlaments,and the spherical cap ap-pearance of the ghost bubble,indicate the ﬁlament may be close to being in the plane of the sky.The curved part of the ‘horseshoe’starts at a projected dis-tance of 22kpc from the nucleus where the velocity increases rapidly to 200kms −1,and remains steady over 4kpc.The top of the loop has the highest velocity,peaking at 300kms −1,then slow-ing down to 200kms −1as the loop turns over.On the short side of the loop the emission is still redshifted but the velocity dies to 60kms −1in under 1kpc and remains steady for the rest of the loop.Above the loop is gas with a blueshifted line-of-sight velocity of –230kms −1,a jump in velocity space of more than 480kms −1over a projected distance of 3kpc.Further above the central axis of the bubble slit 5cuts across some dim emission which is also blueshifted.The gas in the loop and above the loop surrounds theghost bubble suggesting the gas above the loop is part of the same structure as that in the loop and is not just a projection effect.The ﬂow pattern qualitatively matches the simulations of Reynolds et al.(2005)of a bubble rising through a viscous ICM:gas above the bubble ﬂows in the opposite direction to the gas be-low the bubble,and the largest velocities occur near the central axis and close to the bubble.If the ﬂow of cool gas starts from the galaxy,to stream up the long straight side,around the curve and down the short straight side,we would expect the material in the short straight side to be ﬂowing in the opposite direction to the long straight side,similar to that in an eddy,with blueshifted emission underneath the bubble.Indeed the emission from the short straight side is blueshifted relative to the rest of the loop:at a height of 25kpc from the nucleus,one side of the loop has a velocity of 200kms −1whereas the other side is at 60kms −1.The agreement of the velocities,morphology and the clear ghost bubble visible in the X-ray images of the Perseus clus-ter (Fabian et al.2003a),suggest the most likely dynamical model is one in which the loop and radial ﬁlament is ﬂow-ing out of the galaxy,with the ﬁlament slightly orientated away from us.As the bubble has risen (possibly with velocities of 700kms −1Fabian et al.2003b),it has dragged up cool material from the galaxy producing the ﬁlamentary structure we observe.c0000RAS,MNRAS 000,000–000On the origin and excitation of the extended nebula surrounding NGC 12757-200-1000100200300Line-of-sight velocity (km/s)101520253035P r o j e c t e d d i s t a n c e f r o m g a l a x y c e n t r e (k p c )050100150200250300Figure 6.Left:Line-of-sight velocities along the ‘horseshoe’loop.Positive velocities are red,blue indicates negative velocities relative to galaxy.Right:Left panel shows velocities on the short straight of the loop covered by slit 3(triangles)and along the top of the loop,covered by slit 2(stars).Right panel shows data from the long straight on the right-hand side covered by slit 4(crosses)and data from slit 5that crossed through the loop (squares).Only data above dashed line is presented in image.Background image is from the data of (Conselice et al.2001).Figure 7.Line-of-sight velocities of the tangential ﬁlament running along the Northeast of NGC 1275.Purple-blue indicate blueshifted emission,yellow-red is redshifted emission and green has zero velocity relative to the central galaxy.Data from slit 5is presented in the graph with crosses.Slit 3also covered some nearby regions which have been marked by the square symbols.Luminous radial ﬁlaments extending from the galaxy to the tangential ﬁlament appear at the bottom right of the image.Background image is from the data of Conselice et al.(2001).c0000RAS,MNRAS 000,000–0008N.A.Hatch,C.S.Crawford,A.C.Fabian &R.M.Johnstone5.3Tangential ﬁlamentFig.7shows the line-of-sight velocities of the ﬁlament that appears to run tangentially along the North of the galaxy.Slit 3also covered line emitting regions situated between the tangential ﬁlament and the galaxy whose velocities have been added into Figure 7as square symbols.The velocity structure along 14.5kpc varies without large ve-locity jumps so the Eastern section of the ﬁlament appears to be a coherent structure.The emission is blueshifted to a similar velocity along ∼10kpc of its length then smoothly decreases in speed at the most Eastern end.Small scale deviation from the large scale trends are seen in excess of the error (∼1–10km s −1depending on the line intensity),suggesting some small scale random variations in velocity.Beyond 14.5kpc the emission ﬁrst jumps by –80kms −1in velocity then jumps again by almost +400kms −1.The Western section of this ﬁlament is not coherent in velocity space,and the morphology suggests that slit 5is slicing across radial ﬁlaments that extend to the Northwest,in the same direction as the ‘horse-shoe’feature.The Eastern section is a puzzling structure since it is tangential,unlike the majority of the ﬁlaments.Interpretation of this region is complicated by the presence of the Northern radio lobe and complex X-ray emission.6FILAMENT LINE-WIDTHS AND VELOCITIES The FWHM (full width at half maximum)of the instrumental proﬁle is 85km s −1(2.85pixels)at H αdetermined from nearby sky lines.Most of the material has FWHM line-widths of 50-160kms −1after correcting for the instrumental broadening (Fig.8),much greater than the thermal width of hydrogen gas at 10,000K (∼20kms −1).If the ﬁlaments represent an inﬂow of gas as predicted by early models of cooling ﬂows (Fabian et al.1984)we would expect an anti-correlation between line-widths and radial distance from the nucleus and extremely large (∼500–1000kms −1)central line-widths (Heckman et al.1989).We observe a few points within 10kpc that have large (>200kms −1)line-widths.It is within 10kpc of the galactic centre that the density of the line-emitting ﬁlaments increases greatly and there are many regions where the spectra display double peaked lines indicating that the line-of-sight crosses at least two clumps of line-emitting material which have different kinematics.It is not necessary that these clumps be physi-cally close,therefore they do not imply small-scale velocity devia-tions along a single ﬁlament as observed in slit 5.Examples of such regions are shown in Fig.9,and were either resolved into two sets of lines or removed from the dataset if the result was ambiguous.However,it is likely that some of these central regions would have clumps with similar line-of-sight velocities and result in spectra with a single wide peak.Most regions with large line-widths also have a large H αsurface brightness (Fig.8),therefore it is probable that the spectra from these inner regions are caused by ﬁlaments overlapping in the same line-of-sight with slightly different veloc-ities.Beyond the inner 10kpc,the line-widths are uniformly 2–8times the thermal width of gas at 10,000K.Some radially extend-ing ﬁlaments exhibit similar line-widths along their whole length (see Fig.14in section 7).Therefore the line-widths provide no ev-idence to suggest the nebula ﬂows into the galaxy.No line-of-sight velocity greater than 350kms −1was de-tected.This work primarily probes the outer ﬁlaments,which are likely to have small angles from the plane of the sky due to their large projected distance from the galaxy,and therefore are not ex-pected to have large line-of-sight velocities.Cigan et al.(2004)0102030405060Projected radial distance from galaxy centre (kpc)50100150200250300L i n e w i d t h (k m s -1)0102030405060H α (10-15 erg s -1cm -2arcsec -2)Figure 8.Left :Radial projection of emission line widths in kms −1based on the H αand [N II ]lines.Right :Line width verses H αsurface brightness.Most points with large line-widths (>200km s −1)are within the central few kpc and have large H αsurface brightness suggesting they may be overlap-ping ﬁlaments.Figure 9.Examples of central clumps which show double-peaked line emis-sion.These regions are all centrally located.HV denotes emission from the high-velocity system which lies infront of NGC 1275.who probe the central regions as well as the outer ﬁlaments ﬁnd no velocities greater than 450kms −1.In section 5.2we argue that the ‘horseshoe’feature and the Northwest ﬁlaments covered by slit 4are very close to being in the plane of the sky.Therefore the observed line-of-sight velocity of 200kms −1,at the top of the ‘horseshoe’loop could transform to a velocity much greater than 700kms −1(expected if tilted by a conservative 75◦from the line-of-sight).This is far beyond what is observed in the rest of the dataset.It is possible that the two inner radio lobes have pushed or destroyed the ﬁlaments pointing toward our line-of-sight.7SPECTRAL FEATURESOur data probe the outer nebula that extends beyond 10kpc in de-tail for the ﬁrst time.All intensity line ratios and line intensities are determined from binning the spatial dimension of the longslit spec-tra in bins of 6pixels (0.87arcsecond).A typical spectrum is shown in Fig.11and line intensity ratios are summarised in Table 2.Allc0000RAS,MNRAS 000,000–000。

介绍古劳的水皮角的英语作文

介绍古劳的水皮角的英语作文Gu Lao's Shuipi Corner: A Captivating Glimpse into China's Rich Cultural HeritageNestled amidst the serene landscape of Gu Lao County lies a captivating destination that offers a tantalizing glimpse into China's rich cultural heritage Shuipi Corner This enchanting locale is a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of the Chinese people who have called this region home for generations Shuipi Corner is a place where the past and present seamlessly intertwine creating a tapestry of traditions that captivates the senses and ignites the imagination of all who venture thereThe name Shuipi Corner is derived from the unique geographical features of the area The site is situated at the confluence of two rivers the Yangtze and the Xiang creating a natural corner or bend in the waterways Hence the moniker Shuipi Corner which translates to Water Edge Corner This strategic location has long played a crucial role in the lives of the local inhabitants serving as a hub for trade commerce and cultural exchange over the centuriesAs you wander through the winding streets and alleyways of Shuipi Corner you are immediately struck by the harmonious blend of ancient architecture and modern amenities The buildings that line the narrow lanes reflect a diverse array of architectural styles from the ornate and intricate designs of the Ming and Qing dynasties to the more utilitarian structures of the more recent past These structures serve as a living museum showcasing the evolution of Chinese architecture and the ingenuity of the local craftsmen who have meticulously preserved these cultural treasures for future generationsOne of the most captivating aspects of Shuipi Corner is the vibrant local culture that permeates every aspect of daily life Here you will find artisans and merchants plying their trades in much the same way as their ancestors did centuries ago Visitors can watch in awe as skilled potters sculpt delicate porcelain vases or witness the intricate process of silk weaving as dexterous hands coax vibrant threads into exquisite fabrics The sounds of traditional music and the tantalizing aromas of authentic local cuisine waft through the air creating a sensory experience that is truly unforgettableBeyond the bustling streets and lively markets Shuipi Corner also offers a wealth of historical and cultural attractions that provide insight into the region's rich past One of the most notable landmarksis the ancient Confucian temple which stands as a testament to the enduring influence of this revered philosopher and his teachings The temple's ornate architecture and serene gardens offer a peaceful respite from the hustle and bustle of the surrounding area and provide visitors with a deeper understanding of the role of Confucianism in shaping Chinese cultureAnother must see attraction in Shuipi Corner is the local history museum which chronicles the region's fascinating past Through a captivating collection of artifacts and interactive exhibits visitors can learn about the area's strategic importance as a hub of trade and commerce as well as the pivotal role it played in key historical events that have shaped the course of Chinese history The museum's knowledgeable docents are on hand to provide insightful commentary and answer any questions visitors may have ensuring a truly enriching and educational experiencePerhaps one of the most enchanting aspects of Shuipi Corner is the sense of timelessness that pervades the entire area As you wander through the winding streets and alleyways it is easy to feel transported to a bygone era when life moved at a slower pace and the rhythms of daily life were inextricably linked to the natural world Around every corner you will find reminders of the past whether it is the intricate carvings adorning the facades of ancient buildings or the gentle flow of the rivers that have sustained the local populationfor generations This sense of timelessness is what makes Shuipi Corner such a captivating and memorable destinationOf course no visit to Shuipi Corner would be complete without experiencing the vibrant local culture and cuisine The area is renowned for its delectable seafood dishes which are sourced fresh from the nearby rivers and lakes as well as its mouthwatering selection of traditional Chinese delicacies Visitors can indulge in fragrant steamed buns filled with savory pork or savor the delicate flavors of hand pulled noodles accompanied by a medley of fresh vegetables and aromatic spices The local markets are also a treasure trove of unique handicrafts and artisanal products ranging from intricately carved wooden figurines to exquisite silk scarves making it the perfect place to find one of a kind souvenirs to commemorate your visitIn conclusion Shuipi Corner is a truly remarkable destination that offers visitors a captivating glimpse into China's rich cultural heritage Through its beautifully preserved architecture vibrant local culture and wealth of historical attractions this enchanting locale invites travelers to step back in time and immerse themselves in the timeless traditions that have defined this region for generations Whether you are drawn to the area's natural beauty its culinary delights or its fascinating history Shuipi Corner is sure to leave alasting impression and inspire a deep appreciation for the enduring spirit of the Chinese people。

skull1

skull1Skull1: Unveiling the Mysteries of the Human SkullIntroduction:The human skull is an intriguing and complex part of the human anatomy. Serving as a protective casing for the brain, it consists of multiple bones that are interconnected in a unique way. This document aims to explore the various aspects of the human skull, including its structure, functions, and significance in different fields such as medicine, anthropology, and forensic science.I. Overview of the Human Skull:The human skull is composed of two main parts: the cranium and the mandible. The cranium consists of several bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones, which protect the brain. The mandible, or lower jawbone, also plays a vital role in the functionality of the skull. Together, these bones create a remarkably robust structure that provides protection and support to the brain and facilitates various essential functions.II. Structure and Composition of the Skull:A. Cranial Bones:1. Frontal Bone: This bone forms the forehead and the superior part of the eye sockets.2. Parietal Bones: Located on the sides of the cranium, these bones play a crucial role in the protection of the brain's upper surface.3. Temporal Bones: Situated on the sides and base of the cranium, temporal bones protect the middle and inner ears.4. Occipital Bone: Positioned at the rear of the skull, the occipital bone shields and supports the back of the brain and contains the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes.B. Facial Bones:1. Mandible: The largest and strongest facial bone, the mandible is responsible for the movement of the lower jaw.2. Maxilla: The maxilla forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth.3. Zygomatic Bones: Also known as cheekbones, zygomatic bones contribute to the facial structure.4. Nasal Bones: The nasal bones shape the bridge of the nose.5. Ethmoid and Sphenoid Bones: These bones are situated deep within the skull and support the nasal cavity and eye sockets.6. Lacrimal Bones: These small bones form part of the eye sockets.III. Functions of the Skull:A. Protection of the Brain: The primary purpose of the skull is to safeguard the brain from injuries caused by external forces. The thickness and rigidity of the cranial bones create a protective shield that absorbs and distributes impact forces.B. Facilitation of Sensory Functions: The skull plays a significant role in supporting the sensory organs. For instance, the eye sockets protect the delicate eyeballs, while the nasal cavity and sinuses assist in filtering and humidifying the air we breathe.C. Attachment for Muscles: Different muscles, such as those responsible for chewing and facial expressions, attach to various points on the skull, enabling their proper functioning.IV. Importance of the Skull in Medicine:A. Craniofacial Surgery: Understanding the intricacies of the skull's structure is vital for craniofacial surgeons. Extensive knowledge of the skull's anatomy allows them to performintricate procedures, such as corrective surgeries for congenital malformations or trauma-induced injuries.B. Neurology: Neurologists depend on a thorough understanding of the skull to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the brain. The skull's composition influences neurological assessments and the interpretation of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRIs.V. Anthropological Significance of the Skull:A. Forensic Anthropology: Human skulls play a crucial role in forensic investigations. Forensic anthropologists can determine a variety of important information through the analysis of skulls, including age, sex, and even potential causes of death.B. Evolutionary Studies: Comparative analysis of different skulls, both within and across species, provides valuable insights into the evolution of bipedalism and the development of human cognition.Conclusion:The human skull is an extraordinary structure, simultaneously protecting the brain and allowing for essential functions. Itscomplex composition, functions, and significance in various fields make it a fascinating subject of study. From medical advancements to forensic investigations and evolutionary research, the skull continues to provide invaluable information in the quest for knowledge and understanding of human biology.。

2023名校版高考英语阅读理解精读附答案m

2023名校版高考英语阅读理解精读附答案[2021·上海静安区模拟卷]ARCHAEOLOGISTS (考古学家) GUIDED BY laser images of a remote region of northern Guatemala have discovered 20 foot high walls, watchtowers, and other evidence that ancient Maya societies had been annoyed by warfare threat over many years. The finds have upended long established impressions of a civilization that it tamed the jungle and built thriving cities，then declined and disappeared quietly beneath the dense tropical forest.Among the most surprising discoveries was a large stone complex now called La Cuemavilla. Built on a steep ridge, the heavily fortified site included high walls. Moats which serves as the largest defensive system ever discovered in the region.This was surprising says an archaeologist, “because we had a tendency to romanticize Maya warfare as something that was largely ritualized. But the fortifications were seeing suggest an elevated level of antagonism over centuries. Rulers were so deeply alarmed that they felt the need to invest in all thesehilltop fortifications. There is an almost visible sense of fear in this landscape.”All these findings owe credit to PACUNAM LIDAR Initiative, a laser survey of some 800 square miles of the Maya Biosphere Reserve in northern Guatemala. Using revolutionary Laser technology, the survey revealed the longhidden ruins of a sprawling preColumbian civilization that was far more complex and interconnected than most Maya specialists had supposed.Guided by the new Laser treasure maps, the LIDAR team deployed through the jungle over the past year to conduct handson investigations of more than a dozen of the most promising sites, most of which would have been imperceptible without LIDAR.“You could walk over the top of a major ruin and miss it, ”says an archaeologist who's part of the PACUNA project. But LIDAR picks up the patterns and makes the features pop out with surprising clarity.Threedimensional maps generated by the survey yielded surprises even at Tikal, the largest and most extensively explored archaeological site in Guatemala. The ancient city was at leastfour times bigger than previously thought, and surrounded by a massive ditch and fortified base stretching for miles.Archaeologists stress that LIDAR, for all its utility, will never see below the ground or yield direct dates of occupation. We still need to dig and hack our way through the jungle, but now we have a very accurate map to guide us.5．How did people think of Maya before the discovery of the defense ruins?A．It was the most advanced civilization in the history of mankind.B．It was long under the threat of largescale wars.C．Its rise and decline were under way peacefully.D．It was finally destroyed by a largescale war.6．The underlined word antagonism is closest in meaning to ________.A．miseryB．revolutionC．population decreaseD．opposition7．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A．The military mechanism found in La Cuemavilla was intended for occupying more lands.B．The new laser technology was mainly used to enlarge the original site size.C．The LIDAR helps to avoid the traditional digging task in site exploration.D．The Tikal site was found to be protected by certain defense works.8．The passage is mainly about ________.A．people' s longtime misunderstanding of Maya civilizationB．discovery of Maya military works aided by new explore technologyC．the finding of a big warfare resulting in the disappearance of Maya civilizationD．The various advantages of new technologies in the field of archaeologyIf you’re not at least a bit terrified by the climate and ecological breakdown unfolding before our eyes, you haven’t grasped the scale of the crisis. Eco-anxiety, defined as “a chronic（长期的）fear of environmental doom”, is on the rise. But redirecting this anxiety into anger and collective action might just pull humanity back from the brink.We don’t yet know how deeply eco-anxiety affects people, but we can learn not to repeat the mistakes of long-gone societies lost to environmental collapse. Jared Diamond’s Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed uncovers the common driver that led to the fall of ancient civilizations such as the Central American Mayan, the remote Pacific Easter Island, and the Mycenae: People accidentally destroyed the environmental resources on which their societies depended.Today, we are living in a new climate and ecological age. The new normal is one that humans have never before experienced on earth, and that has occurred within a single generation. We can’t claim ignorance. Numerous scientific reports show: unprecedented（空前的）wildfires in the Arctic, heatwaves annually breaking records, the Amazon shrinking and drying, and species extinction rates accelerating. Nature’s dangerous decline is unprecedented.So, it’s not surprising that eco-anxiety is on the rise. Anxiety is often a private emotional state: We feel alone, stuck inside our own heads, and our emotions stop us from doing the things we want. But anger, directed appropriately, can fuel powerful collective action for change.We are on a pathway to destroy the global conditions for human survival. Unlike previous civilizations, we have the science and technology to understand our danger and chart a new pathway. This is a moment for all of us to channel oureco-anxiety, fear and anger into energy for change.32. Which of the following best describes “eco-anxiety”?A. Uncertainty about the future.B. Anxiety about modern civilization.C. Worries about the destruction of nature.D. Fear of changes in the living standard.33. Why are some ancient civilizations mentioned in paragraph 2?A. To present the collapse of ancient civilizations.B. To prove the importance of ancient civilizations.C. To add some background information on eco-anxiety.D. To warn people to learn a lesson from the past.34. Why is eco-anxiety on the rise?A. People lack the knowledge about nature.B. Nature is in its most dangerous state ever.C. People have limited access to natural resources.D. Climate issues can’t be solved effectively.35. How does the author feel about the global conditions for humans in the future?A. Hopeful.B. Doubtful.C. Frustrated.D. Concerned.。

dyna模拟打水漂

Stone Skipping Simulation by ALE and SPHMitsuhiro MakinoDynapower Corporation makino@dynapower.co.jpAbstractStone skipping is the play at sea shore and river. The flat stone, which is thrown, skips on the surface of water. This phenomena is simulated by ALE and SPH capability of LS-DYNA ®. The dependency of the parameters such as the angle between stone and water, incident angle of stone will discuss.IntroductionStone skipping is the play at the seashore and river. The flat stone, which is thrown, skips on the surface of water, and the number of stone skip is count. Clonet et al (1) made experiment of this phenomena, and Nagahiro did SPH simulation and theoretical analysis (2). He also wrote the review paper in Japanese (3).By Nagahiro’s review paper I motivated to simulate this phenomena by LS-DYNA. Since stone skipping is the familiar example of fluid structure interaction (FSI), I would like to understand and test LS-DYNA’s FSI capabilities by this phenomena. LS-DYNA V971 has two formulation of FSI. One is Arbitrary Lagrangian and Eulerian ( ALE ), and the other is Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This paper describes preliminary results of stone skipping phenomena by MPP971R4.2.1 for ALE and LS971R4.2.1 for SPH..StoneThere are two angles related to stone and water surface; 1. Attack angle φbetween stone and water 2. Impact angle θof the velocity vThe other parameters are the rotational velocity nof stone and the translational velotity v . The stone iscircular plate rigid body with 25mm radiusand 6mm thickness, The mass density is 3e-9 tonne/mm 3. The gravity load is –z direction.Model of Water and Air by ALEThe water and air is modeled by ALE multi-material. The water and air are in the region 0 < x < 1000mm, -150mm < y < 150mm, and 0 < z < 100mm for water and 100mm < z < 200mm for air, and size of each ALE solid element is 5x5x5mm.Fig 1. The parameters of stoneThe coupling between stone( part 7 ) and water and air( part_set 1 ) by the following card.*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID$ slave master sstyp mstyp nquad ctype direc mcoup7 1 1 0 4 4 2 -1$ start end pfac fric frcmin norm normtyp damp0.0001.0000E+10 0.100000 0.300000 0.500000 0 0 0.000$ cq hmin hmax ileak pleak lcidpor nvent blockage0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0.100000 0 0 0$ iboxid ipenchk intforc ialesof lagmul pfacmm thkf0 0 0 0 0.000 0 0.000Model of SPHThe water is modeled by SPH particles with the region of 0 < x < 1000mm, -150mm < y < 150mm, and 0 < z < 100mm surrounded by the shell box with 0 < x < 1000mm, -150mm < y < 150mm, and 0 < z < 300mm. The SPH particles put in water region with 5mm distance in each direction, that is, 200x60x20 particles.The coupling among stone ( part 7 ) , shell box( part 9 ) and water ( part8 ) are defined by the following 2 contact cards.*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE_ID$# cid title1$# ssid msid sstyp mstyp sboxid mboxid spr mpr8 7 3 3 0 0 0 0$# fs fd dc vc vdc penchk bt dt0.300000 0.300000 1.000000 0.000 20.000000 0 0.0001.0000E+20$# sfs sfm sst mst sfst sfmt fsf vsf1.000000 1.0000002.500 0.000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000$# soft sofscl lcidab maxpar sbopt depth bsort frcfrq1 0.100000 0 1.025000 2.0000002 0 1*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE_ID$# cid title2$# ssid msid sstyp mstyp sboxid mboxid spr mpr8 9 3 3 0 0 0 0$# fs fd dc vc vdc penchk bt dt0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000 20.000000 0 0.0001.0000E+20$# sfs sfm sst mst sfst sfmt fsf vsf1.000000 1.0000002.500000 0.000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000$# soft sofscl lcidab maxpar sbopt depth bsort frcfrq1 0.100000 0 1.025000 2.0000002 0 1Results of SimulationFigure 2 shows the results with the stone of θ=20o, φ=20o , rotation 65round/s, and|v|=4900mm/s. The left column is ALE and the right is SPH, and by both method the stone is skipping.Fig.2 side view of results( left: ALE,right:SPH)Figure 3 shows the same parameters of Fig.2 except for |v|=1000mm/s. By this slow velocity, the stone does not skip. This indicates that there is the minimum velocity of stone skipsFigure 3 |v|=1000mmFigure 4 shows the stone of θ=50o , φ=40o , rotation 45round/s, and |v|=4900mm/s. By this large impact angle θ=50o , the stone does not skip, however, for the small impact angle such as θ=20o or 30o , the stone skips.Figure 4 large impact angle θ=50oConclusion and Discussions1. Both ALE and SPH can simulate the stone-skipping phenomena.2. General behaviors of ALE and SPH are similar, however in detail there are severaldifferences.One of examples is the z-velocity and z-displacement of center of gravity of stone as shown in Fig.5 and Fig. 6. In each figure, sign x is ALE results and sign □ is SPH. The difference may be comes from the interaction between stone and water, but at present I could not adjust the difference.In the future work, I would like to compare the LS-DYNA results and the experiment of Clonet et al and the theory of Nagahiro and Hayakawa.Fig. 5 z-velocity of c.g. of stone Fig. 6 z-displacement of c.g. of stoneExecution timeThe calculation was done by AMD Phenom IIx4 965( 3.4GHz ) with DDR2(800Mhz 2GBx4 ). LS-DYNA is single precision of V971R4.2.1 and MPP971R4.2.1. Typical timing information is summarized in Table 1. Endtime is 0.25sec. The number of element of ALE is 480468, and the number of element of SPH is 240000 SPH particles, 55200 shell and 468 solid. SPH does not model the air part, and the number of elements of SPH is half of ALE. For SPH, MPP version does not work. Elapsed time CPU time/Zone cycle Clock time/Zone cycle ALE(SMP) 34h34m25s( 87936cycle ) 5478nanosec 2942nanosec ALE(MPP) 14h19m44s( 87936cycle ) 1161nanosec 1221nanosec SPH(SMP) 9h50m 8s( 58913cycle ) 7863nanosec 2028nanosecTable 1 summary of calculation( each caluculation was done by 4 Cores )AcknowledgementI would like to acknowledge the Dr. Ian Do of LSTC for his helpful suggestions of ALE method.References(1) C. Clonet, F. Hersen and L. Bocquet, Nature, 427(2004)29(2) S. Nagahiro and Y. Hayakawa, Physical Review Letters 94(2005)174501 (3)S. Nagahiro, BUTSURI 64(2009)763 in Japanese。

中医骨科学外文版20

Humeroradial Joint
It is composed of the head-shaped humerus and the capitulum radii fossa, belonging to the head fossa joint.
The capitellum and trochlea are located in front of the axis of humeral shaft, forming an average angle of 45°.
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
It is composed of the annular articular surface on the upper end of the radius and the radius notch on the upper end of the ulna.
Clavicle
The full length of the clavicle is subcutaneous, the medial half is lordotic, and the lateral half is kyphotic. The appearance is inverted "S" shape.
The glenohumeral ligament can strengthen the anterior wall of articular capsule.
The coracohumeral ligament is the suspension structure of glenohumeral joint.
The coracoacromial ligament can prevent excessive upward movement of the humeral head.

Lowrance 17-364-01-rev. 08 通道鱼雷传感器说明书

17-364-01-r e v . 0803/06/17Thru-HullTilted Element ™ TransducerTilt Angles: 0︒, 12︒, 20︒with Temperature SensorModels: B60, B117, P19, SS60, SS565Chirp Models: B75L/M/H, B150M, SS75L/M/HU.S. Patent No. 7,369,458; 8,582,393. UK Patent No. 2 414 077Applications•Plastic housing recommended for fiberglass or metal hulls only. Never install a plastic housing in a wood hull since swelling of the wood can fracture the plastic.•Bronze housing recommended for fiberglass or wood hulls. Never install a bronze housing in a metal hull, because electrolytic corrosion will occur.•Stainless steel housing compatible with all hull materials.Recommended for metal hulls to prevent electrolytic corrosion provided the stainless steel housing is isolated from the metal hull.Match Tilt Angle of Transducer to DeadriseBe sure the tilt angle of your transducer model matches thedeadrise angle of your hull at the mounting location. The tilt angle is printed on the top of the transducer (see Figure 1). To measure the deadrise angle of your hull at the selected mounting location, use an angle finder or a digital level (see Figure 2).•0︒ models—For hull deadrise angles from 0︒ to 7︒•12° models—For hull deadrise angles from 8° to 15°B75L, SS75L-12°—For hull deadrise angles from 0° to 24°B75M, SS75M-12°—For hull deadrise angles from 6° to 15°B75H, SS75H-12°—For hull deadrise angles from 6° to 15°•20° models—For hull deadrise angles from 16° to 24°P19Record the information found on the cable tag for future reference.Part No._________________Date___________Frequency________kHzFollow the precautions below for optimalproduct performance and to reduce the risk of property damage, personal injury, and/or death.WARNING : Always wear safety goggles, a dust mask, and ear protection when installing.WARNING : Immediately check for leaks when the boat is placed in the water. Do not leave the boat unchecked for more than three hours. Even a small leak may allow considerable water to accumulate.WARNING : B117, B150M —Do not use the spacer if there is insufficient space to tighten the nut, or it is within 11mm (1/2") of the top of the housing.WARNING : Stainless steel housing in a metal hull —Be sure the washer contacts the hull. Do not tighten the hull nut with the washer against the isolation bushing, as the housing will not be firmly installed. If necessary, sand the isolation bushing until the washer rests against the hull.CAUTION : Chirp transducer —Always operate the transducer in water. Operating in air will allow the transducer to overheat resulting in failure.CAUTION : Chirp transducer —Do not install in the engine compartment or other hot place. The transducer may fail if it overheats.CAUTION : The arrow on the top of the transducer must point toward the keel or centerline of the boat. This will align the angle of the element inside the transducer with the deadrise angle of your hull.CAUTION : Never pull, carry, or hold the transducer by its cable; this may sever internal connections.CAUTION : Plastic housing —Never use a fairing with a plastic housing; the protruding sensor would be vulnerable to damage from impact.CAUTION : Metal housing —Never install a metal housing on a vessel with a positive ground system.CAUTION : Stainless steel housing in a metal hull — The stainless steel housing must be isolated from a metal hull to prevent electrolytic corrosion. Use the isolation bushing supplied.CAUTION : Never use solvents. Cleaners, fuel, sealant, paint and other products may contain solvents that can damage plastic parts, especially the transducer’s face.IMPORTANT : Read the instructions completely before proceeding with the installation. Theseinstructions supersede any other instructions in your instrument manual if they differ.OWNER’S GUIDE & I NSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSplaning hullsFigure 3.full keel sailboatslarge displacement hullssmall displacement hullsfin keel sailboatsBest location for transducerCopyright © 2005 Airmar Technology Corp.stepped hulloutboard and I/OIdentify Your ModelThe model name is printed on the cable tag.Tools & MaterialsSafety goggles Dust mask Ear protection Angle finderElectric drill with 10mm (3/8") or larger chuck capacity Drill bit:3mm or 1/8"Hole saw (see table above)Countersink tool (installing SS565)SandpaperMild household detergent or weak solvent (such as alcohol)File (installation in a metal hull)Marine sealant (suitable for below waterline)Slip-joint pliers (installing a metal housing)Grommet(s) (some installations)Cable tiesWater-based anti-fouling paint (mandatory in salt water )Installation in a cored fiberglass hull (see page 4):Hole saw for hull interior (see table above)Fiberglass cloth and resinor Cylinder, wax, tape, and casting epoxyModel (Housing)Hull Material Outside Hull Hole Saw Size Cored Fiberglass HullHull Interior Hole Saw Size B117B150M fiberglass wood 51mm or 2"60mm or 2-3/8"P19fiberglass metal 51mm or 2"60mm or 2-3/8"B60SS60SS565fiberglass wood 60mm or 2-3/8"80mm or 3-1/8"SS60SS565metal 70mm or 2-13/16"NAB75L/M/H SS75L/M/H fiberglass wood 70mm or 2-13/16"80mm or 3-1/8"SS75L/M/Hmetal79mm or 3-1/8"NAMounting LocationCAUTION : Do not mount in line with or near water intake or discharge openings or behind strakes, fittings, or other hull irregularities that will disturb the water flow.CAUTION : Do not mount the sensor where the boat may besupported during trailering, launching, hauling, or storage to avoid damaging the transducer’s face.•The water flowing under the hull must be smooth with aminimum of bubbles and turbulence (especially at high speeds).•The transducer must be continuously immersed in water.•The transducer beam must be unobstructed by the keel or propeller shaft(s).•Choose a location away from interference caused by power and radiation sources such as: the propeller(s) and shaft(s), other machinery, other echosounders, and other cables. The lower the noise level, the higher the echosounder gain setting that can be used.•Chirp transducer —Mount in a cool well-ventilated area away from the engine to avoid overheating.Boat Types (see Figure 3)•Displacement hull powerboats —Locate amidships near the centerline. The starboard side of the hull where the propeller blades are moving downward is preferred.•Planing hull powerboats —Mount well aft, on or near the centerline, and well inboard of the first set of lifting strakes toensure that the transducer will be in contact with the water at high speeds. The starboard side of the hull where the propeller blades are moving downward is preferred.Outboard and I/O —Mount just forward of the engine(s).Inboard —Mount well ahead of the propeller(s) and shaft(s).Stepped hull —Mount just ahead of the first step.Boat capable of speeds above 25kn (29MPH)—Review the installation location and operating results of similar boats before proceeding.•Fin keel sailboats —Mount on or near the centerline and forward of the fin keel 300–600mm (1–2').•Full keel sailboats —Locate amidships and away from the keel.InstallationHole DrillingCored fiberglass hull —Follow separate instructions on page 4.1.Drill a 3 mm or 1/8" pilot hole from inside the hull. If there is a rib, strut, or other hull irregularity near the selected mounting location, drill from the outside.ing the appropriate size outside hull hole saw, cut a hole from outside of the hull perpendicular to the hull surface (see table above).SS565—Use a countersink tool to create a “seat” in the hull.3.Sand and clean the area around the hole, inside and outside, to ensure that the sealant will adhere properly to the hull. If there is any petroleum residue inside the hull, remove it with either mild household detergent or a weak solvent (alcohol) before sanding.Metal hull —Remove all burrs with a file and sandpaper.BeddingCAUTION : Be sure the surfaces to be bedded are clean and dry.Apply a 2mm (1/16") thick layer of marine sealant around the flange of the housing that contacts the hull and up the sidewall of the housing (see Figure 4 or 5). The sealant must extend 6mm (1/4") higher than the combined thickness of the hull, washer, hull nut, and any spacer. This will ensure there is marine sealant in the threads to seal the hull and to hold the hull nut securely in place.2wrench flat (2)Stainless steel housing in a metal hull —To prevent electrolytic corrosion, the stainless steel housing must be isolated from the metal hull. Slide the isolation bushing onto the housing (see Figure 5). Apply additional marine sealant to the surfaces of the isolation bushing that will contact the hull, filling any cavities in and around the bushing.Installing1.From outside the hull, thread the cable through the mounting hole. Push the housing into the mounting hole using a twisting motion to squeeze out excess sealant. 12° and 20° models —From inside the hull, point the arrow on the top of the transducer (and the cable exit) toward the KEEL or centerline of the boat (see Figure 1). This will align the angle of the element inside the transducer with the deadrise angle of your hull.2.From inside the hull, slide the washer onto the housing (see Figure 4 or 5).B117, B150M —Also slide the spacer onto the housing and rest it against the washer. Do not use the spacer if there is insufficient space to tighten the nut or it is within 11mm (1/2") of the top of the housing .Stainless steel housing in a metal hull —Be sure the washer contacts the hull. Do not tighten the hull nut with the washer against the isolation bushing, as the housing will not be firmly installed. If necessary, sand the isolation bushing until the washer rests against the hull.3.Screw the hull nut in place.Plastic housing —Do not clamp tightly on the wrench flats to avoid possibly fracturing the housing.Plastic hull nut —Hand-tighten only. Do not over tighten.Metal hull nut —Tighten with slip-joint pliers.Metal hull —Use the spacer if there are not enough threads to tighten the hull nut against the hull.Cored fiberglass hul l—Do not over tighten, crushing the hull.Wood hull —Allow the wood to swell before tightening the hull nut.4.Remove any excess marine sealant on the outside of the hull to ensure smooth water flow under the transducer.Cable Routing & ConnectingCAUTION : If your transducer came with a connector, do not remove it to ease cable routing. If the cable must be cut and spliced, use Airmar’s splash-proof Junction Box No. 33-035 and follow the instructions provided. Removing the waterproofconnector or cutting the cable, except when using a water-tight junction box, will void the sensor warranty.1.Route the cable to the instrument, being careful not to tear the cable jacket when passing it through the bulkhead(s) and other parts of the boat. Use grommets to prevent chaffing. To reduce electrical interference, separate the transducer cable from other electrical wiring and the engine. Coil any excess cable and secure it in place using cable ties to prevent damage.2.Refer to the echosounder owner’s manual to connect the transducer to the instrument.Figure 4. Bedding and installing in solid fiberglass or wood hullwasher hullP19housing hull nut marine sealant on flange B60, B75L/M/H, SS60, SS75L/M/Hmarine sealant on flange wrench flat (2)housing hull nut wrench flat (2)Copyright © 2006 - 2017 Airmar Technology Corp.B117, B150Mhousing hull nut spacer washer hullmarine sealant on flange and sidewall of housing and sidewall of housing and sidewall of housinghullwasherChecking for LeaksWhen the boat is placed in the water, immediately check around the transducer for leaks. Note that very small leaks may not be readily observed. Do not leave the boat in the water for more than 3 hours before checking it again. If there is a small leak, there may be considerable bilge water accumulation after 24 hours. If a leak is observed, repeat “Bedding” and “Installing” immediately (see page 2).Installation in a Cored Fiberglass HullThe core (wood or foam) must be cut and sealed carefully. The core must be protected from water seepage, and the hull must be reinforced to prevent it from crushing under the hull nut allowing the housing to become loose.CAUTION : Completely seal the hull to prevent water seepage into the core.1.Drill a 3mm or 1/8" pilot hole from inside the hull. If there is a rib, strut, or other hull irregularity near the selected mountinglocation, drill from the outside. (If the hole is drilled in the wrong location, drill a second hole in a better location. Apply masking tape to the outside of the hull over the incorrect hole and fill it with epoxy.)ing the appropriate size outside hull hole saw, cut a hole from outside the hull through the outer skin only (see table on page 2) (see Figure 6).3. From inside the hull, using the appropriate size hull interior hole saw, cut through the inner skin and most of the core. The core material can be very soft. Apply only light pressure to the hole saw after cutting through the inner skin to avoid accidentally cutting the outer skin.4.Remove the plug of core material, so the inside of the outer skin and the inner core of the hull is fully exposed. Sand and clean the inner skin, core, and the outer skin around the hole.5.If you are skilled with fiberglass, saturate a layer of fiberglass cloth with a suitable resin and lay it inside the hole to seal and strengthen the core. Add layers until the hole is the correct diameter.Alternatively, a hollow or solid cylinder of the correct diameter can be coated with wax and taped in place. Fill the gap between the cylinder and hull with casting epoxy. After the epoxy has set, remove the cylinder.6.Sand and clean the area around the hole, inside and outside, to ensure that the marine sealant will adhere properly to the hull. If there is any petroleum residue inside the hull, remove it with either mild household detergent or a weak solvent (alcohol) before sanding.7.Proceed with “Bedding” on page 2.Maintenance, Parts & ReplacementAnti-fouling PaintSurfaces exposed to salt water must be coated with anti-fouling paint. Use water-based anti-fouling paint only . Never use ketone-based paint, since ketones can attack many plastics possibly damaging the transducer. Reapply anti-fouling paint every 6 months or at the beginning of each boating season.CleaningAquatic growth can accumulate rapidly on the transducer’s face, reducing its performance within weeks. Clean the surface with a Scotch-Brite® scour pad and mild household detergent, being careful to avoid making scratches . If the fouling is severe, lightly wet sand it with fine grade wet/dry paper.Replacement Transducer & PartsThe information needed to order a replacement transducer is printed on the cable tag. Do not remove this tag. When ordering, specify the part number, date, and frequency in kHz. For convenient reference, record this information on the top of page one.Lost, broken, and worn parts should be replaced immediately.Obtain parts from your instrument manufacturer or marine dealer. Gemeco Tel: 803-693-0777(USA)Fax:803-693-0477email:****************Airmar EMEA Tel: +33.(0)2.23.52.06.48(Europe, Middle East, Africa)Fax:+33.(0)2.23.52.06.49email:*********************Model Hull Nut Washer Spacer Isolation Bushing B6002-133-0109-813-01——B75L/M/H 02-143-0109-1012-01——B117B150M 02-03009-45204-646-01—P1904-00409-452——SS6002-563-0209-813-01—04-660-01SS75L/M/H 02-143-0209-1012-01—04-942-01SS56502-563-0209-813-01—04-589-01Copyright © 2005 - 2017 Airmar Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.4Figure 6. Preparing a cored fiberglass hullinner skincoreouter skinsolid or hollow cylinder pour in casting epoxy9-12 mm (3/8-1/2")larger than the hole through the hull’s outer skinhull thicknessCopyright © 2005 Airmar Technology Corp.35 Meadowbrook Drive, Milford, New Hampshire 03055-4613, USA•。

儿童肱骨近端骨折ppt

儿童肱骨近端骨折
proximal humerus fracture in children
Vascular anatomy of the proximal humerus. 1 Axillary artery. 2 Posterior humeral circumfl ex artery. 3 Anterior humeral circumfl ex artery. 4 Lateral ascending branch of the anterior humeral circumfl ex artery. 5 Greater tuberosity. 6 Lesser tuberosity. 7 Tendon insertion of the infraspinatus muscle. 8 Tendon insertion of the teres minor muscle.
Figure 5:
Nail being advanced up the shaft (A). Nail twisted 180 ° toward the humeral head (B). Impaction of the nail into the humeral head (C). Nail twisted by 180° to achieve fracture reduction (D). Final position of the nail (E).
When is reduction (nonoperative and operative) required?
The proximal physis contributes 80% of the length of the humerus. Due to the enormous remodelling potential, most of these injuries do not require reduction. There is no role for attempted reduction in the ED.

通往雨山的路文章分析

①Beauty of imageIn this article, the author successfully embodies the beauty of this image. He attached his deep affection to the Kiowa people to the scenery description during their migration and travel, and constructed a concrete and abstract world with ideal reality。

This is an image world with mixed scenes and a beautiful world。

A single Knoll rises out of the plain in Oklahoma, north and west o the WIchita Range. For my people ，the Kiowas ，it is an old landmark,and they gave it the name Rainy Mountain。

The author started his account. I can't feel anything special with the mountain from his opening description of the rainy mountain。

This is a lonely hill，not even a high mountain. But after reading the full text，you can find that he is in love with the scenery. This description has his intention。

Compared with the culture of the world, the culture of Kiowa people may be just the hill in the famous mountains and rivers, which is inconspicuous and cannot attract enough attention. however, for Kiowa people，their culture is small but essential. The name an old landmark highlights the importance of the rainy mountain, and then his climate is described.The hardest weather in the world is there . Winter brings blizzards，hot tornadic winds arise in the spring，and in summer the prairie is an anvil’s edge.The author described the rainy mountain as a place with extremely bad conditions。

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