Petroleum geological framework and hydrocarbon potential in the Yellow Sea

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石油地质英语词汇

石油地质英语词汇-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 石油地质Application of Geology Concepts 地质概念geological factor 地质因素early exploration 早期勘探surface exploration 地面勘探subsurface exploration 地下勘探predrilling exploration 钻前勘探geophysical exploration 地球物理勘探geochemical exploration 地球化学勘探seismograph 地震仪the seismic method 地震勘探法the gravimeter method 重力勘探法the magnetometer 磁力勘探法ERSAT Earth Resource Satellite 地球资源卫星exploration application 勘探应用basin evaluation 盆地评价wildcat wells 区域范围内预探井Depositional Environment 沉积环境depositional basin 沉积盆地sedimentary environment 沉积环境depositional environment 沉积环境recent depositional environment 近代沉积环境interpretation of environment 环境解释environment color 环境颜色post-depositional history of the sediments 沉积物的后沉积历史geological history 地质历史history of deposit 沉积历史depositional sequence 沉积序列geochemical environment 地球化学环境the significant indicators of environment of deposition 沉积环境的明显标志 diagnostic fossile 特征化石internal structure of fossils 化石的内部结构sedimentary structures 沉积构造syngenetic structure 同生构造compacting 压实作用cementation 胶结作用sorting 分选作用oxidation 氧化作用continental aeolian 陆相风成deltaic 三角洲aeolian 风成三角洲alluvial 冲击三角洲transitional deltaic 海陆过渡三角洲沉积相 coastal interdeltaic 三角洲滨海沉积相deltaic plain 三角洲平原prodeltaic plain 前三角洲平原marine 海相沉积normal marine 正常海相slope 大陆坡shelf 大陆架offshore area 浅海地区deep ocean areas 深海地区deep 深海Geological Structures 地质构造earth movement 地壳运动crustal movement of the earth 地壳运动contour map 等高线图，构造图the structural arrangement 构造排列old shoreline 古岸线pinchout 地层尖灭truncation of beds 地层截断sand trend 砂层趋势strata / beds 岩层，地层fold 褶皱anticline 背斜syncline 向斜symme trical anticline 对称背斜plunging asymme trical anticline 不对称倾伏背斜 plunging syncline 倾伏向斜fault 断层normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层thrust fault 逆掩断层lateral fault 平移断层rotational fault 旋转断层upthrust fault 仰冲断层unconformity 不整合discon conformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合salt dome 盐丘dome with deep salt core 具有盐核的穹隆vitrinite 镜质体geological profile 地质剖面outcrops 露头unweathered outcrops 未经风化的露头cuttings 岩屑core 岩心Origin & Migration of Petroleum 油气的成因与运移a source of oil and gas 油气源sedimentary rocks 沉积岩in the absence of oxygen 缺氧的环境source rocks 生油岩organic matter 有机物质land-delivered organic matter 陆生有机物living organisms 有机生物the marine life 海洋生物the microscope and plant life 微生物，植物sediment / deposit 沉积物clastic material 碎屑物chemical precipitates 化学沉积物source of petroleum 油母质proteins 蛋白质organic carbon 有机碳the organic carbon content 有机碳的含量kerogen 干烙根humus 腐殖质peat 泥碳heavy hydrocarbon 重烃saturated hydrocarbon 饱和烃unsaturated hydrocarbon 非饱和烃nonhydrocarbon compounds 非烃类化合物origin of petroleum 石油的成因origin of gas 天然气的成因maturation of petroleum 石油的成熟度formation temperature 地层温度geological age(maturity) 地质年龄（成熟度） depth of bural 埋藏深度basin position 盆地位置occuurrence of petroleum 石油的产状salinity 矿化度sulfur content 含硫量crude oil gravity 原油的比重refractive index 折射率flash and burn point 闪光点和燃点cloud and pour point 浊点和倾点coefficient of expansion 膨胀系数density 密度odor 气味optical activity 旋光性wax content 含蜡量under normal hydrostatic pressure 一般流体静压力下movement of water 原生水的运动natural driving force 自然驱动力overlying sediment 上覆沉积物migration 油气的运移primary migration 初次运移secondery migration 二次运移Petroleum Accumulation 石油聚集petroleum reservoir 石油储集层reservoir rocks 储集岩sandstone reservoir 砂岩储集层carbonate reservoir 碳酸盐岩储集层sufficient thickness 有效的厚度good reservoir porosity and permeable 良好的储层孔隙度和渗透率 porosity 孔隙度permeablity 渗透率sufficient areal extent and pore space 足够的面积和孔隙空间solution channels 溶洞fracturing 裂隙the porosity characteristic of rocks 岩石的孔隙特征the intergranular porosity of sandstone 砂岩的粒间孔隙interparticle （颗粒和晶体间的）粒间孔隙intraparticle （颗粒溶解引起的）粒间孔隙the pore space of rock formation 岩层孔隙空间reservoir pressure 储层压力formation pressure 地层压力the hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力the hydrostatical pressure gradient 静水压力梯度trap 圈闭basic reservoir traps 储集层基本圈闭fault traps 断层圈闭anticline traps 背斜圈闭stratigraphic traps 地层圈闭lenticular traps 透镜体圈闭hydrocarbon traps 烃类圈闭potential hydrocarbon traps 潜在的烃类圈闭 thrust traps 逆掩断层圈闭hydrodynamic traps(moving liquid) 水动力圈闭 updip termination of porosity 上倾尖灭change in lithology 岩性变化convergence 地层敛合erosion 侵蚀faulting 断层piercement 刺穿onlap 超覆arched upper surface 上表层隆起folded 褶皱differential thickness 不同厚度differential porosity 不同孔隙度anticline reservoir structure 背斜储层结构 impermeable cover 非渗透性盖层shale and evaporites 页岩和蒸发岩。

地质英语知识点总结

地质英语知识点总结1. Introduction to GeologyGeology is derived from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "logos" meaning study. It is the study of the Earth's structure, composition, and processes, and it provides valuable insights into the planet's history and the forces that continue to shape it. Geologists are tasked with understanding the physical, chemical, and biological processes that have operated on Earth over billions of years.The field of geology can be divided into several sub-disciplines:- Petrology: The study of rocks and their origins, structures, and compositions.- Mineralogy: The study of minerals and their physical and chemical properties.- Geophysics: The study of the Earth's physical properties and processes using quantitative methods.- Structural Geology: The study of the deformation of rocks and the forces that cause them. - Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers and layering (stratification).2. Earth's StructureThe Earth can be divided into several layers based on composition and physical properties. These layers include the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.- Crust: The Earth's outermost layer, which is composed of solid rock and is relatively thin compared to the other layers. It can be divided into the continental crust, which is thicker and less dense, and the oceanic crust, which is thinner and denser.- Mantle: The layer below the crust, extending to a depth of about 2,900 kilometers. It consists of solid rock that is capable of flowing over long periods of time.- Outer Core: A liquid layer beneath the mantle, composed mostly of iron and nickel, with some lighter elements. The movement of this molten material is responsible for generating the Earth's magnetic field.- Inner Core: A solid sphere at the center of the Earth, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It is under immense pressure, which causes it to remain solid despite the high temperature.3. Plate TectonicsThe theory of plate tectonics revolutionized the field of geology by providing a unifying explanation for the formation of major geological features and the occurrence of seismic and volcanic activity. According to this theory, the Earth's lithosphere is divided into severalrigid plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. These plates are in constant motion, driven by the heat generated from the Earth's interior.- Divergent Boundaries: Locations where two plates are moving away from each other. This process often leads to the formation of new crust as magma rises from the mantle and solidifies at the surface, creating mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.- Convergent Boundaries: Areas where two plates are moving towards each other. When an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate, leading to the formation of deep-sea trenches, volcanic arcs, and mountain ranges. When two continental plates collide, they can create massive mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.- Transform Boundaries: Zones where two plates slide past each other. The frictional forces along these boundaries can cause earthquakes as the plates suddenly release accumulated stress.4. Earthquakes and Seismic ActivityEarthquakes are the result of the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, typically caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults. The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates is called the focus or hypocenter, and the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter.Seismic waves, which are waves of energy that travel through the Earth, are responsible for the ground shaking and the damage associated with earthquakes. There are two primary types of seismic waves:- Body Waves: These waves travel through the Earth's interior and include P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves). P-waves are faster and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases, while S-waves only travel through solids, making them useful for determining the Earth's internal structure.- Surface Waves: These waves travel along the Earth's surface and are responsible for the most significant damage during an earthquake. They include Rayleigh waves and Love waves.The severity of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale, which quantify the energy released by the earthquake. Seismographs, instruments that record seismic waves, are used to monitor and study earthquakes.5. Volcanoes and VolcanismVolcanoes are geological features that form when magma, gas, and ash are expelled from the Earth's interior through a vent or opening in the Earth's crust. This process, known as volcanism, can occur at various types of plate boundaries, as well as hotspots, where plumes of hot mantle material rise towards the Earth's surface.The type of volcano that forms is influenced by the composition of the magma, the presence of gas, and the eruptive style. Common types of volcanoes include:- Shield Volcanoes: These are broad, gently sloping volcanoes that result from the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava. They are commonly found at divergent boundaries and hotspots.- Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes): These are steep-sided cones formed by alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. They are associated with convergent plate boundaries and are known for their explosive eruptions.- Cinder Cone Volcanoes: These small, steep-sided volcanoes are formed from the accumulation of volcanic debris around a vent. They often have a single crater at the summit and are associated with episodic, explosive eruptions.The study of volcanism is crucial for understanding volcanic hazards, such as pyroclastic flows, lahars (mudflows), and ashfall, which can pose significant risks to human populations living near active volcanoes.6. Rocks and MineralsRocks are aggregates of minerals, and understanding their composition, structure, and formation processes is fundamental to the study of geology. There are three main types of rocks:- Igneous Rocks: These rocks form from the solidification of magma or lava. They can be classified into intrusive igneous rocks, which form beneath the Earth's surface, and extrusive igneous rocks, which form at the Earth's surface.- Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks are formed through the accumulation and lithification of sediments, such as sand, mud, and organic debris. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in layers, or strata, and can contain fossils that provide valuable information about Earth's history.- Metamorphic Rocks: These rocks form from the alteration of pre-existing rocks under high temperature, pressure, or the presence of chemically active fluids. This process, called metamorphism, can lead to the development of new minerals and changes in the rock's texture and structure.Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. They are the building blocks of rocks and are classified based on their chemical composition and physical properties. Common mineral groups include silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, and sulfates.7. Geologic Time ScaleThe Earth's history is divided into a series of eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages that collectively make up the geologic time scale. This scale allows geologists to organize and interpret the Earth's history, and it provides a framework for understanding the sequence of geological events and the evolution of life on the planet.The current geologic time scale is divided into four eons: the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. The Phanerozoic eon is further divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, each characterized by distinct geological, climatic, and biological events.Fossils, which are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms, are critical for correlating and dating rock layers and for reconstructing the history of life on Earth. The study of fossils and the principles of stratigraphy provide valuable insights into the Earth's past environments, past climates, and the evolutionary history of plants and animals.8. Hydrogeology and Water ResourcesHydrogeology is the study of the distribution and movement of groundwater, as well as the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Groundwater, which represents a significant portion of the Earth's freshwater resources, is stored in rock layers known as aquifers and is influenced by factors such as porosity, permeability, and the hydraulic gradient.The extraction and use of groundwater for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes have significant implications for water availability, water quality, and the sustainability of aquifer systems. Over-extraction of groundwater can lead to land subsidence, saltwater intrusion, and the depletion of aquifers, while contamination from human activities can compromise water quality.9. Environmental GeologyEnvironmental geology focuses on the interactions between humans and the Earth, with an emphasis on mitigating natural hazards, managing natural resources, and understanding the impacts of human activities on the environment. It encompasses several key areas, including:- Hazard Mitigation: Assessing and managing the risks associated with natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, and volcanic eruptions.- Resource Management: Evaluating and sustainably managing natural resources, such as minerals, water, and energy sources, to meet the needs of current and future generations. - Land Use Planning: Considering geologic factors in the planning and development of infrastructure, such as transportation networks, urban areas, and industrial facilities.- Environmental Impact Assessment: Evaluating the potential environmental consequences of human activities, such as mining, construction, and waste disposal, and developing strategies to minimize negative impacts.10. Economic GeologyEconomic geology is concerned with the discovery, extraction, and utilization of mineral and energy resources. It plays a crucial role in supporting modern industrial societies and encompasses the exploration and exploitation of materials such as:- Metals: Including precious metals (gold, silver, platinum) and base metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel).- Energy Resources: Such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and renewable energy sources (geothermal, wind, solar).- Industrial Minerals: Including materials used in construction (sand, gravel), ceramics (clay, limestone), and manufacturing (gypsum, talc).- Gemstones: Precious and semi-precious stones used in jewelry and ornamental purposes.Understanding the genesis and distribution of these resources requires knowledge of geological processes, mineral deposits, and exploration techniques. Economic geologists are responsible for identifying and evaluating potential resources, as well as assessing the environmental and economic feasibility of their extraction.11. Geologic Mapping and Remote SensingGeologic mapping is a fundamental tool for understanding the distribution of rocks, structures, and geological features in a given area. It involves fieldwork, data collection, and the creation of detailed maps that depict the surface and subsurface geology.Remote sensing techniques, such as satellite imagery, airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), and aerial photography, have revolutionized the way geologists study and interpret the Earth's surface. These methods allow for the collection of large-scale, high-resolution data used for mapping, environmental monitoring, and resource exploration. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools that integrate spatial data, such as geological maps, satellite images, and terrain models, to analyze and visualize geologic features, spatial relationships, and environmental processes.12. ConclusionThe field of geology encompasses a diverse range of topics, from the structure of the Earth's interior to the evolution of life on the planet. Its interdisciplinary nature touches upon aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science, making it a foundational science for understanding the Earth and its processes.Geologists play essential roles in addressing societal challenges, such as natural hazard preparedness, resource management, and environmental protection. Their work contributes to the sustainable use of Earth's resources, the preservation of natural environments, and the advancement of scientific knowledge about our planet. As our understanding of geology deepens, it continues to provide essential insights into the past, present, and future of the Earth and the life it supports.。

Conceptual-modeling-of-onshore-hydrocarbon-seep-occurrence-in-the-Dezful-Embayment-SW-Iran_2013

Conceptual modeling of onshore hydrocarbon seep occurrence in the Dezful Embayment,SW IranSanaz Salati a,b,*,Frank J.A.van Ruitenbeek a,Emmanuel John M.Carranza a,1,Freek D.van der Meer a,Majid H.Tangestani ba Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation(ITC),University of Twente,P.O.Box6,7500AA Enschede,The Netherlandsb Department of Earth Sciences,Faculty of Sciences,Shiraz University,71454Shiraz,Irana r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received17April2012 Received in revised form20February2013Accepted4March2013 Available online14March2013Keywords:Onshore hydrocarbon seeps Spatial patternSpatial analysisConceptual model a b s t r a c tPetroleum and gas seeps on the ground surface are direct indicators of accumulations of hydrocarbons in the subsurface and could reﬂect the migration of hydrocarbons in a sedimentary basin.Quantitative analyses of the spatial pattern of hydrocarbon seeps and their spatial associations with geological fea-tures could aid in deducing geological controls on their occurrence.In this study the Fry analysis was applied to study the spatial pattern of mapped hydrocarbon seeps,whereas spatial association analyses were implemented to quantify the spatial association of mapped seeps and their alteration products with geological features.The spatial pattern analysis of hydrocarbon seeps showed that oil seeps followed prominent NW e SE and NE e SW trends while gas seeps followed NW e SE and N e S trends suggesting that NNE e SSW and NW e SE fractures are possible migration pathways for hydrocarbons to reach the surface. The results of the spatial association analysis illustrated strong positive spatial associations of oil and gas seeps with the Gachsaran and the Mishan formations,implying upward migration of hydrocarbons through permeable micro-fractures and micro-pores in their strata.A conceptual model has proposed for the occurrence of onshore hydrocarbon seeps in the Dezful Embayment.Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionPetroleum and gas seeps on the ground surface are direct in-dicators of accumulations of hydrocarbons in the subsurface and could reﬂect the migration of hydrocarbons in a sedimentary basin. Due to high pressures at depths,hydrocarbons in the subsurface can escape to the surface through fractures in rocks and planes of weakness between geological layers.There are extensive studies about spatial patterns of hydrocar-bon seeps in offshore areas(De Boever et al.,2009;Huang et al., 2009;Jin et al.,2011;Washburn et al.,2005)and various concep-tual models of hydrocarbon migration in such areas have been proposed(Ding et al.,2008;Leifer and Boles,2005,2006).In contrast,few studies have been published about the geological context of hydrocarbon seeps in onshore areas(Clarke and Cleverly, 1991;Link,1952;MacGregor,1993).Hydrocarbon seeps are spatially associated with structures such as faults,fractures,folds, unconformities,and salt domes.They can be found within the reservoirs and cap rock formations exposed at the surface.Spatial associations of hydrocarbon seeps with geological features could aid in investigation of cap rock capacity at regional scales(O’Brien et al.,2005;Pinet et al.,2008).In addition,recognition of spatial associations between hydrocarbon seeps with geological features could provide additional valuable information for exploration and environmental programs(Ellis et al.,2001;Etiope et al.,2006).Methods for quantitative analyses of the spatial pattern of mineral deposits and their spatial associations with geological features have been extensively applied for mineral prospectivity mapping(Carranza,2009a,b;Carranza and Sadeghi,2010).Such methods have not yet been applied,however,to study hydrocarbon seep occurrences.Like in mineral prospectivity analysis,quantita-tive analyses of the spatial pattern of hydrocarbon seeps and their spatial associations with geological features such as faults,frac-tures,and lithologies could aid in deducing geological controls on their occurrence.Analysis of the spatial pattern of mapped hydro-carbon seeps could provide insights into which geological features control their localization at the surface.In addition,analysis of spatial association of mapped seeps with geological features is instructive in weighing the importance of each geological feature as*Corresponding author.Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observa-tion(ITC),University of Twente,P.O.Box6,7500AA Enschede,The Netherlands. Tel.:þ31534874227;fax:þ31534874336.E-mail addresses:salati@itc.nl,sanaz.salati@(S.Salati).1Present address:School of Earth and Environmental Sciences,James Cook University,Townsville,Queensland4811,Australia.Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Marine and Petroleum Geologyjournal ho mep age:www.elsevier.co m/lo cate/marpetgeo0264-8172/$e see front matterÓ2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.03.001Marine and Petroleum Geology43(2013)102e120controls on the occurrence of hydrocarbon seeps.Consequently, such analyses would allow development of a conceptual model of how hydrocarbon seeps are localized at the surface and why they occur only at speciﬁc sites.In this paper,we describe quantitatively the spatial pattern of mapped hydrocarbon seeps in the Dezful Embayment,SW Iran.The prime objectives of this study are to obtain insights about(a)links between geological structures such as faults,fold axes and fractures and hydrocarbon seeps and(b)the probability of spatial association of different geological features such as lithological units and their associated structures with oil and gas seeps.We chose the Dezful Embayment for this study because sufﬁcient knowledge exists about the distribution of petroleum at the surface and in the subsurface.2.Geological setting of the study areaThe study area is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt,SW Iran. The co-existence of rich source rocks,excellent reservoirs,efﬁcient seal,large anticlines and rock fractures resulting from the Zagros folding explain the importance of the Zagros fold-thrust belt as a proliﬁc petroleum province(Bordenave and Hegre,2005).At least 40e50%of Iranian seeps in the SEEPS database,which was pro-duced by the British Petroleum and described by Clarke and Cleverly(1991),can be linked to underlying hydrocarbon accu-mulations(MacGregor,1993).2.1.General geologyThe Zagros fold-thrust belt resulted from the continental colli-sion between the Arabian plate and Iranian block(Berberian and King,1981).This compressive movement began during Late Cretaceous and became widespread following the continent e continent collision in Miocene,which is still active in N e S direc-tion(Falcon,1974;Sella et al.,2002;Stocklin,1968).The conver-gence direction is oblique to NW e SE trend of the orogenic belt.The Zagros fold-thrust belt,which lies south of the Zagros Suture (Fig.1),is divided into NW-SE trending structural zones(imbricated and simply folded belt)and laterally divided to Lurestan,Dezful embayment and Fars region(Berberian and King,1981;Carruba et al.,2006;Falcon,1974;Motiei,1993;Sherkati and Letouzey, 2004;Stocklin,1968).The Dezful Embayment,situated in the central-southern part of the Zagros fold-thrust belt(Fig.1),hosts most of the onshore hy-drocarbon reservoirs of Iran.This area,which is situated southwest of the Mountain Front Fault(MFF),is dominated by NW e SE trending folds and thrusts.The NW boundary of the Dezful Embayment coincides with the Balarud fault zone(BFZ)and itsSE Figure1.Structural setting of the Zagros fold including locations of oil and gasﬁelds.S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology43(2013)102e120103boundary is de ﬁned by the Kazerun fault zone (KFZ).The NE e SW-trending BFZ,the N e S-trending KFZ and Izeh fault zone (IFZ),and the NW e SE-trending MFF are seismically active (Berberian,1995)and have signi ﬁcant in ﬂuence on hydrocarbon entrapment in the Zagros fold-thrust belt (Beydoun et al.,1992;Bordenave and Hegre,2005;Hessami et al.,2001;McQuillan,1991).The stratigraphy of the study area (Fig.2)is de ﬁned by a competent group formed by a structural unit between the lower detachment or lower mobile group (the Hormuz salt)and the upper detachment or upper mobile group (the Gachsaran evapo-rites)(O ’Berian,1957).The mobile Gachsaran Formation migrated from the crest of anticlines downward and accumulated within synclines,accentuating the asymmetry of the whole structure (Sherkati et al.,2005).This deformation caused severe disharmony between surface structures and the underlying structures (Abdollahi Fard et al.,2011;Alavi,2004;Bahroudi and Koyi,2004;Gill and Ala,1972;Kash ﬁ,1980;Motiei,1993;O ’Berian,1957;Sherkati and Letouzey,2004;Sherkati et al.,2005).The ongoing late Tertiary folding concurrent with deposition,means that the lower member of the Gachsaran Formation (seal)thin as they overlap and wedge out onto growth folds in the Asmari reservoir (Alavi,2004;Warren,2006).The base of the Gachsaran Formation forms a major décollement,which shows the repetition by fault-ing.Several thrusts produced by slip on the basal Gachsaran displace the Gachsaran evaporites and its overlying units (Alavi,2004).2.2.Petroleum geologyThe Cretaceous to Early Miocene shallow petroleum system of the Dezful Embayment is one of the world richest oil ﬁelds because it contains about 8%of global oil reserves (Bordenave and Hegre,2010).This petroleum system comprises two source rocks including the Kazhdumi and the Pabdeh Formations,two reservoirs including the Asmari and the Sarvak Formation,and two seals including the Gachsaran and the Gurpi Formations.The Albian Kazhdumi Formation (Kz)consists of bituminous shale with argillaceous limestone.Except in oil ﬁelds to the NE of the Dezful Embayment,most of the oil accumulated in the Asmari/Sarvak reservoirs originated from the Kz (Bordenave and Hegre,2010).The Eocene Pabdeh Formation (Pd)is composed of marls,shales,and carbonates,all rich in pelagic micro-fauna.Recent studies showed that most parts of the Pd,including its limestone beds,were deposited in a ramp environment.The Pd separates the structural traps of the Cretaceous Bangestan Group from the overlying Asmari Formation (Bordenave and Hegre,2010).The Asmari Formation contains 75%of the onshore hydrocarbon reserves.Fractures resulting from the Zagros folding enhanced the quality of this limestone reservoir by facilitating the expulsion of oil from source rocks in anticline areas (Bordenave and Hegre,2005).The Sarvak Formation,which is the second major reservoir,ac-counts for 23%of hydrocarbon reserves in the Dezful embayment.The Sarvak limestone Formation is often interconnected to the Asmari Formation in high-relief often thrust anticlines and have the same oil water level because of the fracturing of the Pabdeh-Gurpi marls in the crestal part of the anticlines (Bordenave and Hegre,2005).The Asmari reservoir is sealed by the Gachsaran evapo-rites.The Gachsaran Formation exhibits rhythmic bedding con-sisting of bluish-green marl,limestone,dolomite and anhydrite,with/without bedded salt (Gill and Ala,1972;Motiei,1993).The Sarvak reservoir is sealed by the Gurpi Formation,which is domi-nated by marl and thin interlayers of limestone.Oil migrated from the source rocks through structures formed during the Zagros folding around 10Ma ago and continued throughout the Late Miocene and Pliocene.Oil expulsion from the Kz and Pd began between 8Ma and 3Ma ago during deposition of the Aghajari Formation (Bordenave and Hegre,2010).Oil expulsion from the source rocks was also coeval with the formation oftheFigure 2.Formations correlation within the Zagros belt (James and Wynd,1965).S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 43(2013)102e 120104Zagros folds such that hydrocarbons migrated almost vertically to reserves in neighboring anticlines.High pressure in pore spaces of the Kz formed a barrier,however,and prevented oil generated in deeper source rocks from reaching the reservoirs(Bordenave and Hegre,2010).Oil was expelled from the Pd only in the deeper part of some of synclines,which represent less than1%of the total oil expelled(Bordenave and Hegre,2005).2.3.Hydrocarbon seeps in the Zagros beltThe presence of hydrocarbon seeps led to the discovery of the subsurface petroleum in the SW Iran in early1900s.There are different types of hydrocarbon seeps in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, such as crude oil,heavy oil or asphalt,gas,gas/oil.Gach-e-tursh and sulphur springs are products of the subsurface alteration processes of gas seeps(Clarke and Cleverly,1991),which are common in the Dezful Embayment.The term Gach-e-tursh,which was used by Thomas(1952),represents an association of oxidizing petroleum seep,gypsum,jarosite,sulphuric acid,and sulphur.To the best of the author’s knowledge there are few published studies about hydrocarbon seeps in the Zagros oilﬁelds in Iran (Link,1952;Safari et al.,2011).Based on geological controls,Link (1952)classiﬁed seeps into5groups.The Zagros hydrocarbon seeps were classiﬁed as seeps coming from oil accumulations, which have been eroded or reservoirs ruptured by faulting and folding.By using Remote Sensing techniques,Safari et al.(2011) studied the role of the Kzerun fault on localizing oil and sulfur springs in the Nargesi oilﬁeld,SW Iran.3.MethodsWe used14.1:100,000scale geological maps of the Dezful Embayment,which have been compiled by the Iranian oil com-pany,to provide lithologic,structural,and hydrocarbon seep maps.Existing knowledge about petroleum systems in the Zagros oilﬁelds(Bordenave,2002;Bordenave and Hegre,2010),and extensive studies about the structural framework of the Zagros fold-thrust belt(Berberian,1995;Bordenave and Hegre,2005; Carruba et al.,2006;Hessami et al.,2001;McQuillan,1991;Sepehr and Cosgrove,2002;Sherkati and Letouzey,2004)provide us in-sights into deﬁning geological controls on petroleum systems in the Zagros.Insights into geological controls on hydrocarbon seeps migration and localization can be derived by examining the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon seeps via spatial pattern and spatial association analyses.Because several locations of heavy oil/asphalt seeps and two products of gas seep alteration,namely Gach-e-tursh and sulphur springs,exist in geological maps of the study area,these sub-sets of seeps were used in the spatial analyses.3.1.Analysis of spatial pattern of hydrocarbon seepsHydrocarbon seeps exhibit trends that are similar to trends of faults and anticline axes(Fig.3)and lithologic units(Fig.4)in the study area.This illustrates that hydrocarbon seeps in the Zagros oil ﬁelds are,in general,structurally controlled(Beydoun et al.,1992; Bordenave and Hegre,2010;Douglas Elmore and Farrand,1981; Link,1952;Rudkiewicz et al.,2007).However,there is a question about which speciﬁc sets of geological structures controls the occurrence of each sub-set of hydrocarbon seeps at regional and local scales.An answer to this question can be explored through analysis of the spatial pattern of each sub-set of hydrocarbon seeps. For this purpose,we applied Fry analysis(Fry,1979)to maps of locations of hydrocarbon seeps in the study area.Fry analysis is a geometrical method of examining spatial autocorrelation of a set of points,by plotting translations of points whereby each point is used as an origin for translation. Fry analysis describes the spatial pattern of a set of points based on orientations and distances between pairs of translated points.A rose diagram can be created for orientations and frequencies of orientations between all pairs of translated points and pairs of translated points within speciﬁc distances.These orientations reveal trends in the points of interest at regional and local scales (Carranza,2009a,b;Carranza and Sadeghi,2010).Analysis of point’s trends at local scales can be used to deduce processes that localize hydrocarbon occurrences(as points)at certain areas.To analyze trends between any two neighboring seeps,a minimum distance was used within which there is a maximum probability for only one neighbor point next to any one of the points.We used the DotProc()package for Fry analysis.We exported the map coordinates of hydrocarbon seep locations into a delimitedﬁle,which is supported by the DotProc software.Fry point coordinates were then exported back into the GIS to visualize and analyze the spatial pattern of seeps.We applied this method to all hydrocarbon seeps and to each sub-set of seeps, as well.3.2.Analysis of spatial association between hydrocarbon seeps and geological featuresAnalysis of the spatial association of occurrences of hydrocarbon seeps with geological features could provide insights into which features plausibly controlled those occurrences at speciﬁc loca-tions.We applied the distance distribution analysis(Berman,1977) for quantifying spatial association between hydrocarbon seeps and structural features such as mapped faults and anticline axes.The quantiﬁed spatial association refers to the distance or range of distances where hydrocarbon seeps are preferentially located from structural features such as faults and anticline axes.Also,we applied weights-of-evidence(WofE)analysis(Bonham-Carter, 1994)to quantify spatial associations of hydrocarbon seeps with lithologic units.3.2.1.Distance distribution analysisThe distance distribution analysis quantiﬁes spatial associations between a set of point objects and another set of objects with a particular geometry.It compares a cumulative relative frequency distribution of distances from a set of linear geo-objects to a set of points of interest(denotes as D(M))and a cumulative relative fre-quency distribution of distances from the same set of linear objects to a set of random point geo-objects(denotes as D(N)).In this study, D(M)and D(N)represent,respectively,a cumulative relative fre-quency distribution of distances from faults and anticline axes to hydrocarbon seeps and a cumulative relative distribution of dis-tances from the same lineaments to a set of random points.The graph of D(M)is compared with the graph of D(N)by computing Kolmogorov e Smirnov statistic to test the null hypothesis that lo-cations of points of interest and linear geo-objects are spatially independent:D¼DðMÞÀDðNÞ(1)A positive D implies that there is a positive spatial association between the points of interest(hydrocarbon seeps)and the set of linear geo-objects,whereas a negative D implies negative spatial association between them.If D¼0,it implies that the locations of points of interest and the linear geo-objects are spatially indepen-dent.An upper conﬁdence band for the graph of D(N)curve can beS.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology43(2013)102e120105calculated to determine statistically and graphically if D (M )is greater than D (N )(Berman,1977):UD ðN Þ¼D ðN Þþﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃ9:21N þM4NMs (2)where M is the number of points of interest and N is the number of random point geo-objects.The value of 9.21is a critical c 2value for 2degrees of freedom and signi ﬁcance level a ¼0.01(Berman,1977).The b statistic,which has a c 2distribution,can be applied to ﬁnd the distance from a set of linear geo-objects at which a positive D value is the highest (Berman,1977):b ¼4D 2NM =ðN þM Þ(3)We applied this method to quantifying spatial association of hydrocarbon seeps with faults and anticline axes.The values of D (Eq.(1))show the spatial association of hydrocarbon seeps with structural features and values of b (Eq.(3))determine the distance of optimal positive spatial association between the same linea-ments and seeps.A positive spatial association (D >0)between a set of hydrocarbon seep locations and a set of geological features suggests that the later represents a set of probable geological controls on the occurrence of the former.The value of b represents an optimal distance from the geological features,which within this distance there is signi ﬁcantly higher proportion of the occurrence of hydrocarbon seeps than would be expected due tochance.Figure 3.Distribution of faults,anticline axes,and hydrocarbon seeps in the study area.S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 43(2013)102e 1201063.2.2.Weights of evidence (WofE)analysisThe WofE analysis uses a log-linear derivation of Bayesian probability to quantify spatial association between a dependent variable (e.g.,hydrocarbon seep occurrence)and an independent variable (e.g.,presence of geological features)by statistical means (see (Bonham-Carter,1994)for more details).In WofE analysis,a positive weight (W þ)and a negative weight (W À)represent,respectively,positive and negative spatial associations of points of interest D with spatial feature B .The W þis calculated as:W þ¼log e P f B j D gP ÈB DÉ(4)and W Àis calculated as:WÀ¼log e P Èj D gP È É(5)where B is a binary map of a spatial feature and D is a binary map of points of interest.The P f B j D g =P f B j D g is known as “suf ﬁciencyratio ”(LS)and P f B j D g =P f B j D g is known as “necessity ratio ”(LN).These ratios are also known as “likelihood ratios ”(Bonham-Carter,1994).D and B ,respectively,indicate the presence of the points of interest and the spatial feature,whereas,D and B ,respectively,represent the absence of the points of interest and the spatial feature.The contrast (C ),which is a measure of the spatial association between the points of interest and the spatial features,is calculated as:C ¼ÀW þÁÀÀW ÀÁ(6)We applied the WofE method to provide a measure of spatial association of hydrocarbon seeps (D )with lithologic units (B ).A studentized contrast (SigC )provides a measure of the certainty with which the contrast is known (Bonham-Carter,1994).It is de ﬁned as the ratio of the contrast divided by its standard devia-tion.The studentized contrast (SigC )is calculated as (Bonham-Carter,1994):Figure 4.Distribution of hydrocarbon seeps,source rocks (Kazhdumi and Pabdeh Formations),reservoirs (Asmari and Sarvak Formations),cap rock (Gachsaran Formation),and the Mishan Formation.S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 43(2013)102e 120107SigC¼Cﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃs2ÀWþÁþs2ÀWÀÁq(7)A SigC greater than2suggests a statistically signiﬁcant spatial association.The maximum SigC is used as index of signiﬁcant spatial association between hydrocarbon seeps and lithological units.4.Results4.1.Spatial patterns of hydrocarbon seepsMapped hydrocarbon seeps in the Dezful Embayment show prominent315 Æ15trend(Fig.5),which is roughly the same as the general trend of folds and faults in the Zagros fold-thrust belt.Fry plots of hydrocarbon seeps at local scales(<43km)show subsidiary NNE e SSW trend(Fig.5a).At the local scale,the Fry plots of heavy oil or asphalt seeps show a prominent NW e SE trend and a subsidiary NNE e SSW trend(Fig.6).The Fry plots of Gach-e-tursh and sulphur springs show prominent NW e SE and subsidiary N e S trends(Figs.7a and b).These trends seem corre-spond with trends of major lineaments that are either perpen-dicular or parallel to(a)the general trend of the Zagros folds related to the shortening trend of the Zagros(NE e SW)and(b)the trends of basement faults(N e S and NW e SE).These indicate the ongoing inﬂuence of NW e SE and NNE e SSW trending faults and/ or fractures on the occurrence of hydrocarbon seeps in the Dezful Embayment.It is known that there is a close correlation between the oil production pattern and structures trending NNE e SSW(McQuillan, 1991)or N e S(Edgell,1996).Thrust faults exposed to the surfaceare Figure5.Fry plots and trends of pairs of Fry points of locations mapped hydrocarbon seeps.S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology43(2013)102e120108parallel to the NW-SE trending folds and are mostly located at the southwestern limb of anticlines.In addition,there are two types of fractures in the Dezful Embayment (Lacombe et al.,2011;Mobasher and Babaie,2007;Stephenson et al.,2007;Wennberg et al.,2007):fold related fractures and fault related fractures.The 45Æ5 (NE e SW)trend of all hydrocarbon seeps is perpendicular to the axial trace of anticlines.This trend,which is possibly related to fold-and/or fault-related fractures,is strongly evident in the Fry plots of Gach-e-tursh at the local scale (Fig.7a).At the local scale,the Fry plots of the Gach-e-tursh and sulphur springs show a prominent 160 e 170 (roughly N e S).This trend is plausibly due to fractures formed at small oblique angles to the main N e S (10Æ5 )trending faults (e.g.,Kazerun)(Mobasher and Babaie,2007).The subsidiary E-W trend (80 e 90 )of mapped hydrocarbon seeps is plausibly related to fractures oblique to NW e SE trending folds,NW e SE trending faults,and N e S trending basement faults.By inference from the analyses of the spatial patterns of mapped hydrocarbon seeps in the study area,it is likely that NNW e SSE trending faults/fractures are plausible structural controls on the occurrences of oil and gas seeps.Heavy oil or asphalt seeps showed the prominent NW e SE trend,which is the same as the general trend of folds.Gas seep alteration products (Gach-e-tursh and sulphur springs)showed the prominent NNW e SSE trends,which are similar to the general trends of folds and basement faults.The results of the spatial pattern analyses can be interpreted further by analysis of spatial associations between mapped seeps and struc-tural and lithological units.4.2.Spatial associations of hydrocarbon seeps with structural units Heavy oil or asphalt seeps have positive spatial association with anticlines (Fig.8a).Within 4km of anticline axes,78%of heavyoilFigure 6.Fry plots and trends of pairs of Fry points of locations mapped heavy oil or asphalt seeps.S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 43(2013)102e 120109or asphalt seeps are present.Based on the curve of D ,there is at most 22%higher occurrence of heavy oil or asphalt seeps than would be expected due to chance (Fig.8a).As indicated in Figure 8b,there is positive spatial association between heavy oil or asphalt seeps and thrust faults.It appears in Figure 8b that about 60%of the heavy oil or asphalt seep occurrences are within 6km of the mapped thrust faults suggesting that fault related fractures or/and non-fault related fractures can provide pathways for heavy oil seeps to reach the surface.Sulphur springs have positive spatial association with anti-cline axes (Fig.8c)and thrust faults (Fig.8d).However,these spatial associations are not statistically signi ﬁcant (at a ¼0.01).The two peaks in the D curve (Figs.8c)imply that there are two groups of sulphur springs in the area.The ﬁrst group is comprised of about 30%of the sulphur springs located about an average of 1km away from anticline axes.The second group is comprised of about 70%of springs located about an average of 4km away from anticline axes.It appears in Figure 8c that about 78%of the sulphur springs occurrences are within 10km of the mapped thrust faults.Gach-e-tursh shows weak but signi ﬁcant (at a ¼0.05)posi-tive spatial association with anticline axes.As indicated in Figures 8e,38%of the Gach-e-tursh is located within 1km of the mapped anticline axes.Within 1km of anticline axes,there is at most 20%higher frequency of Gach-e-tursh than would beexpected due to chance.The Gach-e-tursh shows statistically signi ﬁcant (at a ¼0.01)positive spatial association with thrust faults (Figs.8f).4.3.Spatial association of hydrocarbon seeps with lithological units Table 1presents the weights and contrast values calculated for each lithologic unit with respect to the heavy oil or asphalt seeps,Gach-e-tursh,and sulphur springs.The hydrocarbon seeps exhibit positive spatial associations with the Asmari (reservoir),Gachsaran (cap rock),and Mishan Formations.The Gachsaran Formation shows signi ﬁcant positive spatial as-sociation with heavy oil or asphalt seeps.Heavy oil or asphalt seeps have positive spatial associations with the Asmari and Mishan Formations.Heavy oil or asphalt seeps lack spatial associations with the other lithological units with negative values of SigC .Gach-e-tursh and sulphur springs show a signi ﬁcant positive spatial association with the Mishan Formation and positive spatial association with the Gachsaran Formation.The other lithological units do not show spatial associations with sulphur springs and Gach-e-tursh.The quanti ﬁed spatial associations of lithological units with mapped hydrocarbon seeps and their alteration products are coherent with facts that the densities of oil and gas seeps are not decreased upwards in thestratigraphy.Figure 7.Fry plots and trends of pairs of Fry points of locations mapped (A)Gach-e-Tursh seeps,and (B)sulphur springs.S.Salati et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 43(2013)102e 120110。

地质英语

1、geology 地质学atmosphere 大气hydrosphere水圈lithosphere 岩石圈mineral 矿物mineralogy 矿物学petrology 岩石学evolution 进展paleontology 古生物学Stratigraphy 地层学mica 云母mudflow 泥流margin 边缘interior 内部mantle 地幔core 地核nickel镍granite 花岗石basalt 玄武岩basin 盆地tsunami 海啸motion 运动faulting 断层作用rupture 破裂contour 等高线轮廓outcrop 露头gravel 砾石geyser 间歇泉vent 出口eject 喷出fossil 化石glacier 冰河amber琥珀dinosaur 恐龙waxy 光滑的petroleum 石油shale 页岩limestone 石灰石joint 裂缝节理sill 岩床cut 切口2、Geological survey 地质调查the region of bedrock 基岩区locating station 定点free-hand field map 野外手图geological mapping 地质填图soil geology 土壤地质学mineral resources 矿产资源geological resources for tourism 地质旅游资源pear-shaped earth 地球梨状体earth density 地球密度mass of the earth crust 地壳质量origin of the oceanic crust 洋壳起源magnetic poles of earth 地球磁极mass of core of the earth 地核质量radiation belts of the earth 地球辐射带earth mass 地球质量Earthquake strength 地震强度earthquake cycle 地震周期main shock 主震earthquake prediction 地震预报after shock 余震earthquake fault 地震断层earthquake light 地光geology of earthquake 地震地质学Groundwater network 地下水网络groundwater basin 地下水盆地karst water岩溶水groundwater system 地下水系统hydrologic cycle 水循环overflow spring 溢出泉3.1、I wonder if you have anything special tomorrow evening?No, I have nothing on my mind yet.I'd like to invite you to my birthday party.That's sounds nice.when exactly?It'll be held at 6:00pm,at the Huangle Restaurant. I'll look forward to it. See you then.3.2Any plan for tonight?There is Chinese acrobatics at the theatre .let's go to see it.Have you seen Chinese acrobatics before?Do we need to book tickets in advance?No.Tickets are available at the ticket window.When will the performance start?It'll start at 7:30 pm.Let's go there by bus.How long will it take to go to the theatre from here?About an hour?Shall we meet at the school gate at 6:154、Dear RobertSince the spring Festival is coming shortly, I sincerely invite you and your wife to come to Chine and spend the holiday with me.If you can come,I am going to accompany you to temple fairs and enjoy lion and dragon dances, where you can have a close look at many Chinese traditions.I am looking forward to your coming with great expectation.Sincerely yours5、51Geology is the study of the earth..地质学研究的是地球。

中国CCUS-EOR技术研究进展及发展前景

第30卷第2期油气地质与采收率Vol.30,No.22023年3月Petroleum Geology and Recovery EfficiencyMar.2023—————————————收稿日期：2021-12-28。

作者简介：向勇（1983—），男，四川彭山人，副教授，博士，从事CCUS 、油气腐蚀与防护方面的研究工作。

E-mail:**************.cn 。

基金项目：北京市自然科学基金面上专项“X80钢焊接接头在多介质耦合的液态/近临界区CO 2体系中的腐蚀机理研究”（2222074），内蒙古自治区科学技术重大专项“中低压纯氢与掺氢燃气管道输送及其应用关键技术研发”（2021ZD0038），中国石油大学（北京）科研基金项目“复杂环境下油气储运设施腐蚀机理与防护技术研究”（ZX20200128）。

文章编号：1009-9603（2023）02-0001-17DOI ：10.13673/37-1359/te.202112048中国CCUS-EOR 技术研究进展及发展前景向勇1，侯力1，2，杜猛1，2，贾宁洪2，吕伟峰2（1.中国石油大学（北京）机械与储运工程学院，北京102249；2.中国石油勘探开发研究院提高采收率国家重点实验室，北京100083）摘要：碳捕集、利用与封存技术（CCUS ）是减少碳排放的有效手段之一，是实现中国双碳目标的重要技术保障。

CO 2驱油（CCUS-EOR ）是其中最主要的CO 2利用方式。

梳理了CCUS-EOR 整个流程，系统阐述了捕集技术、输送方式和驱油封存过程的发展现状及发展前景。

针对捕集过程，着重分析了不同CO 2捕集技术的优缺点、成本及其发展趋势，指出了中国在大规模碳捕集成本和捕集工艺方面存在的问题；针对输送过程，着重分析了超临界管道输送面临的挑战如管道建设、管输工艺和管输设备等方面；针对CO 2驱油过程，着重分析了中国在CCUS-EOR 技术上的技术水平、应用规模及生产效果方面存在的问题；针对CO 2封存过程，侧重对埋存的安全性进行分析，列举了可能的CO 2泄漏监测方法。

渤海海域石油地质条件与油气田分布特征

东营组则是渤海海域所独有的主力烃源岩。

在东营组，发育出了我国渤海海域的主力烃源岩的主要原因是其优越的沉积环境和恶劣的气候条件，加上我国在渤海海域的东营期沉降速度大约是全世界大陆地区的2～3倍，以及作为整个渤海湾的沉积与平均沉降量的中心。

砂三段的主要成因是由于盆源断裂的长期连续性活动，在盆源断裂后的低层下降盘内已经发育出接近物源的扇三角洲、湖底扇，与良好的浅层、深湖之间可以相生的油泥岩交互，凹陷的沉降和石灰岩位置相对更加平静，以及沉积中心相对更加稳定。

因而在海洋底部发展形成了今天的砂三段，砂三段被广泛认为是我国渤海海域和大陆架盆地的第一套主力烃源岩。

在古新世中期，整个渤海湾盆地都已经是在海湾裂陷的作用下，原本孤立、分散的古代湖泊逐渐相互连通，形成若干较大的湖泊。

但是由于在渤海海域的孔店组-砂四期时，以孔店组为代表的古代湖泊水系占据的面积相对较小，从而导致了烃源岩的分布相对有限，所以今天的孔店组-砂四段仅仅只是形成了一套次要的烃源岩。

而砂一、二段由于受到了砂三段末期的区域性构造抬升，导致其降低了沉积速率，造成烃源岩厚度不够；尽管如此，砂一、二段品质相对较高，且分布广泛，是该区域内的次要烃源岩。

1.2 沉积体系由扇形三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲、湖泊、滩坝、湖相碳酸盐岩、湖底扇等结构，共同构成了渤海海域的盆地古近系发育沉积体系。

因为这些大量的沉积物体系存在，才给渤海海域的油气资源丰富提供了一个优越的储藏空间。

扇形三角洲的沉积大多在主厅层体系内部；在存放方面具有层级垂向厚0 引言石油作为一种不可再生资源，对于满足我国经济的高速发展十分重要，因此对于油气资源进行了广泛的开采。

渤海海域面积总共7.3万km 2，是我国最北的海域。

渤海海域在东西向上大约相距346 km ，在南北向上相距大约550 km [1]。

渤海海域本身就是一个充满油气和天然资源的沉积性盆地，渤海的海上油田以及战略性的胜利油田、大港油田、辽河油田共同组合构成了我国第二大原油生产区[2]。

石油与天然气地质专业英语分类词汇表

目录总类。

41.油气地质勘探总论。

72. 含油气盆地构造学。

73. 含油气盆地沉积学。

114. 油气性质。

145. 油气成因。

156. 油气储集层。

217.油气运移。

228.油气聚集。

259.油气地质勘探。

2710.油气地球化学勘探。

2911.地震地层学。

2912.遥感地质。

3213.实验室分析。

3314.油气资源评价。

3415.地质年代。

16补充17岩性，岩石学总类油气地质勘探petroleum and gas geology and exploration石油地球物理petroleum geophysics地球物理测井geophysical well logging石油工程petroleum engineering钻井工程drilling engineering油气田开发与开采oil-gas field development and exploitation石油炼制petroleum processing石油化工petrochemical processing海洋石油技术offshore oil technique油气集输与储运工程oil and gas gathering-transportation and storageengineering石油钻采机械与设备petroleum drilling and production equipment油田化学oilfield chemistry油气藏hydrocarbon reservoir油藏oil reservoir气藏gas reservoir商业油气藏(又称工业油气藏)commercial hydrocarbon reservoir油气田oil-gas field油田oil field气田gas field大油气田large oil-gas field特大油气田(又称巨型油气田)giant oil-gas field岩石物性physical properties of rock岩石物理学petrophysics野外方法field method野外装备field equipment石油petroleum天然石油natural oil人造石油artificial oil原油crude oil原油性质oil property石蜡基原油paraffin-base crude [oil]环烷基原油(又称沥青基原油)naphthene- base crude [oil]中间基原油(又称混合基原油)intermediate- base crude [oil]芳香基原油aromatic- base crude [oil]含硫原油sulfur-bearing crude,sour crude拔头原油topped crude重质原油heavy crude [oil]含蜡原油waxy crude [oil]合成原油synthetic crude凝析油condensate,condensed oil原油分析crude oil analysis,crude assay原油评价crude oil evaluation石油颜色oil colour石油密度oil densityAPI度API degree波美度Baumé degree沥青bitumen, asphalt沥青质asphaltene胶质gum熔点melting point倾点pour point凝点freezing point闪点flash point燃点fire point浊点cloud point液化天然气liquified natural gas,LNG天然气natural gas湿气wet gas干气dry gas酸气sour gas净气(又称甜气)sweet gas伴生气associated gas天然气绝对湿度absolute humidity of natural gas 天然气相对湿度relative humidity of natural gas 天然气密度natural gas density天然气溶解度natural gas solubility天然气发热量calorific capacity of natural gas天然气（燃烧）热值heating value of natural gas 凝析气condensate gas烃hydrocarbon轻烃light hydrocarbon烷烃paraffin hydrocarbon, alkane烯烃olefin,alkene环烷烃naphthenic hydrocarbon芳香烃aromatic hydrocarbon,arene含氧化合物oxygen compound含氮化合物nitrogen compound含硫化合物sulfur compound天然气液natural gas liquid,NGL液化石油气liquified petroleum gas,LPG临界点critical point临界状态critical state临界体积critical volume临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure临界凝析温度cri condentherm临界凝析压力cricondenbar露点dew point露点曲线dew point curve烃露点hydrocarbon dew point平衡露点equilibrium dew point泡点bubble point泡点曲线bubble point curve油气系统相图phase diagram of oil-gas system 逆蒸发retrograde evaporation反凝析retrograde condensation饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure湍流turbulent flow层流laminar flow牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid塑性流体plastic fluid假塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid幂率流体power law fluid剪切率shear rate屈服值yield value动力粘度dynamic viscoisity绝对粘度absolute viscosity相对粘度relative viscosity视密度observent density双电层(又称偶电层)electrostatic double layer水合作用(又称水化作用)hydration生物降解(作用)biodegradation1.油气地质勘探总论石油天然气地质学geology of oil and gas石油地质学petroleum geology天然气地质学geology of natural gas石油地球化学petroleum geochemistry储层地质学reservoir geology油气田地质学geology of oil and gas field油气田水文地质学hydrogeology of oil and gas field 应用地球物理学applied geophysics油气田勘探exploration of oil and gas地质勘探geological exploration地球物理勘探geophysical exploration地球化学勘探geochemical exploration海上油气勘探offshore petroleum exploration地热勘探geothermal exploration数学地质(学)mathematical geology遥感地质remote-sensing geology实验室分析laboratory analysis油气资源预测assessment of petroleum resources 2. 含油气盆地构造学构造地质学structural geology大地构造学geotectonics板块构造学plate tectonics地球动力学geodynamics地质力学geomechanics构造structure构造作用tectonism地壳运动crustal movement水平运动horizontal movement垂直运动vertical movemen造山运动orogeny造陆运动epeirogeny构造模式structural model构造样式(又称构造风格)structural style 构造类型tectonic type构造格架tectonic framework应力型式stress pattern压(缩)应力compressive stress张应力tensile stress剪应力shear stress挤压作用compression拉张作用extension压扭作用(又称压剪)transpression张扭作用(又称张剪)transtension左旋sinistral rotation,left lateral右旋dextral rotation,right lateral地幔隆起mantal bulge地幔柱mantal plume结晶基地crytalline basement沉积盖层sedimentary cover构造旋回tectonic cycle构造单元tectonic unit地槽geosyncline地台(曾用名陆台)platform克拉通craton准地槽parageosyncline准地台paraplatform地盾shield地块massif地向斜geosyncline地背斜geoanticline台向斜platform syneclise台背斜platform anticlise隆起uplift坳陷（二级构造单元）depression凸起swell,convex凹陷（三级构造单元）sag,concave长垣placanticline褶皱fold斜坡slope阶地terrace构造鼻strctural nose背斜anticline向斜syncline穹窿dome滚动背斜rollover anticline牵引皱褶drag fold披覆褶皱(又称披盖褶皱)drape fold底辟构造(又称刺穿构造)diapiric structure盐丘salt dome刺穿盐丘salt diapir盐构造作用halokinesis断层fault断层生长指数fault growth index同生断层contemporaneous fault,synsedimentary fault,growth fault 正断层normal fault逆断层reverse fault冲断层thrust上冲断层(逆掩断层)overthrust下冲断层underthrust上冲席overthrust sheet走滑断层strike-slip fault转换断层transform fault倾向滑动断层dip-slip fault地堑graben地垒horst半地堑(又称箕状凹陷)half-graben推覆体nappe整合conformity不整合unconformity假整合disconformity块断作用block faulting重力滑动作用gravitational sliding地裂运动taphrogeny板块运动plate movementA型俯冲A-subductionB型俯冲B-subduction俯冲subduction仰冲obduction板块边界plate boundary离散边界divergent boundary会聚边界convergent boundary转换边界trnsform boundary大陆边缘continental margin活动大陆边缘active continental margin被动大陆边缘passive continental margin大陆漂移continental drift板块碰撞plate collision大陆增生continental accretion岛弧island arc海沟trench沟弧盆系trench-arc-basin system弧前盆地fore-arc basin弧后盆地back-arc basin,retroarc basin弧间盆地interarc basin边缘海盆地marginal sea basin坳拉槽盆地aulacogen斜坡盆地slope basin大陆边缘断陷盆地continent-marginal faulted basin 大陆边缘三角洲盆地continental-marginal delta basin 裂谷盆地rift basin内克拉通盆地intracratonic basin周缘前陆盆地peripheral foreland basin弧后前陆盆地retroarc foreland basin破裂前陆盆地broken foreland basin山前坳陷盆地piedmont depression basin复合型盆地composite basin山间盆地intermontaine basin残留大洋盆地remnant ocean basin原始大洋裂谷盆地protoceanic rift basin新生大洋盆地nascent ocean basin深海平原盆地dep-sea plain basin扭张盆地transtensional basin扭压盆地transpressional basin拉分盆地pull-apart basin洋壳型盆地ocean-crust type basin过渡壳型盆地transition-crust type basin陆壳型盆地continental-crust basin多旋回盆地polycyclic basin块断盆地block fault basin地堑盆地graben basin含油气大区petroliferous province含油气盆地petroliferous basin含油气区petroliferous region油气聚集带petroleum accumulation zone盆地分析basin analysis盆地数值模拟basin numerical simulation3. 含油气盆地沉积学沉积学sedimentology沉积物sediment沉积岩sedimentary rock沉积作用sedimentation,deposition沉积分异作用sedimentary differentiation沉积旋回sedimentary cycle,depositional-cycle同生作用syngenesis成岩作用diagenesis成岩阶段diagenetic stage后生作用(又称晚期成岩作用)epigenesist,catagenesis 变生作用(曾用名深变作用)metagenesis碎屑岩clastic rock,detrital rock砂岩sandstone粉砂岩siltstone砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia火山碎屑岩pyroclastic rock,volcanoclastic rock碳酸盐岩carbonate rock石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite,dolostone泥灰岩marl粘土岩claystone泥质岩argillite泥岩mudstone页岩shale蒸发岩evaporite盐岩salt rock可燃有机岩caustobiolith沉积中心depocenter沉降中心subsiding center岩相古地理lithofacies palaeogeography沉积环境sedimentary enviroment沉积体系sedimentary system,depositional system沉积相sedimentary facies岩相lithofacies生物相biofacies地球化学相geochemical facies相标志facies marker相模式facies model相分析facies analysis山麓洪积相piedmont pluvial facies碎屑流沉积debris flow deposit泥石流沉积mud-debris flow deposit冲积扇相alluvial fan facies河流相fluvial facies辩状河沉积braided stream deposit曲流河沉积meandering stream deposit网状河沉积anastomosed stream deposit河床滞留沉积channel-lag deposit凸岸坝沉积(又称“点砂坝沉积”、“边滩沉积”)poit bar deposit 心滩沉积mid-channel bar deposit天然堤沉积natural levee deposit决口扇沉积crevasse-splay deposit废弃河道沉积abandoned channel deposit牛轭湖沉积oxbow lake deposit河漫滩沉积(又称洪泛平原沉积)flood-plain deposit侧向加积lateral accretion垂向加积vertical accretion湖泊相lacustrine facies盐湖相salt-lake facies冰川相glacial facies沙漠相desert facies风成沉积eolian deposit海相marine facies深海相abyssal facies半深海相bathyal facies浅海相neritic facies浅海陆架相neritic shelf facies滨海相littoral facies陆相nonmarine facies,continental facies海岸沙丘coastal dune内陆沙丘interior dune沙漠沙丘desert dune正常浪基面(又称正常浪底)normal wave base 风暴浪基面(又称风暴浪底)storm wave base 过渡相transition facies三角洲相delta facies扇三角洲相fan-delta facies三角洲平原delta plain,deltaic plain三角洲前缘delta front,deltaic front前三角洲prodelta建设性三角洲constructive delta破坏性三角洲destructive delta河口沙坝river mouth bar远沙坝distal bar指状沙坝finger bar三角洲前缘席状砂delta front sheet sand分流间湾沉积interdistributary bay deposit河口湾沉积estuary deposit澙湖相(又称泻湖相)lagoon facies蒸发岩相evaporite facies潮滩(又称潮坪)tidal flat潮汐通道tidal channel潮汐三角洲todal delta潮上带supratidal zone潮间带intertidal zone潮下带subtidal zone塞卜哈环境Sabkha enviroment浅滩(又称沙洲)shoal海滩beach湖滩beach岸堤bank障壁岛barrier island浊流turbidity current浊积岩turbidite浊积岩相turbidite facies湖底扇sublacustrine fan海底扇submarine fan鲍马序列Bouma sequence碳酸盐台地carbonate platform局限海restricted sea广海(又称开阔海)open sea陆表海epicontinental sea,epeiric sea陆缘海pericontinental sea边缘海margin sea盆地相basin facies深海平原abyssal plain广海陆架相open sea shelf facies台地前缘斜坡相platform foreslope facies生物丘相biohermal facies生物礁相organic reef facies台地边缘浅滩相shoal facies of platform margin 4. 油气性质石油荧光性oil fluorescence石油旋光性oil rotary polarization石油灰分oilash钒-镍比vanadium to nickel ratio,V/Ni游离气free gas溶解气dissolved gas沼气marsh gas泥火山气mud volcano gas惰性气inert gas固体沥青solid bitumen基尔沥青kir高氮沥青algarite地沥青maltha石沥青asphalt硬沥青gilsonite脆沥青grahamite焦性沥青impsonite次石墨graphitoid,schungite地沥青化作用asphaltization碳青质(又称卡宾)carbene高碳青质carboid总烃total hydrocarbon岩屑气cutting gas吸附烃adsorbed hydrocarbon溶解烃dissolved hydrocarbon游离沥青free bitumen束缚沥青fixed bitumen抽提沥青extractable bitumen氯仿沥青chloform bitumen酒精-苯沥青alcohol-benzene bitumen甲醇-丙酮-苯抽提物(简称MAB抽提物)methanol-acetone-benzene extract 分散沥青dispersed bitumen荧光沥青fluorescent bitumen5. 油气成因无机成因论inorganic origin theory碳化物论carbide theory宇宙论universal theory岩浆论magmatic theory(石油)高温成因论pyrogenetic theory蛇纹石化生油论serpontinization theory有机成因论organic origin theory动物论animal theory植物论plant theory动植物混合论animal-plant theory干酪根降解论kerogen degragation theory分散有机质dispersed organic matter前身物precursor腐泥质sapropelic substance腐泥化作用saprofication腐殖质humic substance腐殖酸humic acid腐殖化作用humification干酪根(曾用名油母质、油母)kerogen腐泥型干酪根(又称Ⅰ型干酪根)sapropel-type kerogen, Ⅰ-type kerogen 混合型干酪根(又称Ⅱ型干酪根)mixed-type kerogen, Ⅱ-type kerogen 腐殖型干酪根(又称Ⅲ型干酪根)humic-type kerogen, Ⅲ-type kerogen 显微组分(曾用名煤素质)maceral壳质组(又称稳定组)exinite,liptinite孢子体sporinite角质体cutinite藻类体alginite树脂体resinite镜质体vitrinite结构镜质体telinite无结构镜质体collinite惰质体inertinite微粒体micrinite菌类体sclerotinite丝质体fusinite半丝质体semifusinite无定形amorphous草质herbaceous木质woody煤质coaly还原环境reducing environment铁还原系数reduced coefficient oh ferrite还原硫reduced sulfur自生矿物authigenic mineral黄铁矿pyrite菱铁矿siderite赤铁矿hematite有机质演化organic matter evolution有机质成岩作用organic matter diagenesis有机质后生作用(曾用名有机质退化作用)organic matter catagenesis 有机质变生作用organic matter metagenesis有机质变质作用organic matter metamorphism生物化学降解作用biochemical degragation碳化作用carbonization生物化学生气阶段biochemical gas-genous stage热催化生油气阶段thermo-catalytic oil-gas-geneous stage热裂解生凝析气阶段thermo-cracking condensate-geneous stage深部高温生气阶段deep pyrometric gas-geneous stage未成熟期immature phase成熟期mature phase过熟期postmature phase生油门限threshold of oil generation液态窗(又称主要生油期)liquid window死亡线death line海相生油marine origin陆相生油nonmarine origin二次生油secondary generation of oil烃源岩(曾用名生油气岩)source bed油源岩(曾用名生油层)oil source bed气源层(曾用名生气层)gas source bed油源层系(曾用名生油层系)oil source bed有效烃源层effective source bed潜在烃源层potential source bed油页岩oil shale生油指标source rock index有机质丰度organic matter abundance有机碳organic carbon耗氧量oxygen consumption成熟作用maturation有机质成熟度organic matter maturity有机变质程度level of organic metamorphism,LOM时间-温度指数time-temperature index,TTI镜质组反射率(符号Ro) vitrinite reflectance定碳比carbon ratio孢粉颜色指数sporopollen color index热变指数thermal alteration index,TAI牙形石色变指数conodont alteration index,CAI碳优势指数carbon preference index,CPI奇偶优势odd-even predominance,OEP正环烃成熟指数normal paraffin maturity index,NPMI环烷烃指数naphthene index,NI芳香烃结构分布指数aromatic structural index,ASI自由基浓度number of free radical电子自旋共振信号electron spin resonance signal,ESR signal 顺磁磁化率paramagnetic susceptibility自旋密度spin density转化率transformation ratio,hydrocarbon-generating ratio沥青系数bitumen coefficient生油率oil-generating ratio生气率gas-generating ratio生油量oil-generating quantity生油潜量potential oil-generating quantity氢碳原子比hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio,H/C氧碳原子比oxygen to carbon ratio,O/C源岩评价仪Rock-Eval氢指数hydrogen index,HI氧指数oxygen index,OI油源对比oil and resource rock correlation气源对比gas and resource rock correlation地球化学化石geochemical fossil指纹化合物fingerprint compound生物标志[化合]物biomarker,biological marker生物构型biological configuration地质构型geological configuration立体异沟化stereoisomerism立体异构体stereoisomer,stereomer甾类steroid甾烷sterane降甾烷norsterane胆甾烷cholestane谷甾烷sitstane豆甾烷stigmastane粪甾烷coprostane麦角甾烷ergostane正常甾烷(规则甾烷)regular sterane重排甾烷rearranged sterane孕甾烷pregnane萜类(又称萜族化合物)terpenoid萜烷terpane三环萜烷tricyclic terpane四环萜烷tetracyclic terpane五环三萜烷pentacyclic triterpane藿烷hopane降藿烷norhopane羽扇烷lupane莫烷moretane降莫烷normoretaneλ蜡烷gammacerane奥利烷oleanane乌散烷ulsane松香烷abietane杜松烷cadinane雪松烷cedarane补身烷drimane海松烷pimarane罗汉松烷podocarpane角鲨烷squalane甾烷—藿烷比steraneto hopane ratio 倍半萜sesquiterpene二萜diterpene三萜triterpene多萜polyterpene胡萝卜烷carotane类胡萝卜素carotenoid类异戊二烯isoprenoid类异戊二烯烃isoprenoid hydrocarbon 殖烷phytane姥鲛烷pristane姥值比pristane to phytane ratio,Pr/Ph 降姥鲛烷norpristane法呢烷farnesane卟啉porphyrin天然气成因类型genetic types of natural gas无机成因气inorganic genetic gas, abiogenetic gas 火山气valcanic gas深源气deep source gas幔源气mantle source gas岩浆岩气magmatic rock gas变质岩气metamorphic rock gas宇宙气universal gas无机盐类分解气decomposition gas of inorganic salt 有机成因气organic genetic gas腐泥型天然气sapropel-type natural gas腐殖型天然气humic-type natural gas腐殖煤型天然气humolith-type natural gas生物气biogenic gas,bacterial gas油型气petroliferous gas煤型气coaliferous gas煤成气coal-genetic gas煤系气coal-measure gas煤层气coal seam gas腐泥型裂解气sapropel-type cracking gas腐殖型裂解气humic-type cracking gas非常规气unconventional gas地热气geothermal gas饱气带aeration zone异丁烷—正丁烷比isobutane to normal butane ratio 正庚烷normal heptane甲基环己烷methylcyclohexane二甲基环戊烷dimethyl cyclopentane庚烷值heptane value甲烷系数methane coefficient干燥系数drying coefficient碳同位素carbon isotope氢同位素hydrogen isotope氧同位素oxygen isotope氦同位素比率helium isotope ratio氩同位素比率argon isotope ratio6. 油气储集层储集岩reservoir rock储集层reservoir bed含油层oil-bearing horizon含油层系oil-bearing sequence碎屑岩类储集层clastic reservoir碳酸盐岩类储集层carbonate reservoir 结晶岩类储集层crystalline reservoir 泥质岩类储集层argillaceous reservoir 孔隙型储集层porous-type reservoir 裂隙型储集层fractured reservoir储层连续性reservoir continuity储层非均质性reservoir heterogeneity 胶结作用cementation胶结类型cementation type基底胶结basal cement孔隙胶结porous cement接触胶结contact cement杂乱胶结chaotic cement溶解作用dissolution压溶作用pressolution交代作用replacement，metasomatism 白云石化作用dolomitization去白云石化作用dedolomitization储集空间reservoir space原生孔隙primary pore次生孔隙secondary pore粒间孔隙inter granular pore粒内孔隙intragranular pore生物骨架孔隙bio skeleton pore生物钻孔孔隙bio boring pore鸟眼孔隙bird’s-eye pore晶间孔隙intercrystalline pore溶孔dissolved pore粒内溶孔intragranular dissolved pore 粒间溶孔intergranular dissolved pore印模孔隙(曾用名溶模孔隙)moldic pore溶洞dissolved carvern溶缝dissolved fracture裂缝fracture,fissure构造裂缝structural fracture成岩裂缝diagenetic fracture压溶裂缝pressolutional fracture缝合线stylolite储层性质reservoir property超毛细管空隙super-capillary interstice毛细管空隙capillary interstice微毛细管空隙micro-capillary interstice孔隙度porosity总孔隙度(又称绝对孔隙度)total porosity有效孔隙度effective porosity裂缝密度fracture density裂缝系数fracture coefficient裂缝强度指数fracture intensity index,FII渗透率permeability达西定律Darcy law孔隙pore喉道throat盖层caprock夹层intercalated bed隔层barrier bed,impervious bed压汞资料intrusive mercury data排替压力displacement pressure突破压力breakthrough pressure突破时间breakthrough time生储盖组合source-reservoir-caprock assemblage,SRCA旋回式生储盖组合cyclic SRCA侧变式生储盖组合lateral changed SRCA同生式生储盖组合(又称自生自储式生储盖组合)syngenetic SRCA 7.油气运移初始运移initial migration层内运移internal migration排驱作用expulsion初次运移primary migration二次运移secondary migration侧向运移lateral migration垂向运移vertical migration区域运移regional migration局部运移local migration同期运移synchronous migration后期运移postchronous migration运移方向migration direction运移通道migration pathway运移距离migration distance运移时期migration period输导层carrier bed水相water phase烃相hydrocarbon phase固相solid phase油珠oil droplet连续油相oil-continuous phase气泡gas bubble气相gas phase排烃临界值(又称油气临界释放因子)expulsion threshold value of hydrocarbon,critical release factor of oil and gas排烃效率expulsion efficient of hydrocarbon有效排烃厚度effective thickness of expulsion hydrocarbon压实[作用]compaction初期压实阶段initial compaction stage稳定压实阶段steady compaction stage突变压实阶段saltatory compaction stage紧密压实阶段close compaction stage欠压实页岩undercompaction shale水热增压作用aquathermal pressuring渗析作用(曾用名渗透作用)osmosis粘土脱水作用clay dehydration结晶水crystalline water层间水interlayer water吸附水adsorbed water结构水textural water甲烷增生作用methane accreting, methane generating 地层压力formation pressure上覆岩层压力overburden pressure岩石压力rock pressure孔隙流体压力(又称孔隙压力)pore fluid pressure地静压力geostatic pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure动水压力(又称水动力)hydrodynamic pressure折算压力reduced pressure总水头(又称水势)total head承压水头pressure head,confined head高程水头elevation head压力系数pressure coefficient供水区recharge area承压区confined area泄水区discharge area含水层aquifer不透水层aquifuge自流水artesian water承压水confined water土壤水soil water潜水phreatic water测压面piezometric surface测势面potentiometric surface静液面static liquid level动液面dynamic liquid level潜水面phreatic water table水力梯度hydraulic gradient势分析potential analysis气势分忻gas potential analysis油势分析oil potential analysis水势分析(又称总水斗分析)water potential analysis 等势面isopotential surface等压面iaopressure surface构造作用力tectonic force浮力buoyancy扩散diffusion异常高压(又称高压)abnormal pressure,overpressure异常低压subnormal pressure,subpressure地压geopressure地热geotherm,terrestrial heat地热田geothermal field, terrestrial heat field岩石热导率thermal conductivity of rock大地热流值terrestrial heat flow value地热梯度(又称地温梯度)geothermal gradient地热增温级geothermal degree8.油气聚集圈闭trap有效圈闭effective trap隐蔽圈闭subtle trap成岩圈闭diagenetic trap水动力圈闭hydrodynamic trap压力封闭pressure seal重力分异gravitational differentiation差异聚集differential accumulation背斜理论anticline theory集油面积collecting area储油构造(又称含油构造)oil-bearing structure储气构造gas-bearing structure原生油气藏primary hydrocarbon reservoir次生油气藏secondary hydrocarbon reservoir构造油气藏structural hydrocarbon reservoir背斜油气藏anticlinal hydrocarbon reservoir挤压背斜油气藏squeezed anticline hydrocarbon reservoir长垣背斜油气藏placanticline anticline hydrocarbon reservoir底辟背斜油气藏diapir anticline hydrocarbon reservoir滚动背斜油气藏rollover anticline hydrocarbon reservoir披盖背斜油气藏drape anticline hydrocarbon reservoir向斜油气藏synclinal hydrocarbon reservoir断层遮挡油气藏fault-screened hydrocarbon reservoir断块油气藏fault block hydrocarbon reservoir裂缝油气藏fractured hydrocarbon reservoir盐丘遮挡油气藏salt diapir hydrocarbon reservoir泥火山遮挡油气藏mud volcano screened hydrocarbon reservoir岩浆柱遮挡油气藏magmatic plug hydrocarbon reservoir地层油气藏stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoir地层超覆油气藏stratigraphic onlap hydrocarbon reservoir地层不整合油气藏stratigraphic unconformity hydrocarbon reservoir潜山油气藏buried hill hydrocarbon reservoir基岩油气藏basement hydrocarbon reservoir生物礁块油气藏reef hydrocarbon reservoir,bioherm hydrocarbon reservoir 岩性油气藏lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir岩性尖灭油气藏lithologic pinchout hydrocarbon reservoir岩性透镜体油气藏lithologic lenticular hydrocarbon reservoir古河道油气藏palaeochannel hydrocarbon reservoir古海岸沙洲油气藏palaeooffshore bar hydrocarbon reservoir带状油气藏banded hydrocarbon reservoir层状油气藏stratified stratified hydrocarbon reservoir块状油气藏massive hydrocarbon reservoir不规则状油气藏irregular hydrocarbon reservoir喀斯持油气藏karst hydrocarbon reservoir沥青塞封闭油藏asphalt-sealed oil reservoir饱和油气藏saturated hydrocarbon reservoir凝析气藏condensate gas reservoir背料油气藏参数parameter of anticlinal reservoir圈闭容积trap volume闭合面积closure area闭合度closure溢山点spill point油气藏高度height of hydrocarbon pool, height of hydrocarbon reservoir油柱高度oil column height气柱高度gas column height气顶gas cap边水edge water底水bottom water有效厚度net-pay thickness含油面积oil-bearing area含气面积gas-bearing area纯油带面积area of inner-boundary of oil zone油水过渡带面积area of transitional zone from oil to water含油边界oil boundary含气边界gas boundary含水边界water boundary油水界面water-oil boundary油气界面oil-gas boundary油藏描述reservoir description油藏评价reservoir evaluation,pool evaluation9.油气地质勘探区域勘探regional exploration工业勘探industrial exploration预探priliminary prospecting详探detailed prospecting地质测量geological survey构造地质测量structural geological survey地质剖面geological section构造剖面structural section区域综合大剖面regional comprehensive section,regional composite cross section 区域地层对比regional stratigraphic correlation岩性对比lithological correlation古生物对比palaeontological correlation沉积旋回对比sedimentary cycle correlation重砂矿物对比placer mineral correlation元素对比element correlation古地磁对比paleomagnetic correlation露头outcrop油气显示indication of oil and gas, oil and gas show油气苗oil and gas seepage油苗oil seepage气苗gas seepage沥青苗asphalt seepage沥青湖pitch lake沥青丘pitch mound沥青脉bituminous vein沥青砂(曾用名重油砂、焦油砂)tar sand油砂oil sand泥火山mud volcano地质模型geological model地质模拟geological modelling地下地质subsurface geology取心井coring hole参数井(曾用名基准井)parameter well探井prospecting well,exploratory well预探井(曾用名野猫井)preliminary prospecting well,wildcat 发现井discovery well详探井detailed prospecting well探边井delineation well,extension well评价井assessment well,appraisal well,evaluation well开发井development well生产井producing well,producer注水井water injection well, injector注气井gas injection well布井系统well pattern单井设计well design井身结构casing programme固井cementing试井well testing试油testing for oil试采production testing标准层marker bed, key bed, datum bed目的层target stratum地质录井geological logging岩心灵并core logging岩屑录并cutting logging岩屑滞后时间lag time of cutting钻时录井drilling-time logging钻速录井drilling rate logging泥浆录井mud logging荧光录井fluorescent logging井斜平面图drill-hole inclination plan地层对比stratigraphic correlation含油级别oil-bearing grade完井方案completion programme圈闭发现率trap discovery ratio商业油气流commercial oil and gas flow油藏驱动机理(又称油层驱动机理)reservoir drive mechanism单井产量well production rate年产量annual output, annual yield圈闭勘探成功率trap exploration success ratio储量增长率reserves increase ratio勘探效率exploration efficiency勘探成本exploration cost探井成本cost of prospecting well10.油气地球化学勘探△碳法delta-carbon methodK—V指纹法K-V fingerprint technique吸附烃法absorbed hydrocarbon method气体测量gas survey沥青测量bitumen survey水化学测量hydrochemical survey水文地球化学测量hydrogeochemical survey细菌勘探bacteria prospecting土壤盐测量soil salt suevey地殖物法geobotanical method放射性测量radioactive survey氧化还原电位法oxidation-reduction potential method 11.地震地层学区域地震地层学regional seismic stratigraphy储层地震地层学reservoir seismic stratigraphy层序地层学sequence stratigraphy成因层序地层学genetic sequence stratigraphy年代地层学chronostratigraphy生物地层学biostratigraphy磁性地层学magnetostratigraphy地震岩性学seismic lithology横向预测lateral prediction确定性储层模拟deterministic reservoir modeling随机性储层模拟stochastic reservoir modeling地质统计储层模拟geostatiscal reservoir modeling人机[交互]联作解释interactive interpretation反射终端(又称反射终止)reflection termination整一concordance不整一uncorncordance上超onlap退覆offlap顶超toplap浅水顶超shallow-water toplap深水顶超deep-water toplap湖岸上超coastal onlap深水上超deep-water onlap下超downlap底超baselap削截(曾用名削蚀)truncation视削截(曾用名视削蚀)apparent truncation沉积间断hiatus超层序supersequence层序sequence亚层序subsequence最大洪水界面maximum flooding surface缓慢沉积剖面(又称饥饿剖面)condensed section高水位期highstand period低水伦期lowstand period体系域system tract低水位体系域low system tract,LST海进体系域transgressive system tract,TST高水位体系城high system tract,HST陆架边缘体系域shelf margin system tract,SMST盆底扇basin floor fan斜坡扇slope fan滑塌块体slump block滑塌扇slump fan楔状前积体wedge-prograding complex地震层序seismic sequence地震相seismic facies反射结构reflection configuration前积反射结构progradational reflection configuration s形前积结构sigmoid progradation configuration斜交前积结构oblique progradation configuration叠瓦状前积结构shingled progradation configuration 帚状前积结构brush progradation configuration杂乱前积结构chaotic progradation configuration前积—退积结构progradation-retrogradation configuration 非前积反射结构nonprogradational reflection configuration 平行结构parallel configuration亚平行结构subparrallel configuration乱岗状结构hummocky configuration波状结构wave configuration扭曲形结构contorted configuration断开结构disrupted configuration发散结构divergent configuration杂乱结构chaotic configuration无反射结构reflection-free configuration反射外形reflection external form席状相sheet facies席状披盖相sheet drape facies楔状相wedged facies丘状相mounded facies滩状相bank facies透镜状相lens facies滑塌相slump facies火山丘相valcanic mound facies充填相filled facies反射连续性reflection continuity振幅amplitude频率frequence极性polarity岩性指数lithologic index砂岩百分含量sandstone percent content偏砂相sand-prone facies偏泥相shale-prone facies地震相单元seismic facies unit地震相分析seismic facies analysis地震相图seismic facies map测井相log facies岩心相core facies钻井—地震相剖面图drill-seismicfacies section沉积环境图depositional environment map成因地层单位genetic stratigraphic unit年代地层单位chrono stratigraphic unit岩电地层单位litho-electric stratigraphic unit等时性isochronism穿时性diachronism远景地区prospect分辨率resolution保持振幅处理preserved amplitude processing地震模型seismic model反演模拟inverse modeling相位phase零相位zero phase薄层thin bed调谐厚度tuning thickness反射强度reflection strength相对速度relative velocity绝对速度absolute velocity油气检测hydrocarbon detection声阻抗差acoustic impedance difference振幅随炮检距变化amplitude versus offset,A VO12.遥感地质地理遥感geographical remote sensing航空遥感aerial remote sensing地球资源技术卫星earth resources technology satellite,ERTS地质卫星geologic satellite海洋卫星Seasat陆地卫星Landsat高级地球资源观测系统Advanced Earth Resources Observation System,AEROS红外摄影infrared photograph多谱段扫描系统multispectral scanner system多谱段图象multispectral image黑白图象monochrome彩色合成图象color-composite image,color imagery波谱分析spectral analysis地面分辨率ground resolution灰度gray scale。

专业英语词汇(普地)

第一章绪论geology 地质学solid earth 固体地球Hydrosphere 水圈Biosphere 生物圈Aerosphere 大气圈Crust 地壳Mantle 地幔Core 地核Lithosphere 岩石圈Geological action 地质作用Endogenous geological action 内力地质作用Exogenous geological action 外力地质作用HP---UHP metamorphic zone 高压--超高压变质带Karst 喀斯特第二章矿物Abundance 丰度Clark value 克拉克值Mineral 矿物Mineralization 矿化作用Mineraloid 准矿物Crystal 晶体Crystalline 结晶质Crystalline grain 晶粒non-crystal 非晶体Non-crystalline 非结晶质Crystal structure 晶体结构Polymorphism 同质多像Diamond 金刚石Isomorphism 类质同像Crystal face 晶面Quasicrystal 准晶体Aggregare 集合体Radiating 放射状Druse 晶簇Oolitic 鲕状Pisolitic 豆状Stalactitic 钟乳状Botryoidal 葡萄状Reniform 肾状Nodule 结核状Transparency 透明度Luster 光泽Color 颜色Streak 条痕Hardness 硬度Cleavage 解理Fracture 断口、断裂Density 密度Magnetism 磁性Graphite 石墨Pyrite 黄铁矿Chalcopyrite 黄铜矿Stibnite 辉锑矿Galena 方铅矿Sphalerite闪锌矿Quartz 石英Rock crystal 水晶Amethyst 紫水晶Milky quartz 乳石英Chalcedony玉髓Agate 玛瑙Corundum 刚玉Hematite 赤铁矿Limonite褐铁矿Magnetite 磁铁矿Psilomelane 硬锰矿Fluorite 萤石Calcite 方解石Dolomite 白云石Malachite 孔雀石Anhydrite 硬石膏Gypsum 石膏Barite 重晶石apatite 磷灰石Si-O tetrahedron 硅氧四面体Olivine 橄榄石Garnet 石榴子石Andalusite 红柱石Kyanite 蓝晶石Sillimanite 口夕线石Epidote 绿帘石Glauconite 海绿石Wollastonite 硅灰石Diopside 透辉石Augite 普通辉石Hornblende 普通角闪石Tremolite 透闪石Glaucophane 蓝闪石Talc 滑石Serpentine 蛇纹石Kaolinite 高岭石Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母Chlorite 绿泥石Feldspar 长石Potash feldspar 钾长石Orthoclase 正长石Microcline 微长石Sanidine 透长石Tourmaline 电气石Raw materials 原料第三章岩浆作用和岩浆岩Igneous rock 火成岩Magmatic rock 岩浆岩Magmatism 岩浆作用Magma 岩浆Viscosity 黏性Complex anion 络阴离子Eruption 喷出作用Volcanism 火山作用Pyroclast 火山碎屑物Volcanic ash 火山灰Lapillus 火山砾Volcanic cinder 火山渣Volcanic bomb 火山弹Volcanic block 火山块Pyroclastic rock 火山碎屑岩Volcanic tuff 凝灰岩Volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩Volcanic agglomerate 火山集块岩Lava 熔岩Lava flow 熔岩流Pahoehoe 绳状熔岩Massive lava 块状熔岩Columnar joint 柱状节理V olcano 火山V olcanic cone 火山锥Crater 火山口V olcanic vent 火山通道Central eruption 中心式喷发Fissure eruption 裂隙式喷发Eruptive rock 喷出岩Sub-volcanic rock 次火山岩Ultrabasic magma 超基性岩浆Ultramafic magma 超镁铁质岩浆Basic magma 基性岩浆Basaltic magma 玄武岩浆Mafic magma 镁铁质岩浆Basalt 玄武岩Shield volcanic cone 盾状火山锥Lava cone 熔岩锥Pillow structure 枕状构造Flood basalt 泛流玄武岩Intermediate magma 中性岩浆Andesite magma 安山岩浆Andesite 安山岩Acidic magma 酸性岩浆Granitic magma 花岗质岩浆Rhyolite 流纹岩Composite volcanic cone 复式火山锥Crater lake火山口湖Caldera 破火山口Active volcano 活火山Extinct volcano 死火山Earthquake 地震Geological disaster 地质灾害Andesite line 安山岩线Fire ring 火环（火山环）Ocean ridge 洋脊Intrusion 侵入作用Intrusive rock 侵入岩Intrusive body 侵入体Country rock 围岩Hypogene rock 深成岩Meso-hypogene rock 中深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Occurrence 产状Dyke 岩墙Sill 岩床Lopolith 岩盆Laccolith 岩盖Stock 岩株Batholith 岩基Texture 结构Phanerocrystalline texture显晶质结构Phenocryst 斑晶Matrix 基质Porphyroid texture 似斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Amorphous 非晶质Porphyritic texture 斑状结构Structure 构造Massive structure 块状结构Flow structure 流动构造Rhyolitic structure 流纹构造Vesicular structure 气孔构造Amygdaloidal structure 杏仁构造Pillow structure 枕状构造Orbicular structure 球状构造Miarolitic structure 晶洞构造Bedded structure 层状构造Ultrabasic rock 超基性岩Basic rock 基性岩Intermediate rock 中性岩Acidic rock 酸性岩Obsidian 黑曜岩Vein rock 脉岩Heat flow 热流Geothermal degree 地热增温率Geothermal gradient 地温梯度Gravitative differentiation重力分异Radioactive heat 放射热Partial melting 部分熔融Upwelling 上涌Delamination 拆沉作用Mantle plume 地幔柱Large igneous province 大火成岩省Assimilation 通话作用Contamination 混染作用Xenolith 捕虏体Fractional crystallization 分离结晶作用Felsic mineral 长英质矿物Mafic mineral 铁镁质矿物Pegmatite 伟晶岩Graphic texture 文象结构Magma mixing 岩浆混合作用第四章外力地质作用与沉积岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Atmosphere 大气圈Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Weathering 风化作用Denudation 剥蚀作用Transportation 搬运作用Sedimentation 沉积作用Mechanical sedimentation机械沉积作用Chemical sedimentation 化学沉积作用Biological sedimentationBio-chemical sedimentationSediment 沉积物Chemical sediment 化学沉积物Biological sediment 生物沉积物Bio-chemical sediment Compression 压实作用Cementation 胶结作用Cement 胶结物Matrix 基质Recrystallization 重结晶作用Calc-sinter 钙华Clastic texture 碎屑结构Gravelly 砾状Sandy 砂状Silty 粉砂状Muddy 泥状Organic framework 生物骨架结构Sedimentary structure 沉积构造Horizontal bedding 水平层理Parallel bedding 平行层理Graded bedding 递变层理Cross bedding 交错层理Flaser bedding 脉状层理Wave bedding 波状层理Lenticular bedding 透镜状层理Rhythmic bedding 韵律层理Bedding plane 层面Ripple mark 波痕Mud crack 泥裂Stylolite 缝合线Concretion 结核Chert concretion 燧石结核Sole mark 印模Loading mark 重荷模Conglomerate 砾岩Breccia 角砾岩Sandstone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Claystone 黏土岩Siliceous rock 硅质岩Siliceous tufa 硅华Siliceous shale 硅质页岩Limestone 石灰岩Intraclast 内碎屑Biodetritus 生物碎屑Psammite 砂屑Spherulite 球粒Lumps 团块Oolite 鲕粒Pisolite 豆粒Micrite 泥晶Sparite 亮晶Lime mud 灰泥Edgewise limestone 竹叶状灰岩Dolomite 白云岩Reef limestone 礁灰岩Coral reef limestone 珊瑚礁灰岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Metamorphism 变质作用Static pressure 静压力Fluid pressure 流体压力Oriented pressure 定向压力Compressive stress 挤压应力Shear stress 剪切应力Dehydration reaction脱水反应Hydration 水合作用Carbonization 碳酸化作用Metasomatism 交代作用Metamorphic mineral 特征变质矿物Crystalloblastic texture 变晶结构Palimpsest texture 变余结构Cataclastic texture 碎裂结构Metasomatic texture 交代结构Crystalloblast 变晶Metamorphic structure 变成构造Spotted structure 斑点状构造Platy structure 板状构造Schistose structure 片理构造Schistosity 片理Foliation 面理Phyllite structure 千枚状构造Schistose structure 片状构造Gneissic structure 片麻状构造Augen structure 眼球状构造Stretching lineation 拉伸线理Palimpsest structure 变余构造Orthometamorphic rock 正变质岩Parametamorphic rock 副变质岩Contact metamorphism 接触变质作用Contact thermalmetamorphism 接触热变质作用Hornstone 角岩Spotted hornstone 斑点角岩Marble 大理岩White marble 汉白玉Quartzite 石英岩Contact metasomaticmetamorphism 接触交代变质作用Skarn 矽卡岩Regional metamorphism 区域变质作用Burial metamorphism 埋藏变质作用Slate 板岩Phyllite 千枚岩Schist 片岩Gneiss 片麻岩Leptynite 变粒岩Amphibolite 斜长角闪岩Granulite 麻粒岩Eclogite 榴辉岩Migmatization 混合岩化作用Migmatite 混合岩Substratum 基体Vein 脉体Migmatic granite 混合花岗岩Dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用Brittle deformation 脆性变形Ductile deformation 韧性变形Mylonite 糜棱岩Geological time 地质年代Relative age 相对年代Absolute age 绝对年代Stratum 地层Law of superposition 地层层序律Fossil 化石Law of faunal succession生物层序律Composite columnar section 综合地层柱状图Law of dissection 切割律Index fossil 标准化石Decay constant 衰变常数Parent isotope 母体同位素Daughter isotope 子体同位素Isotope age 同位素年龄Geologic time scale 地质年代表Aeon 宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Eonothem 宇Erathem 界System 系Series 统Paleogene 古近纪Neogene 新近纪Archaeozoic Eon 太古宙Proterozoic Eon 元古宙Sinian period 震旦纪Phanerozoic Eon 显生宙Palaeozoic Era 古生代Cambrian Period 寒武纪Ordovician Period 奥陶纪Silurian Period 志留纪Devonian Period 泥盆纪Carboniferous Period 石炭纪Permian Period 二叠纪Jurassic Period 侏罗纪Cretaceous Period 白垩纪Cenozoic 新生代Tertiary Period 第三纪quaternary Period 第四纪Litho-stratigraphic unit 岩石地层单位Group 群Formation 组Member 段Bed 层第七章地震及地球内部构造Seismic focus 震源Epicentre 震中Focal depth 震源深度Epicentral distance 震源距Isoseismic line 等震线Paroxysm 突发性Tsunami 海啸Pseudolava 假熔岩Pseudotachylite 假玄武玻璃Tectonic earthquake 构造地震Elastic deformation 弹性变形Elastic rebound theory 弹性回跳说Volcanic earthquakeFallen earthquake 陷落地震Deep-focus earthquake 深源地震Intermediate-focusearthquake中源地震Shallow-focus earthquakeLocal earthquake 地方震Near earthquake 近震Distant earthquake 远震Seismic sequence 地震序列Main shock 主震Aftershock 余震Seismic wave 地震波P-waves 纵波（push waves）S-waves 横波（shear waves）Surface waves 面波Seismograph 地震仪Seismic record地震图Seismogram 地震图Time different 时间差Epicentral distance 震中距Magnitude 地震震级Intensity 烈度Isoseismal line 等震线Seismic zoning map 地震区划图Geoelectricity 地电Geomagnetism 地磁Ground stress 地应力Crustal deformation 地壳变形Meteorite 陨石Aerolite 石陨石Iron meteorite 铁陨石Stony-iron meteorite 石铁陨石Moho discontinuity 莫霍面Gutenberg discontinuity 古登堡面Shadow zone 阴影带Conrad discontinuity 康拉德面A discontinuity between upper mantle and lower mantle 上下地幔界面A discontinuity between lithosphere and asthenosphere 岩石圈与软流圈界面A discontinuity between liquid outer core and solid inner core 内外地核界面Continental crust 大陆地壳Oceanic crust 大洋地壳Pyrolite 地幔岩Post-perovskite 钙钛矿Theory of isostasy 均衡说Compensation level 补偿基面Tectonism 构造作用Horizontal movement 水平运动Vertical movement 垂直运动Basin 盆地Plain 平原Horizontal compression 水平挤压Neotectonism 新构造作用Sedimentary basin 沉积盆地Ialand 岛屿Structural deformation 构造变形Geological structure 地质构造Fold 褶皱Fault 断层Strike 走向Dip 倾向Dip angle 倾角Apparent dip angle 视倾角Apparent dip 视倾向Occurrence element 产状要素Geological compass 地质罗盘Thickness 厚度Outcrop length 露头宽度Geometric element 几何要素Limb 翼Core 核Arc point 弧尖Hinge 枢纽Direction of hinge plunge 枢纽倾伏向Axial plane 轴面Anticline 背斜Syncline 向斜Erect fold 直立褶皱Inclined fold 倾斜褶皱Overturned fold 倒转褶皱Normal sequence 正常层序Reversed sequence 倒转层序Homocline fold 同斜褶皱Recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Fan fold 扇形褶皱Box fold 箱形褶皱Monocline 单斜Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold 倾伏褶皱Linear fold 线状褶皱Brachy fold 短轴褶皱Dome 穹Anticlinorium 复背斜synclinorium 复向斜Ejective fold 隔挡式褶皱Trough-like fold 隔槽式Synclinal mountain 向斜山Anticlinal valley 背斜谷Inversion of relief 地形倒置Monoclinal mountain 单斜山Hogback 猪背岭Mesa 平顶山Joint 节理Fault plane 断层面Fault wall 断层盘Hanging wall 上盘Foot wall 下盘Upthrow 上升盘Downthrow 下降盘Distance of displacement 断层滑距Slip distance 滑距Fault throw 断层落差Apparent fault displacement视位移Normal fault 正断层Reverse fault 逆断层Thrust fault 逆掩断层Strike-slip fault 走滑断层Sinistral 左旋Dextral 右旋Strike fault 走向断层Dip fault 倾向断层Transverse fault 横断层Oblique fault 斜向断层Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Maximum effective momentcriterion 最大有效力矩准则Nappe 推覆体Fault striae 擦痕Slickenside 擦痕Mirror plane 镜面Step 阶步Drag fold 拖曳褶皱Fault breccia 断层角砾岩Grinding gravel rock 磨砾岩Fault gouge 断层泥Fault scarp 断层崖Fault Triangular face 断层三角面Joint plane 节理面Tension joint 张节理Shear joint 剪节理Conjugated joint 共轭节理Fault related fold 断层相关褶皱Thrust fault related fold 逆断层相关褶皱Extensional fault related fold 伸展断层相关褶皱Ramp 断坡Flat 断坪Fault bend fold 断层转折褶皱Detachment fold 滑脱褶皱Conformable contact 整合接触Disconformity 假整合接触Erosional surface 剥蚀面Basal conglomerate 底砾岩Unconformable contact 不整合接触Angular unconformable contact 角度不整合接触Intrusive contact 侵入接触Sedimentary contact of intrusive body 侵入体的沉积接触Polyphase 多期性Spanning age 穿时性Continental nucleus 陆核Tectonomagmatic event 构造岩浆事件Continental drift theory 大陆漂移学说Pangea 联合古陆Laurasia land 劳亚古陆Condwana land 冈瓦纳古陆Panthalassa 泛大洋Tethys ocean 特提斯洋Paleo-mediterranean 古地中海Mantle convection hypothesis 地幔对流说Holmes 霍尔姆斯Trench 海沟Mountain chain 大陆边缘山链The theory of physicalgeology 普通地质学原理Sea-floor spreading theory海底扩张说Echo depth sounder 回声探测仪Side scan sonar 侧向扫描声呐Sea-floor topographic map海底地貌图Mariana trench 马里亚纳海沟Geothermal 地热Oceanic ridge 洋中脊Mid-atlantic ridge 大西洋洋中脊Indian ocean ridge 印度洋洋中脊Rift 裂谷Convection cell 对流圈Divergent zone 离散带Convergent zone 敛合带Magnetic declination 磁偏角Magnetic dip 磁倾角Magnetic field intensity 磁场强度Episode 期Event 事件Paleomagnetism 古地磁学Ophiolite suite 蛇绿岩套Seamount 海山Guyot 海台Mantle plume 地幔柱Hot spot 热点transform fault 转换断层Wilson 威尔逊Divergent 离散型Convergent 聚敛型Shearing 剪切型Growth plate boundary 生长型板块边界Descending plate boundary消减型板块边界Suture zone 缝合带Collision zone 碰撞带Stable continental margin 稳定大陆边缘Active continental margin活动大陆边缘Passive continental margin被动大陆边缘Continental shelf 陆架Continental slope 陆坡Continental rise 陆隆Oceanic basin 大洋盆地Island arc 岛弧Mountain arc 山弧Fore-arc accretionary prism弧前增生楔Back arc basin 弧后盆地Marginal sea 边缘海Trench-arc system 沟弧系Benioff zone 毕鸟夫带Subduction 俯冲作用Ocean plate 大洋板块Continental plate 大陆板块Subduction zone 俯冲带Accretionary prism 增生楔Slab pull 板拉作用Tectonostratigraphic terrane构造地层地体Terrane 地体Accretion 增生作用Composite terrane 复合地体Amalgamation 拼贴作用Dispering 离散作用Physical weathering 物理风化作用Mechanical weathering 机械风化Hot expansion and coolcontraction 热胀冷缩Riving 冰劈作用Bedding fracture 层裂Unloading 卸载作用Onion structure 洋葱构造Swelling of salt crystallization 盐分结晶的撑裂作用Dissolution 溶解作用Dissolubility 溶解度Hydration 水化作用Hydrolysis 水解作用Carbonation 碳酸化作用Oxidation 氧化作用Root splitting 根劈作用Humus 腐殖质Spherical weathering 球状风化Differential weathering 差异风化Eluvium 残积物Crust of weathering 风化壳Old crust of weatheringSoil 土壤Overburden 表土层Illuvium 淀积层Mother bedding 母质层Paleosol 古土壤Weathering landform 风化地貌Danxia landform 丹霞地貌Talus 坡积物Talus apron 坡积裙Gully 冲沟Ditch head 沟头Ditch outlet 沟口Diluvium 洪积物Alluvium 冲积扇Diluvial cone 洪积锥Diluvium plain 冲击平原Stream valley 河谷Stream 河谷Steam bed 河床Valley floor 谷底Valley slope 谷坡Valley side 坡Valley shoulder 古缘Canyon 峡谷Drainage divide 分水岭Flow velocity 流速Slope 坡度Roughness 粗糙度Discharge 流量Erosion 侵蚀作用Dissolution 溶蚀作用Hydraulic action 水力作用Abrasion 磨蚀作用Vertical erosion 下蚀Base level of erosion 侵蚀基准面Local base level erosion 局部侵蚀基准面Lateral erosion 旁蚀Waterfall 瀑布Alluvial plain 冲积平原Free meander 自由河曲Meander zone 河曲带Oxbow lake 牛轭湖Headward erosion 溯源侵蚀Water system水系River capture 河流袭夺Elbow of capture 袭夺弯Capturing river 袭夺河Captured river 被夺河Wind gap 风口Laminar flow 层流Turbulent flow 紊流Bottom transportation 底运Traction transportation 牵引搬运Suspension transportation悬运Solution transportation 溶运Transport competence 搬运能力Transport capacity 搬运量Aggradation 加积作用Braided stream 辫状河Alluvium 冲积物Rhythmicity 韵律性Cyclicity 旋回性Rhythm 韵律Stream bed deposit 河床沉积Flood basin deposit 河漫滩沉积Oxbow lake deposit 牛轭湖沉积Channel bar 心滩Circulation 环流Central bar 江心洲Point bar 边滩Flood plain 河漫滩Flood plain deposit 河漫滩沉积物Natural dam 自然堤Delta 三角洲Bottom set bed 底积层Foreset bed 前积层Top set bed 顶积层Graded stream 均夷河流Gradation 均夷化Degradation 去均夷化Incised meander 深切河曲Abandoned meander 废弃河曲Meander core 河曲核丘River terrace 河流阶地Tread 阶地面Accumulated terrace 堆积阶地Basement terrace 基座阶地Erosion terrace侵蚀阶地Dendritic drainage pattern树枝状水系Angular drainage pattern 角状水系Lattice drainage pattern 格子状水系Radial drainage pattern 放射状水系Annular drainage pattern 环状水系Peneplain 准平原Planation surface 夷平面Glacier 冰川Snow line 雪线Temperature 气温Snow fall 降雪量Topography 地形Snow flower 雪花Granular ice 粒状冰Glacier ice 冰川冰Area of accumulation 累积区Area of ablation 消融区Firm basin 粒雪盆Ice tongue 冰舌Crevasse 冰裂隙Surge 跃动Ice mushroom 冰蘑菇Serac 冰塔Continental glacier 大陆冰川Alpine glacier 阿尔卑斯冰川Cirque glacier 冰斗冰川Cirque 冰斗Hanging glacier 悬冰川Valley glacier 山谷冰川Flat-topped glacier 平顶冰川Plateau glacier 高原冰川Ice cap 冰帽Piedmont glacier 山麓冰川Pass 出口Exaration 刨蚀作用Sapping 挖掘作用Abrasion 磨蚀作用Arete 鳍脊Horn 角峰Glacial valley 冰蚀谷Glacial striation 冰川擦痕Polish plane 磨光面Hanging valley 悬谷Roche moutonnee 羊背石Surface moraine 表碛Internal moraine 内碛Lateral moraine 侧碛Ground moraine 底碛Medial moraine 中碛Glacier drift 冰碛物Tillite 冰碛岩Moraine hill 冰碛丘陵Basal moraine 基碛Lateral moraine dam 侧碛堤Terminal moraine dam 终碛堤Drumlin 鼓丘Glacioflurial deposit 冰水沉积物Outwash fan 冰水扇Varve 纹泥Esker 蛇形丘Glaciation 冰川作用Glacial period 冰期Interval glacial period 间冰期Snowball earth 雪球地球Pore 孔隙Fissure 裂隙Cavity 洞穴Karst cave 溶洞Porosity 孔隙度Fissure ratio 裂隙率Perviousness 透水性Nonpervious bed 不透水层Confining bed 隔水层Permeable bed 透水层Water-bearing bed 含水层Underground water surface地下水面Saturated zone 饱水带Vadose zone 包气带Degree of mineralization 矿化度Recharge 补给Discharge 排泄Ascending spring 上升泉Fountain 喷泉Gravity spring 下降泉Recharge area 补给区Underground runoff 地下径流Vadose water 包气带水Vaporous water 气态水Constitutional water 结合水Capillary water 毛细管水gravity water 重力水Perched water 上层滞水Phreatic water 潜水Phreatic water surface 潜水面Confined water 承压水Static pressure 静水压力Artesian well 自流井Confined area 承压区Pore water 孔隙水Fissure water 裂隙水Bedded fissure water 层状裂隙水Vein fissure water 脉状裂隙水Karst water 喀斯特水Geothermal water 地下热水Hot spring 温泉Geothermal field 地热田Suffosion 潜蚀Scour 冲刷Corrosion 溶蚀Karren溶沟Stone bud 石芽Sinkhole 落水洞Corroded funnel 溶斗Underground river 地下河Dry valley 干谷Blind valley 盲谷Stone forest 石林Peak cluster 峰丛Peak forest 峰林Isolated peak 孤峰Solution cave 溶蚀谷Natural bridge 自然桥Depression 洼地Pore deposit 孔隙沉积Fissure deposit 裂隙沉积Stone pillar 石柱Stalactite 钟乳石Curtain 石幔Sinter 泉华Travertine 石灰华（钙华）Siliceous sinter 硅华Pericontinental sea 陆缘海Epicontinental sea 陆缘海Intercontinental sea 陆间海Benthos 底栖生物Coral 珊瑚Brachiopoda 腕足类Bryozoan 苔藓虫Nekton 游泳生物Plankton 浮游生物Algae 藻类Foraminifera 有孔虫Diatom 硅藻Radiolarian 放射虫Siliceous sponge 硅质海绵Bacteria 细菌Wave crest 波峰Wave trough 波谷Wave length 波长Wave high 波高Wave velocity 波速Wave base 波浪基面Surf 激浪Strait 海岬Gulf 海湾Marine bridge 海蚀拱桥Marine stack 海蚀柱Marine cliff 海蚀崖Marine cave 海蚀洞穴Marine trough 海蚀凹槽Marine canyon 海蚀沟谷Submarine platform 海蚀平台Marine balanced section 海蚀平衡剖面Marine terrace 海蚀阶地Ingression current 进流Reflux 回流Sand barrier 沙堤Sand bar沙坝Longshore current 沿岸流Sand spit 沙嘴Lagoon 泻湖Beach 海滩Tide 潮汐Rising tide 涨潮Falling tide 落潮Spring tide 大潮Neap tide 小潮Tidal current 潮汐流Triangular harbour 三角港Ocean current 洋流Trade wind 信风Warm current 暖流Cold current 寒流Uplifted current 上升流Contour current 等深流Turbidity current 浊流Submarine canyon 海底峡谷Submarine alluvial cone 海底冲击锥Deep sea fan 深海扇Terrigenous 陆源物质Biologic material 生物物质Shore 滨海Offshore zone 外滨带Subtidal zone 潮下带Foreshore zone 前滨带Intertidal zone 潮间带Backshore zone 后滨带Supratidal zone 潮上带Green algae 绿藻Bule-green algae 蓝绿藻Peat 泥炭Coal 煤Oolitic aluminous rock 鲕状铝质岩Oolitic ferruginous rock 鲕状铁质岩Oolitic manganous rock 鲕状锰质岩Organic reef 生物礁Reef coral 造礁珊瑚Fringing reef 岸礁Barrier reef 堡礁Atoll reef 环礁Glauconite 海绿石Bathyal 半深海Red mud 红泥Laterite 红土Green mud 绿泥Volcanic mud 火山泥Coral mud 珊瑚泥Deep sea 深海Ooze 生物软泥Red clay 红色黏土Calcium carbonatecompensation depth 碳酸钙的补偿深度Turbidite浊积岩Bouma sequences 鲍马层序Contour deposit 等深流沉积Contourite等深积岩Metallic mud 金属泥Manganese module 锰结核Ingression 海进Regression 海退。

!!地热水井井口温度的计算_申家年

大庆石油学院学报J O U RN A L O F D AQ IN G PE T RO LEU M IN ST I T U T E 第22卷　第4期　1998年12月V o l.22N o.4Dec.　1998地热水井井口温度的计算①申家年1)　孙小洁1)　刘海钧2)1)　大庆石油学院石油勘探系,安达,151400 2)　大庆地热办公室,大庆,163350 摘　要　水是地热能利用的载体.根据二维半无限大垂直埋管表面的稳态放热模型及牛顿换热公式,推导出地热水井在不同深处的垂直管道外表到周围介质的外部放热系数.通过实例计算了林甸地区浅部岩石热导率值,并对该热导率值进行了验证.根据输液管道节点温度的舒霍夫计算公式,以10m 为步长,用逐步迭代的方法,给出了地热水井井口温度的计算过程.主题词　地热;岩石热导率;井口温度分类号　P 314.3第一作者简介　申家年,男,1962年生.工程师.1984年毕业于长春地质学院仪器专业.现从事地下流体分析实验方面的研究.0　引言水将地下深处的热能携带到地面,是地热资源利用的主要载体;利用地热已有近百年历史,70年代以后得到了一定重视和发展,但是到目前,绝大部分地热还都是通过天然高温泉发现的.这样,地下水是否达到有使用价值的井口温度基本上是已知的.在没有高温泉的地方打井利用热能就必须计算水到达地面时的井口温度.根据输液管道节点温度的舒霍夫计算公式,用逐步迭代的方法,给出了地热水井井口温度的计算方法.1　影响井口温度的主要因素影响井口温度的因素很多,但主要因素有3个方面.1)地热场的地温梯度.地温梯度实际上控制着井底水的温度和水向上流动散热过程中的周围介质温度.地温梯度的高低决定是否有可能利用地热能.2)水在井筒的流动速度.高速流动的水热量散失少,有助于获得较高的井口温度.3)地下岩石的热导率.热导率是表明井筒周围介质散热能力的参数,岩石热导率越低,热量散失越少,井口温度越高.2　岩石热导率的选取表1　岩石热导率岩石λ/[W (m ℃)-1]钙质泥岩 1.77[2]含钙粉砂质泥岩 1.61泥岩 2.650.898[3]云母砂岩 3.75细砂岩 2.70 1.646粉砂岩 3.00 1.996泥质粉砂岩 2.093数据引自文献[2],[3] 在影响井口温度的3个主要因素中,地温梯度和水的流动速度都可以通过实测或计算得到较可靠的数据.岩石热导率是一个较复杂的变数.它受岩石的矿物成分、结构、流体成分和含量、地下温度、地下压力及岩石中流体的流动性等许多因素的影响.不同地区不同地层中各种岩性的热导率有较大的变化,见表1[1～3].从理论上讲,应根据地下不同深度岩石的具体物理化学条件,实测各类岩石的热导率,但由于影响岩石热导率的因素复杂,实验室内无法模拟地下地质条件,这一工作是无法进行的.在工程实践中,热导率一般采用经验值.研究区地热勘探尚处于初步阶段,无直接借鉴的数值.因此,在计算时根据不同地层的不同岩性,分层用热导率的加权平均值,采用迭代计算的方法计算井口温度.用实测地层温度和井口温度与之对比,从而确定适合研究区的岩石热导率值,用这个值去计算其它井口温度.①收稿日期:1997-09-20 审稿人:姜贵周3　理论依据依据管道工程中的舒霍夫公式T K=T O+(T H-T O)ex p(aL T)(1)式中:T K为水的终点温度;T H为水的起点温度;T O为管道周围的介质温度;L T为管道长度;a为常数.a=KπD GCK=2λ[ln(4h0/D)-1]D[ln(4h0/D)]2(2)G为水的质量流量;C为水的比热容,C=4212-1.883t+0.021t2;D为管道的外直径;K为管道的总的传导系数;h0为管道的埋深;λ为岩石的热导率;t为管道中水的温度.在管道传热工程中,管道总的传导系数K的表达式与上面的表达式略有差别,原因是原油传输中的管道一般是水平放置的,而地热探井的井筒(管道)是垂直放置的.这里K的表达式是根据传热学的有关理论推导出来的.具体过程如下:垂直的热水管道对周围地层的放热过程可视为垂直埋管在半无限大物体中的放热过程[4].Q=λ2πLln(4L/D)(T1-T0)式中:Q为热流量;L为管道的长度;T为管道内流体温度.求管道在L处向上长度为ΔL一段的热流量ΔQ L,根据泰勒展开近似有ΔQ L=Q(L)-Q(L-ΔL)=λ2πLln(4L/D)′ΔL(T1-T0)ΔQ L=λ2π(ln(4L/D)-1)(ln(4L/D))2ΔL(T1-T0)(3)根据牛顿换热公式ΔQ L=TΔF(T1-T0)=TπD(T1-T0)(4) T为管道的外表面到周围介质的外部放热系数.由(3),(4)两式结合有,T=2λ[ln(4L/D)-1][ln(4L/D)]2(5)根据文献[5],当这一段管道水平放置,且L D时,T水平=2λln(4L/D)(6)可以看出在L D时,即舒霍夫公式中的h0较大时,可以认为T和T水平没有差别.传导系数K可表达为K=11T1+Wλ+1T2(7)式中:T1为流体与管道内壁的内部放热系数;T2为管道外壁至周围介质的外部放热系数;W为管道的壁厚;λ为管道壁的热导率.对于不保温的热输管道总的传热系数K近似等于T2[5].研究区的井原为油气探井,多为水泥固井.水泥的热导率(λ= 1.43)与岩石接近,可以看作岩石的一部分.因而,可以认为输水管道是不保温的,其总的传热系数K近似为T2,即K近似等于管道外壁至周围介质的外部放热系数.4　计算过程及实例具有一定温度的水在井筒内向上流动过程中,井筒周围介质温度(地温场温度)逐渐降低,即舒霍夫公式中T O是变化的.因而必须采用分段计算的办法,逐步向井口迭代.将整个垂直管道以10m为一段,分成N段,并将该段中部的深度作为这一段的埋深h0,以这一段中部的地温场温度作为管道周围介质的温度T O.最下面一段为第N段,首先取井底温度为T H(N),按舒霍夫公式计算水流经L T(10m)长度后的温度T K(N),T K(N)既是第N段的终点温度,又是第N-1段的起点温度T H(N-1),这样反复迭代,直到大　庆　石　油　学　院　学　报第22卷　1998年计算出井口温度.林4井有关数据如下:地下450m 处的水温为40.8℃;G = 4.386kg /s;D =0.19m;实测井口温度39.9℃;977m 深度处地层温度为42.0℃.大庆地区年平均气温为3.2℃,则恒温带温度可计为5.2℃[1],恒温带的深度一般在15～30m,取20m 为恒温带的深度.根据地温梯度的定义,计算977m 以上的地温梯度为3.845℃/100m.计算结果为:λ1= 1.55W /(m ℃)(泥岩),λ2= 1.65W /(m ℃)(粉砂岩),λ3= 1.70W /(m ℃)(细砂岩),λ4= 1.80W /(m ℃)(砂砾岩),井口温度为39.91℃.为了进一步验证,根据有关资料,林4井处现今大地热流值为62.8mW /m 2,大地热流值定义为q =λd T d Z (8)式中:q 为大地热流值;d T d Z为地温梯度;λ为岩石的热导率.将地温梯度等于3.845℃/100m ,大地热流值等于62.8mW /m 2代入(8)式,计算出977m 以上地层中岩石的平均热导率为1.65W /(m ℃).这一值与上面实例计算出来的加权平均值基本一致,因而上述各热导率值可作为研究区地下450m 以内的热导率经验值使用.另外,这些值也在砂、泥岩的实测值的范围内,说明计算过程和结果具有相当的可靠性.5　结论上述计算属于稳态热传导过程,不适用于非稳态热传导过程;岩石热导率主要根据岩性变化来确定,深度增加时应适当加大[1];水平埋管和垂直埋管在埋深较大时,两者的放热系数是一致的.参考文献1　田在艺,张庆春.中国含油气盆地论.北京:石油工业出版社,1996.122～1232　鲁J M.沉积盆地中的热现象.冷鹏华译.哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1990.1283　杨万里.松辽盆地石油地质.北京:石油工业出版社,1985.1924　张洪济.热传导.北京:北京高等教育出版社,1992.327～3285　曲慎扬.原油管道工程.北京:石油工业出版社,1991.101～114第4期申家年等:地热水井井口温度的计算Abstracts Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute Vol.22　No.4　Dec.1998 Abstract　Geothermal water can be applied widely to hea ti ng,bathing,health care,planti ng and breeding in-dust ries.Thermal source is a key element in the geothermal syst em.In order to ascertai n the forming mecha-nism in Lindian region,we applied basin simulation method to calculat e the earth heat flow high value area and sum up ef fect fact ors of high value geotemperature dist ributi on.There is a characteristic of earth heat flow v al-ue and high g eotemperat ure in Lindian structure.Ef fect f actors of geot empera ture are that M oho and Curie are buried shallower,deep faul ts connects thermal source to thermal reservior,there is a huge grani te body under-ground.Subject terms　Songlian Basi n,Lindian region,g eotemperature field,geothermal,thermal sourceSupply of Groundwater Under the Geothermal Resource Formation and of Hydrodynamic Conditions in Lindian RegionZhang Shulin(Dept of Petroleum Prospecting,Daqing Petroleum Institute,Anda,Heilongjiang,China, 151400)Abstract　It s known that there are rich g eothermal resources in Lindian Region,which can be taken to surfaceusi ng wat er as thermal carrier.So whether there are supplies of groundw ater in this area i s an impo rtant ques-tion i n the long-term use of geothermal resources.According to the basin hydrogeological data,the hydrody-namic syst em can be classifield int o vertical and the partition of the hydrodynamic ag ency on plane,the counting of wat er replace intensi ty in the sedimental hydrogeological t erm and in the percolating hydrogeological t erm. Using the f luid pow er theoroy,analyzing synthetically its supply of groundw ater and hydrodynamic condi tions, Lindian Region is in the belt between percolating wat er replace and sedimeatal one at the basin hydrogeological parti tion.There are suf fici ent natural w ater supply to geothermal reserv oi r rocks.Subject terms　geothermal resouces,thermal reservoir,supply of g roundwater,hydrodynamic condi tions,pressure syst emCalculation of Well Head Temperature of Geothermal Water WellShen J ianian(Dept of Petroleum Prospecting,Daqing Petroleum Institute,Anda,Heilongjiang,China, 151400)Abstract　Wat er i s the carrying agent of making use of geothermal energy.On the basis of model of steady state of tw o-dimensional semi-i nfinite v ertically buried t ube and N ew ton exchange heat formula,the out side heat release coefficient is deduced f rom vertical tube in dif ferent depth of geo thermal wat er well to ambient medium.The shallow rock heat conductivity value of Lindian Region is calculated by examples.And this v alue is tested and verified.According to the formula that calculates node temperature in t ube engineering,calcula-tion process f or well head temperature of g eothermal wat er w ell is provided by i terative method w hose step is 10m.Subject terms　geothermal,rock heat conductivi ty,well head temperatureStandard Conformance Analysis of the DAEF Sample ImplementationLi Chunsheng(Dept of Computer Science,Daqing Petroleum Institute,Anda,Heilongjiang,China,151400) Abstract　DA EF is the interf ace bet ween the application and the permanent PO SC data store.It plays an im-port ant role i n the SIP of PO SC.The function of each data type and function of DAEF w as detailed in PO SC. Wi th the sample i mplementation of Epicentre on Oracle,the sample prog ram of DAEF was provided.In order to av oid unex pected result during usi ng the sample program that probably contains some erro rs,it is necessary to analy ze the sample implementatio n of DAEF.So a testing prog ram for D AEF was developed,which i s used f or standard conformance analysis of the DA EF sample implementation.The sample implementa tion of the DA EF versio n2.1provided by PO SC based on Oracle was test ed.Four da ta t ypes and fif ty-eight A PI f unctio ns that can no t keep consistency with the requi rement were f ound.The reasons for these include disordered man-agement,inaccurate analysis on requirement and i ncorrect using of pointer.Subject terms　PO SC,DAEF,A PI,Oracle,soft ware testingProjection of Oriented Object Data Model。

地质类专业英语复习资料

1、学科名称：Mineralogy 矿物学. Petrology 岩石学. Geomorphology 地貌学. Geochemistry 地球化学. Geophysics 地球物理. Sedimentology沉积学. Structural geology 构造地质学. Economic geology 经济地质学. Stratigraphy 地层学. Paleogeography 古地理学.Precambrian前寒武纪.paleozoic 古生代.mesozoic中生代.cenozoic新生代.aqueous 水成论.uniformitarianism均变说.catastrophism灾变说.remote sensing遥感.space shuttle航天飞机.engineering geology 工程地质学.geological mapping 地质填图. 古生物学paleontology mineral composition/component of rock 岩石组分elongate shape 椭圆形. Granulite麻粒岩.halo变质环带. geologic structure地质构造. tectonic构造.debris残骸;碎片;破片;残渣.2、常见矿物mineral：Granite花岗岩. quartz石英. feldspar长石. fluorite萤石. Dolomite白云石. cassiterite锡石. stibnite辉锑矿.silica tetrahedrons硅氧四面体.sheet silicates片状硅酸盐。

chain silicates链状. framework silicates框架硅酸盐. mica云母. chert/flint 燧石. hornblende角闪石. amphibole闪石. augite普通辉石. olivine橄榄石.orthoclase正长石. 斜长石plagioclase. 硅石silica. 玛瑙agate. 碧玉jasper。

Geological and geophysical aspects of the underground CO2 storage

Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 7–12 /locate/procediaThe 6th International Conference on Mining Science & TechnologyGeological and geophysical aspects of the underground CO 2 storageDubi ński Józef*Central Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, PolandAbstractObserved impact of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions on the climate changes resulted in significant intensification of the research focused on the development of the technologies, which would enable CO 2 capture from the flu gases and its safe storage in the adequately selected geological formations. The member countries of the European Union (UE-27) worked out special CCS (CO 2 Capture and Storage) directive concerning industrial application of this technology. It must be emphasized, that extremely important and difficult from the technical point of view is its final stage connected with CO 2 storage process itself. The paper presents key geological problems, which may occur during above mentioned stage of CCS technology, it draws also attention on the problem of monitoring the locations selected for CO 2 storage. It points out significant role of geophysical methods for effective application in this domain.Keywords : CO 2 Injection; CO 2 Capture and Storage; CCS technology; CO 2 monitoring1. IntroductionIt is believed that the climate changes on earth, observed during last decade or so have direct impact on more frequent occurrence of the extreme phenomenon in different places of the earth. Theirs’ symptoms are: rising the sea levels, occurrence of the extreme meteorological phenomenon, glaciers’ regression but also changes in the productivity and quality of the crops and many more. They result in the concern of the society expressed in the mass media by the watchword: “intensification of the global warming”. Predominant is the opinion, that the main reason for the occurrence of above is the activity of the human being, which leads to the increase of the concentration of the gases colloquially defined as the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [1]. Above effect is recognized through their continuously increasing emissions due to dynamic increase of the combustion of such hydrocarbons like coal, oil and natural gas. It can not be also neglected the influence of reduced sequestration of coal through the flora due to the deforesting of substantial territories of the globe and emissions of methane gas coming from the farming. In the years 1906 – 2005 average increase of the air temperature measured in the vicinity of the earth surface reached 0.74 ±0.18o C, and in Europe almost 10o C. According to the forecasts prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – IPCC continuation of intensive activities of the people in XXI century can result in rising the average global temperature of the earth surface from 1.1 even up to 6.40C and intensification of above mentioned extreme phenomenon. For this reason in 1997 governments of many countries signed and ratified Kioto Protocol, aiming at reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. There is presently global political and public debate, especially intensive in the European Union, which concerns the activities driving to the reduction of the climate warming up rate [1].Another very important aspect is the analysis of the impact of above activities on the individual economies and the 187-/09/$– See front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V .doi:10.1016/j.pro .2009.09.0085220eps 4Procedia Earth and Planetary Sciencesocieties. There is also opinion opposite to above, which proves that observed climate changes are natural process developed by mutual interaction of the earth surface and its atmosphere, which is warmed up by the solar radiation with the variable cyclic intensity and that they can not be attributed exclusively to the humans. The opponents adduce mainly the evidence coming from the geological research, proving that the periodical changes of the climate were and still are fundamental feature of the earth’s climate throughout whole history of its evolution. There is no disagreement between those two groups however as far as the fact of partial increase of the emissions and concentration of the greenhouse gases and especially CO 2 coming from the human’s activities is concerned. That is why it seems reasonable to undertake all sorts of activities, which would aim at reducing above emissions based on the principles of sustainable development and mitigation of eventual results of present global warming.Significant role in the development of the technologies reducing volume of emitted CO 2 will be connected with the technology connected with its capture and storage in the suitably selected geological formations (CCS – CO 2 Capture and Storage) [8][9]. The process must be safe for the geological and natural environment on the ground surface, what will require application of advanced monitoring. That is why geological and geophysical aspects connected with these key processes will play considerable role in the implementation of CCS technology.2. The heart of the global warming effectThe global warming effect is the phenomena caused by the ability of the circumterrestrial atmosphere to let the major part of short-wave solar radiation with its waves’ length 0.1–4 mm in and stopping the long-wave earth’s radiation with the waves’ length 4-80 mm. As a result of above phenomena earth’s surface and lower layers of its atmosphere are warmer. The research in this domain indicates that if the earth was devoided of the atmosphere, temperature of its surface would be at the level of – 180C, whereas presently its average temperature is +150C. Thereby without above effect life on earth would not be established and could not evolve. Thus the layer of atmosphere creates kind of structure similar to the roof of the greenhouse, which let the visible light in and absorb energy coming out by the means of infrared radiation, stopping in this way the heat inside. That is why the warming effect is also called green house effect. The point of the problem is that so called greenhouse gases accumulated in the layers of circumterrestrial atmosphere intensify natural warming effect, which results in the increase of earth temperature. There are about 30 different greenhouse gases. The most important are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone and also water steam. Fossil energy fuels – hard and brown coal, natural gas and oil – in the process of their combustion emit with different intensiveness different gases, including particularly carbon dioxide. The emission is the highest during the combustion of the brown and hard coal. Thus the power industry based on the coal has to face serious challenge of development the technology reducing value of the CO 2 emissions and other gaseous substances [1].3. Role of coal as source of a energy in the global economyCoal is one of the most important primary energy carriers in the global economy. It takes predominant place as a source for the electricity production.The forecasts of International Energy Agency (IEA) presented below in table 1 confirm global increase in coal demand, which in the years 2000-2007 reached 31%.Table 1. Global coal consumption in (Mtoe)Years World UE OECD2000 2364.3 316.2 1124.02001 2384.8 316.3 1114.52002 2437.2 314.9 1120.62003 2632.8 325.2 1151.52004 2805.5 320.1 1160.12005 2957.0 311.3 1170.32006 3090.1 318.9 1169.72007 3177.5 317.9 1184.3D. Józef / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 7–128Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2008 [2]Above status of coal as an energy carrier is caused by many following reasons:- more even geological location of the coal resources in the world comparing with other energy carriers,- clearly bigger coal resources and what results from this their higher sufficiency (globally for another 200 years), - higher safety of stable deliveries of coal fuel,- lower cost of production the electricity from the coal comparing with gas and oil,- possibility of further increase the economical efficiency and reducing the inconvenience of coal for the natural environment.Above reasons make the coal, which was used for centuries as primary source of energy long lasting important energy carrier in the global energy economy. Coal is playing key role today in the fuel-energy balance of such countries like: China, India, USA, Japan, Republic of South Africa, Russia, Poland, Germany, Australia and many others. Some of above countries are the leading coal producers, and others just important coal consumers. The UE countries represented also by Poland are the third in the world largest coal consumers. It must be emphasized here, that EU coal production can fulfill only 57% of its demand. Poland is the largest European hard coal producer with Germany when brown coal is concerned.Unfortunately coal is recognized in the EUas a …dirty fuel” from the ecological point of view and fulfilling more and more restrictive environmental requirements is becoming big challenge both for the mining and energy sectors. Special attention is being paid on the reduction of CO 2 emissions, recognized as a major greenhouse gas. One of the methods to reduce its emission is development and implementation of the CCS – CO 2 Capture and Storage technologies.4. Characteristics of the CCS technologyCCS technology, which presently at its stage of intensive development is meant to be an effective tool enabling for permanent and safe storage of captured carbon in deep geological formations. Its point is to separate and capture CO 2 from the stream of the flu gases being released during different industrial processes, then to transport and storage it in inside appropriate geological formations [9]. The key stages of CCS technology were presented schematically on the figure 1 below.Fig. 1. Key stages of the CCS technologyThe CO 2 storage locations can be: depleted natural gas or oil fields, unmineable coal seams and saline aquifers of the water-bearing sandstones [8]. The last-one mentioned have the largest storage capacity and they are recognized as the most promising environment for effective underground CO 2 storage. The mechanism of underground CO 2 storage is simplified thanks to the fact, that its density is significantly growing up with the depth of the injection and below critical depth, which is in most cases about 800m, where it is becoming supercritical fluid. It has much smaller volume then and can easier fill up spaces of underground reservoirs. There are four principal mechanisms, which provide isolation of CO 2 in deep geological formations [9]. They are being developed in different time horizons. The first-one of above is structural isolation connected with existence of non-permeable rock overburden, which makes the migration of CO 2 from storage place impossible. The second mechanism consists in the isolating CO 2 by the capillary forces inside the pores of rock formation. The third mechanism is the solution isolation, consisting in dissolving CO 2 in the geological formation water. The fourth mechanism is mineral isolation consisting in chemical reaction of dissolved CO 2 with the rock environment what results in creation new mineral compounds. 9D. Józef / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 7–1210 D. Józef / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 7–125. Geological conditions for underground CO2 storageSelection of optimal geological structure for CO2 storage must secure both: satisfactory storage capacity and its safety with reference to the geological environment underground and natural environment on the ground surface. Very important are also economical aspects including type of applied technology, distance of the CO2 emitting source from the storage place determining cost of transportation as well as legal and social aspects. From the geological point of view the principal factors, which must be analyzed are: geological, geo-thermical and hydro-geological conditions. The geological structure must fulfill several conditions like: depth, volume, thickness of isolating overburden, tightness of the reservoir, permeability and porosity of the rocks, which determine its storage capacity for CO2, hydro-geological connections and many others [4][8]. The locations, which eliminate geological structures as the places for CO2 storage are: protected main underground water reservoirs, rock formations, which got into reaction with CO2, and those which contain important resources of various mineral resources.Safety criteria for underground CO2 storage cover also detailed recognition of potential geological structure with the aspect of identification its eventual ways of escape [6]. It can be caused by the leak of overburden layers, occurrence of cracks and fracture systems and faulting zones as well as by existing potable water intakes or completed oil or gas wells. CO2 leakages from its underground storage reservoirs may also happen through the leakiness in the injection and monitoring wells, as well as due to occurrence other circumstances. Figure 2 shows main potential roads of CO2 escape from its storage place [9].All above aspects are covered by the adequate EU Directive [5].Fig. 2. Example of potential leakage scenarios Source: Co2 GeoNet European Network of Excellence6. Geophysical exploration and monitoring of CO2 storage placesThe key role in the exploration of the geological structures considering their eventual suitability for CO2 storage locations is played by the geophysical methods and especially by the method of reflective seismic. Thanks to the innovative techniques of transmission and presentation of the results of seismic tests explored structure can be properly assessed with special focus on:- determination of the geometry of interesting sedimentary series and especially porous reservoir series and clay sealing layers,-identification of eventual faulting zones crossing sendimentary series, which can be potential ways for CO2 leaking,-identification of optimal reservoir faces considering their porosity and permeability.Seismic data represent significant values for farther tests connected with elaboration the model of analyzed geological structure and for assessing its volume. Based on them decisions concerning location of the exploratory and exploitation wells are being made.Ensuring safe storage of CO2 i.e. identification of its eventual ways of leaking, is the key task of the operator, whoobtained the concession for its storage. Thus extremely important role is being played by monitoring both of the injection installation during its operation and the storage location together with its surrounding. Monitoring should be performed not only during the injection but also after finishing it [7]. The subject of monitoring first of all should be surface environment, but also periodically underground geological environment. The principal methods of surface monitoring are first of all geochemical methods consisting in direct measurements of CO 2 concentration in the air, soil and in the soil water. Information on eventual surface deformations as a result of CO 2 storage can be also obtained from the satellite and aerial photographs.Extremely important role in monitoring of CO 2 storage places is being played by the group of so called indirect methods, where by the measurements of many physical parameters the assessment of the processes taking place in the rock environment can be made. Among them dominant position due to its properties have geophysical methods and especially seismic, electromagnetic and gravimetric methods. Images of the rock environment performed by the means of above methods, in different time give the basis for the analysis of the changes, which place in the structure of reservoir rocks under influence of CO 2 storage. Figure 3 shows selected results of measurements made with the usage of reflective seismic conducted since 1996 in the Norwegian gas field “Sleipner” on the Northern Sea, where CO 2 is being stored in the porous sandstones of Utsira geological formation [3].As one can see there are visible changes caused by CO 2 injection and storage confirming effectiveness of the process.Fig. 3. Seismic imaging to monitor the CO 2 plume at the Sleipner pilot; bright seismic reflections indicate thin layers of CO 25. Conclusions1. CCS – CO 2 capture and storage technology is one of the options for the reduction of CO 2 emissions. Its key stage is CO 2 storage in the suitable geological formations. Above process requires good examination of geological structures and defining reservoir parameters of selected structures as well as assessment of the risk connected with the CO 2 storage.2. Geological aspect of the process requires solving many specialized tasks defined in the CCS directive, in order to make if economically feasible and safe for the natural environment on the ground surface, including the citizens and geological environment.3. Important role during the process of CO 2 injection will play its monitoring and then location of injected CO 2 plume what requires application of appropriate monitoring methods enabling up to date assessment of the safety and risk connected with eventual leakage of CO 2.4. Significant role both in the examination of potential geological structures for CO 2 storage purposes and its underground monitoring later on belongs to the geophysical methods especially considering their forecasting and technical features.5. CCS technology in case of its industrial scale application will have to face new challenges in the scientific-research domain connected with its further development, and also in the domain of education the new technical specialists for the companies implementing this technology.Before injection 2.35 Mt CO 2 4.36 Mt CO 2 5.0 Mt CO 211D. Józef / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 7–1212 D. Józef / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 7–12References[1] A Vision for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants. Report ETP ZEP, 2006.[2]BP Statistical Review of Word Energy, 2008.[3]Chadwick, Recent time-lapse seismic data show no indication of leakage at the Sleipner CO2– injection site. Proceedings of the 7thInternational Conference on Greenhouse Gas Technologies, Vancouver. I (2005) 653-662.[4]J. Dubiński and H.E. Solik, Uwarunkowania geologiczne dla składowania dwutlenku węgla. Uwarunkowania wdrożenia zero-emisyjnych technologii węglowych w energetyce. Praca zbiorowa pod red. M. Ściążko. Wyd. IChPW, Zabrze, 2007.[5]Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive85/337/EE, Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006. Brussels, 2009.[6]J. Rogut, M. Steen, G. DeSanti and J. Dubiński, Technological, Environmental and Regulatory Issues Related to CCS and UCG. CleanCoal Technology Conference “Geological Aspects of Underground Carbon Storage and Processing, 2008.[7]R. Tarkowski, B. Uliasz-Misiak and E. Szarawarska, Monitoring podziemnego składowania CO2. Gospodarka SurowcamiMineralnymi, 2005.[8]R. Tarkowski, Geologiczna sekwestracja CO2. Studia, Rozprawy, Monografie, 132, Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków, 2005.[9]What does CO2 geological storage really mean? Ed. CO2 GeoNet European Network of Excellence, 2008.。

美国《化学文摘》(CA)中常用词缩写

=EEG electroencephalogram脑电流描记术e．g．for example例如elec electric，electrical(not electrically)电的e．m．f．electromoctive force电动势e．m．u．electromagnetic unit电磁单位en．ethylenediamine(used in formulas only)乙二胺equil equilibrium(s)平衡equiv．equivalent当量，克当量esp．especially 特别，格外est．estimate(as a verb)估计estd estimated估计的estg estimating估计estn estimation估计Et ethyl乙基Et2O ethyl ether乙醚η viscosity粘度eV electron volt(s)电子伏[特]evac．evacuated抽空的evap．evaporate蒸发evapd evaporated 蒸发的evapg evaporating蒸发evapn evaporation蒸发examd examined检验过的，试验过的examg examining检验，试验examn examination检验，试验expt．experiment(as a noun)实验exptl experimental实验的ext．extract提取物，萃，提取extd extracted提取的extg extracting提取extn extraction 提取F farad法[拉](电容)fcc face centered cubic面心立方体fermn fermentation发酵f．p．freezing point冰点，凝固点FSH follicle-stimulating hormone促卵泡激素ft．foot，feet 英尺=0.3048米ft-lb foot-pound 英尺磅=0.3048米×0.453592千克G. gram(s)克gal gallon加仑=4.546092升(英)=3.78543升(美)geol.geological地质的gr.grain(weight unit)谷(1谷=1/7000磅=0.64799克)H hour小时H henry亨[利]ha.hectare(s)公顷=6.451600×10-4米2homo-均匀-，单相h hour小时hyd.hydrolysis，hydrolysed水解Hz hertz(cycles/sec)赫[兹]，周/秒I. ID infective dose无效剂量in.inch(es)英寸=0.0254米inorg.incrganic无机的insol.insoluble不溶的IR infrared红外线irradn irradiation照射iso-Bu，isobutyl异丁基iso-Pr，isopropyl异丙基IU国际单位J joule焦[耳](能量单位)K kelvin开[尔文]，绝对温度Kcal.kilocalorie(s)千卡=418.6焦kg kilogram(s)千克kV kilovolt(s)千伏kV-amp.kilovolt-ampere(s)千伏安kW.kilowatt(s)千瓦kWh kilowatthour 千瓦小时=3.6×106焦l.liter(s)升boratory实验室lb pound(s)磅=0.453592千克LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitals原子轨道的线性组合LD Lethal dose致死剂量LH Luteinizing hormone促黄体发生激素liq.liquid液体，液态Lm lumen流明(光通量单位)LX lux勒[克斯](照度单位)M. m.meter(s)；also(followed by a figure denoting temperature)米，熔融(注明温度时) M.mega-(106)兆M molar(as applied to concn.)摩尔m.melts at，melting at熔融m molal摩尔的ma milliampere(s)毫安manuf.manufacture制造manufd manufactured制造的manufg.manufacturing制造math.mathematical数学的max maximum(s)最大值，最大的Me methyl(MeOH,methanol)甲基mech.mechanical机械的metab.metabolism新陈代谢m.e.v million electron volts兆电子伏mg milligram(s)毫克mi mile英里=1609.344米min minimun[also minute(s)]最小值，最小的min minute分钟misc miscellaneous其它mixt.mixture混合物ml milliliter(s)毫升mm millimeter(s)毫米nm millimicron(s)纳米MO molecular orbital分子轨道函数mol molecule，molecular分子，分子的mol.wt.molecular weight分子量m.p.melting point熔点mph miles per hour英里(=1609.344米)/小时μ micron(s)微米mV millivolt(s)毫伏N newton牛[顿](力的单位)N normal(as applied to concn.)当量(浓度)neg.negative(as an adjective)阴性的，负的no number号，数O obsd observed观察，观测anic有机的oxidn oxidation氧化oz．ounce盎司(常衡=28.349523克)P P．d．potential difference势差，电位差Pet．Et．petroleum ether石油醚Ph．phenyl苯基phys．physical物理的physiol．physiological生理学的p．m．post meridiem午后polymd polymerized聚合polymg polymerizing聚合ploymn polymerization聚合pos．positive(as an adjective)阳性的，正的powd．powdered粉末的，粉状的p．p.b．(ppb)parts per billion亿万分之(几)p.p.m．(ppm)parts per million百万分之(几)ppt．precipitate沉淀，沉淀物pptd．precipitated沉淀出的pptg．precipitating沉淀pptn precipitation沉淀Pr propyl (normal)丙基prac．practically实际上prep．prepare制备press．pressure压力prepd prepared制备的prepg preparing制备prepn preparation制备psi pounds per square inch磅/英寸2[=0.453592千克/(6．45100×10-4米2)] psia pounds per square inch alsolute磅/英寸2(绝对压力)pt pint品脱(=0.5682615升)purifn purification精制py pyridine(used only in formulas)吡啶Q qt．quality质量qual.qualitative(not qualitatively)定性的quant．quantitative(not quantitatively)定量的Rγ希文，消旋(不译)red．reduce，还原red reduction还原，减小ref．reference 参考文献rem roentgen equivalent man人体伦琴当量，雷姆rep roentgen equivalent physical物理伦琴当量repr.reproduction再生产，再生res.resolution分辨，分解，离析resp.respectively分别地rpm revolution per minute每分钟转数RNase ribonuclease核糖核酸酶S sapon.saponification皂化sapond saponified皂化过的sapong saponifying皂化sat.saturate使饱和satd.saturated饱和的satg saturating饱和的satn.saturation饱和，饱和度sec second(s)秒，仲，第二的sep.separate分离sepd separated分离出的sepg separating分离的sepn separation分离sol.soluble可溶的soln solution溶液soly solubility(solys.for solubilities is not approved)可溶性，溶解度sp.gr.specific gravity比重sp.ht.specific heat比热sp.vol.specific volume比容std. standard 标准suppl. supplement 补篇sym. symmetrical 对称的T tech. technical 技术的temp. temperature 温度tert. Tertiary 叔(指CH3…C(CH3)2—型烃基)thermodyn. Thermodynamics 热力学titrn titration 滴定U unsym. unsymmetrical 偏，不对称U. V. ultraviolet 紫外线V V volt(s) 伏[特]vac.vacuun 真空vapor vaporization 汽化vol.volume (not volatile) 体积vs versus 对W W.watt(s) 瓦[特]wt.weight 重量wk week 星期。

轻质环油(LCO)选择性加氢生产高附加值的芳烃产品

第50卷第3期2021年3月应用化工Applied Chemical IndusSyVol-50No-3Mar-2021轻质环油（LCO）选择性加氢生产高附加值的芳怪产品佛扬%，淡勇1，杨东元2，潘柳依%，李稳宏％（1-西北大学化工学院，陕西西安710069；2.陕西延长石油（集团）有限责任公司，陕西西安710065）摘要：以M。

乙o/AgO3为催化剂，采用固定床反应器对轻质环油选择性加氢，生产单环芳桂,研究反应温度、压力、空速和氢油比对多环芳桂的饱和率以及单环芳桂选择性的影响，确定最优的工艺条件。

结果显示，在温度300_，压力6MPa,空速1h"，氢油比800时，多环芳桂饱和率为81.87%,单环芳桂的选择性为74.8%%关键词:轻质环油;多环芳桂;选择性加氢;单环芳桂中图分类号:TQ519文献标识码:A文章编号：1671-3206（2021）03-0650-04Selechvs hydrogenation of light ring oil(LCO)to producehigh-valus-added aromatic produceFO Yang1，DAN Yong1，YANG Dong-yuan2,PAN Liu-R，LI Wen-hong1(1-Colleae of Chemical Engineering，Nortiwestern University，XO an710069，China；2-Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum(Group)Co-，Ltd.，XO an710065，China)Abstract:Mo-Do/A12O3is used vs the catalyst，tie light eng oil is selectively hydovenated in a90mL fxed bed to prepare tie monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.The effects of reaction temperature，pressure and the hydoven甲/ratio on the saturation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and the selectivity of the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(MAHs)were investigated，and dete/nina the optioal process conditions.The results showed that tie saturation ratio of PAHs is81-87%and the selectivity of MAHs is74-8%at300°C，pressure6MPa，spaca velocity1h_1，and tie hydeg/i甲/ratio800.Key words:light ring oil;polycyclic aromatic hydocarbon；selectively hydrovenation；monocyclic aro-mato hydeo0aebon在2019年以后，我国已经全面实施国/柴油质量标准，新标准规定燃料油中的多环芳炷含量应不大于7%［1］，而轻质环油（LCO）在我国柴油组分中约占30%，用作车用柴油的调和组分会受到一定的限制［2］。

petroleum exploration and development简写 -回复

petroleum exploration and development简写-回复Petroleum exploration and development, also known as exploration and production (E&P) in the oil and gas industry, is the process of finding, extracting, and producing petroleum resources. With the global demand for oil and gas continuing to grow, petroleum exploration and development plays a crucial role in ensuring the steady supply of energy for various industries and everyday needs. In this article, we will delve into the various steps involved in the petroleum exploration and development process.Step 1: Geological and Geophysical StudiesThe first step in petroleum exploration and development is to conduct detailed geological and geophysical studies of potential areas. This involves analyzing existing geological data, conducting seismic surveys, gravity and magnetic surveys, and studying rock formations. By analyzing these data, geologists and geophysicists can identify potential petroleum traps and reservoirs.Step 2: Exploration DrillingAfter identifying potential areas, exploration drilling begins. Exploratory wells, also known as wildcats, are drilled to test the presence of petroleum in a given area. This involves drilling deep into the Earth's crust and taking core samples for analysis. Ifpetroleum is found in commercial quantities, further evaluation is conducted to determine the extent and quality of the reservoir.Step 3: Reservoir EvaluationOnce a potential reservoir has been discovered, reservoir evaluation takes place. This involves conducting additional drilling and taking fluid samples to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the petroleum. Factors such as reservoir pressure, permeability, and fluid composition are analyzed to estimate the recoverable reserves and production potential.Step 4: Well Design and ConstructionAfter evaluating the reservoir, well design and construction can begin. This involves designing the wellbore geometry, casing program, and other technical specifications required for drilling. Modern drilling techniques, including horizontal and directional drilling, are often employed to maximize production from the reservoir.Step 5: Production and ExtractionOnce the well is successfully drilled and completed, production and extraction of petroleum resources can commence. This involves installing production facilities, such as wellheads, pumps, and pipelines, for the efficient extraction of petroleum from the reservoir. Various enhanced oil recovery techniques are alsoemployed to maximize recovery from the field, including water flooding, gas injection, and chemical treatments.Step 6: Field Development and InfrastructureIn parallel to production, field development and infrastructure construction takes place. This includes building infrastructure for the transportation, storage, and processing of petroleum resources. Pipelines, storage tanks, refineries, and other facilities are constructed to facilitate the movement and refining of the extracted petroleum.Step 7: Environmental and Safety ConsiderationsThroughout the entire petroleum exploration and development process, environmental and safety considerations are paramount. Stringent regulations and best practices are followed to minimize the impact on the environment and ensure the safety of workers. Environmental impact assessments, waste disposal plans, and safety protocols are implemented to mitigate potential risks associated with oil and gas operations.Step 8: Continuous Monitoring and MaintenanceOnce petroleum production begins, continuous monitoring and maintenance of the field are crucial to ensure optimal performance and safety. Regular inspections, equipment maintenance, and reservoir management practices areimplemented to maximize production and extend the life of the field.In conclusion, petroleum exploration and development is a complex and multi-step process that involves geological and geophysical studies, exploration drilling, reservoir evaluation, well construction, production, field development, and environmental considerations. Each step is essential in identifying and extracting petroleum resources efficiently and responsibly. With the world's increasing energy demands, the effective exploration and development of petroleum resources remain crucial in sustaining global energy needs.。

2019职称英语综合类阅读精选：Petroleum Geology and Other Scienc

2019职称英语综合类阅读精选：PetroleumGeology and Other SciencPetroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (thestudy of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based onchemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical and chemical,and therefore more objective. Geology,in general,and petroleum geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。

地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。

在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。

现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。

从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学，仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。

地质环境保护英语模板作文

地质环境保护英语模板作文英文回答：Geological protection is of great importance for the sustainable development of our planet. It involves the preservation and conservation of geological resources and their associated natural landscapes, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and landforms.Geological protection is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, geological resources provide essential raw materials for various industries, including construction, manufacturing, and energy production. Secondly, geological formations and landscapes hold scientific and educational value, offering insights into the history of the Earth and its geological processes. Thirdly, geological environments often support unique ecosystems and biodiversity, providing habitats for numerous plant and animal species.Effective geological protection requires acomprehensive approach involving both regulatory and practical measures. Governments can implement policies and regulations to protect geological sites, while individuals can contribute by raising awareness about the importance of geological conservation and adopting responsible practices.中文回答：地质环境保护是当代国际社会关注的热点问题之一。

哈拉哈塘油田生产井井壁垮塌原因分析

哈拉哈塘油田生产井井壁垮塌原因分析杨文明;昌伦杰;朱轶;高春海;罗慎超【摘要】The oil wells in Halahatang Oilfield are mainly in the pattern of open hole completion. Due to the borehole instability in the process of production, wellbore collapse of different degrees happen in some open-hole sections, leading to production reduction and even shut in of the oil wells. And as a result, the normal production of the oil wells is seriously impacted. In this paper, the return cut-tings and the caliper log of collapsed wells were analyzed comprehensively. It is figured out that the wellbore collapse mainly occurs in the Lianglitage Formation and Yijianfang Formation. Then, the in-situ stress field and the collapse horizon, completion mode, reservoir type and production performance of collapsed wells were analyzed from the viewpoint of wellbore collapse mechanisms. It is indicated that the wellbore collapse is mainly caused by the joint effect of internal and external factors of oil wells. The internal factors include reservoir property, reservoir scale and regional in-situ stress, and the external factors include completion mode and reservoir stimulation measure. It is revealed that the matching relation between the well track and the natural fracture has some effect on wellbore stability (the internal factor), and in-situ stress imbalance, low rock strength, formation pressure release, acid fracturing and perforation are the external factors as well as the main causes of wellbore collapse in Halahatang Oilfield.%哈拉哈塘油田油井主要采用裸眼完井方式,生产过程中由于井壁失稳,部分井裸眼段发生不同程度井壁垮塌,造成油井减产或者停产.通过对垮塌井返出岩样及井径测井的综合分析,确定了井壁垮塌层位主要为良里塔格组及一间房组.从井壁垮塌机理角度,对地应力场及垮塌井的垮塌层位、完井方式、储层类型、生产特征等进行了分析,得出井壁垮塌主要由油井外因和内因综合作用引起的,内因包括储层性质、储集规模和区域地应力;外因包括完井方式和储层改造措施.认为井眼轨迹与天然裂缝的匹配关系对井壁稳定有一定的影响(内因),而地应力失衡、岩石强度低、地层压力释放以及酸压、射孔是哈拉哈塘油田井壁垮塌的外因,也是主要原因.【期刊名称】《石油钻采工艺》【年(卷),期】2017(039)004【总页数】5页(P424-428)【关键词】哈拉哈塘;碳酸盐岩;井壁垮塌;应力失衡;酸压;射孔【作者】杨文明;昌伦杰;朱轶;高春海;罗慎超【作者单位】中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部;中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部;中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部;中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部;中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TE273哈拉哈塘油田位于塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮南低凸起西围斜哈拉哈塘鼻状构造带上。

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