Harvard Format

IntroductionPurpose:To help you understand citing references, why you should reference your sources correctly and how to reference according to Department of Landscape's standard method of citation.Learning Outcomes:By taking this tutorial, you will:∙Know how to quote, paraphrase and summarise other people's work correctly.∙Know how to cite references in the text according to the Harvard style.∙Know how to reference printed information sources.∙Know how to reference electronic information sources.Why reference correctly?In academic writing it is important to read around the subject to gather ideas, theories and facts about your assignment topic. It is not about making statements, which are not backed up by evidence.Referencing correctly is important for a number of reasons:∙It is evidence of the reading you have done when preparing for yourassignment.∙It provides support for your own arguments.∙It allows you to show your understanding of the issues involved in your subject and your ability to critically apply that understanding.∙You avoid plagiarism by acknowledging the ideas, opinions and quotations that you have used in your own work.∙It provides sufficient information for someone to follow up your reference and trace the item.Referencing is also known as citing, the two words are used interchangeably.How to referenceReferencing is a two-part process:∙Citation in the text: this is the brief indication of the source within the textimmediately following the use of the material whether quoted or paraphrased.∙Reference list: a complete list of all the cited references used in theassignment or paper with full bibliographic details.Some definitions:∙ A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in the assignment.It is sometimes referred to as 'works cited'.∙ A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing your assignment even if you have not cited them within it.It is important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference, including the layout and punctuation! Punctuation should be used to clearly separate each element of a reference.Different styles of citationThere is no one agreed method to citing and referencing sources covering all subject areas. This tutorial will outline the Harvard Style (also known as the Author/Date method).Within the Harvard style sources are cited in the body of the text by giving the name of the author(s) followed by the date of publication. All other details about the work are given in the list of references or bibliography at the end.Even within the same style different formats may be adopted. For example, there are variations in whether to include the names of all the authors who collaborated on an article, or whether to put the place of publication before or after the publisher's name.To recap:∙In order to credit someone else's work you need to cite the originalsource of any quotation or any materials summarised or paraphrased.∙This is a two-part process - citation in the text and a list of references at the end of your assignment.∙You should use the referencing style required by your Department.∙This tutorial explains the Harvard method of citation only.Harvard method of citation in the textIn the body of the assignment, you must cite the author of the original work and the date of publication. The page number is essential for a direct quote. The citation should be given wherever it is most convenient to make sense of the text.Single author:Wheater(1999)investigated the potential uses of urban wasteland and suggested ecological measures to enhance the range of habitats and species.Ecological measures to enhance the range of habitats and species in urban habitats include the retention of litter material, the avoidance of pesticides and applying additional organic material (Wheater, 1999).When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets:Davis(1982a, p.75) wrote about the active growing season in London compared with the suburbs and "leafy Surrey".Two authors:Examples using different materials, unusual plants and alternative sculptures are provided in the design of gardens, backyards and outdoor space (Amidon and Gustafson, 2003).More than 2 authors:Bentley et al.(1992) discuss the need to plan both public and private spaces.If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:Various innovative approaches have been suggested to promote biodiversity within the built environment (Dunnett & Kingsbury, 2004; Hough, 2004; Dunnett and Hitchmough, 2003; Gilbert, 1998).Different authors with the same surname:For items by authors with the same surname published in the same year, use their initials to distinguish between them:(Burns, S.2000) or (Burns, C.2000).Quoting and paraphrasingQuotingA quotation is where you use the exact phrase or words of the original author. Indicate quotations by typing quotation marks around the exact words, phrase or sentence followed by the author's name, year of publication and the page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations, up to 2 lines in length, can be included in the body of the text:Turner(1998) states, "a development of profound importance, the computer-basedGeographical Information System (GIS), is set fair to be the revolutions handmaiden"(p.3). The importance of...Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:Bell(1999) , in discussing the impact of landscape architects on everyday life, statesthat:"Landscape preference research consistently finds that the quasi-natural landscape style is still preferred by many people. It is also the greatest contribution so far made by professional people, now called landscape architects. The park can be regarded as an object of design with a defined and significant purpose; this enables people to obtain an aesthetic experience of great value and importance for their everyday lives, in the case of the urban park, and to protect nature and provide aesthetic, moral and spiritual experiences in wilder parks" (p.100).This can be taken to mean that...If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots. It is not necessary to use this at the beginning or end of a quotation, as almost all quotes are taken from a larger context, and this fact will be presumed::Bell(1999) argues that the landscape architects role in urban developments is often,"the realm of achieving the minor form of beauty...by mitigation of negative effectsand occasionally achieving the major form by creative design"(p.100). Thisargument...ParaphrasingParaphrasing means putting someone else's ideas into your own words. It does not mean just changing a word here or there, or even a sentence or two if the phrasing of the original is still evident. The paraphrase should clearly be a restatement of the meaning of the original text in your own words.When you are paraphrasing, or referring indirectly to a secondary source without making a direct quotation, the statements still need to be referenced, and page numbers should still be given:The development and growth in the use of GIS systems will undoubtedly have a bigeffect on revolutionising landscape planning (Turner, 1998, p.3). The use of thistechnology...Secondary referencingSecondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible.If you have only read the later publication you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the original author's intention. You cannot have formed your own view or critically appraised whether the second author has adequately presented the original material. You must make it clear to your reader which author you have read whilst giving details of the original:"our innocent citizen may conclude that landscape architects will make things appearto fit together...screening out the undesirable while preserving and framing the scenicmoment" (Corner, 1996, cited in Bell, 1999, p.98).In the bibliography or reference list you need to give the full reference for both sources, the one you have read and the one you have read about, indicating which is which in the following manner:Corner, J. (1996) The obscene (American) landscape. In: M. Spens (ed). Landscapetransformed. Academy Editions, London. pp. 10-13. Cited in:Bell, S.(1999)Landscape: pattern, perception, and process. London, Taylor and Francis.Try not to over-rely on quotations, as this may show a lack of understanding of the information yourself. You should summarise the key points you wish to make in your assignment in your own words.Important pointsRevise the following important points:∙Author and date go in the text and the full reference in the list of references at the end of the assignment.∙References should be listed in alphabetical order by author's surname and then by date (most recent first), and then if more than one item has been publishedduring a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc).∙Author and date appear in the text each time a reference is made. The Harvard system does not use 'ibid' (in the same place) or 'op cit' (in the work previouslycited).∙Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Punctuation and layout are important elements to referencing. Be consistent.∙Be accurate. Double check that all works cited in the text are also included in the list of references!Citing a bookExample:Narboni, Roger. (2004) Lighting the landscape : art, design, technologies.Basel, Birkhaüser.Elements of the reference:∙Author or Editor's name and initial(s): For an edited book, place the editor's names in the author position and put Ed. or Eds. in brackets after the last editor'sname. The author may be a corporate body or organisation. Spell out the fullname of a corporate author.∙The year of publication: Put the date of publication in brackets. Use the date of copyright rather than a reprint date. If no date is given then state that it has nodate by typing (n.d.). If the date can only be estimated it can be added with asmall 'c' to indicate it was published about that date. (c1995)∙The title of the publication: This should be in italics, with the first wordcapitalised.∙Edition statement: This only needs to be included if the work is a later edition.∙Series statement: This only needs to be included if the work is part of a series.∙Place of publication: This should be the town of publication rather than a country. If the book has been published in more than one place at a time, the firstonly should be given.∙Name of the publisher.Citing different types of authorsA work by a single author:Blake, B. (1999) An introduction to landscape design and construction. Aldershot,Gower.A work by two authors:Fortlage, C. A. and Phillips, E.T. (1992) Landscape construction. Vol.1, Walls, fencesand railings. Aldershot, Gower.A work by more than two authors:Glasson, J. et al (2005) Introduction to environmental impact assessment. 3rd ed.London, Routledge.A work by a corporate author:Countryside Agency. (2006) Agricultural landscapes: 33 years of change. CA. 220.Cheltenham, The Countryside Agency.An edited work:Bayliss-Smith, Tim and Owens, Susan (eds) (1990) Britain's changing environmentfrom the air. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.A translation:Sørensen, C.Th. (2001) C. Th. Sørensen : landscape modernist. Trans. bySven-Ingvar Andersson and Steen Høyer. Copenhagen, Danish Architectural Press. Citing a book chapterExample:Bunce, R. G. H. (2001) An environmental classification of Europeanlandscapes. In: B. Green and W. Vos (eds) Threatened landscapes: conservingcultural environments. London, Spon Press. pp.31-40.Elements of the reference:∙Chapter Author's name and initial(s).∙Date of publication: Put the date of publication in brackets.∙Title of the chapter: The first word should be capitalised. The chapter title should be followed by In:.∙Editor's initials and surname: Note the initial comes first before the surname.Use Ed. or Eds. in brackets after the name to denote editor or editors.∙Title of book: This should be in italics, with the first word capitalised.∙Edition statement if required: This only needs to be included if the work is a later edition, e.g. 2nd ed.∙Place of publication: This should be the town of publication rather than a country. If the book has been published in more than one place at a time, the firstonly should be given.∙Name of the publisher.∙Page numbers: First and last page numbers of the individual article.Citing a print journal articleExample:Wood, R. and Handley, J. (2001) Landscape dynamics and the management ofchange. Landscape Research, 13(1), pp.43-5.Citing a newspaper articleAn initial 'The' is normally omitted from the title of newspapers, with the exception of The Times. Dates for newspaper articles should be given as 'Day Month Date, Year'. Page numbers should be preceeded with 'pp.'Example:Thomson, Alice (2007) The countryside is waiting in vain. Daily Telegraph,Thursday July 12, 2007, p.24.Elements of the reference:∙Author's name and initials.∙Year of publication: The year of publication should be enclosed in parentheses.∙The full title of the article: Only the first word should be capitalised.∙Title of the journal: This should be given in full in italics. Only use anabbreviation for the title of the journal if your Department recommend you to do so.Then standard abbreviations should be used. Capitalise each significant word.∙Volume number: The part number may be omitted if the volume has acontinuous paging sequence.∙Page numbers: You must include the first and last page numbers of the full span of the article, preceeded by 'pp.'Citing electronic journalsExample of an article from a journal available in print and electronic form:Jorgensen, A. et al. (2007) Woodland as a setting for housing-appreciation andfear and the contribution to residential satisfaction and place identity inWarrington New Town, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning [online] 79(3-4), pp.273-287. Available from: doi:10.1016/ndurbplan.2006.02.015 [Accessed19th July 2007].Example of an article from a journal only available online:Kõhler, M. (2006) Long-term vegetation research on two extensive green roofsin Berlin. Urban Habitats [online] 4(1), pp. 3-26. Available from:/v04n01/urbanhabitats_v04n01_pdf.pdf[Accessed 19th July 2007].∙Author's name and initials.∙Year of publication: The year of publication should be enclosed in parentheses.∙The full title of the article: Only the first word should be capitalised.∙Title of the journal: This should be given in full in italics. Capitalise eachsignificant word.∙Online: The statement 'online' should be given inside square brackets, to show that the article was an online source.∙Volume number: The volume number of the journal must be included.∙Location within host: The "location within host" is the equivalent of pagenumbering used with printed sources. If the document does not includepagination an alternative may be used e.g. date, labelled part, or the total numberof lines, paragraphs or screens, e.g. (para. 3 of 17).∙URL: The URL should be given exactly as it appears in the address bar of your internet browser (you can highlight the address and press Ctrl+C to copy it, andthen Ctrl+V to paste it into your reference.∙Accessed date: The date on which the article was accessed must be given, as this will ensure that the accuracy of your reference will not be undermined by anysubsequent changes to the resource, as electronic material can change ordisappear, unlike print materials. The date should be given inside squarebrackets.Citing web pagesExample of a web page with a single author:Pearman, Hugh (2007) Gabion: retained writing on architecture. [online].Available from: [Accessed 19th July 2007].Example of a web page by corporate author:University of Sheffield Library. (2007) Architecture, planning and landscape inthe library and on the internet. [online]. Sheffield, University of Sheffield.Available from: /library/subjects/subarch.html [Accessed19th July 2007].Elements of the reference:∙Author/editor surname, Initial: Often information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific author. In such cases, ascribe authorship tothe smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard methodciting works produced by a corporate body) or start with the title. If you cannotdiscover who 'owns' the site ask yourself whether the information you are using isdependable enough to be included in your assignment.∙Year: Include the year of publication in brackets. Most Web pages are updated ona regular basis. Date of publication is the date the pages were last updated.There is often a copyright statement at the bottom of the Web page. If nopublication date is given write (No date). If you cannot discover how up-to-datethe information is, ask yourself whether the information you are using isdependable enough to be included in your assignment.∙Title: The title should be given in italics, with the first word capitalised. Use the title of the specific page you are citing.∙Online: This is a statement about the medium the information is published in such as CD-ROM, Film or Audiocassette. It goes in a square bracket. Use [online]for electronic information available via the Internet or Web pages.∙Edition: Only mention an edition statement if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated.∙Place of publication, publisher: The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of publisher of printed sources, as well as organisationsresponsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University ofSheffield. If the place of publication is not stated and cannot be ascertained thenleave blank.∙Available from: The URL should be given exactly as it appears in the address bar of your internet browser (you can highlight the address and press Ctrl+C tocopy it, and then Ctrl+V to paste it into your reference).∙Accessed date: Give the date when you viewed, downloaded or printed the Web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes whichmay be made to the page or if the page is no longer available. Rememberinformation on the Web is transient - there one day and gone the next and Webpage addresses may change. The date should be given inside square brackets. Example of citing a web page in the textAn electronic source of information is referenced in the text in exactly the same way as a printed source, using a location rather than page numbers for a citation:In 1742, Lord Cobham was responsible for kick starting Capability Brown'scareer as a major force in landscape design, by drafting him in to help himredesign the gardens at Stowe. Aware that taste in garden design was now fora more natural look than his own style, "he [Lord Cobham] brought in Lancelot'Capability' Brown, the twenty six year-old for whom Stowe was his first majorcommission." (The National Trust, 2007, para. 4 of 5). The impact of this onBrown...List of ReferencesNational Trust, The. (2007), Stowe and 'Capability' Brown. [online]. London, The National Trust. Available from:/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-stowegardens/w-stowegardens-history/w-stowegardens-history-capability_brown.htm [Accessed 30th July 2007].Citing specialist materialsTheses and dissertationsAs theses and dissertations are unpublished works, they need to be referenced differently from published works such as books:Example in the bibliography:Smith, Alan (2005) Green homes : a study of their residential landscape sustainability.PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.∙Author's name.∙Year: Year of award. This should be given in parentheses.∙Title: This should be given in italics, with the first word capitalised.∙Award level: The level of the award the theses/dissertation was submitted for, e.g. PhD;MSc.∙Awarding body: The name of the awarding body, e.g. University of Sheffield.Audio Visual mediaExamples:Meirelles, F. (2005) The constant gardener [DVD]. Los Angeles, Universal Pictures.Titchmarsh, Alan (2005) Trowel and error [Audiocassette]. London, Hodder &Stoughton.∙Presenter/Director: The name of the person who has overall responsibility for the production, such as the director of a film; narrator of an audio file; conductor of music etc. If the work is a collaboration between many individuals and no one clear person can beattributed, then start the reference with the title of the work.∙Year: Year that the film was released, broadcast was shown, etc.∙Title: This should be given in italics, with the first word capitalised.∙Format: The format the audio visual work takes, such as CD, DVD, Audiocassette, TV etc.∙Place and publisher/distributor: Place of recording and the name of thebroadcaster/distributor should be given if appropriate.Other materialsLaying out the reference listThe reference list must list all of the sources you have cited in your assignment.The references in the reference list give the full citation for those works referenced briefly in your text. For journal articles and book chapters, you must provide the page numbers for the full page range.All of the references must be listed in alphabetical order by author's surname and then by date (most recent first).Example:Blake, B. (1999) An introduction to landscape design and construction. Aldershot, Gower.Bunce, R. G. H. (2001) An environmental classification of European landscapes. In: B. Green and W. Vos (eds) Threatened landscapes: conserving cultural environments. London, Spon Press. pp.31-40.Glasson, J. et al (2005) Introduction to environmental impact assessment. 3rd ed. London, Routledge.Kõhler, M. (2006) Long-term vegetation research on two extensive green roofs in Berlin. Urban Habitats [online] 4(1), pp.3-26. Available from:/v04n01/urbanhabitats_v04n01_pdf.pdf [Accessed 19th July 2007].National Trust, The. (2007), Stowe and 'Capability' Brown. [online]. London, The National Trust. Available from:/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-stowegardens/w-stowegardens-history/w-stowegardens-history-capability_brown.htm [Accessed 30th July 2007].Smith, Alan (2005) Green homes : a study of their residential landscape sustainability. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.Sørensen, C.Th. (2001) C. Th. Sørensen : landscape modernist. Trans. by Sven-Ingvar Andersson and Steen Høyer. Copenhagen, Danish Architectural Press.Wood, R. and Handley, J. (2001) Landscape dynamics and the management of change. Landscape Research, 13(1), pp.43-5.Find the errors: quizThere are 10 errors in the following extract and bibliography. See if you can find them all. Write your answers on a sheet of paper to check against the answers when you have finished.Action Research"The first hurdle for any researcher is to find a focus which is manageable" (Lacey, 1996).This process of revealing increasingly complex problems is given as one of the basic characteristics of action research (Winter, 1989, p.3). As McNiff, Lomax and Whitehead (1996) have stated, "the main purpose of action research is to bring about an improvement in practice" (p.37). Kemmis and McTaggart also emphasise addressing concerns within one's own practice.Research data is generally gathered from focus groups and and personal interviews:"In-depth interview is often chosen as the primary method by which to study the subjective view participants hold of a particular situation or event" (Mellon, 1990, p.47).The critical elements to action research, according to Dick, are its flexibility, its responsiveness and the inclusion of critical reflection at each stage of its cycle (Dick, 2000).Academic libraries clearly need senior managers with not only a deep understanding of Communications and Information Technology, but also with "clear vision and a high level of leadership skills" to implement the 'hybrid' library of the future(/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/ukals.pdf).Reference ListBrophy, P. et al (1998) The development of UK academic library services in the context of lifelong learning : final report. [online]. London, JISC. Available from:/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/ukals.pdf.Lacey, P. (1996) Improving practice through reflective enquiry: confessions of a first-time action researcher. Education Action Research, 4(3).Dick, B. (2000) A beginner's guide to action research. [online]. Lismore, Australia, University of Southern Cross. Available from: .au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/guide.html [Accessed 31st July 2007].Kemmis, S. and McTaggart, R. (1982) The action research planner. Deakin University Press.McNiff, J. et al (1996) You and your action research project. London, Routledge.Mellon, C.A. (1990) Naturalistic inquiry for library science: methods and applications for research, evaluation and teaching. Westport, Greenwood Press.Find the errors: answersThere were 10 errors in the extract and list of references. Did you find them all? Hold your mouse over the underlined sections to see what the error was...Action Research"The first hurdle for any researcher is to find a focus which is manageable" (Lacey, 1996, p.352).This process of revealing increasingly complex problems is given as one of the basic characteristics of action research (Winter, 1989, p.3). As McNiff et al (1996) have stated, "the main purpose of action research is to bring about an improvement in practice" (p.37). Kemmis and McTaggart also emphasise addressing concerns within one's own practice (1982).Research data is generally gathered from focus groups and and personal interviews:"In-depth interview is often chosen as the primary method by which to study the subjective view participants hold of a particular situation or event" (Mellon, 1990, p.47).The critical elements to action research, according to Dick, are its flexibility, its responsiveness and the inclusion of critical reflection at each stage of its cycle (Dick, 2000).Academic libraries clearly need senior managers with not only a deep understanding of Communications and Information Technology, but also with "clear vision and a high level of leadership skills" to implement the 'hybrid' library of the future (Brophy et al, 1998, p.91,).。