语言学Ex 1

Exercise 1
I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×12=40%)
1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.
A. particular
B. general
C. ordinary
D. generative
2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.
A. Phones
B. Sounds
C. Phonemes
D. Speech sounds
3. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use
among a variety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.
A. psycholinguistics
B. sociolinguistics
C. historical linguistics
D. general linguistics
4. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining
the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
5. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.
A. vowels
B. fricative
C. glides
D. nasals
6. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.
A. English
B. Chinese
C. French
D. American English
7. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit
instruction.
A. with
B. without
C. within
D. through
8. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by
all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. language
9. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds
which a speaker issues.
A. oral
B. mental
C. physical
D. recorded
10. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.
A. Phonology
B. Phonetics
C. Morphology
D. Phonemics
11. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians
in their study of speech sounds.
A. Broad
B. Detailed
C. Wide
D. Narrow
12. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what
they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.
A. productive
B. arbitrary
C. prescriptive
D. creative
13. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second
element receives secondary stress.
A. Orthographically
B. Phonetically
C. Semantically
D. Syntactically
14. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.
A. Morphology
B. Syntax
C. Lexicology
D. Coordination
15. ( ) Another phonological rule is the __________ rule, it tells us when a sound is to be deleted
although it is orthographically represented.
A. assimilation
B. deletion
C. morphological
D. sequential
16. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is
not a distinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.
A. phonemes
B. phones
C. segments
D. allophones
17. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition in English, they are __________.
A. sounds
B. phonemes
C. allophones
D. varieties
18. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.
A. consonantal
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. voiceless
19. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.
A.［ɑ：］
B.［ɔ：］
C.［ə：］
D.［u:］
20. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.
A. symbolic
B. systemic
C. systematic
D. system
II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2% ×10=20%)
1. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.
2. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.
3. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.
4. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
d__________.
5. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.
6. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in
different phonetic environments.
7. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.
8. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language
variation and language use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.
9. English is an i__________ language.
10. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible.
This is a case of c__________ transmission.
III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (8%×5=40%)
1. design features
2. narrow transcription
3. phoneme
4. arbitrariness
5. Duality。