上海海事大学833材料科学基础2017年考研初试真题
上海海事大学833材料科学基础2017年考研初试真题
考研专业课初试真题
硕士研究生入学考试专业课初试真题
2017 年上海海事大学攻，做在试题上不给分） 允许使用计算器
考试科目代码
833
考试科目名称 材料科学基础
一、名词解释（共 15 分，每题 3 分）
1. 晶带轴；2. 多晶型性；3. 中间相；4. 珠光体；5. 上坡扩散。
二、简答题（共 70 分）
1. 简述离子键、共价键、金属键的特点及异同之处（10 分）
2. 在立方晶系中绘制出（111）、（112）、（322 ）晶面，[210]、[112]晶向。（10 分）
3. 影响高分子链柔性的因素有哪些？（10 分）
4. 简述空位对材料行为的主要影响是什么？（5 分）
5.
判断 a100 a010
a 2
111
a 2
111
位错反应能否进行，并说明理由。（5 分）
6. 比较刃型位错和螺型位错的特点。（10 分）
7. 根据三元合金相图浓度三角形作图：（10 分） （1）标出 A%=60%，B%=30%，C%=10%的成分点； （2）标出 A%=40%，B%=0%，C%=60%的成分点； （3）绘出 A＝55%的合金；绘出 C＝60%的合金； （4）绘出 C/B=1/3 的合金；绘出 A/C=1/4 的合金；
8. 推导在液相中均匀形成半径为 r 的奥氏体球形晶核的临界晶核功Δ G*和临界尺寸 r*的表 达式（10 分）
三、论述题（共 40 分）
1. 论述在凝固时如何获得细化晶粒。（10 分） 2. 论述晶内偏析形成原因、影响因素有哪些？对金属性能有何影响，如何消除？（10 分） 3. 影响扩散的主要因素有哪些，论述之。（10 分）
4. 论述马氏体相变的主要特征。（10 分）
上海海事大学831高等代数2017年考研专业课真题试卷
上海海事大学2017年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）
A．M, N 可逆，则 M+N 可逆 B．M, N 不可逆，则 M+N 不可逆 C．M 可逆，N 不可逆，则 M+N 不可逆 D．M 可逆，N 不可逆，则 MN 不可逆
8．下列集合中，是 R3 的子空间的是（
），其中 (x1, x2, x3)
A. { | x3 0}
求矩阵T 使 A 可对角化.
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4.（20 分）求一个正交变换把下列二次型化成标准形
f (x1, x2 , x3 ) x12 2x22 2x32 4x1x2 4x1x3 8x2 x3
三、证明题（每题 10 分，共 20 分） Nhomakorabea1
1
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6
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9
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求线性子空间W=L(1,2,3,4 )的维数与一个基。 3.（20分）已知 是线性空间V 上的线性变换， 关于V 的基的矩阵为
A. 18
B. 18
C. 144
D. 144
4. 设 M, N 均为 n 阶矩阵，则以下结论正确的是（
）。
A. |M+N|=|M|+|N| C. MN=NM
B. |MN|=|NM| D. (MN)2=M22MN+N2
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上海海事大学811经济学2017年考研初试真题
2017年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码811 考试科目名称经济学一. 是非题(每题2分, 共20分)1.市场机制总是可以使资源得到有效配置。
2.在买方垄断的情况下，最低工资将增加就业。
3.当劳动的边际产量小于其平均产量时，平均产量一定下降。
4.规模报酬递减意味着长期平均成本下降。
5.随着工资提高，单个劳动者提供的劳动会越来越多。
6.国内生产总值中的最终产品是指有形产品。
7.永久性减税对消费支出的影响大于暂时性减税。
8.LM曲线为水平线时，财政政策对实际国民生产总值的影响最大。
9.现行的存款准备金制度使商业银行具有了创造货币的功能。
10.自发消费随国民收入变动而变动，它取决于国民收入和边际消费倾向。
二.选择题(每题只有一个选择正确。
每题2分, 共50分)1.微观经济学的两大基本假设是（）。
A．理性经济人、资源稀缺性 B. 边际效用递减、边际生产力递减C．理性经济人、垄断竞争市场D．理性经济人、完全竞争市场2. 假定生产某种商品的原料价格下降，那么该商品的（）。
A、供给曲线朝右方移动B、供给曲线朝左方移动C、需求曲线朝右方移动D、需求曲线朝左方移动3．垄断竞争厂商的边际收益线是根据（）来确定的。
A. 平均成本曲线B. 主观需求曲线C. 客观需求曲线D. 边际成本曲线4. 如果需求为向右下倾斜的直线，则当价格从高到低不断下降时，卖者的总收益（）。
A、不断增加B、开始时增加，达到最大值后减少C、开始时减少，达到最大值后增加D、不断减少5. 有老年证件买电影票可以便宜一些，请问这是几级价格歧视（）。
A、一级B、二级C、三级D、无价格歧视。
材料科学基础考研真题(附答案)
硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目代码及名称：959 材料科学基础考试时限：3小时 总分：150分一、名词解释 （10×3=30分）加工硬化 沉淀强化 交滑移 上坡扩散 调幅分解 金属化合物 临界分切应力 珠光体 Orowan 机制 等强温度二、解答题（6×10=60分）1、判断下列位错反应能否进行：（1）]110[2]101[2]100[a a a +→；(2)]111[2]111[6]112[3a a a →+ 2、请指明下列五种结构分别属于什么布拉菲点阵。
注：a=b=c,α=β=γ=90°。
图省3、冷变形金属在回复和再结晶过程中，组织和性能分别有什么变化？4、试分别给出FCC,BCC 及HOP 的主要滑移系。
5、试分析液态金属凝固过程中形成中心等轴晶区的条件是什么？6、为什么空位是热力学稳定缺陷，而位错是非热力学稳定缺陷。
三、问答题(3×20=60分)1、绘出Fe-Fe 3C 相图，标出其中的关键成分和关键温度，并且回答：（1）分析碳含量对Fe-C 合金室温组织和力学性能的影响。
（2）分析45钢的拉伸变形过程可分为哪几个阶段及其相应的特征和机理。
2、试解释为什么材料的理论强度远高于其实际强度。
随着现代科学技术的进步和国民经济的发展，材料的强韧化越来越重要，试举例说明材料强化或韧化的4种方法，并阐述相应的强化和韧化原理。
3、试分析下列材料科学过程是否与原子扩散有关，为什么？A 热弹性马氏体箱变B 脱溶分解C 成分均匀化D 高温蠕变E G.P 形成硕士研究生入学考试试题参考答案考试科目代码及名称：959 材料科学基础考试时限：3小时 总分：150分一、名词解释（30分）加工硬化：随着冷变形程度的增加，金属材料强度和硬度指标都有所提高，但塑性、韧性有所下降的现象。
沉淀强化：过饱和固溶体随温度下降或长时间保温过程中（时效）发生脱溶分解，细小的沉淀物分散于基体之中，阻碍位错运动而产生强化的现象。
江苏科技大学材料科学与工程学院《832材料科学基础》历年考研真题汇编
目 录2014年江苏科技大学832材料科学基础（A卷）考研真题2013年江苏科技大学832材料科学基础（A卷）考研真题2012年江苏科技大学825材料科学基础考研真题2011年江苏科技大学830材料科学基础（A卷）考研真题2009年江苏科技大学材料科学基础（A卷）考研真题2008年江苏科技大学材料科学基础（B卷）考研真题2007年江苏科技大学材料科学基础（A卷）考研真题2006年江苏科技大学材料科学基础考研真题2005年江苏科技大学材料科学基础考研真题2014年江苏科技大学832材料科学基础（A卷）考研真题江苏科技大学2014年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题—科日窘称：_粗珂学扇础A富所:|也分毋日代遇832—注，意①认奔询读獭心％意M3础找.砌写在国诳土写在本试"或*惧无敕；碧本试睡龈翎酰筌题统一起装入试Jt|金中文日1'-----------------------------^、名词解释（每题5分，其40分）卜.电f化合物* 2.有序固溶体：3.共格相界；4.滑移弹；5.上坡扩6.枝品偏析；7.形按功：&二次拇结品二、通择题（每题6分，共36分）L利3、ac-Fe和Zn三种常见的金札塑性最差的是｛A Cu：B a-Fet CZn：2.Cu与AJ均为面心立方金岛在3中队观察到退火享品.而At申则雄以发明|主要原因是（LA0的表面能更低：8«的品界能更低：CCu的房钳能更低：I3-位错线的运动方向总是与（）."L扪氏矢堆方向相同；B.位错线本身垂直；G品体滑移方向相同，!密排六方晶体的密排方向是（九A-［颇I］：队［1I20J； C.IHJIG］；|盆二元扩散偶中只能出现（）o，站单相区:H,双相区;C,二榭区；61F列组织只"E北平衡凝固时4会出他j 桓伪共晶：A.离弄共晶：C.比重偏析：_____I第I页共二页三、分析题（I｝画出祁IP出招凯并标出相图中所有一相平衡转斐中押衡相的成分利温度：口0分）⑵分析含碳量为1.豹WI的挟碳合金的平衡冷如过群的组维转变.并计瓠该合命圾慢冷却至室温后组织中相坦成物和绢织组成物的相时含!由＜10分）（3＞画出上述室温组织的示意图；（3分）（41指出上述合金在HA8V时R有的组织，并指出碳原子在晶胞中所处的位置,用示意图表示；（5^）⑸指出上述台金平衡冷■戏0』时具宵的组织,指出碳主要以什么形式存在，存在F固溶体中的碳在品胞中所处的位嚣，用示意图丧型。
上海海事大学828数据结构及程序设计2017年考研初试真题
2017年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码828 考试科目名称数据结构及程序设计
一．判断题（本题10分，每小题1分）
1．链式栈与顺序栈相比，一个明显的优点是通常不会出现栈满的情况。
2．能够在链式存储的有序表上进行折半查找，其时间复杂度与在顺序存储的有序表上相同。
3．使用三元组表示稀疏矩阵中的非零元素能节省存储空间。
4．任何一棵二叉树的叶结点在先序、中序、后序三种遍历中的相对次序是相同的。
5．数据结构的抽象操作的定义与具体实现有关。
6．对一个有向图进行拓扑排序，一定可以将图的所有顶点按其关键码大小排列到一个拓扑有序的序列中。
7．如果无向图中每个顶点的度都大于等于2，则该图中必有回路。
8．两个栈共享一片连续内存空间时，为提高内存利用率，减少溢出机会，应把两个栈的栈底分别设在这片内存空间的两端。
9．若让元素1、2、3依次进栈，则出栈次序1、3、2是不可能出现的情况。
10．对平衡二叉树进行中序遍历，可得到结点的有序排列。
二．填空题（本题20分，每空2分）
1．下面程序的功能是实现冒泡排序算法，请在下划线处填上正确的语句。
void bubble(int r[n]) {
for ( i=1; i<=n-1; i++) {
- 2017试题1/6 -。
上海海事大学621综合英语2017年考研初试真题
A. allegiance B. devotion
C. compliance
D. subjection
10. The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which effectively __________ the unfairness toward black people, was a major influence in ___________ the anti-slavery movement.
A. figment
B. fantasy
C. fabrication
D. figure
2. Cooper was delighted to learn that aluminum is the most plentiful metal in the earth’s __________.
A. surface
A. oblivious
B. mindless
C. forgetful
D. absent
12. ____________ care would have prevent the road accident.
A. Much
B. A
C. Little
D. Less
13. From the distance ______________.
A. feeble
B. faint
C. frail
D. fragile
9. The twin brothers showed great _______________ to their elder sister, who had acted as sole parent to them since their parents died during the American Civil War.
2010-2020年的武理833材基真题汇总
833材料科学基础 武理
20127相变势垒的推导为什么立方晶核的相变势垒大于球形的20117均态成核临界晶核半径，临界晶核原子数非均态成核临界晶核原子数20105临界晶核半径、核化势垒比较不同组成的临界晶核大小、并说明原因比较不同组成的晶核的生长速率、并说明原因20208题：金斯特林格方程，产物层厚度变化速率dx/dt=k/[i(1-i)]，i=x/R0，如图为i→dx/dt 当i=0时为什么dx/dt→∞反应初期当i很小时，dx/dt为什么会减少？与杨德方程相比金的优势是，为什么20186一般动力学推导20177设计实验用NaCO3-SiO2验证杨德20158一般动力学推导20149金斯特林计算从提高反应速率的角度出发选原料20135ZnO与Fe2O3固相反应6个阶段三个笔经阶段20129金、杨的计算金、杨的计算结果为什么有差别20108.2金、杨的计算判断金、杨哪个更接近实际情况、为什么加速固态反应的措施20207烧结是颗粒的接触、键合、重排与物质的传递过程，以扩散传质为例说明烧结基本20187烧结为什么在气孔率5%停止烧结为什么达不到理论密度，措施二次结晶能否使胚体致密20178陶瓷材料晶粒大小与什么因素有关如何细化晶粒20167烧结推动力烧结传质20168加入矿化剂促进烧结的4个因素
20159陶瓷的微观结构烧结影响陶瓷微观结构的因素
20148刚玉烧结采取什么途径增大烧结速率与强度
20136烧结前中后特点与晶粒大小作用控制晶粒大小
201210烧结中MgO加入FeO在H2气氛中，O2的分压高促进、低阻为什么H2促进致密、N2阻碍致密
20118为什么与烧结物能生成固溶体的添加物能促进烧结Al2O3加入TiO2或Cr2O3促进烧结Al2O3加入TiO2可更加降低烧结温度
20108.1烧结的影响因素
9
10。
2017上海大学材料科学基础真题
2017年上海大学材料科学基础真题一、存在一个面心立方晶体1、画出这个面心立方（100）、（110）和（11-1）晶面，并标出被晶面穿过圆心的原子2、计算铜在（110）晶面的晶面密度，已知铜的点阵常数为？？？nm（铜的点阵常数是告诉我们的，但是我忘记是多少了）二、通过下表所列数据总结归纳金属晶体性能的影响金属晶体原子半径电子排列键能熔点3d4s4pX X X X X X XX X X X X X X三、画出相互垂直的两晶面上的刃型位错和螺型位错伯氏矢量在交割发生前和发生后的情况，并说明理由四、软钢在淬火后硬度上升，回火后硬度下降。
铝合金固溶后硬度不变，但经过时效强化（长时间放置或者加热后）硬度上升1、分析软钢淬火和回火后硬度变化的原因2、分析铝合金固溶和时效后硬度变化的原因3、为什么软钢淬火后会发生硬度的变化，而铝合金固溶后却没有五、1、请用Hall-Petch公式来估算铁的屈服强度，已知σ0和k（我也忘记是多少了。
）2、忘记了。
六、1、下表中已标出Fe相关的物理性能，当加热至过冷？？度后，用热力学方式计算球形形核和立方形形核，并比较哪个更容易形核2、有哪些方法可以细化晶粒并说明理由七、已知两元素Mo和Re，请粗略的画出其相图，已知Mo的熔点为？？度，Re的熔点为？？度，并且χ和σ为他们的中间相Mo45Re55和Mo37Re63，α和β分别为Mo基固溶体和Re基固溶体，现有以下四个反应式：L（Re85%）+β（Re75.5）＝σ（Re80%）。
（类似于第一个这个式子，但是忘记具体的了就先列一个举例）八、这是一个Pb-Bi-Sn三元相图的富角，以及四张组织图，已知Pb-Bi-Sn液态完全互溶，固态不溶，已知O点为三元共晶点Pb？%、Bi？%和Sn？%，现在A点处开始结晶，已知有1000g 该合金1、求A点的三个元素的质量2、忘了3、忘了（具体的可以看16年真题的大概）九、一道菲克第二定律的计算题，条件都知道，只要跟着已知的步骤就能算出来。
上海海事大学824海事法2017年考研初试真题
考研专业课初试真题
硕士研究生入学考试专业课初试真题
2017 年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码 824
考试科目名称 海事法
一、 术语/条款英汉互译（每小题 2 分，共 12 分）写出对应中英文术语/条款，无须解
释。
D. 船舶所有人、船舶承租人、船舶经营人、救助人、责任保险人
名词解释（每小题 4 分，共 40 分）解释下列名词。
1. 船舶抵押权
6. 事故主义
2. 金额制
7. 特殊牺牲
3. 首要规则
8. 共同危险
4. 指挥原则
9. 新杰森条款
5. 限制性债权
10. 双方无过失碰撞
简答题（每小题 8 分，共 40 分）简略回答下列各题。
2. 谈谈你对国家主管机关海难救助报酬请求权的认识。
3. 你对海事法院管辖刑事案件的有何看法？
共2页 第2页
A. （1）、（3）
B. （1）、（2）、（3）
C. （1）、（2）
D. （1）、（2）、（3）、（4）
7．就限制责任条件而言， ________ 对责任人更有利。
A. 1976 年海事赔偿责任限制公约
B. 1957 年船舶所有人责任限制公约
C. 1924 年关于统一船舶所有人责任限制若干规定的国际公约 D. 以上全对
1. 海难救助
4. Forum shopping
2. 缔约方
5. Unit of account
3. 免责
6. New for old
二、 单项选择（每小题 2 分，共 30 分）从下列题目后 A、B、C、D 四个答案中，选出
2017年上海海事大学考研试题621综合英语
2017年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码621 考试科目：综合英语plete each of the following statements with the best appropriate word(s) or phrase(s) chosenfrom the 4 alternatives attached: (40/150)1.Only after I finished reading this essay did it dawn on me that the whole story about grebe’s diet wasnot a __________ of her imagination.A. figmentB. fantasyC. fabricationD. figure2.Cooper was delighted to learn that aluminum is the most plentiful metal in the earth’s __________.A. surfaceB. exteriorC. crustD. core3. A detective story ___________ in the African jungle or Australian bush appeals to our interest inremote places.A. set downB. setC. set outD. set to4.The young, self-assured prince _______ power upon the death of the king.A. assumedB. consumedC. resumedD. presumed5.The good news that his book was at last published left him with a ____________ of satisfaction in hisheart.A. blazeB. scorchC. flameD. glow6.The writer was not used to speaking in public, but when the opportunity presented itself, he rose tothe ______________.A. chanceB. circumstanceC. eventD. occasion7.The new employee would be more popular in the office if he did n’t try so hard to ____________himself with the boss.A. regardB. identifyC. ingratiateD. appreciate8.The U. S. Government made a very _____________ excuse for conducting the experiments with thehydrogen bomb in the South Pacific.A. feebleB. faintC. frailD. fragile9.The twin brothers showed great _______________ to their elder sister, who had acted as sole parentto them since their parents died during the American Civil War.A. allegianceB. devotionC. complianceD. subjection10.The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which effectively __________ the unfairness toward black people, wasa major influence in ___________ the anti-slavery movement.A. portrayed … strengtheningB. attacked … pacifyingC. glamorized … launchingD. exposed … condemning11.Professor Brown is becoming increasingly ____________; last week he locked himself out of hislaboratory three times.A. obliviousB. mindlessC. forgetfulD. absent12.____________ care would have prevent the road accident.A. MuchB. A littleC. LittleD. Less13.From the distance ______________.A. came sporadic shotsB. sporadic shots cameC. did sporadic shots comeD. sporadic shots did come14.In dealing with the problem, Sophia felt at her _____________________.A.wits endB. wit’s endC. wits endsD. wit’s ends15.The news might be unexpected; ____________, it is true.A.neverthelessB. furthermoreC. inasmuchD. albeit16.There is no man __________ errs.A.whoB. thatC. yetD. but17.Everyone in the team was successful, _________________?A.wasn’t heB. wasn’t everyoneC. was heD. was everyone18.This was the first time Tracy ____________ to travel by driving her own SRV.A.triesB. has triedC. had triedD. tried19.American continent was ________________ an empty land by the time of Columbus’“discovery”.A.anythingB. something butC. anything butD. something20.Betty, an intriguing actress in the troupe, was _________ to tell the truth.A.too much of a coward C. too a cowardB.too much coward D. to coward21.At the end of the semester, you are required to write a ___________________.A.six-hundred-words C. six-hundred-wordB.six-hundreds-words D. six-hundreds-word22.Follow the instruction step by step, _______ you’ll fail.A.andB. orC. otherwiseD. therefore23.Much _______ I respect him, I cannot agree to his suggestion.A.thatB. asC. sinceD. but24.Your article on fish and wildlife is needed by next week, so make sure you keep to the ___________ .A. dead spotB. dead lockC. deadlineD. dead end25.Well all understood the _______ of Neil Postman’s argument after studying the essay.A. matterB. gistC. tenorD. pitch26.Sand is to glass as clay is to _____.A. stoneB. hayC. bricksD. dirt27.With time, the memory of childhood quarrels and frictions among family members will fade into___________.A. obliterationB. oblivionC. realizationD. thin air28.Around Caracas, the __________ farmland of the valley floor, originally used for growing sugar caneand coffee, was soon absorbed by the expansion of the city.A. fertileB. futileC. luxuriantD. luxurious29.“The show must go on” is the oldest ___________ of show business; every true performer lives bythat creed.A. euphemismB. allegoryC. precursorD. tenet30.A diligent scholar, she devoted herself __________ to the completion of the book.A. assiduouslyB. ingenuouslyC. voluminouslyD. sporadically31.If Amelia Earhart’s acceptance was by no means _______, her fame was unusually widespread andher popularity long-lived.A. universalB. ambiguousC. expedientD. genuine32.The omniscient narrator stands above the story he is telling, __________ his knowledge of what willoccur.A. disheartened byB. unlimited inC. ostracized forD. vindicated by33．Newly woven Indian baskets often _____ a strange smell.A. give awayB. give overC. give offD. give up34. That young man’s first commercial venture was selling handmade _____ for model airplanes.A. outfitsB. kitsC. toolsD. plans35. At the memorial service, our director paid _____ to the professor’s outstanding contribution to theeducational cause.A. attributeB. recognitionC. tributeD. acknowledgment36. We wondered how the information was _____ to the press before it was officially announced.A. droppedB. seepedC. leakedD. dripped37. The new TV station is worried about _____ revenue from advertisers.A. fadingB. reducingC. depletingD. dwindling38.The proposal was carried by a very narrow _____.A. edgeB. vergeC. borderD. margin39.The cathedral, one of the loveliest and richest in ______ interest in England, was erected in 1382.A. scientificB. architecturalC. ancientD. decorative40.His test results for the whole term were not very _____. He did well one week and badly the next.A. consequentB. continuousC. consistentD. invariableII.Read the following passages and choose the best from the four choices to complete the work attached at the end of each passage: (40/150)Passage AMany Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there.”Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he: “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens-a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “We’ve got fat worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety.They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook foodproperly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.1. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food?A. They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry.B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.C. They overestimate the hazards of their food.D. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because ________.A. no food is free from pollution in the environmentB. pesticides are widely used in agricultureC. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicalsD. almost all foods have additives3. By saying “they employ chemical warfare” (Line 4, Para. 2), Bruce Ames means “________”.A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesB. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthC. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plantsD. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ________.A. the government B) the consumer C) the processor D) the grower5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?A. Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.B. Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.C. Health food is not a dream in modern society.D. There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.Passage B“Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!”By the millions they are coming, no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. “We don’t have a budget,” says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City’s South Street. “We just use our credit cards.”The U.S. has long been one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe;then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world’s superpower, can also claim to be the world’s bargain basement. Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices－anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia－have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That’s up from $74 billion the year before.True, not everyone comes just for bargains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping in the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but it does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop: an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveler versus the Americans’ four nights and $298.6. From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourists like her ________.A. are reluctant to carry cash with themB. simply don’t care how much they spendC. are not good at planning their expenditureD. often spend more money than they can afford7. The reason why 1994 was exceptional is that ________.A. it saw an unusually large number of tourists to the U.S.B. it witnessed a drop in the number of tourists to the U.S.C. tourism was hardly affected by the weakening of the U.S. dollar that yearD. tourists came to the U.S. for sightseeing rather than for bargains that year8. By saying “nobody undersells America” (Line 4, Para. 3), the author means that ________.A. no other country underestimates the competitiveness of American productsB. nobody expects the Americans to cut the prices of their commoditiesC. nobody restrains the selling of American goodsD. no other country sells at a lower price that America9. Why does the author assert that all things American are fascinating to foreigners?A. Because they have gained much publicity through the American media.B. Because they represent the world’s latest fashions.C. Because they embody the most sophisticated technology.D. Because they are available at all tourist destinations.10. From the passage we can conclude that the U.S. has come to realize ________.A. the weakening if the U.S. dollar can result in trade deficitsB. the lower the retail prices, the greater the profitsC. tourism can make great contributions to its economyD. visitors to the U.S. are wealthier than U.S. tourists abroadPassage CImagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion―a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among mem bers of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty morality, pride shame, guilt, fear and greed. In order to maintain itself it gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.11. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that ________.A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC. they would not be happy with a life without loveD. they would do things that hurt each other’s feelings12. According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they ________.A. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB. benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD. know what is vital to the progress of society13. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on ________.A. the ability to make moneyB. the will to work for pleasureC. the capacity to enjoy incentivesD. the categorizations of our emotional experiences14. Emotions are significant for man’s survival and adaptation because ________.A. they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB. they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC. they encourage people to perform dangerous achievementsD. they generate more love than hate among people15. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they ________.A. help society exploit its members for profitB. encourage us to perform important tasksC. help to perfect the legal and penal systemD. help us adapt our behavior to the world surroundingPassage DOpportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older. After age 40, job hunting becomes even more difficult. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. Our youth-oriented, throw-away culture sees little value in older people. In writer Lilian Hei lman’s words, they have “the wisdom that comes with age that we can’t make use of.”Unemployment and economic need for work is higher among older women, especially minorities, than among younger white women. A national council reports these findings: Though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism, perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women. Yet many older women earn poor pay and face a future of poverty in their retirement years. When “sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep; it moves in,” according to Tish Sommers, director of a special study on older women for the National Organization for Women.Yet a 1981 report on the White House Conference on Aging shows that as a group, older Americans are the “wealthiest, best fed, best housed, healthiest, most self-reliant older population in our history. “This statement is small comfort to those living below the poverty line, but it does explode some of the old traditional beliefs and fears. Opportunities for moving in and up in a large company may shrink but many older people begin successful small businesses, volunteer in satisfying activities, and stay active for many years. They have few role models because in previous generations the life span was much shorter and expectations of life were fewer. They are ploughing new ground.Employers are beginning to recognize that the mature person can bring a great deal of stability and responsibility to a position. One doesn’t lose ability and experience on the eve of one’s 65th or 70th birthday any more than one grows up instantly at age 21.16. After the age of 40, ________.A. most workers are tired of their present jobsB. many workers tend to stick to their present jobsC. people find their jobs more rewarding than beforeD. people still wish to hunt for more suitable jobs17. From Heilman’s remark, we can see that ________.A. full use has been made of the wisdom of older peopleB. the wisdom of older people is not valued by American societyC. older people are no less intelligent than young peopleD. the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society18. Tish Sommers argues that ________.A. older women find it hard to escape povertyB. older women usually perform better in their jobsC. the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexismD. more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism19. According to the third paragraph, it can be seen that older Americans ________.A. have more job opportunities than young peopleB. live below the poverty lineC. have new opportunities to remain active in societyD. no longer believe in the promise of a happy life upon retirement20. It can be concluded from the passage that the writer ________.A. calls attention to the living conditions of older AmericansB. believes that value of older people is gaining increasing recognitionC. attempts to justify the youth-oriented, throw-away culture of the United StatesD. argues people should not retire at the age of 65 or 70Passage EThere were several reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain rather than in France, the other great power of the day. In the first place, Britain had the money necessary to finance the larger enterprises. England’s supremacy on the seas had encouraged commerce, and Englishmen had been amassing wealth through their commerce and industry. The newly rich classes in that country were not the aristocratic group, but merchants and businessmen who were willing to devote themselves to industry and scientific agriculture. The wealth of France, on the other hand, was largely in the hands of the nobility, and they were not willing to do the necessary work to develop industry. In the second place, Great Britain had undertaken very early the manufacturing of inexpensive and more practical products for which there would be ever-growing demand from the people, especially the new middle class. On the other hand, France produced articles in the luxury class. These could never be turned out in quantities because they demanded individuality. England was the producer of goods that were produced in quantities, and if she could find a cheaper means of producing them, her markets would grow. So she was ready for methods that would make it possible to manufacture in large quantities. In the third place, for a long time England had large numbers of semiskilled workers. When the feudal system broke down in England and the manors were turned to sheep raising, numbers of Englishmen went to the towns. There they engaged in weaving, making shoes, wood carving and many other occupations that developed skills. When the industrial revolution began, these men were available for the work on the new machines. Moreover they were free men who could move from place to place as the need for workers arose. This and not been the case in France, which was still chiefly and agricultural country with peasants bound to their masters in many ways so they could not easily move to the cities. In the fourth place, coal was abundant in Great Britain, and a large amount of this cheap fuel was necessary for running the factories. There was coal in northern France, too, but France was late in tapping such resources because really everyone depended directly or indirectly on farming for his living.21. Britain had the money necessary to develop industry because ______________.A.Britain was much wealthier than France at that time.B.the British government encouraged the development of industryC.the merchants and businessmen were willing to finance the industryD.the aristocratic group was willing to develop the industry22. According to the passage, French people attached importance to ___________.A.the quantities of the articlesB.the individuality of the articlesC.the practicality of the articlesD.the price of the articles23.Which of the following statements is true?A. The wealth of France was largely in the hands of new middle class.B.French people were bound to the new machines.C.France was more likely to produce goods in quantities.D.France could not get free workers necessary to the industry.24.When the industrial revolution began, Englishmen _____________.A.were busy amassing wealth through commerce and industryB.had found a cheaper means of producing goods needed in quantitiesC.depended on farming for their livingD.could move from place to place as the need for workers arose25.What can be inferred from the passage?A. The demand for luxury goods was limited.B.Industrial Revolution was the result of the interaction of various factors.C.French people preferred farming to industry and commerceD.Coal was very important to people’s life.Passage FThe "standard of living” of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things money can buy: “goods” as food and clothing, and "service" such as transport and entertainment.A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other mineral, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess none of them. The USA is one; of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders, her soul is fertile, and her climate is varied. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy.Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to produce mire goods in their working day.A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example, Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. A country's wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.26. According to the author, a nation's wealth depends upon _______.A. its standard of living。
2019上海交通大学考研817、827材料科学基础、831、 837高分子化学与物理与838复习全析(含真题)
2019上海交通大学仪器科学与技术考研817自动控制原理、827材料科学基础、831生物化学、 837高分子化学与高分子物理与838有机化学复习全析（含真题）《2019上海交通大学考研827材料科学基础复习全析》（含真题，共三册）全书内容紧凑权威细致，编排结构科学合理，为参加2019上海交通大学考研的考生量身定做的必备专业课资料。
《2019上海交通大学考研827材料科学基础复习全析》本书依据以下参考书目：《材料科学基础》(胡赓祥第三版）-----------2018上海交通大学官方指定参考书目------------《材料科学基础》(第三版）胡赓祥、蔡珣、戎咏华主编上海交通大学出版社2010本书旨在帮助报考上海交通大学考研的同学通过教材章节框架分解、配套的课后/经典习题讲解及相关985、211名校考研真题与解答，帮助考生梳理指定教材的各章节内容，深入理解核心重难点知识，把握考试要求与考题命题特征。
通过研读演练本书，达到把握教材重点知识点、适应多样化的专业课考研命题方式、提高备考针对性、提升复习效率与答题技巧的目的。
同时，透过测试演练，以便查缺补漏，为初试高分奠定坚实基础。
适用院系：机械与动力工程学院：核能与核技术工程（专业学位）电子信息与电气工程学院：仪器科学与技术、电子科学与技术、仪器仪表工程（专业学位）、电子与通信工程（专业学位）材料科学与工程学院（含塑性研究院）：材料科学与工程、材料工程（专业学位）生物医学工程学院（含Med-X研究院）：生物医学工程、生物医学工程（专业学位）、适用科目：827材料科学基础内容详情本书包括了以下几个部分内容：Part 1 - 考试重难点：通过总结和梳理《材料科学基础》(胡赓祥第三版）等教材的各章节复习和考试的重难点，建构教材宏观思维及核心知识框架，浓缩精华内容，令考生对各章节内容考察情况一目了然，从而明确复习方向，提高复习效率。
Part 2 - 教材配套经典习题与解答：针对《材料科学基础》(胡赓祥第三版）等教材的经典习题配备详细解读，以供考生加深对教材基本知识点的理解掌握，做到对上交考研核心考点及参考书目内在重难点内容的深度领会与运用。
上海海事大学机械原理试卷
上海海海事大学试卷机械原理期末考试试卷(A 卷)(试卷编号：200602) 总计 100 分 专业班级 学号 姓名 得分一 选择题(每小题2分，共18分)1 . 两构件组成只允许作相对转动的运动副，称为：○A ．转动副；B ．移动副； C. 平面高副。
2 . 平面低副的相对运动自由度等于A ．2； ○B ．1；C ．3。
3 . 若两刚体之一是静止的，则其速度瞬心称为( )速度瞬心。
○A ．绝对；B ．相对；C ．牵连。
4 . 在速度多边形中，连接极点p 与任一点的向量代表机构图中同名点的○A ．绝对速度；B ．牵连速度；C ．相对速度。
5 . 已知一曲柄摇杆机构以匀角速度转动的曲柄为原动件，其极位夹角为360，那么，其行程速度变化系数应为：A ．1.2； ○B ．1.5；C ．2。
6 . 当要求从动件运动严格按照给定运动规律变化时，应采用A ．连杆机构； ○B ．凸轮机构；C ．齿轮机构7 . 在一对外啮合平行轴斜齿轮传动中，若以1z 、2z 分别表示两轮的齿数，n m 、t m 表示法面和端面模数，β表示螺旋角，则其标准中心距为 ○A ．()βcos 221z z m a n +=； B ．()βcos 221z z m a t +=； C ．()221z z m a n +=。
8 . 重力作用在构件质心上，则：A ．当质心下降时它是阻力，当质心上升时它是驱动力；○B ．当质心下降时它是驱动力，当质心上升时它是阻力； C. 无论质心上升还是下降，它总是阻力。
9 . 等效阻力矩的方向与等效构件的角速度方向A. 相同； ○B ．相反； C ．两者关系不明。
二 填充题（每空1分，共18分）1. 两构件既 直接接触 ，又能产生一定的 相对运动 的联接称为运动副。
2. 构件所具有的 独立运动 的数目称为自由度。
作平面运动的自由构件具有 ３ 个自由度。
3. 在一个铰链四杆机构中，某个回转副成为周转副的充要条件是 最长杆与最短杆之和小于或等于其他两杆之和 且 组成该回转副的二构件之一为最短杆 。
上海海事大学803工程热力值03-05.07-18年真题
的单值函数。
4. 逆卡诺循环的热泵系数
1。
5. 确定湿蒸汽状态的条件是
和
。（p，v，T）
6. 理想气体自由膨胀后其熵
，热力学能
，温度
。
7. 气体流过喷管后其压力
。
三、单项选择题（共 10 题，每题 3 分，共 30 分）
1. 闭口系统可以与外界交换（ ）。
A.物质和热量
B.物质和功 C. 热量和功
D.物质和能量
1. A、B 两台卡诺热机，A 从温度为 700℃的热源吸热，向温度为 t 的热源放热。B 则从温度为 t
的热源取得 A 排出的热量并向温度为 100℃的热源放热。试求当两热机的热效率相同时，温度
t 的数值。（12 分） 2. 活塞式内燃机定容加热循环的参数为：p1＝0.1 MPa、t1＝27 ℃，压缩比 ＝6.5，加热量 q1＝
2. 何谓正向循环和逆向循环? 作用的结果有何不同? 逆向循环与可逆循环又有何区别（15 分）
3. 画出活塞式内通常柴油机船舶均用两级压气机压缩的空气来起动主机,压气机的气缸和中间冷
却器均用海水冷却,若在起动压气机之前忘记打开海水阀,试问这会产生什么后果?（15 分）
五、计算题（共 2 题，共 30 分）
Байду номын сангаас
为
。
5. 确定湿蒸汽状态的条件是
和
。（p，v，T）
6. 理 想 气 体 自 由 膨 胀 后 其 熵
，热力学能
，温
度
。
7. 逆卡诺循环的热泵系数
1。
三、单项选择题（共 10 题，每题 3 分，共 30 分）
1. 闭口系能量方程为（ ）。
A.Q+△U+W=0
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2017年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
允许使用计算器
考试科目代码 833 考试科目名称 材料科学基础
一、名词解释（共15分，每题3分）
1. 晶带轴；
2. 多晶型性；
3. 中间相；
4. 珠光体；
5. 上坡扩散。
二、简答题（共70分）
1. 简述离子键、共价键、金属键的特点及异同之处（10分）
2. 在立方晶系中绘制出（111）、（112）、（232）晶面，[210]、[211]晶向。
（10分）
3. 影响高分子链柔性的因素有哪些？（10分）
4. 简述空位对材料行为的主要影响是什么？（5分）
5. 判断[][][][]
11121112010100a a a a +→+位错反应能否进行，并说明理由。
（5分） 6. 比较刃型位错和螺型位错的特点。
（10分）
7. 根据三元合金相图浓度三角形作图：（10分）
（1）标出A%=60%，B%=30%，C%=10%的成分点；
（2）标出A%=40%，B%=0%，C%=60%的成分点；
（3）绘出A ＝55%的合金；绘出C ＝60%的合金；
（4）绘出C/B=1/3的合金；绘出A/C=1/4的合金；
8. 推导在液相中均匀形成半径为r 的奥氏体球形晶核的临界晶核功ΔG *和临界尺寸r *的表达式（10分）
三、论述题（共40分）
1. 论述在凝固时如何获得细化晶粒。
（10分）
2. 论述晶内偏析形成原因、影响因素有哪些？对金属性能有何影响，如何消除？（10分）
3. 影响扩散的主要因素有哪些，论述之。
（10分）。