The Collection Efficiency of a Massive Fog Collector
三天造十万支箭的第二种方法英语作文
三天造十万支箭的第二种方法英语作文英文回答:The most prevalent conception of how to produce a staggering 100,000 arrows in the space of a mere three days stems from the fabrication of an assembly line. By dividing the labor involved into smaller, more manageable tasks and assigning dedicated artisans to each stage of the process, the overall efficiency of the operation is greatly enhanced. This specialization enables each craftsman to hone their skills in a particular area, resulting in a higher qualityof workmanship.However, an alternative approach exists that challenges the conventional wisdom of assembly line production. This method, rooted in the principles of mass customization, places an emphasis on flexibility and adaptability. Instead of rigidly adhering to a predetermined sequence of tasks, artisans are empowered to make decisions based on their own expertise and the unique requirements of each arrow. Thisapproach fosters a sense of ownership and pride among the craftspeople, leading to a greater level of engagement and motivation.The mass customization approach begins with the careful selection of raw materials. The finest wood is chosen for the shafts, ensuring both strength and flexibility. The feathers used for fletching are meticulously inspected to guarantee consistent flight characteristics. By paying close attention to detail at this early stage, the foundation is laid for arrows of exceptional quality.To achieve the ambitious production target of 100,000 arrows in three days, a large and skilled workforce is essential. However, the mass customization approach does not necessitate a massive factory. Instead, production can be distributed among multiple workshops or even individual artisans working from their homes. This decentralized approach provides greater flexibility and resilience in the face of disruptions.Communication and coordination play a vital role in thesuccess of the mass customization approach. Artisans must be able to share information and collaborate effectively to ensure that all components of the arrows are produced to the same exacting standards. Regular quality checks are conducted throughout the process to identify and rectify any potential issues.The mass customization approach to arrow production offers several key advantages over traditional assemblyline methods. Firstly, it allows for greater flexibility and responsiveness to changing customer demands. Secondly, it fosters a sense of ownership and pride among the craftspeople, leading to higher levels of motivation and quality. Finally, it can be implemented in a decentralized manner, providing greater resilience and agility in the face of disruptions.In conclusion, while the assembly line method remains a viable option for producing large quantities of arrows, the mass customization approach offers a compelling alternative that combines flexibility, quality, and adaptability. By empowering artisans to make decisions based on their ownexpertise and the unique requirements of each arrow, this method can deliver exceptional results while fostering a sense of ownership and pride among the workforce.中文回答:另一种方法。
毕业设计(论文)-6300KVA硅铁矿热炉除尘器设计
西南交通大学本科毕业设计第- I -页目录摘要 (III)第一章绪论 (6)1.1 铁合金的定义及用途 (6)1.1.1、铁合金的定义 (6)1.1.2、铁合金的用途 (6)1.2 铁合金的历史、现状及发展 (7)1.2.1、铁合金工业生产的起源 (7)1.2.2、国外铁合金工业的生产现状 (7)1.2.3、我国铁合金工业的飞跃发展 (7)1.2.4、铁合金生产技术的发展趋势 (8)1.3 硅铁生产工艺技术 (10)1.3.1、硅及其化合物的物理化学性质 (10)1.3.2、硅铁的冶炼方法及基本原理 (12)1.4 铁合金还原电炉 (14)1.5 硅尘的回收与利用 (15)1.5.1、硅尘的物理化学性质 (15)1.5.2、硅尘的综合利用 .................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
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农村电子商务模式外文文献翻译最新译文
文献信息Gleeson M. The study of B2C e-commerce sites in the countryside [J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2016, 12(3): 57-67.原文The study of B2C e-commerce sites in the countrysideGleeson M1 IntroductionB2C e-commerce is a pattern, which are usually said direct-to-consumer sales of products and services commercial retail mode. This form of electronic commerce general with network mostly retail, mainly by using the Internet to develop online sales activities. B2C namely enterprise through the Internet to provide consumers a new shopping environment - online stores, consumers through the network shopping on the Internet, online payment and other consumer behavior. A B2C business through the Internet offers consumers a new shopping environment - electronics store. Due to the rapid growth of the scale of rural, rural B2C e-commerce research also should pay attention to it.2 The development conditions of agricultural products B2C e-commerce2.1 Use e-commerce means the requestFirst of all, establish a systematic, professional, low-cost agricultural products logistics distribution system of agricultural products of short shelf life than other commodity, some consumer wants to buy the green food can storage, preservation and at the same time, consumption of agricultural products is characterized by the quantity of every time to buy, buy less frequency is high, the transaction amount is small. So there must be a quick, powerful agricultural products logistics distribution system. Second, perfect the system of B2C e-commerce of agricultural products. E-commerce development is very rapid, and electronic commerce is a kind of free, open trade mode, with the traditional business activities are quite different, some related management system, laws and regulations lag. So, how to guarantee the authenticity of online advertising and e-commerce market to crack down on illegal manufacturer, specification, agricultural market constraints become an important factor in thedevelopment of B2C e-commerce. Third, the wide application is order management subsystem. Agricultural product circulation enterprises must give the timely processing of orders for customers; arrange production according to the quantity of goods, all on schedule of delivery to the customer. Fourth is the establishment of operation mechanism of daily statistical pattern library. Agricultural products can be obtained at any time from the project manager of various kinds of statistical reports, pattern library, including all kinds of marketing mode, such as the advertising budget, new product planning, media selection, pricing models, the best marketing mix, etc., mainly for the senior management personnel in the face of the unstructured problems to provide a reference model.2.2 Requirements for agricultural product processing industryAgricultural production standardization, standardization of agricultural production, there are two aspects of content, namely certainty and uniformity. Agricultural products consumption dictionaries, dictionaries is the precondition for the development of B2C e-commerce, only the consumer to a certain extent, stray from the consumption habit of agricultural products, agricultural products and identity dictionaries, can from the Internet to buy agricultural products. Dictionaries contributed to the agricultural products of mass production of agricultural products, to create the possibility for standardization of agricultural production. Strengthen agricultural products between enterprises and engaged in distribution and other business cooperation. A higher percentage of the produce of the small and medium-sized enterprises, but also can't form the B2C e-commerce of agricultural products distribution system, it is difficult to achieve the rapid response. Joint, which requires companies to build and maintain a distribution system and thereby reducing costs play the role of the overall advantage.3 Key technology of rural electronic commerceFor rural electronic commerce has many problem presses for solution, such as agricultural preservation requires rapid logistics distribution (including dynamic path planning and convenient business matching and precise knowledge search, etc.), suitable for rural application environment of human-computer interaction need tosolve the problem of data open, etc.3.1 The dynamic path planningDynamic path planning problem about agricultural products distribution, due to the different characteristics of the agricultural products there is a big difference, so for different kinds of agricultural products, in addition to the need to consider when choosing a distribution model of general merchandise characteristics of constraints (such as demand, volume, delivery of the goods transportation cost, delivery time, vehicle capacity limits, mileage limit, time limit, etc.), also take into account the constraints of characteristic agricultural products (such as the efficiency of the agricultural products and transport the required temperature, humidity, oxygen consumption, etc.).To solve the key problem is how to in the actual process of logistics distribution based on the distribution characteristics of the agricultural products, design and efficient logistics distribution dynamic path planning algorithm, for producers and business operators to provide comprehensive transportation of low cost, low consumption goods, convenient agricultural products logistics distribution solutions, enhance the competitiveness of the products in the target market.3.2 Business maximum similarity matching algorithmThe depth of the rapid spread of the Internet and search engine development, the number of sellers buyers make e-commerce platform to soar, new "asymmetric information". For buyers to identify the seller's information effectively has become very difficult, resulting in platform is very difficult to find suitable suppliers; For sellers, is very difficult to get buyers information also, the promotion of the problems of high cost and low profit margins. How to improve the purity of information, enhancing business matching efficiency becomes the e-commerce platform must face the problem. Through the analysis of Web data mining, user access patterns, user records of consumption and user survey data, the analysis of the mining knowledge extraction system developed a smart website. Its key technology is automatic information acquisition technology, data mining technology, the automatic indexing technology, full-text retrieval technology and statistical techniques, etc. For example, the use of collaborative Filtering (Collaborative Filtering), according to the statisticalanalysis of a customer before buying behavior and purchase behavior from similar customers buying behavior to speculate that the customer pay attention to the goods and is related to its business scope of business opportunities, etc.3.3 Based on the concept of search engineResearch oriented knowledge element mining of massive unstructured resources and its semantic relation rapidly detect algorithms; In the semantic environment, intelligent service involves a large number of dynamic distribution in the network information resources, in order to improve the efficiency of semantic environment knowledge mining and found that the quality of knowledge, to these information resources are extracted and synthesis of the available knowledge organization, to guarantee the knowledge and effectiveness. Research under the guidance of ontology for mass and space-time distribution of unstructured information resources of multi-level knowledge mining technology, realization of metadata, the relationship between concepts and their semantic knowledge element mining components in different levels; Research knowledge learning sample complexity and computational complexity of the algorithm, establish a formal representation of the learning process, including reasonable constraint are knowledge semantic relation learning framework, achieve comprehensive knowledge, the knowledge element compound raise the level of knowledge processing, solve for Knowledge complex problems.3.4 The human-computer interaction technologyIn the human-computer Interaction technology (the Human - Computer Interaction Techniques) refers to the dialogue with the Computer technology. It includes machine through the output or display device provide people with information, people through the input device to the machine input information, etc. The human-computer interaction technology is one of the important content of computer user interface design. It and cognitive science, ergonomics, psychology, and other areas of the discipline are closely linked, and the farmer's cultural level is generally low. So the convenient, quick, the human-computer interaction interfaces and operation method of humanization, personalization and easy to use interactive equipment, for rapid advance village, e-commerce is of great significance. Touchscreen machine is a special service terminal and public service facilities of rural grassroots, because it possesses the characteristics of convenient operation, the use of free and brought to the attention of the government departments at all levels. Therefore, research on a touch screen support dialogue and remote update service platform, has a practical significance.4 Concrete measures4.1 Construct consumer shopping concept change of business operation modeConsumers shopping habits are traditional "to see, touch, listening to the sounds and taste" .Despite the multimedia electronic commerce network advertising effect, but can't replace agricultural character and the universal attraction for consumers. Only consumer shopping idea changes, adapt to the direction of the network development, B2C e-commerce of agricultural products can be developed on a large scale.4.2 Strengthen the construction of enterprise network and improve the quality of website informationEnterprises should open channels of information with the help of the Internet technology, further to do a good job of online marketing. In addition, studies have shown that for a shopping experience for the peasants agriculture website information quality, seriously affect their purchase intention. Information is most widely network buyers mentioned one of the aspects in need of improvement, and at present most of the agricultural B2C website information quality is not satisfactory.4.3 Set up online security system and payment systemA key problem of online trading is safety, including safety communications, safety confirmation and pays three aspects. There are a lot of information on the Internet have illicit close sex, online transactions need to confirm the identity to ensure that electronic non-repudiation after signing the agreement. Set up online payment system is the development of network marketing is an important content, the research shows that 52% of users think the biggest issue online shopping is not safe and convenient payment, development and security of online payment system is very necessary.4.4 Simplify the purchasing process of agricultural productsThe current electronic payment means, is network consumers mention most the place that needs to be improved, the second is to simplify the shopping process and after-sales service. In fact, there are some farmers consumers are ready to the purchase of agricultural products through the agricultural website, but in the process of clearing, settlement steps too complicated or be asked to fill out the web site of personal information too much and give up halfway. This part of the farmers is the most likely potential customers, part of which is the most worth fighting for customers. Payment platform by using simple shopping program, simplify the buying process of agricultural products, at the same time improve the quality of after-sales service, make farmers customers feel in agricultural website to buy agricultural products is both simple and trust, thus for enterprise to create more opportunities of electronic trading.译文B2C 农村电子商务网站Gleeson M1 引言B2C是电子商务的一种模式,也就是通常说的直接面向消费者销售产品和服务商业零售模式。
金钻脚轮 英文术语
金钻脚轮英文术语The realm of industrial and commercial equipment has witnessed a remarkable evolution, driven by the relentless pursuit of efficiency, durability, and innovation. At the forefront of this transformation lies the unassuming yet vital component known as the gold diamond caster wheel. These remarkable pieces of engineering have become the unsung heroes, quietly facilitating the seamless movement and transportation of a wide array of goods and materials across diverse industries.Gold diamond caster wheels, with their distinctive golden hue and diamond-like surface, are designed to provide superior performance and longevity in the most demanding of environments. Crafted from premium-grade materials, these wheels are engineered to withstand the rigors of heavy-duty applications, from the bustling warehouses of e-commerce giants to the meticulously organized production lines of manufacturing facilities.One of the primary advantages of gold diamond caster wheels lies in their exceptional load-bearing capacity. Capable of supportingimmense weights with ease, these wheels are the backbone of material handling equipment, ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of even the bulkiest of items. Whether it's a towering stack of pallets or a massive industrial machine, gold diamond caster wheels seamlessly glide across the floor, reducing the strain on both the equipment and the operators.Moreover, the unique diamond-like surface of these wheels offers unparalleled traction and stability, even on the most challenging of surfaces. From smooth concrete to uneven industrial flooring, gold diamond caster wheels maintain their grip, providing the necessary control and maneuverability to navigate through tight spaces and navigate around obstacles with ease. This superior traction not only enhances the safety of the operation but also minimizes the risk of damage to both the equipment and the surrounding environment.One of the standout features of gold diamond caster wheels is their exceptional durability. Crafted with meticulous attention to detail, these wheels are designed to withstand the rigors of constant use, resisting wear and tear with remarkable resilience. Their robust construction and reinforced bearings ensure a long service life, reducing the need for frequent replacements and minimizing the associated downtime and maintenance costs.In the fast-paced world of modern industry, where every second ofoperational time is precious, the reliability of gold diamond caster wheels becomes paramount. These wheels are engineered to provide smooth, effortless movement, enabling equipment to glide across the floor with minimal resistance and maximum efficiency. This translates into faster material handling, improved productivity, and ultimately, a more streamlined and cost-effective operation.Beyond their practical applications, gold diamond caster wheels also possess an undeniable aesthetic appeal. Their gleaming golden finish and diamond-like texture add a touch of sophistication and elegance to the equipment they adorn, complementing the overall design and creating a visually striking impression. This aesthetic value is particularly important in industries where appearance and branding play a significant role, such as high-end retail, hospitality, and specialized manufacturing.The versatility of gold diamond caster wheels is another key factor that has contributed to their widespread adoption across various industries. These wheels can be customized to suit the specific needs of different applications, with options for different sizes, load capacities, and specialized features. From the compact casters used in medical equipment to the heavy-duty variants employed in industrial machinery, gold diamond caster wheels can be seamlessly integrated into a wide range of applications, ensuring a perfect fit for each unique requirement.As the world continues to evolve, the demand for reliable and efficient material handling solutions has only grown stronger. Gold diamond caster wheels have emerged as a crucial component in this ever-changing landscape, providing the foundation for smooth, effortless movement and transportation of goods and equipment. Their exceptional performance, durability, and versatility have made them an indispensable part of the modern industrial landscape, driving productivity, safety, and innovation in countless applications.In conclusion, the gold diamond caster wheel stands as a testament to the power of engineering excellence and the relentless pursuit of improvement. These unassuming yet remarkable components have become the unsung heroes of the industrial world, quietly enabling the smooth flow of goods and materials that underpins the very fabric of our modern economy. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, the gold diamond caster wheel will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of this evolution, paving the way for a more efficient, sustainable, and prosperous future.。
采用真空泵法快速获取猪卵母细胞
采用真空泵法快速获取猪卵母细胞摘要:试验比较了真空泵法与传统的手动抽吸法对猪卵母细胞成熟效果的影响,结果表明,真空泵法在平均使用时间、卵母细胞的收集效率及A、B级卵母细胞所占的比例方面均优于手动抽吸法,在卵母细胞的成熟率方面稍低于手动抽吸法。
表明真空泵法是一种有效的猪卵母细胞采集方法。
关键词:猪卵母细胞;体外成熟;真空泵法;手动抽吸法Abstract:Thisexperimentwasaimedtosetupanewswineoocytescollectionmethodwithvacuumpumptosubstitute for theoldmanualaspirationandraisetheefficiencyoftheswineoocytescollection.Theresultsshowedthatcollectionwithvacuumpumpwassuperiortomanualaspirationataverageusagetime,theefficiencyoftheoocytescollectionandtherateofA,B qualityoocytes,butinferioratthematurationrateofculture.Itindicatedthatcollectionof oocytewithvacuumpumpwasanewandefficiencymethod.Keywords:swineoocytes;invitromaturation;collection method withvaccumpump;manual aspiration method自1989年Mattiolia等[1]用体外成熟的卵母细胞获得试管猪以来,卵母细胞的体外成熟培养已经取得了较大的进展[2]。
而从屠宰场废弃卵巢中抽取卵母细胞已为大多研究者所接受。
但对于优良的种畜禽、珍稀野生动物以及人而言,通常所用的抽吸法会浪费掉许多小卵泡内的卵母细胞,对卵母细胞上卵丘细胞的完整性也有一定的影响。
雨水收集池用量计算公式
雨水收集池用量计算公式English:To calculate the amount of water collected in a rainwater harvesting tank, you can use the following formula: A = (P x C x E) / 1000.In this formula, A represents the amount of water collected in liters, P stands for the total rainfall in millimeters, C denotes the catchment area in square meters, and E represents the efficiency of the collection system as a percentage.First, you need to determine the total rainfall by measuring the rainfall in millimeters. This can be done using a rain gauge. Once you have the total rainfall, multiply it by the catchment area, which is the surface area that collects rainwater. This can be the roof of a building or any other suitable surface.Next, multiply the result by the efficiency of the collection system expressed as a percentage. The efficiency takes into account factors such as evaporation, leakage, and overflow. For example, if the efficiency is 80%, you would use in the formula.Finally, divide the result by 1000 to convert the volume from milliliters to liters. The obtained value represents the amount of water collected in the rainwater harvesting tank.It is important to regularly monitor the catchment area, rainfall, and efficiency to accurately calculate the amount of water collected. By doing so, you can optimize the use of rainwater and ensure the system functions effectively.中文翻译:要计算雨水收集池中收集的水量,可以使用以下公式:A = (P x C x E) / 1000。
考研英语二大作文预测
考研英语二大作文预测预测一,大数据时代。
范文参考:With the development of big data technology, people's lives have been greatly changed. Big data has been widely used in various fields such as finance, healthcare, transportation, and education. It has brought about great convenience and efficiency, and has also raised concerns about privacy and security.In the financial sector, big data is used to analyze market trends, predict stock prices, and assess credit risks. This has greatly improved the accuracy and speed of financial decision-making. In the healthcare industry, big data is used to analyze patient information, diagnose diseases, and develop personalized treatment plans. This has greatly improved the quality of medical services and saved many lives.In the transportation sector, big data is used to analyze traffic flow, optimize routes, and predict congestion. This has greatly improved the efficiency of transportation and reduced travel time. In the education sector, big data is used to analyze student performance, identify learning gaps, and provide personalized learning materials. This has greatly improved the effectiveness of education and helped students achieve better academic results.However, the widespread use of big data has also raised concerns about privacy and security. With the collection and analysis of massive amounts of personal data, there is a risk of data breaches and unauthorized access. This has raised concerns about the protection of personal information and the potential for misuse of data.In conclusion, big data has greatly changed people's lives and brought about many benefits. However, it is important to address the concerns about privacy andsecurity to ensure the responsible and ethical use of bigdata.仿写:With the rapid development of big data technology, our society has undergone tremendous changes. Big data has been widely applied in various fields such as e-commerce, energy, environment, and entertainment, bringing about great convenience and efficiency, but also raising concerns about privacy and security.In the e-commerce sector, big data is used to analyze consumer behavior, predict market trends, and personalize marketing strategies. This has greatly improved theaccuracy and effectiveness of online shopping and marketing. In the energy sector, big data is used to analyze energy consumption, optimize energy production, and develop sustainable energy solutions. This has greatly improved the efficiency of energy usage and reduced environmental impact.In the environmental sector, big data is used tomonitor air and water quality, predict natural disasters,and develop environmental protection strategies. This has greatly improved our ability to protect the environment and respond to environmental challenges. In the entertainment sector, big data is used to analyze audience preferences, personalize content recommendations, and develop new entertainment products. This has greatly improved the diversity and quality of entertainment options available to consumers.However, the widespread use of big data has also raised concerns about privacy and security. With the collection and analysis of massive amounts of personal data, there is a risk of data breaches and unauthorized access. This has raised concerns about the protection of personal information and the potential for misuse of data.In conclusion, big data has greatly changed our society and brought about many benefits. However, it is important to address the concerns about privacy and security to ensure the responsible and ethical use of big data. Only by doing so can we fully harness the potential of big data while safeguarding the rights and interests of individuals.。
AIStation 人工智能平台用户指南说明书
Artificial intelligence development platformRelease AI computing power, accelerate intelligent evolutionAI&HPCAIStation -Artificial Intelligence PlatformUser DataUtilizationTraining40%→80%2 days →4 hrs.Telecom FinanceMedicalManuf.Trans.Internet Development & TrainingDeployment & InferenceDeployment2 days →5 minDataModelServingLaptopMobileIndustryRobotIoTPyTorch Caffe MxNetPaddlePaddle TensorFlow ImportPre-processing accelerationTraining Visualization Hyper-para. tuningOn-demandAuto sched.OptimizationJupyter WebShell PipelineData mgnt computing resources Dev. ToolsModelTensorFlow ServingTensorRT Inference Server PyTorch Inference ServerServingDeployingDev. Tools PipelineData processing RecommendationsystemCV NLPScenarioOn-demand Auto sched.Optimization"Efficiency" has become a bottleneck restricting the development of enterprise AI businesspycharmjupyterVstudiosublime70%50%70%Data security issuesInefficient collaborative developmentLack of centralized data management Low resource utilizationInconvenient for large-scale trainingDecentralized Resource Management Lack of synergy in R&D, slow business responseR&D lacks a unified processAIStation –Artificial intelligence development platformTensorflow Pytorch Paddle Caffe MXNetAIStation Integrated development platformModel DevelopmentBuild environment Model Debugging Model OptimizationModel Deployment Model Loading Service DeploymentAPI ServiceModel Training Task Queuing Distributed Training Visual AnalysisAI computing resourcesTraining samplesApplication stackCPU GPUNFS BeeGFS HDFSComputing Resource Pooling User Quota management Utilizing GPU usagePool schedulingData accelerationAutomated DDP trainingSSDResource poolData pooldata1data2data3node1node2node3data4data5Dataset managementData pre-loading Cached data managementSolving data IO bottleneck Accelerating large scale dataset transferring and model trainingLow threshold for DDP training Helping developers drive massive computing power to iteratively trainmodelsbatch2batch1batch0Data loadingbatch3BeeGFSwork2GPU serverworker1GPUserverworker0GPUserverwork3GPU ServerAIStation TensorFlowCustomized MPI operatorsHighlighted featuresSSDSSDGPU GPU GPU GPU GPUGPUGPUGPUGPU Cards MIG instancesResource PoolingUser QuotaUser QuotaA I St a t i o n d e ve l o p m e n t P l a t f o r m A rc h i te c t u reP100V100V100sA100A30… …Ethernet ClusterInfiniband ClusterRoCE ClusterStorageNFS 、BeeGFS 、Lustre 、HDFS 、Object StorageLinux OSNVIDIA driver package: GPU, Mallanox NIC, etcOperating SystemHardware ClusterNVIDIAGPU seriesMonitoringSchedulingGPU PluginOperatorKubernetes + dockerNetwork PluginSRIOV PluginMultus CNIData prep.Algorithm prototype TrainingTestResource Enginedata mgmtJupyterimage mgmtwebshell/ssh multi-instance visualizationquota mgmtresource mgmt deployment job workflowmgmt job lifecycleproject mgmtalgorithm mgmtmodel mgmt Report HAMulti-tenant System settingBusiness ManagementAuthenticationAPIsAI Application Development3rd or user-defined system integrationDeployment ModeComputing Nodes Storage :SSD 2T-10TGPU :8*V100Management network Ethernet @ 1/10Gbps IPMIEthernet @ 1GbpsManagement Node Storage size :4T-100TCluster Size (10-80persons )ManagerDeployment Mode (Larger Scale+HA )Storage 100T-200TManagement network Ethernet @ 1/10Gbps IPMIEthernet @ 1Gbps Management Node 1*Main ,2*BackupCluster Size (10-80persons )Computing NodesSSD 2T-10T 8*V100Computing NodesSSD 2T-10T 8*V100Manager...I00G EDR infiniband EDR@100GpsOne-stop service full-cycle management,Easy use for distributed trainingHelping developers drive massive computing powerto iteratively train modelsOne-stop AI Dev. platformAI framework AI ops tools GPU driver & Cuda GPUStandard interface for AI Chips Multiply AI Chips supportedHeterogeneousComprehensive resource using statisticsData security and access control Automatic faulty analysis and solutionsIntelligent maintenance & securityHighlighted featuresAIStationStandard and unifiedManagementPollingSchedulingCPU GPU FPGAASICA100A30A40V100MLU270MLU390Cloud AIC 100•Personal data isolation•Collaborative sharing of public data •Unified data set managementC e n t r a l i z e d d a t a m a n a g e m e n tf a c i l i t a t e c o l l a b o r a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t •Dataset preloading •Data Affinity Scheduling•Local cache management strategyD a t a c a c h e a c c e l e r a t i o ne f f e c t i v e l y s o l v e I /O b o t t l e n e c k s AIStation –Data Synergy Acceleration•Data access control•Data security sandbox, anti-download •Multiple copies ensure secure data backupS e c u r i t y p o l i c yUser DataTraining SamplesSharing Data(NFS 、HDFS 、BeeGFS 、Cloud Storage )D a t a M a n a g e m e n t :M u l t i -s t o r a g e Sy s t e m•Support “main -node ”storage using mode ;•Unified access and data usage for NFS 、BeeGFS 、HDFS 、Lustre through UI;•Built-in NFS storage supports small file merger and transfer, optimizing the cache efficiency of massive small filesAIStationComputing PoolStorage extension (storage interface 、data exchange )Data accelerationMain storageSSD+BeeGFSNode Storage(NFS )Node Storage(HDFS )Node Storage(Lustre )Data exchangeGPU PoolAIStationUser01UserNcaffeTensorflowmxnetpytorchGPUGPU GPU GPU GPUGPUGPUGPUGPU GPU GPU GPU GPUGPUGPUGPUGPU GPU GPU GPU GPUGPUGPUGPUGPU GPU GPU GPU GPUGPUGPUGPUAIStation –Resource SchedulingR e s o u r c e a l l o c a t i o n m a n a g e m e n tUser GPU resource quota limit User storage quota limitResource partition: target users, resource usageF l e x i b l e r e s o u r c e s c h e d u l i n g•Network topology affinity scheduling •PCIE affinity scheduling•Device type affinity scheduling •GPU fine-grained distributionD y n a m i c s c h e d u l i n g•Allocate computing resources on demand •Automatically released when task completedG P U M a n a g e m e n t :F i n e g r a n u l a r i t y G P U u s i n guser1user2user3user4user2481632123456GPU mem (G )Time (H )user1user2IdleIdle481632123456GPU mem (G )Time (H )GPU sharing scheduling policy based on CUDA to realize single-card GPU resource reuse and greatly improve computing resource utilization.Elastic sharing:Resources are allocated based on the number of tasks to be multiplexed.A single card supports a maximum of 64tasks to be multiplexed.Strict sharing:the GPU memory is isolated and allocated in any granularity (minimum:1GB).and resources are isolated based on thegraphics memory ;Flexible and convenient:user application to achieve "zero intrusion",easy application code migration ;S c h e d u l i n g w i t h M I G8 * A100 GPUsN V I D I A A100M I G s u p p o r t i n gUtilizing GPU usage• A single A100 GPU achieves up to 7x instance partitioning and up to56x performance on 8*A100 GPUs in Inspur NF5488A5;•Allocates appropriate computing power resources to tasks withdifferent load requirements.•Automatic MIG resource pool management, on-demand application,release after use;Convenient operation and maintenance•Set different sizes of pre-configured MIG instance templates.•Standard configuration UI for IT and DevOps team.•Simplify NVIDIA A100 utilization and resource management;56 *MIG instancesRe s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t :N U M A ba s e d s c h e d u l i n gKubeletResource management PluginInspur-DevicePluginGPUGPU topo scoreGPU resource updateGPU allocatingAIStation SchedulerGPU allocationAutomatically detects the topology of compute nodes and preferentially allocates CPU and GPU resources in the same NUMA group to a container to make full use of the communication bandwidth in the groupAIStation –Integrated AI training frameworkPrivate image library PublicimagelibraryinspurAIimagelibraryAI DevelopmentFrameworkAI Developmentcomponents and toolsGPU Driver anddevelopment libraryGPU computingresources◆Te n s o r f l o w,P y t o r c h,P a d d l e,C a f f e,M X N e t◆B u i l d a p r i v a t e w a r e h o u s e t o m a n a g et h e A I a p p l i c a t i o n s t a c k◆S u p p o r t i m a g e c r e a t i o n a n d e x t e r n a li m p o r t◆S u p p o r t o p e n s o u r c e r e p o s i t o r i e s s u c ha s N G C a n d D o c k e r H u b◆B u i l t-i n m a i n s t r e a m d e v e l o p m e n t t o o l sa n d s u p p o r t d o c k i n g w i t h l o c a l I D E•Built-in Jupyter and Shell tools •Support docking with local IDE •Support command line operationQuickly enterdevelopment mode•Allocate computing resources on demand•Quick creation through the interface•Rapid Copy Development EnvironmentRapid build Model Development Environment•Life cycle management •Real-time monitoring of resource performance•One-click submission of training tasksCentralized management of development environmentQuickly build development environment, focus on model developmentD e ve l o p m e n t P l a t f o r mJupyterWebShell本地IDEDevelopment PlatformDev. Platform StatusDevelopment environment instancemonitoring The development environment saves the imageS e c o n d l e v e l b u i l d•On –demand GPU ;•T ensorflow/MXNet/Pytorch/Caffe ;•Single-GPU, multi-GPU, distributed training ;•Flexible adjustment of resources on demand decouples the binding of runtime environment and computing power ;I n t e r a c t i v e m o d e l i n g •Jupyter / WebShell / IDE V i s u a l i z a t i o nT ensorBoard / Visdom / NetscopeF u l l c y c l e m a n a g e m e n t S t a t u smonitoring/Performance monitoring/Port password memoryImage save/copy expansion/start/delete etcVisualizationTensorboardVisdom NetscopeEnhanced affinity scheduling, optimized distributed scheduling strategy, multi-GPU training acceleration ratio can reach more than 90%.Optimized most of the code based on open source;Fixed a bug where workers and launchers could not start at the same time;Task status is more detailed.•Supports distributed training for mainstream frameworks•Provides one-page submission and command line submission of training tasks.M u l t i p l e w a y s t o s u p p o r t d i s t r i b u t e dQ u i c k s t a r t d i s t r i b u t i o nI m p r o v e c o m p u t i n g p e r f o r m a n c eDistributed task scheduling to speed up model trainingAIStation –Training ManagementAIStation –Resource MonitoringO v e r a l l M o n i t o r i n g•Usage status of cluster resources such as GPU, CPU, and storage •Computing node health and performance•User task status and resource usageR e s o u r c e U s a g e St a t i s t i c s•Cluster-level resource usage statistics•Cluster-level task scale statistics•User-level resource usage statistics•User-level task scale statisticsS y s t e m A l a r m•hardware malfunction•System health status•Computing resource utilizationM u l t i -te n a n t M a n a g e m e n tAIStationUserUser2User group1User group2Kubernetes Namespace1Namespace2Cluster resource ☐Supports an administrator -Tenant administrator -Common User organization structure. Tenant administrators can conveniently manage user members and services in user groups, while platformadministrators can restrict access to and use of resources and data in user groups.☐User authentication: LDAP as user authentication system, supporting third-party LDAP/NIS systems.☐Resource quotas control for users and user groups using K8S namespace.☐User operations: Users can be added, logged out, removed, and reset passwords in batches. Users can be enabled or disabled to download data and schedule urgent tasks.I n t e l l i g e n t p l a t f o r m o p e r a t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c eIntelligent diagnosis and recovery tool•Based on the existing cluster monitoring, alarm and statistics functions, the operation monitoring component is removed to support independent deployment and use;•Health monitoring: Obtain the status and list display (monitoring information and abnormal events display) of components (micro-services and NFS).•Abnormal repair: Based on the operation and maintenance experience of AIStation, automatic or manual repair of the sorted events such as interface timeout and service abnormalities (microservice restart and NFS remount);Intelligent fault toleranceSupports active and standby management node health monitoring, HA status monitoring, and smooth switchover between active and standby management nodes without affecting services. Monitors alarms forabnormal computenode resource usage toensure the smoothrunning of computenodes.In the event of a systemfailure, the training taskautomatically startssmooth migrationwithin 30 secondsMonitor the status ofkey services andabnormal warning toensure the smoothoperation of user coreservices.M a n a g e m e n t n o d e h i g h l y a v a i l a b l e C o m p u t i n g n o d eF a u l t t o l e r a n c eC r i t i c a l s e r v i c e sf a u l t t o l e r a n tTr a i n i n g m i s s i o nf a u l t t o l e r a n c eN o r t h b o u n d i n t e r f a c e•Secure, flexible, extensible northbound interface based on REST APIs.AIStationQuery URL Status Usages Performance status logs performance resultsReturn URL resource framework scripts dataset environment Login info performance resource framework dataset Return URL Query URL Query URL Return URL monitordeveloping training Computing resourcesDatasets Applications Caffe TensorFlow Pytorch Keras MXNet theanodata1data2data3data4data5AIStation product featuresFull AI business process support Integrated cluster management Efficient computing resource scheduling Data caching strategy reliable security mechanismsUse Case :Automatic driveSolutions:•Increasing computing cluster resource utilization by 30% with efficient scheduler.•One-stop service full-cycle management,streamlined deployments.•Computing support, data management.Background :•Widely serving the commercial vehicle and passenger vehiclefront loading market. •The company provides ADAS and ADS system products andsolutions, as well as high-performance intelligent visualperception system products required for intelligent driving.U s e C a s e :c o m m u n i c a t i o n s te c h n o l o g y c o m pa n y•Quick deployment and distributed •GPU pooling •Huge files reading and training optimizationBackground•HD video conference and mobile conference are provided,and voice recognition and visual processing are the main scenarios.•Increased scale of sample data,distributed training deployment and management,a unified AI development platform is required to support the rapid development of service.ProblemsSolutions •Increasing size of dataset (~1.5T), distributed training;•GPU resource allocating automatically ;•Efficient and optimized management for the huge set of small files ;Use Case: Build One-Stop AI Workflow for Largest Excavator Manufacturer Revenue 15.7B$ExcavatorsPer Year 100,000+Factories 30+AIStation built one-stop AI workflow to connect cloud, edge,and localclusters; support 75 production systems.API Calls Per day 25 M QoS 0missper 10M calls Model Dev Cycle 2 weeks -> 3days Use AI to automate 90% production lines, double production capacity.SANY HEAVY INDUSTRY CO., LTDSANY CloudAIStationModel Dev &Training Inference ServiceSensor Data Data Download Realtime work condition analysis Inference API invoke Training Cluster Inference ClusterTraining Jobs InferenceServices200 * 5280M5 800 * T4, inference; 40* 5468M5 320 * V100, training。
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题真题(附答案)
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”1 helping you feel close and2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugscan bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and thesusceptibility to developing the common cold receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were lesslikely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that othersare there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging tothe release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1 [A] Besides [B] Unlike [C] Throughout [D] Despite2 [A] equal [B] restricted [C] connected [D] inferior3 [A] view [B] host [C] lesson [D] choice4 [A] avoid [B] forget [C] recall [D] keep5 [A] collecting [B] affecting [C] guiding [D] involving6 [A] on [B] in [C] at [D] of7 [A] devoted [B] attracted [C] lost [D] exposed8 [A] along [B] across [C] down [D] out9 [A] imagined [B] denied [C] doubted [D] calculated10 [A] served [B] restored [C] explained [D] required11 [A] Thus [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Even12 [A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] errors [D] tests13 [A] highlighted [B] increased [C] controlled [D] minimized14 [A] presented [B] equipped [C] associated [D] compared15 [A] assess [B] generate [C] moderate [D] record16 [A] in the name of [B] in the form of [C] in the face of [D] in the way of17 [A] attribute [B] commit [C] transfer [D] return18 [A] unless [B] because [C] though [D] until19 [A] remains [B] emerges [C] vanishes [D] decreases20 [A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influences拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗?答案也许是响亮的“是的”。
中国人对人工智能的关注预防与利用英语作文
中国人对人工智能的关注预防与利用英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: The Chinese People's Concerns, Preventions, and Utilizations of Artificial IntelligenceIntroduction:Artificial intelligence (AI) is an increasingly important technology that has the potential to transform industries and society as a whole. In China, there is a great deal of attention being paid to AI, both in terms of its benefits and potential risks. This essay will explore the concerns, preventative measures, and utilization of AI by the Chinese people.Concerns:One of the primary concerns that the Chinese people have regarding AI is the potential job displacement that could result from automation. As AI becomes more widespread, many fear that certain sectors of the workforce could be rendered obsolete, leading to high levels of unemployment. In addition, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI, particularly in terms of data privacy and surveillance. With AI systems collectingvast amounts of personal information, there is a fear that this data could be misused or exploited.Preventions:In order to address these concerns, the Chinese government has implemented several preventative measures. One of the key initiatives is the development of a national AI strategy, aimed at promoting the responsible and ethical use of AI technology. Additionally, there are efforts underway to develop regulations and standards for the use of AI in various industries. Furthermore, there is a focus on promoting education and skills training to help workers adapt to the changing job market.Utilizations:Despite the concerns surrounding AI, the Chinese people are also eager to leverage the potential benefits of this technology. AI has the potential to revolutionize industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. In addition, AI could also help address some of the country's most pressing challenges, such as pollution and urbanization.Conclusion:In conclusion, the Chinese people have a complex relationship with AI, balancing concerns about job displacement and ethical implications with excitement about the potential benefits of this technology. By implementing preventative measures and harnessing the power of AI in a responsible manner, China has the opportunity to lead the way in the development and utilization of artificial intelligence.篇2The attention to and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) by the Chinese people has been growing rapidly in recent years. With advancements in technology and increasing adoption of AI in various industries, the Chinese population is becoming more and more aware of the potential benefits and risks associated with this emerging technology.On one hand, there is a significant amount of focus on preventing the potential negative impacts of AI on society. Concerns related to job displacement, privacy violations, and ethical issues have been raised by both the government and the general public. As AI continues to automate tasks that were previously performed by humans, there are fears that it may lead to a rise in unemployment and widening economic disparities. Additionally, the collection and processing of massive amountsof data by AI systems raise concerns about data privacy and security. There is also a growing awareness of the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to govern the development and deployment of AI technologies.To address these concerns, the Chinese government has implemented various initiatives to regulate and promote the responsible development of AI. The National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan, launched in 2017, outlines the country's strategic goals for AI development and sets guidelines for research, development, and application of AI technologies. The plan emphasizes the importance of ethics, security, and privacy in AI development, and aims to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework to ensure the safe and responsible use of AI.On the other hand, there is a strong focus on harnessing the potential benefits of AI for economic growth and societal advancement. With its large population, rapidly growing economy, and significant investment in research and development, China is positioning itself as a global leader in AI innovation. The country is home to some of the world's largest AI companies, such as Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent, which are at the forefront of developing cutting-edge AI technologies.The Chinese government has also been promoting the integration of AI into various industries to enhance efficiency, productivity, and innovation. From healthcare and finance to transportation and education, AI is being used to improve services, optimize processes, and drive economic growth. For example, AI-powered healthcare systems are helping to diagnose diseases, personalize treatment options, and improve patient outcomes. AI algorithms are being used in financial institutions to detect fraud, streamline operations, and provide personalized financial services. Autonomous vehicles equipped with AI technology are being developed to enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and improve transportation efficiency.In addition, the Chinese government is investing heavily in AI research and education to cultivate a skilled workforce and promote innovation in the field. In recent years, the country has seen a significant increase in the number of AI-related research papers, patents, and startups. Universities and research institutions are offering specialized programs in AI and machine learning to train the next generation of AI professionals. The government is also providing funding and support for AI research projects to accelerate the development and adoption of AI technologies.Overall, the Chinese people's attention to and utilization of AI reflect a balance between preventing potential risks and maximizing potential benefits. By addressing concerns related to job displacement, privacy violations, and ethical issues, while promoting the responsible development and application of AI, China is poised to harness the full potential of AI for economic growth and societal advancement. With the right policies, regulations, and investments, the country is well-positioned to lead the global AI revolution and shape the future of technology.篇3Title: Chinese People's Attention on the Prevention and Utilization of Artificial IntelligenceWith the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly important topic in China. As AI continues to advance, Chinese people are becoming more and more aware of the potential benefits and risks associated with this technology. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why Chinese people are paying attention to AI, as well as how they are working to prevent potential problems and make the most of its advantages.One of the main reasons why Chinese people are paying attention to AI is its potential to revolutionize various industries. From healthcare to transportation, AI has the power to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance overall performance. For example, AI-powered medical diagnostics can help doctors make more accurate diagnoses, while AI-driven autonomous vehicles can help reduce accidents on the road. As Chinese people become more aware of these possibilities, they are increasingly interested in learning more about how AI can benefit society as a whole.However, along with its potential benefits, AI also brings with it a number of challenges and risks. Chinese people are aware of the concerns surrounding AI, such as job displacement, data privacy, and ethical issues. As a result, there is a growing focus on how to prevent these problems from arising and how to ensure that AI is used responsibly. For example, Chinese companies are working to develop AI algorithms that are transparent and unbiased, while government agencies are implementing regulations to protect consumer data and ensure that AI is used in an ethical manner.In addition to addressing the risks associated with AI, Chinese people are also focused on how to make the most of itsadvantages. This includes investing in education and training programs to help workers adapt to a more automated world, as well as promoting research and development in AI technologies. Chinese universities and research institutions are conducting cutting-edge research in AI, while Chinese companies are investing heavily in AI startups and initiatives. By taking proactive steps to leverage the power of AI, Chinese people are positioning themselves to be leaders in this field.In conclusion, Chinese people's attention on the prevention and utilization of AI is driven by a desire to understand and harness the potential of this transformative technology. By focusing on both the benefits and risks associated with AI, Chinese people are working to ensure that AI is used in a responsible and ethical manner. Through education, research, and regulation, Chinese people are taking steps to shape the future of AI and maximize its potential for the benefit of society.。
度全国英语专业四级试题及答案(4)_3
度全国英语专业四级试题及答案(4)TEXT BThe “standard of living” of any country means the average person’s share ofthe goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce we alth. “Wealth” in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: “goods” such as food and clothing, and “services” such as transport and entertainment.A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most ofwhich have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country’s natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favourable climate; other regions possess none of them.Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons have been unable to develop their resources. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom fromforeign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country’s people. Industrialized countries that have trained numerousskilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled.A country’s standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example, Britain’s wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. A country’s wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.69. The standard of living in a country is determined by ___.A. its goods and servicesB. the type of wealth producedC. how well it can create wealthD. what an ordinary person can share70. A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends on all the factors EXCEPT ___.A. people’s share of its goodsB. political and social stabilityC. qualities of its workersD. use of natural resources 71. According to thepassage, ___ play an equally important rule indetermining a country’s standard of living.A. farm productsB. industrial .goodsC. foodstuffsD. export and importTEXT CHow we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell ns,we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy’s hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandm others did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats,for example. In cold climates, early buildings werecold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example.There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and A merica, short skirts became fashionable. After World War Two, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashion of the top fashion houses.At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater; and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club. However, you need never feel depressed if you don’t look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and you’ll see that no one else does either!72. The author thinks that people are ___.A. satisfied with their appearanceB. concerned about appearance in old ageC. far from neglecting what is in fashionD. reluctant to follow the trends in fashion73. Fashion magazines and TV advertisements seem to link fashion to___.A. confidence in lifeB. personal dressC. individual hair styleD. personal future74. Causes of fashions are ___.A. uniformB. variedC. unknownD. inexplicable.75. Present-day society is much freer and easier because it emphasizes___.A. uniformityB. formalityC. informalityD. individuality76. Which is the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Care about appearance in formal situations.B. Fashion in formal and informal situations.C. Ignoring appearance in informal situations.D. Ignoring appearance in all situations.TEXT DMassive changes in all of the world’s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it’s one of London’s parks full of peopleplaying softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are alreadyastronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight,and this means that the titlefights have to be held in different countries around the world!77. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.A. more people are taking up sports.B. traditional sports are getting popular.C. many local sports are becoming internationalD. foreigners are more interested in local sports78. Which of the following is NOT related to the massivechanges?A. Good economic returns.B. Revival of sportsC. Communications technology.D. Marketing strategies.79. What is the author’s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?A. Favourable.B. Unclear.C. Reserved.D. Critical.80. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.A. they become more professional than ever.B. they regard sports as consumer goods.C. there exist few world-class championshipsD. sports events are exciting and stimulating。
关于税收的考研英语阅读理解
关于税收的考研英语阅读理解《Taxation: A Crucial Aspect of Public Finance》Taxation is a crucial aspect of public finance, playing a fundamental role in the economy of a country. The collection of taxes enables the government to finance public services and infrastructure, such as healthcare, education, and transportation. In addition, it serves as a tool for income redistribution, promoting social equity and reducing economic disparities.The concept of taxation dates back to ancient times, with evidence of tax collection systems found in ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. Over the centuries, taxation has evolved, taking different forms and serving various purposes in different societies. In modern times, the principles and practices of taxation have become more sophisticated, with a wide range of taxes imposed on different sources of income, consumption, and wealth.In the context of public finance, taxation is characterized by certain key principles. Firstly, the principle of equity implies that tax burdens should be distributed fairly among individuals and businesses, taking into account their ability to pay. This principle is reflected in progressive taxation, where tax rates increase with income levels, and in the taxation of luxury goods, which places a higher burden on those with greater purchasing power.Another key principle is the efficiency of taxation, which aims to minimize the economic distortions caused by taxes. This involves designing tax systems that do not discourage work, investment, or consumption, thereby promoting economic growth and welfare. In addition, tax systems should be transparent and simple, minimizing administrative costs and compliance burdens for taxpayers.Furthermore, tax policies should be designed to achieve specific objectives, such as promoting economic development, environmental sustainability, and social welfare. For instance, environmental taxes can be used to discourage pollution and promote sustainable practices, while targeted tax credits and incentives can stimulate investment in key sectors of the economy.In recent years, the globalization of the economy has presented new challenges and opportunities for taxation. Cross-border trade and investment have raised questions about international tax cooperation, transfer pricing, and tax avoidance, leading to ongoing debates about fair taxation of multinational corporations and global wealth.In conclusion, taxation is a crucial aspect of public finance, serving multifaceted purposes in the economy and society. Its principles and practices have evolved over time, shaping the design and implementation of tax policies around the world. As the global economy continues to change, the challenges and opportunities for taxation will remain a key issue for policymakers, economists, and the public.。
技术的利与弊英语作文
技术的利与弊英语作文Technology brings about both benefits and drawbacks to our society. On one hand, it has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. With the advancement of technology, we are able to connect with people from all around the world, access information with just a few clicks, and accomplish tasks more efficiently.技术给我们的社会带来了利弊。
一方面,它改变了我们生活、工作和交流的方式。
随着技术的进步,我们能够连接世界各地的人,轻轻点击即可获取信息,并更加高效地完成任务。
However, the overreliance on technology has led to a sedentary lifestyle, which poses serious health risks to individuals. Many people spend hours sitting in front of screens, leading to issues such as obesity, diabetes, and eye strain. Furthermore, the constant exposure to screens and digital devices can also have negative impacts on mental health, causing anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.然而,对技术的过分依赖导致了久坐不动的生活方式,这给个人的健康带来了严重的风险。
MIST SEPARATOR
专利名称:MIST SEPARATOR 发明人:MAEDA YOSHITAKA 申请号:JP8765978申请日:19780720公开号:JPS5515619A公开日:19800202专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要:PURPOSE:To enhance the collection efficiency of a vertical type cylindrical mist separator with filter elements built-in by attaching an exhaust gas introduction pipe to the separator body in a tangential direction of a circle formed by the cross section of the body. CONSTITUTION:Exhaust gas introduction pipe 1 is attached to the body of the mist separator in a tangential direction of a circle formed by the cross section of the body. Since large diameter mist and large diameter dust in exhaust gas fall to the separator bottom by the effect of centrifugal force before the gas reaches filter elements 3, the filtration load of elements 3 is relieved, the collection effect is increased, and the clogging due to adhered dust is prevented. The filtration chamber is partitioned with a porous plate or a net and consists of a layer formed by laminating thin glass fiber of about 5-15mu diameter and a layer formed by laminating thick glass fiber of about 20-30mu diameter. The thickness ratio of the layers is about 1:9-9:1, and exhaust gas is introduced from the thin glass fiber layer to the thick glass fiber layer.申请人:MITSUI TOATSU CHEMICALS更多信息请下载全文后查看。
大数据技术影响日常生生英语作文
大数据技术影响日常生生英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Impact of Big Data Technology on Daily LifeIn recent years, big data technology has revolutionized the way we live and work. With the ability to collect, process, and analyze massive amounts of data, big data has had a profound impact on various aspects of our daily lives, including healthcare, transportation, finance, and entertainment.One of the most significant impacts of big data technology has been in the healthcare industry. By analyzing large amounts of patient data, doctors and researchers are able to identify patterns and trends that can help them diagnose illnesses, develop treatment plans, and predict outcomes. For example, big data analytics can be used to identify patients who are at risk of developing certain diseases based on their genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, and medical history. This allows healthcare providers to intervene earlier and provide more personalized care to patients.In addition to healthcare, big data technology has also transformed the way we travel. For example, transportation companies use big data analytics to optimize their routes, reduce fuel consumption, and improve the overall efficiency of their operations. By analyzing data from sensors and GPS devices, companies can track the movements of vehicles in real-time, identify traffic patterns, and make adjustments to improve the flow of traffic. This not only saves time and money for transportation companies but also reduces congestion and pollution for the general public.Furthermore, big data technology has had a significant impact on the financial industry. Banks and financial institutions use big data analytics to detect fraud, assess credit risk, and personalize customer experiences. By analyzing transaction data, customer behavior, and market trends, banks can identify suspicious activities, prevent fraudulent transactions, and offer targeted financial products to their customers. This not only helps to protect consumers from fraud but also improves the overall efficiency of the financial system.Moreover, big data technology has transformed the entertainment industry by enabling companies to personalize content and recommendations for their users. Streamingplatforms like Netflix and Spotify use big data analytics to analyze user behavior, preferences, and feedback to recommend movies, TV shows, and music that are tailored to individual tastes. This not only improves the user experience but also helps companies to retain customers and generate more revenue.Overall, big data technology has had a profound impact on various aspects of our daily lives, from healthcare and transportation to finance and entertainment. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect big data to play an even greater role in shaping the way we live and work in the future. It is important for us to embrace these technological advancements and leverage the power of big data to improve our lives and make informed decisions.篇2The Impact of Big Data Technology on Daily LifeIntroductionBig data technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and interact with the world. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which big data technology impacts our daily life, from smart devices and personalized services to predictive analytics and healthcare.Smart DevicesOne of the most noticeable impacts of big data technology on daily life is the proliferation of smart devices such as smartphones, smartwatches, and smart home appliances. These devices collect vast amounts of data about our behavior, preferences, and habits, allowing companies to tailor their products and services to individual needs. For example, fitness apps use data from our smartwatches to track our activity levels and provide personalized workout plans, while smart home appliances adjust their settings based on our habits and preferences.Personalized ServicesBig data technology enables companies to gather data about their customers’ behavior and preferences, allowing them to offer personalized services and recommendations. For example, online retailers use big data analytics to analyze our browsing history and purchase patterns, providing personalized product recommendations and discounts. Similarly, music and video streaming services use big data algorithms to recommend content that matches our interests and preferences, making our experience more enjoyable and engaging.Predictive AnalyticsBig data technology has revolutionized the way businesses make decisions and plan for the future. By analyzing vast amounts of data, companies can identify trends, patterns, and correlations that help them predict customer behavior, market trends, and business outcomes. For example, retailers use predictive analytics to forecast demand and optimize their inventory, while healthcare providers use big data to identify patients at risk of developing certain diseases and provide early intervention.HealthcareBig data technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling personalized medicine, early disease detection, and more efficient treatment options. For example, genetic testing companies use big data analytics to analyze DNA sequences and identify genetic mutations that may increase the risk of developing certain diseases. Similarly, healthcare providers use big data to analyze patient data and identify patterns that may indicate early signs of disease, allowing for early intervention and more effective treatment.ConclusionIn conclusion, big data technology has a profound impact on our daily lives, from the way we interact with smart devices andreceive personalized services to the way businesses make decisions and healthcare providers deliver care. As big data technology continues to evolve, its impact on daily life will only grow, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the world. By embracing the possibilities of big data technology, we can unlock new opportunities for innovation, improvement, and growth in all aspects of our daily lives.篇3Title: The Impact of Big Data Technology on Daily LifeIntroductionBig data technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, impacting various aspects of our routines. In this article, we will explore the influence of big data technology on different facets of daily life.CommunicationOne of the most significant impacts of big data technology on daily life is in the realm of communication. Social media platforms and messaging apps collect massive amounts of data on user interactions, preferences, and behaviors. This data is then analyzed to personalize user experiences, offer targetedadvertisements, and improve the overall quality of communication services.HealthcareBig data technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling the collection, storage, and analysis of vast amounts of patient data. This data is used to provide personalized treatment plans, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and improve patient outcomes. Wearable devices and health tracking apps also contribute to the generation of valuable health data that can be utilized for preventive care and monitoring of chronic conditions.RetailIn the retail sector, big data technology is utilized for customer segmentation, trend analysis, and inventory management. By analyzing customer preferences, purchasing patterns, and browsing history, retailers can offer personalized recommendations, optimize pricing strategies, and enhance the overall shopping experience.TransportationThe transportation industry has also benefited from big data technology through the implementation of GPS tracking, trafficmonitoring, and route optimization systems. These technologies enable real-time data analysis, which helps to reduce congestion, improve safety, and enhance the efficiency of transportation networks.FinanceBig data technology plays a crucial role in the financial sector by analyzing market trends, assessing the risk of investments, and detecting fraudulent activities. This data-driven approach enables financial institutions to make informed decisions, mitigate risks, and streamline their operations.EducationIn the field of education, big data technology is used to track student performance, identify areas for improvement, and personalize learning experiences. By analyzing student data, educators can tailor their teaching methods to meet the individual needs of students, fostering a more effective and engaging learning environment.ConclusionIn conclusion, big data technology has had a profound impact on various aspects of daily life, transforming the way we communicate, receive healthcare, shop, travel, manage finances,and learn. As this technology continues to evolve and expand its reach, its influence on our daily routines is only expected to grow. Embracing the opportunities presented by big data technology can lead to improved efficiency, innovation, and effectiveness in all areas of our lives.。
关于满族的英文作文
关于满族的英文作文The Manchus: A Dynasty that Changed the Course of Chinese History.Emerging from the rugged steppes of Manchuria, the Manchus emerged as a formidable force that would profoundly shape the destiny of China. Their dynasty, known as the Qing, would reign for over two centuries, leaving an enduring legacy on the nation's political, social, and cultural landscape.Origins and Rise to Power.The Manchus, a nomadic people of Tungusic origin, initially resided in the borderlands between present-day China and Russia. They were divided into several tribes, each with its own chieftain. Over time, through a combination of military prowess and astute diplomacy, one tribe, known as the Aisin Gioro, rose to prominence.In the mid-17th century, under the leadership of the charismatic Nurhaci, the Manchus began to consolidate their power. Nurhaci united the various tribes, creating aunified and formidable army. He also implemented a series of administrative and military reforms that laid the foundation for future Manchu successes.Nurhaci's son, Hong Taiji, continued his father's legacy of expansion. In 1636, he declared the establishment of the Qing dynasty, officially challenging the rule of the Ming dynasty in China.Conquest and Unification.The Manchus launched a series of military campaigns against the Ming, exploiting their superior cavalry tactics and advanced weaponry. In 1644, their forces entered Beijing, ending the Ming dynasty and establishing the Qing as the new rulers of China.The Manchus swiftly established control over most of the Chinese territory, but faced resistance in the southernprovinces. In 1683, under the leadership of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing forces finally pacified the remaining Ming loyalists, unifying the entire country under their rule.Governance and Legacy.The Qing dynasty presided over a period of prosperity and stability known as the "Kangxi-Qianlong Golden Age." Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong implemented a series of enlightened policies that promoted economic growth, cultural flourishing, and territorial expansion.The Manchus, recognizing the vastness and diversity of their new empire, adopted a pragmatic approach to governance. They respected Chinese traditions and institutions, while incorporating their own customs and practices. They also introduced a centralizedadministrative system that streamlined the bureaucracy and improved efficiency.The Qing dynasty also played a pivotal role in China's interactions with the outside world. They establisheddiplomatic relations with European powers, allowing for an exchange of ideas and technology. However, they also enforced a strict isolationist policy, limiting foreign influence on Chinese society.Cultural Contributions.The Manchus left an indelible mark on Chinese culture. They introduced new forms of music, dance, and literature that blended Manchurian and Chinese elements. The Qianlong Emperor, himself a renowned patron of the arts, commissioned the compilation of the "Complete Collection of the Four Treasures," a massive compendium of Chinese classics and historical texts.The Manchus also made significant architectural contributions to Beijing. They expanded and renovated the Forbidden City, the imperial palace complex, adding new structures and incorporating Manchurian design motifs. They also built the Summer Palace, an elaborate retreat located outside the city walls.Decline and Fall.The Qing dynasty reached its peak in the mid-18th century, but gradually began to decline thereafter.Internal corruption, foreign pressure, and domestic unrest eroded the dynasty's stability.In the 19th century, China faced a series ofhumiliating defeats in wars against foreign powers, exposing the weakness and vulnerability of the Qing government. The Taiping Rebellion, a massive uprising that ravaged southern China, further weakened the dynasty.In 1912, following a series of revolutions andpolitical maneuvering, the Qing dynasty collapsed. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated, marking the end of over two centuries of Manchu rule.Conclusion.The Manchus were a powerful and influential dynastythat left a lasting legacy on China. Their conquest andunification of the nation created a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity. Their pragmatic governance, cultural contributions, and interactions with the outside world shaped the course of Chinese history.However, the Qing dynasty's decline and eventual demise revealed the challenges of ruling a vast and diverse empire, and highlighted the need for China to embrace modernization and openness to the world.。
假如你去到你舅舅的农庄的英语作文
假如你去到你舅舅的农庄的英语作文英文回答:I spent a delightful day on my uncle's farm, which is a beautiful expanse of land teeming with life and tranquility. The verdant meadows, dotted with wildflowers, stretched out before me like a tapestry woven with nature's vibrant hues. The air was alive with the melodious chirping of birds and the gentle buzzing of bees.Upon my arrival, I was greeted by my uncle, a jovialand hardworking farmer who has dedicated his life to agriculture. He gave me a warm embrace and led me through the sprawling fields, explaining the intricacies of his farming practices. He spoke passionately about the importance of sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the need to protect the environment and conserve natural resources.As we walked, I couldn't help but notice the abundanceof livestock grazing peacefully in the pastures. There werecows, their gentle brown eyes gazing at me over the fence, and plump sheep huddled together for warmth. My uncle explained the different breeds and their unique characteristics, sharing his knowledge with me as we ambled along.One of the highlights of my visit was feeding the animals. I eagerly grabbed a handful of hay and approached a group of friendly cows. As I extended my hand, they cautiously nuzzled against me, their warm breath gently touching my skin. I felt a profound sense of connection with these majestic creatures and marveled at their gentle nature.After feeding the cows, my uncle took me to his barn, where I was amazed by the collection of farm machinery. He showed me his tractors, combines, and other specialized equipment, patiently explaining their functions and how they contribute to the efficiency of the farm. I was fascinated by the technology that is employed in modern agriculture.As the day progressed, I had the opportunity to witness firsthand the daily routines of the farm. I watched my uncle and his workers tend to the livestock, repair fences, and prepare the fields for planting. I was impressed by their dedication and hard work, which is essential to the success of any agricultural operation.In the late afternoon, I helped my uncle gather the eggs from the henhouse. I was surprised by the number of eggs and the variety of colors. My uncle explained that he has different breeds of hens that produce eggs with different hues. I couldn't resist cracking open a few eggs and savoring their freshness and flavor.As the sun began to set, casting a golden glow over the farm, I took a moment to reflect on my day. I had gained a deep appreciation for the challenges and rewards of agricultural life. I realized that farming is not just about producing food but also about caring for animals, protecting the environment, and preserving traditions.I left my uncle's farm feeling inspired and grateful. Ihad witnessed the beauty of nature, the importance of hard work, and the satisfaction that comes from being connected to the land. It was an experience that will stay with me for a lifetime.中文回答:我度过了一段愉快的时光,在舅舅的农场里,那里是一片广袤美丽的土地,充满了生机和宁静。
九江“PEP”2024年10版小学四年级上册第7次英语第2单元期末试卷
九江“PEP”2024年10版小学四年级上册英语第2单元期末试卷考试时间:90分钟(总分:120)A卷考试人:_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What do we call the part of the plant that supports the flower?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. Petal答案:A2、填空题:The _____ (大熊猫) is a rare animal that lives in China.大熊猫是生活在中国的一种稀有动物。
3、听力填空题:I believe that reading books can take us to __________.4、What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. GreenC. YellowD. Brown答案:B5、听力题:I like eating ________ (chocolate) cake.6、Which country is known for kangaroos?A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. IndiaD. Brazil答案:BWhich of these is a primary color?A. GreenB. PurpleC. RedD. Orange8、填空题:The __________ (历史的交集) fosters unity.9、听力题:The capital of Cuba is __________.10、听力题:The garden is full of ______ (flowers).11、What is the name of the famous bear character created by A.A. Milne?A. Paddington BearB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. Baloo答案:B12、What do you call a young female cat?A. KittenB. PupC. CalfD. Cub13、听力题:We have a family ___. (picnic)14、听力题:I see a rainbow after the ___. (storm)15、填空题:I call my grandma __________. (奶奶)16、听力题:It is _____ (hot/cold) in winter.17、What is the opposite of ‘light’?A. BrightB. DarkC. HeavyD. DimThe flower is yellow and ______.19、填空题:The __________ tells us when it will rain or be sunny. (天气预报)20、听力题:The _____ (elephant) is large.21、Which part of the plant absorbs water?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. Flower答案:C22、What is the name of the famous mountain range in Asia?A. HimalayasB. AndesC. RockiesD. Alps答案:A23、填空题:The _____ (carnivorous) plants trap insects for nutrients.24、填空题:Many plants are ______ (多年生) and return each year.25、What do we call a collection of books?a. Libraryb. Storec. Officed. School答案:a26、D. HamsterWhat color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. Brown27、填空题:The fish swims in _______ (优雅).An acid releases _____ ions in solution.29、填空题:The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games every __________ years. (四年)30、What is the opposite of ‘cold’?A. WarmB. HotC. CoolD. Chilly31、听力题:The chemical formula for calcium fluoride is ______.32、How many days are there in February during a leap year?A. 28B. 29C. 30D. 31答案: B33、What is the capital city of Italy?A. RomeB. FlorenceC. VeniceD. Milan答案:A34、听力题:We see a _____ (car/bird) in the tree.35、Which of these animals can fly?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Fish36、填空题:The ______ (海豚) is very intelligent.37、填空题:The __________ (历史的讨论) can lead to resolution.38、What is 3 x 3?a. 6c. 8d. 9答案:d39、听力题:The cake is very ___ (sweet).40、听力题:The chemical formula for glucose is ______.41、听力题:The Andromeda Galaxy is moving towards the ______.42、听力题:We are having a ______ (party) this weekend.43、听力题:A physical change does not alter the ________ of a substance.44、填空题:My neighbor is very . (我的邻居很。
中国发展让我感到震惊英语作文
中国发展让我感到震惊英语作文China's rapid development has left me in awe. The immense progress and growth that the country has achieved in such a short period of time is truly astonishing. From infrastructure to technology, China has made significant advancements in various fields that have not only transformed the country itself but also had a global impact. As I reflect on China's development, I am filled with a mix of admiration, curiosity, and a sense of wonder at what the future holds for this dynamic nation.One of the aspects of China's development that has impressed me the most isits infrastructure. The country has built some of the most impressive and extensive transportation networks in the world, including high-speed railways, highways, and airports. The efficiency and scale of these infrastructure projects are truly remarkable, showcasing China's ability to plan and execute large-scale projects with precision and speed. As I travel through China and witness the seamless connectivity of its cities and regions, I am struck by the sheer magnitude of the infrastructure that has been put in place to support thecountry's growth.In addition to its infrastructure, China's technological advancements have also been a source of amazement for me. The country has rapidly emerged as a global leader in technology, with breakthroughs in areas such as artificial intelligence, e-commerce, and renewable energy. Chinese companies like Alibaba, Huawei, and Tencent have become household names around the world, revolutionizing industries and driving innovation at a breakneck pace. As I see the impact of Chinese technology on a global scale, I am both inspired by the ingenuity and creativity of the country's entrepreneurs and excited to see how these advancements will continue to shape the future.However, amidst the awe-inspiring progress and development in China, I also cannot ignore the challenges and complexities that come with such rapid growth. The country's economic success has come at a cost, with issues such as incomeinequality, environmental degradation, and social disparities becoming more pronounced. The gap between the rich and the poor in China is widening, and the pressure to sustain economic growth while addressing these social issues is a daunting task for the government. As I witness the social changes and tensionsthat accompany China's development, I am reminded of the delicate balance that must be struck between progress and social welfare.Another aspect of China's development that has left me in shock is its urbanization. The country's rapid industrialization and economic growth have led to a massive influx of people from rural areas to urban centers, resulting in overcrowding, pollution, and strains on resources. The transformation of once quaint villages into bustling metropolises is a stark reminder of the rapid pace at which China is evolving. As I see the urban sprawl and congestion in citieslike Beijing and Shanghai, I am struck by the scale of the urbanization process and the challenges it poses for sustainable development.Despite the challenges and complexities that come with China's development, I am also filled with a sense of optimism and hope for the future. The country's commitment to innovation, sustainability, and social progress is evident in its ambitious plans for the future, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Made in China 2025 strategy. These initiatives reflect China's vision for a more interconnected, inclusive, and sustainable world, and its willingness to take on a leadership role in shaping the global agenda. As I look ahead to the future of China's development, I am excited to see how the country will continue to evolve and make a positive impact on the world stage.In conclusion, China's development has indeed left me in shock, awe, and wonder at the remarkable progress and growth that the country has achieved. From its impressive infrastructure to its groundbreaking technological advancements, China's transformation is a testament to the power of vision, determination, and hard work. As I reflect on China's journey and the challenges that lie ahead, I am both inspired by the country's achievements and hopeful for a future that is more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous for all. China's development is a story ofresilience, innovation, and ambition, and I am grateful to have witnessed and been a part of this extraordinary journey.。
多门店财务核算流程
多门店财务核算流程In a multi-store business setup, the financial accounting process plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of financial operations. The process begins with the collection of sales data from each store, which includes sales transactions, returns, and discounts. This data is then consolidated and entered into the accounting system, where it undergoes verification and validation to ensure its accuracy.在多门店的商业布局中,财务核算流程对于确保财务操作的准确性和效率至关重要。
该流程始于从每个门店收集销售数据,包括销售交易、退货和折扣等。
随后,这些数据会被整合并录入会计系统,经过验证和核实,以确保其准确性。
Next, expenses related to each store, such as rent, salaries, and utility bills, are recorded and categorized. This allows for a detailed analysis of store-specific costs and profitability. Inventory management is also a key component of the process, as it involves tracking inventory levels, orders, and deliveries to ensure smooth operations and minimize losses.接着,记录并分类每个门店的相关费用,如租金、工资和水电费等。
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Atmospheric Research, 24 (1989) 53-69 Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam - Printed in The NetherlandsThe Collection Efficiency of a Massive Fog CollectorROBERT S. SCHEMENAUER and PAUL I. JOEAtmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ontario M3H 5T4 (Canada)(Received December 29, 1988; accepted after revision May 22, 1989)ABSTRACTVery large (48 m2) fog-water collectors are being used on the coastal mountains in northern Chile to generate water. The microphysical characteristics of the high elevation fog (camanchaca) have been examined and the collection efficiency of the collectors measured. The camanchaca exhibits characteristics of clouds, reflecting its source as a marine stratocumulus deck. Droplet mean volume diameters (MVD) in ten cases ranged from 10.8 to 15.3 p.m. Droplet concentrations were typically 400 cm-3 with fog liquid water contents ranging from 0.22 to 0.73 g m-3.The large fog-water collectors consist of a double layer of mesh made from a I-mm wide flat polypropylene ribbon. The theoretical collection efficiencies of a 1-mm wide ribbon, for droplets with the observed MVD, at wind speeds from 2 to 8 m s-1, are 75 to 95%. The field measurements of the collection efficiency of the mesh at the centerline of a large collector gave values of ~ 66% (3.5-6.5 m s-1; 11 p.m MVD). This is in good agreement with the theoretical value for a single ribbon once the areal coverage of the mesh is taken into account. At lower wind speeds, the measured collection efficiencies dropped to ~26% (1.9 m s-1; 15 p.m MVD). A simple parameterization of the mesh collection efficiency allowed some properties of meshes to be examined, e.g. the mesh shows a marked decrease in droplet collection as the ribbon width is increased while maintaining a constant percentage areal coverage.The measured water output from the large collector was 2.9 times lower than predicted using the measured amount of water removed at the centerline and the wind speed 6 m upstream. This implies a large-collector efficiency of only ~ 20%. This low value may result from a lowering of wind speed as the fog approaches the mesh, a reduced collection efficiency away from the centerline, and water losses in the system.RESUMEDans les montagnes cotieres du nord du Chili, on se sert, pour obtenir de l'eau, d'immenses capteurs d'eau de brouillard (48 m2). On a examine les caracteristiques microphysiques du brouil- lard de forte altitude (camanchaca) et mesure l'efficacite de captage. Le camanchaca presente des caracteristiques de nuages, en refletant la source sous forme de plate-forme de stratocumulus marin.Dans dix cas, Ie diametre de la masse moyenne (DMM) des gouttelettes s'est situe entre 10,8 et 15,3 11m. La concentration type des gouttelettes etait de 400/cm3, la teneur en eau du brouillard allant de 0,22 a 0,73 g/m3.Les grands capteurs d'eau de brouillard consistent en une double couche de filet en ruban plat de polypropyLene de 1 mm de large. La capacite theorique de captage d'un ruban de 1 mm de large, pour des gouttelettes du DMM observe, par un vent soufflant de 2 a 8 mis, est de 75 a 95%. Sur Ie terrain, leg mesures de la capacite de captage du filet a la ligne mediane d'un grand capteur ant donne des valeurs d'environ 66% (3,5 a 6,5 m/s; DMM de 11 11m). Une fois qu'on tient compte de la couverture surfacique du filet, ce chiffre correspond bien a la valeur theorique afferente a un seul ruban. A des vitesses plus basses du vent, la capacite mesuree de captage est tombee a environ 26% (1,9 mis, DMM de 15I1m). Le simple etablissement des parametres de la capacite de captage du filet a permis d'examiner certaines proprietes du filet. Par exemple, Ie filet recueille beaucoup mains de gouttelettes quand la largeur du ruban s'accroit, la couverture surfacique en pourcentage etant constante.La production mesuree d'eau du grand capteur a ete 2,9 fois plus basse que la production prevue d'apres la quantite mesureed'eau enlevee a la ligne mediane et a la vitesse du vent a 6 m en affiant. Le grand capteur aurait donc une capacite de captagede seulement 20% environ. Cette basse valeur resulte peut-etre de la baisse de la vitesse du vent quand Ie brouillard s'approche du filet, d'une baisse de la capacite de captage quand on s'eloigne de la ligne mediane, et des pertes d'eau de l'installation. INTRODUCTIONThe demand for fresh water is currently a major political, social and economic issue in the world. Predictions are that the problems will continue to grow more serious as populations increase and conventional water supplies are depleted or contaminated. Faced with a growing demand and a depleting supply, we have to be prepared to explore unconventional sources of water. The high elevation coastal fogs along the west coast of South America are one such source.A high-pressure area is present in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of South America throughout the year. The trade wind inversion produced by subsidence in the anticyclone is found along the coasts of Peru and northern Chile at heights that gradually decrease towards the south. Typical heights are in the 600 m to 1200 m range. The inversion caps the vertical development of the extensive fields of marine stratocumulus found over the ocean (Schemenauer et al., 1988). The cloud decks are typically 100 m to 400 m thick and do not produce rain, though occasional drizzle is experienced. The stratocumulus decks are blown onshore by a prevailing southwest wind along the northern coast of Chile. Where the coastal mountains are at an appropriate height, they intercept the clouds resulting in persistent periods of fog. These high elevation fogs are called camanchacas.Kerfoot (1968), Goodman (1982) and Schemenauer (1986) have reviewed the literature on fog water collection by vegetation and small collectors. They concluded that in certain areas the interception of fog water can provide an important input to the ecosystem. A history of such work in northern Chile led to the establishment in 1987 of The Camanchaca Project. It is a combined research and operational project designed to investigate the meteorological conditions leading to the formation of thecamanchaca, the microphysical properties of the camanchaca, the optimum collector design and construction, and the delivery of water to a village of 330 people 6 km away. The main funding agency is the International Development Research Centre in Ottawa, Canada. The scientific participants are the University of Chile, the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada. The collector and pipeline construction is supervised and carried out by the Corporacion Nacional Forestal in the 4th Region.The choice of optimum sampling locations is made by conducting preliminary experiments on relative fog collection using small collectors (Schemenauer et al., 1987; Cereceda et al., 1988). This has resulted in the siting of fifty large 48- m2 collectors (atrapanieblas) and the generation of substantial amounts of water (Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1988; Schemenauer, 1988). This paper will describe the results of in -situ measurements designed to deter- mine the collection efficiency of the atrapanieblas. Knowledge of the collection efficiencies is essential for optimizing collector design and for minimizing water costs.THE FIELD SITEThe field site is 60 km north of the city of La Serena in north-central Chile. The main experimental location is on a ridge at 780 m (29°26'S 71°15'W). The ridge extends in a north-south direction for about 5 km and is flanked on either end by 1100-m mountains. It is 6 km from the coast of the Pacific Ocean where a small fishing-village, Chungungo, is located.Meteorological stations have operated continuously since November 1987 at 780 m and 720 m recording a standard set of meteorological parameters as well as the flow rates from the collectors. During the 2-week intensive field programs in 1987 and 1988, continuous meteorological data were also collected at elevations of 30 m and 1100 m and frequent radiosonde ascents were made.INSTRUMENTATIONEach of the 50 atrapanieblas is 12 m long and 4 m high. The base of the mesh varies from 1 m to 2 m above ground depending on the undulations of the terrain. The actual collector studied in this paper is illustrated in Fig. 1. It is on the crest of the ridge with a few eucalyptus trees at a distance of 25 m or more on the downwind side. The collecting material is a double layer of black polypropylene mesh (Fig. 2) that is made in Chile. The mesh is a triangular weave of a flat fiber about 1 mm wide and 0.1 mm thick. The fiber is woven into a mesh with a pore size of about 1 cm. The double layer of mesh can cover up to 70% of the surface area of the collector depending on how the fibers overlap. A complete set of meteorological measurements is made 6 m in front of the atrapaniebla at the centerline height (3.5 m).Measurements of the characteristics of the fog-droplet sizes and concentrations were made with two Particle Measuring Systems Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probes (FSSPs). Both FSSPs were equipped with aspirators to pull the droplets through the measuring section at a constant 25 m s-1. One FSSP was mounted immediately in front of the atrapaniebla but moved 0.5 m horizontally off center. The second FSSP was mounted behind the atrapaniebla but 0.5 m horizontally off center in the other direction. Measurements were made at 3 heights from just below the center of the atrapaniebla to just above, with each position separated by 0.5 m. Both FSSPs underwent electronic checks and bead calibrations before, during and after the two-week field projects and in addition were operated side by side at times to compare the spectra. The droplet sizes and concentrations were recorded each second. Normally the probes were operated with a nominal channel width of 2 mm for each of the 15 channels. Occasionally this was changed to nominal channel widths of 0.5, 1 or 3 mm to examine parts of the droplet spectrum in more detail.DROPLET -SIZE DISTRIBUTIONSThe camanchaca droplet-size distributions almost always had a single peak with a mode in the 10 to 14 um range. Maximum droplet sizes only rarely exceeded 30 um and droplets of this size were contributing little to the fog liquid water content (LWC).Table I presents the droplet mean volume diameters (MVD) and concentrations from the front FSSP for ten cases. The MVD varied from 10.8 to 15.3 um reflecting different cloud base heights or updraft velocities and thus different growth times for the droplets. The droplet concentrations on the other hand, except for the 1987 case, remain fairly close to 400 cm-3. Examples of the droplet spectra are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Fig. 3 shows the spectra from the front and back FSSPs for the 12 November 1987 case. The droplet concentrations are dramatically reduced on the rear side of the mesh for all sizes except the very largest. Few large droplets occurred either in front of or behind the mesh. The average concentration in front of the mesh was 231 cm-3 and behind the mesh 73 cm-3. Fig. 4 is a similar plot for the first case of 9 November 1988. The reduction in droplet concentrations is not so marked as in the previous case but it is similar in that the largest reductions take place in the mid size ranges. The average droplet concentration on the front FSSP was 477 cm-3 and on the rear FSSP 291 cm-3.FOG LIQUID WATER CONTENTThe fog LWC measurements in front of and behind the atrapaniebla are given in Table I. The incoming camanchaca had L WC values from 0.22 to 0.73 g m3for the ten cases. These values are typical of the lower or mid-levels of cumulus (Schemenauer and Isaac, 1984) and are considerably above what Jiusto (1981) reports for marine or continental surface-based fogs. This is reasonable, given that the camanchaca results from marine stratocumulus cloud decks being advected over the ridge by the sea breeze. The fact that the LWC in the camanchaca can be 0.7 g m3 or higher is of major importance in establishing the water availability on the mountain. L WC values this high or higher are supported by adiabatic LWC calculations on days with low (1000 mb) and warm (20°C) cloud bases.Fig. 5. shows how the LWC was distributed as a function of size for the case of 12 November 1987. It is very highly concentrated near the peak in the droplet spectrum around 12 urn. Droplets < 8um and > 18um diameter were contributing very little to the camanchaca LWC in this case. This clearly indicates that any fog water collector in use at the site will have to be particularly efficient in removing droplets in the 10 to 16 um diameter range.MEASURED MESH EFFICIENCYThe efficiency (Em) of the double layer of nylon mesh in removing the camanchaca LWC is presented in Table I for each of the 10 cases. Em is simply the difference between the front and back L WC values expressed as a percentage of the front LWC. There is considerable variation in the values, from 26% to 69%. It should be clearly noted these values refer to the overall measured efficiency of the mesh and not to the value for a single ribbon or a single droplet size.The most likely meteorological variable to be influencing the collection efficiency is the wind speed, and in Fig. 6 the collection efficiencies for the first four cases in Table I are plotted versus this parameter. It appears that there is only a slight dependency on wind speed, from 3.5 to 6.5 m s -1, for the 11-um MVD droplets. The six cases of 9 November 1988 from Table I are plotted in Fig.7. For wind speeds of 1.9 to 3.4 m s -1, and 15-um MVD droplets, there is a strong dependency of collection efficiency on wind speed. The collection efficiencies for the 11-um MVD case are probably good to 75% since a side by side inter comparison of the two probes was done under these conditions. This was not possible for the 15 um case and thus the least squares fit to the data points could ultimately have to be shifted +- 10% when another data set is available. The linear regression equations for the two sets of data are:where Em is the collection efficiency in percent and w. the wind speed in meters per second. The equations are only valid for the wind-speed ranges noted above.The collection efficiency calculations in eqs. 1 and 2 are valid for a range of wind speeds that is representative of the site. Fig. 8 shows a typical diurnal variation in wind speed. The sea breeze is very strong in the afternoon with typical peak values of 5 to 8 m s -1. At night the air is sometimes calm but more typically the winds are 1 to 2 m s –1 from the east. In the case shown, the three peaks in wind speeds between OOh30 and 09h30 were associated with shifts in wind direction from east to west.The measured centerline mesh efficiencies are reasonably high and indicate a strong dependence on wind speed at low speeds. It is not clear if there is a dependence on droplet size since the data were collected in different wind- speed ranges. This will be discussed further below. The maximum achievable large collector efficiency is given by the percentage area covered by the ribbon if the ribbon itself has a collection efficiency of 1. In the case of the atrapaniebla, this value is < 76%, since each layer of mesh can cover a maximum of 38%. The actual field values are not far off this theoretical maximum. This implies that the ribbons themselves indeed have a high collection efficiency.The field data support the concept of siting the collectors in locations with higher wind speeds and, as we will see below, the theoretical calculations result in higher collection efficiencies for larger droplet sizes. This implies working on the crest of a ridgeline or in a notch in the ridgeline and at altitudes well above the base of the cloud deck generating the fog.COLLECTOR FLOW RATESUsing the collector area (48 m2), the measured amount of LWC removed from Table I, and the wind speed, it is possible to calculate the expected output from the atrapaniebla. This is compared in Table II to the measured output for seven cases. The three cases on 4 November 1988 have been omitted be- cause the fog event was just starting and the output flow had not stabilized.In every case in Table II the calculated flow rate is higher than the measured flow rate from the atrapaniebla. On average, the calculated value is 2.9 times too high. It is probable that the upstream wind speeds overestimate the speed at the surface of the mesh. It is also possible that the collection efficiencies across the mesh are lower than at the centerline. The wind-speed values used in Table II come from measurements for the same time periods as for the LWC data but they were made 6 m upstream of the atrapaniebla. Some reduction in wind speed would be expected as the air approaches the atrapaniebla. This will result from the obstruction to the main flow and the drag of the mesh. There will also be changes in the angle of attack of the wind over the surface of the mesh. Until detailed wind measurements can be made in the vicinity of an atrapaniebla, and more extensive collection-efficiency measurements are available, the empirical factor (2.9) will have to be used to characterize the difference between measured and calculated flow rates. This does not affect eqns. 1 and 2 which correlate the measured collection efficiency to the up stream wind-speed measurements.Water losses in the collection system are felt to be low for the atrapaniebla studied. Certainly no more than ~10% of the collected water could be lost due to design problems or leaks in the trough and pipes. This therefore cannot be the explanation for the large difference noted above between the calculated and measured values. Similarly, an error in the flow meter measurements (+-5%) or wind speed ( +-5%) cannot explain the difference.THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONSIn this section, the computed collection efficiencies for ribbons from Langmuir and Blodgett (1946) are applied to determine the effectiveness of the collectors. The theory assumes potential flow about an isolated ribbon and considers only inertial impaction. Meshes and filters are frequently viewed as an assemblage of interacting but separate collectors (Spielman, 1977). How- ever, the description of these interacting flow fields around such assemblages and the parameterization of their effects have not been properly addressed.First we examine the collection of individual ribbons. Fig. 9 shows the collection efficiency of a ribbon for wind speeds of 2 and 8 m s -1 and for droplet sizes of 11 and 15.um as a function of ribbon width. The results are what one would expect from inertial impaction (Langmuir and Blodgett, 1946). As the ribbon width increases, wind speed (droplet velocity) decreases or droplet size decreases, all of which decrease the droplet inertia, the efficiency decreases and the droplet tends to move with the air flow around the ribbon. A 1-mm wide ribbon, however, collects 11- and 15- um diameter droplets very efficiently (90 to 95%) when the wind speed is 8 m s -1.In Fig. 10, the collection efficiency is multiplied by the width of the ribbon to compute the amount of water that a single ribbon might be expected to be able to collect. Even though the efficiency drops off with ribbon width, the collection area increases faster with the result that water collection increases with increasing ribbon width. Note, however, that beyond a certain width, the collection approaches a limit.Fig. 10 shows that, if you could only put up one ribbon, a 10-mm wide ribbon would generate more water than a 1-mm wide ribbon in the fog conditions on EI Tofo. The effect is more pronounced at high wind speeds (8 m s -1) than low wind speeds (2 m s -1) and for larger droplets (15um) than smaller droplets (11 um). If you put the same area of ribbon in a fog though, ten 1-mm wide ribbons would generate more water than one 10-mm wide ribbon. Fig. 10 helps explain why eucalyptus trees, with long leaves 1 to 2 cm wide, are good fog water collectors on EI Tofo. The trees reach heights of 15 m or more and the leaves are exposed to fog droplets travelling with higher wind speeds than are measured near the surface. This is a regime in which wide collectors perform effectively.The computation can be extended to consider multiple ribbons in a mesh. The configuration of the ribbons forming the mesh is not specified and there- fore the results are only grossly correct. The mesh could be a single layer or two layers that are touching. An assemblage of ribbons is assumed which forms some sort of matrix; this assemblage is parameterized by the fraction of the collector cross-sectional area that is obscured by the collecting surface. Fig. 11 shows the results for a mesh that covers 50% of the collector's cross-sectionalarea. A single strand of I-mm ribbon in a 1-cm triangular configuration (such as the Rashell mesh in Chile) obscures about 38% of the area. A double layer would obscure < 76% of the area since some overlap of strands is inevitable. Therefore, 50% coverage is not an unreasonable assumption. Fig. 11 shows that if the number of ribbons is such that an areal coverage of 50% is maintained, then the amount of water collected by a mesh decreases with increasing ribbon size. Therefore, many small ribbons in a mesh are more effective than a few large ribbons for collecting water. As the collector size (ribbon width) gets very small, the collection efficiency approaches 1 and N gets very large. The mesh with 50% coverage will then remove 50% of the fog droplets approaching it. Though, for a ribbon width equal to zero, the collection would be zero. For the case of an atrapaniebla with a 50% coverage of 1-mm wide fibers, Fig. 11 predicts that the mesh will collect 11 % more 15-um diameter droplets than 11-um diameter droplets when the wind is 2 m s -1.One should be very careful in applying this figure, in that the ribbon geometry within the mesh and the detailed flow fields at the ribbon have been ignored. The parameterization of droplet collection by meshes is, however, an important subject and will receive continued attention.Fig. 12 is an adaptation of the collection efficiency versus ribbon-width data in Fig. 9. In Fig. 12, the collection efficiency of a 1-mm wide ribbon, for 11 um diameter droplets, is shown as a function of wind speed for two cases. A very simple way of thinking of the large collector (atrapaniebla) is as a cross-sectional area which has a certain fraction covered by I-mm ribbons. The product of the theoretical ribbon collection efficiency (E) and the fraction of the large collector covered (A) should therefore give an approximation of the efficiency of the large collector (ELc). This is shown in Fig. 12 for 70% and 50% coverage.ELC rises rapidly from 0 to ~ 2 m s -1 and then levels off with only a small increase in value from '" 3 to 10 m s -1. The latter part of the curve looks very similar to the measured values of Em for 11 -um MVD droplets in Fig. 6. The measured values of Em for 15um MVD droplets at low wind speeds (Fig. 7) falloff rapidly as the speed decreases, in qualitative agreement with Fig. 12. But the drop in measured Em occurs at higher wind speeds than is expected. As a first approximation, nevertheless, one can think of the center of the atrapaniebla acting as a set of I-mm wide ribbons covering 70% of the cross-sectional area. The actual percentage area covered (Fig. 2) is probably less than 70% but it is difficult to estimate since the double layer of mesh is flexible and forms a non-planar collector which bends in moderate winds. The percentage area covered may in fact be different in different parts of the atrapaniebla and at different wind speeds.It is encouraging that the trends of the measured mesh results are consistent with the theoretical ribbon results and that the parameterized mesh calculations provide some insight. However, more studies, either at the site or in a wind tunnel, are neededto better parameterize the collection of fog water by the mesh in order to optimize the collector design.CONCLUSIONSThe camanchaca (high elevation fog) along the north -central coast of Chile exhibits characteristics similar to small cumulus and stratocumulus. Measured liquid-water contents were 0.22 to 0.73 g m-3, substantially above that found in surface-based fogs. Droplet concentrations were typically 400 cm-3 again more characteristic of clouds than of surface-based fogs. In the ten cases studied, droplet MVD ranged from 10.8 to 15.3 um. Maximum droplet sizes rarely exceeded 30 um.The collection efficiency at the center of a 48- m2 polypropylene mesh fog- water collector has been demonstrated to be strongly dependent on both wind speed and droplet mean volume diameter. Values as high as 65 to 70% were measured for 11-um MVD droplets when the wind speeds were between 3.5 and 6.5 m s -1.Use of the measured centerline collection efficiency and the wind speed measured 6 m upstream, results in a calculated large-collector output that is 2.9 times higher than the measured output. This implies that the actual average wind speed at the mesh surface may be lower by a factor of 3 due to blockage effects of the large collector or that the collection efficiencies across the mesh are lower than at the centerline. The implied efficiency of the collector as a whole is about 20%, i.e. it removes about 20% of the fog water approaching it.Theoretical calculations of the collection efficiency of an isolated 1- mm wide flat ribbon provide results which agree with the measured field v alues in demonstrating higher collection efficiencies for larger droplets and higher wind speeds. Numerical modelling of the collection efficiency of a non-planar, two layered, densely packed mesh is an extremely difficult task. However, a simple parameterization provided insight into the role fiber width plays in the collection efficiency of a mesh with a constant percentage areal coverage. Ultimately, more extensive field measurements, coupled with wind-tunnel data, should enable one to better parameterize the collection efficiency of the mesh and possibly to improve the efficiency of the collectors.The ultimate goal of The Camanchaca Project is to generate large quantities of fog water for use in coastal villages in Chile. As we have seen in this paper, the output of the collectors is going to vary depending on the wind-speed regime and the droplet sizes and fog LWC at each site. Atrapanieblas such as those being used at the EI Tofo site may be applicable at most other locations with similar meteorological conditions, however, operations in extreme conditions such as very high or low wind speeds may require modifications to the meshes.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to acknowledge the tremendous amount of work done by Mohammed Wasey both at the field site and subsequently with the data analysis. Walter Strapp also helped significantly with the FSSP data interpretation. Our thanks go to Carol Sguigna for the preparation of the manuscript and Carol Winston for her work on the diagrams. We owe a debt of gratitude to Guido Soto and Waldo Canto of CONAF for supervising the construction of the atrapanieblas and to UNESCO for providing funds for site maintenance and security. We would like to thank Humberto Fuenzalida of the University of Chile for the design ofthe tower on which the measurements were made and both Humberto Fuenzalida, and Pilar Cereceda of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile for many valuable discussions during the course of the project. One of the authors (RSS) would like to acknowledge the travel support provided by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Ottawa. The measurements described in this report were obtained during the 1987 and 1988 Camanchaca Project intensive field periods. The primary funding agency for the Camanchaca Project is IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.REFERENCESCereceda-Troncoso, P., Schemenauer, R.S. and Carvajal-Rojas, N., 1988. Factores topograficos que determinan la distribucion de las neblinas costeras en EI Tofo (IV Region de Coquimbo - Chile). X Congr. Nac. de Geografia, 27-29 April, Santiago, pp. B1-B6.Goodman, J., 1982. Water potential from advection fog. Dept. 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The importance of cloud top lifetime in the description of natural cloud characteristics. J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 23: 267-279.Schemenauer, R.S., Cereceda, P. and Carvajal, N., 1987. Measurements of fog water deposition and their relationships to terrain features. J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 26: 1285-1291.Schemenauer, R.S., Fuenzalida, H. and Cereceda, P., 1988. A neglected water resource: the camanchaca of South America. Q.J. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69: 138-147.Spielman, L.A., 1977. Particle capture from low speed laminar flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 9: 297-319.。