西安电子科技大学研究生专业英语阅读2009参考答案
西安电子科技大学专业英语阅读试卷
1这个设备消耗(consume)的能量比那个少得多。
（使用“设备”做主语的主谓宾结构）This device consumes much less energy than that one.2这条曲线画出了该电路的电流随外加电压的变化情况。
（名词短语）The curve draws the variation of the current in the circuit with the applied voltage.3空气吸收水蒸气(water vapor)的能力随空气温度的上升而提高。
（不定式）The ability of air to absorb water vapor enhances with the rise of air temperature.4本文介绍了一种新的测温方法，重点放在其基本原理上。
（with结构）This paper introduces a new method of measuring temperature, w ith emphasis on its basic principle.5频率被定义为某事发生的速率。
（定语从句）By frequency is meant the rate that something happens.6物体越热，其辐射(radiate) 的能量就越多，这一理论极为重要。
（同位语从句）The hotter the object, the more energy it radiates, an important theory.7英特网( Internet) 被叫做“一切网络之母”，它是连接200多个国家的一个国际网。
（分词短语）Called "the mother of all networks", the Internet is an international network connecting to more than 200 countries.8 在使用这个公式时，把哪一个平面(plane)看成1是没有关系的。
西安电子科技大学09年专业英语阅读考题
西安电子科技大学研究生课程考试试题考试科目: 研究生专业英语阅读课程代码：0821004考试日期：09 年月日考试时间：120 分钟答案请写在答题纸上。
Part one: Sentence Translation from Chinese to English (30%)1.这种现象称为收敛(convergence)，对它的研究构成了现代分析中重要的一章。
2.This phenomen is known as convergence,and its study form animportant chapter in modern analysis.3.二十世纪外太空探索的成就之一是人们意识到了外太空可能存在生命。
4.One of the achievement in outer space exploration in 20th century wasthe awareness that there may be exit life in outer space.5.尽管(as)没有经验，他却能设计出这样一个如此复杂的电路。
6.Inexperience as he is,he can design such a complex circuit.7.弹性(elasticity)被定义为一物体形变(deform)后恢复其原状的趋势(tendency)。
8.Elasticity is defined as the tendency of a body to return its originalstate after being deformed;9.由于计算机运算准确，速度高，它能够为人们节省很多时间和精力。
10.Accuracy in operation and high in speed ,computer can save people alot of time and energy;11.在这种情况下并不能保证(assurance / guarantee)该电路就调谐于(be tuned to)那个频率上。
西安电子科技大学研究生【专业英语】(科技英语)教材参考答案
V、练习参考答案练习1I、1、the（各项均为负。
)2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。
）6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。
）7、an （这是一个h参数。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！）II、1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering Xi’an University ofTechnology in 1988.3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.5.或is its mass per unit volume.6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.III、1.2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.4.5.练习21. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.5. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. Its error is six parts in 1012.2. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.III、2. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used I CBO can be neglected.4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.练习3I、1. This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.6. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. This computer is very good in performance.5. These waves travel only in one direction.th of October.4. V6. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used I CBO can be neglected.7.练习4I、1. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in the chapters which follow.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. The answer to this problem looks correct.9. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. These charges can interact with other charges present.14. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.练习5I、k has the same unit as work (does).II、electrical engineering.III、R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors intoaccount.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、radars.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.6. The results obtained values. […are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、of impurities to练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and ofradius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle.III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following setof equations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered asIV、1.2.3.4.5.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.10. Besides/In addition that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a samplenetwork.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、1. The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2. Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8. We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、1. The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3. The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.III、1. As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4. Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7. This current is, as predicted, very small,8. First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、1. This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3. Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、of voice service.2. This paper presents a an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]4. Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF a an IF amplifier, an A/Detc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5. The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have;10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14. be; 15. leakII、1. Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3. It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.6. We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.7. The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.8. Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.III、1. It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.medium.4. It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.5. This property we call inertia.IV、1. The author is engaged in the teachingand recognition.2. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.3. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.4. What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.5. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.练习13II、1. By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current.2. In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.3. An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.4. Only when x = 8, does this equation hold/apply.5. Of particular importance/Especially important are the two concepts which follow.6. Such a set we call the mathematical system.7. Rarely does one know this function with precision.8. This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.9. Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.10. By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.II、1. The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.2. It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.3. In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.4. This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volts.5. The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.6. Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.7. If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.8. The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.III、1. An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.2. The magnetic field is the space around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.3. This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 500 mV.4. This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.5. This is responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land.6. The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined.7. It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.8. The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test.IV、1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.3. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.4. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by) using the super resolution technique5. Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder6. Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment练习14I、1.then; Next2.while3.of course4.However5.In general; while6.Hence7.In fact8.For instance9.but; However; namely [that is]10.InsteadII、It has been observed that bodies do not change their state of rest or motion until some other body forces them to do it. It is known form experiment that a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless a force is applied to make it move. A book lying on a table stays there unless a force is applied to move it. It is also known that any body, once (it is) in motion, will continue to move because of its inertia. To stop it a force must be applied by any other body.III、1. An analysis of the EMI spectrum at the input of the SMPS and its suppression2. Also, a quantitative expression for the effect of all these factors on the performance of the system3. This device can detect whether an IC functions properly or not/can detect the quality of an IC and4. In this way, the area of an antenna site may be reduced to one-third that of the conventional one.5. H and H’练习15I、Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies/comes/is between that of conductors and that of non-conductors. Common examples are silicon and germanium./Silicon and germanium are intheir conductivity. Therefore/Thus/So/As a result, semiconductors are widely used for automaticallyII、ξ1 andη3.3. The features of this new algorithm are simplicity and objectivity.4. It deserves to be further studied which nonlinear function should be selected.5. The test of the system was conducted at a factory in Hong Kong with satisfactory results.练习16I、1．This paper presents a new temperature-measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles.2. This point remains to be further studied.3. In the previous section, we dealt with the composition of a computer.4. It follows from this experiment that volume is inversely proportional to pressure.5. This statement has been verified.II、1. This new method has many advantages over those available/over the existing ones.2. The variation of pressure with temperature is obvious.3. We can determine the response of the device to frequency.4. This paper deals with the effect/influence/impact of EM waves on/upon human bodies.5. This paper presents initial researches on fluids.III、1. Two other parameters are also very important.2. This section introduces four additional/added kinds of instrument.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. We shall adopt a new set of parameters here.5. This technology has reached the advanced world level.6. Major theoretical developments in the 20th century are presented in this paper.IV、1. This cable has an approximate length of 20 meters/a length of approximately 20 meters.2. These pipes have an average length of slightly/a little/a bit under/less than 5 meters.3. Light has a speed through water of 224 million meters per second.4. Any other sea does not have as high a salt content as the Dead Sea (does).5. This force has a torque arm of zero.6. These forms have the advantage that it is easy to see how the results are affected by changing the angles.V、1. some distilled water2. the unknown substances3. man-made satellites4. amplitude-modulated signals5. chromium-plated steel6. the new racing cars7. freely falling bodies8. blue-lined paper9. an acute-angled triangle10. a wide-toothed sawVI、1. This method requires a much smaller amount of computation than that one (does).2. This device consumes much less energy that that one (does).3. We should use as simple a structure as possible.4. We have obtained satisfactory/satisfying results.5. Body A possesses more potential energy than body B.6. This fluorescent screen displays clearer pictures than that one.VII、1. …… because of fairly low conductivity of the skin.2. At temperatures greater than 80o C, …….3. At/For/With constant pressure, …….4. At/On/After the completion of all tests on the unit, …….5. For/With small values of ω, ……VIII、1. Operation beyond this hyperbola will result in diode power dissipation in excess of its maximum rating of 1W.2. Inclusion of the meter circuit in the feedback path minimizes the effects of diode nonlinearities on circuit performance.3. Differentiation of this equation gives the following expression.4. A temperature rise of 50o C/A rise in/of temperature by 50o C would damage the device.5. The large size of the resistor makes it possible to neglect it.6. Limited space allows only a brief discussion of quartz-crystal technology.IX、1. This fraction is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate.2. The addition of two complex numbers is accomplished by separately adding the real and imaginary parts.3. The/Its solution is accomplished by first finding out I1.4. These three parameters are related by the following equation.5. V is related to t by Eq. (1–1).X、This paper presents a new design method, with emphasis on the guidelines of thought for its derivation. It has many advantages over those available [the existing ones]. Finally [Lastly], Its application is illustrated with an example.XI、1. Fig. 3 shows a transmission line with a length of I and a characteristic impedance of 500 Ω.2. Although there are many ways to produce random numbers, the procedure for producing them is quite complicated.3. As is known, when one reads a Chinese character, he or she does not consider every detail in it.4. The Hash algorithm is a scheme by which data of any length can be compressed into data of a fixed length.5. The number of times this value occurs in the observations is given in the first column.练习17I、1. （略）2. David J. Minot attended the University of California, Berkeley, CA. from 1994 – 1998. He earned the BS degree in botany there in 1998, and the M. Eng. Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2000. Since 2004 he has been working towards the Ph.D. degree in computer science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.In 1998 he served as a teaching assistant at the University of California. From 2000 to 2001 he was with the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. His research interests concentrate on the development of software.II、This device can identify whether an IC functions properly or not and it can determine the type of an unknown chip. It can test as many as more than 700 kinds of IC. It is characterized by easy operation, high testing speed and great portability. Its price is only about one-third that of the imported product of its kind/the same kind.III、1. It is important how the transmitting antenna pattern is determined./What is important is how to determine the transmitting antenna pattern.2. δandδe can be obtained from Eqs. (3) and (4).3. There are two factors controlling the diffusive signal process: (1) the diffusive signal, which can bea brightness signal or a motion-matching signal; (2) the position of the diffusive signal, which determines where the diffusive process starts.4. The following concept is one of the basic principles on which the neural system is based.5. A method to increase the accuracy of range alignment by applying the forward-backward linear prediction is presented.练习18I、1. Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs./By frequency is meant the rate at which something happens.2. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.3. Elasticity is defined as the tendency of an object to return to its original state after being deformed./By elasticity is meant the tendency ….4. An isosceles triangle is a triangle/one having two equal sides/having two sides equal in length/with two sides equal in length.5. An electron is a particle with a mass of 9.107×10– 18 gram.II、The wavelet theory has so unique an advantage that it has found wide applications in many fields of engineering. Since this is the development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, it can, in principle, be used [A development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, this theory can, in principle, be used] where the traditional Fourier analysis is applicable. What is more, better results may be obtained on account of the fact that this theory overcomes the shortcomings of the Fourier analysis.III、1. This method imposes few limitations on the kinds of engineering drawings.2. Because of the great difference in characteristic between these symbols, they are processed in different ways.3. For these reasons, it is desirable for a computer to separate the text from the image.4. These variations are so small that they can be neglected/so small as to be neglected.。
电子科技大学中山学院化生系专业英语
一、A rgument1.meat is high in iron. On the basis of the study and the well-established link2.“Our school cafeteria should make changes in the lunches that it serves in orderto improve the health of our students. Several teachers and I have observed thatstudents who eat these meals tend to eat the main course and the dessert, butseldom finish the vegetable portion. This pattern means that students aremissing the vital nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables, which are typicallyrich in vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the school cafeteria should serve largerfruit and vegetable portions along with smaller main course and dessert portions.This change will be effective because, according to research conducted at the3.“The decline in the numbers of amphibians(两栖爬行动物) worldwide clearlyindicates the global pollution of water and air. Two studies of amphibians inYosemite National Park in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there sevenspecies of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of eachspecies. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observedin the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. Thedecline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout（鳟鱼）intothe park’s waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs).4.2,000 people who had had a heart attack revealed that 158 of them said theyhad eaten a heavy meal within 24 hours before their heart attack, and 25 ofthem said they had eaten a heavy meal within 2 hours before their heart attack.Eating and digesting food release hormones into the bloodstream and temporarily increases heart rate and blood pressure slightly. Both of these things5.suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression thando people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out6.“The proportion of children in the United States who are overweight is greater now than ever before. Obesity rates among children have been increasing since the 1970’s, suburbs are typically driven everywhere. Thus the increase in childhood obesity is probably due mainly to the suburbanization of America and the associated decrease7. The following appeared in a health magazine.8. 9. should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Phamaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment forprofitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is proferred over Xenon by10.and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work.12.solve.13.1、2、参加Easy Read course14.exercise? Of those who responded1、2、二、S 1.Simple Chemical Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Furans for Fuels and Joseph B. Binder† and Ronald T. Raines*,†,‡Abstract: Lignocellulosic biomass is a plentiful and renewable resource for fuels and chemicals. Despite this potential, nearly all renewable fuels and chemicals are now produced from edible resources, such as starch, sugars, and oils; the challenges imposed by notoriously recalcitrant and heterogeneous lignocellulosic feedstocks have made their production from nonfood biomass inefficient and uneconomical. 2，5-二甲基呋喃羟甲基糠醛批注 [刘文利3]: 木质纤维批注 [刘文利4]: 顽固的批注 [刘文利5]: 不同种类的批注 [刘文利6]: 饲料3.protease-resistant PrP, and the capability of serially transmitting the disease; these findings confirmed that the mice succumbed to prion disease. Thus, as postulated by the prion hypothesis, the infectivity in mammalian prion disease results from an altered conformation of PrP.4.An abstract often consists of five parts:1. why the experiment was conducted2. the problem being addressed;3. what methods were used to solve the problem;4. the major results obtained5. and the overall conclusions from the experiment5. A friend knows you are studying molecule biology and therefore an expert on cloning,so he asks you to clone a cat for him. He suggests several cell types from which you could take the nucleus for the experiment. Match the cell types with your reactionsii) “Okay. Not a bad place to start.” _____________iii) “Terrific! That will maximize our chance of success!” _____________iv) “Are you kidding? I couldn’t even do the experiment with that.” _____________ v) “Hm…. I can try, but we’ll probably end up with one sick cat.” _____________b) What will you transfer the nucleus into?c) What are the two key characteristics of a stem cell? 1) 2)d) Which cells in the diagram below are stem cells? ________________e) Which cell in the diagram above would you most want to use to obtain a nucleus for the cloning experiment above? Explain briefly.f) What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and stem cells from adults? Reference Answersi) “Forget it. I could do the transfer but we’d never get a viable clone.”________C___ haploid.ii) “Okay. Not a bad place to start.” ________D_____iii) “Terrific! That will maximize our chance of success!” _______A______iv) “Are you kidding? I couldn’t even do the experiment with that.” _____E________ No nucleus.v) “Hm…. I can try, but we’ll probably end up with one sick cat.”_______B______Missing Variability of antibody types.b) What will you transfer the nucleus into? enucleated eggc) What are the two key characteristics of a stem cell?1) Self-renewing.2) Can differentiate into other cell types.d) Which cells in the diagram below are stem cells? __________A, D_______e) Which cell in the diagram above would you most want to use to obtain a nucleus for the cloning experiment above? Explain briefly. A-most pluripotientf) What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and stem cells from adults? Embryonic stem cells are more pluripotent.三、V ocabularay1.Then why call him God?”----------------------Epicurus(Greek Greek philosopher, BC 341-270) 1.actin肌动蛋白basal body 基体cilia 纤毛flagella 鞭毛microfilament 微丝microtubule 微管myosin 肌球蛋白2.3.4.填图ⅠⅡ123 45 6781 64 2(2) (4)单词解释: Autoinductioninitiation codonside reaction四、T ranslation1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.elements produced by monopolized patents with prosperous marketing.新开发（develope）的系列(series)产品包括有药品、滋补保健品（nourishing health food）、饮料（beverage）和化妆品（cosmetic）等，含有根据独占（monopolize）专利（patent）生产的高效成份（effective elements），市场前景十分乐观。
西安电子科技大学非英语专业硕士研究生英语教学改革规定
西安电子科技大学非英语专业硕士研究生英语教学改革规定（2009年5月修订）为了保证和提高硕士研究生英语教学质量，针对入学硕士研究生英语水平参差不齐的情况，贯彻分类培养的原则，学校对硕士研究生的英语教学进行改革。
具体实施办法如下：一、指导思想硕士研究生英语基础课程（0821001）贯彻分类培养的原则，实行目标考核。
二、具体办法硕士研究生入学后一周内，根据入学英语考试成绩，且国家英语六级成绩合格（五年内有效），可申请免修基础英语课程（0821001）。
免修条件如下：1．推荐免试入学的硕士研究生申请免修基础英语课程须满足：国家英语六级成绩合格。
2．参加全国统一考试被录取的硕士研究生申请免修基础英语课程须满足：⑴入学英语（考试科目代码201）成绩在被录取考生的前25%（具体分值入学前研究生院网站公布）；⑵国家英语六级成绩合格。
凡符合免修基础英语课程条件的硕士研究生新生，入学报到后持《硕士研究生英语基础课程免修申请表》（研究生院网站下载）和英语六级成绩单原件到各学院研究生管理办公室登记。
学院负责审核、汇总，第二周星期五前报研究生院培养办公室。
不符合免修条件或未申请的硕士研究生修完第一学期英语基础Ⅰ课程后，参加期末的英语基础Ⅰ课程考试，成绩达到70分（含70分）者免修英语基础Ⅱ课程但须参加陕西省非英语专业硕士生英语水平统一测试；未达到70分者继续修完英语基础Ⅱ课程，参加第二学期期末的英语基础Ⅱ课程考试。
三、适用学生范围英语教学改革适用学生范围：全国统招硕士研究生。
四、硕士研究生学位英语学分硕士研究生学位英语包括英语基础、听力和口语课程，英语听力和口语课程一般不得免修。
所有课程考核全部通过后方可取得学位英语学分。
五、硕士研究生学位英语课程成绩1．免修英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程的硕士研究生，英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程成绩登记为80分，学位英语成绩登记为“免修”，但学位英语成绩不计入学位平均成绩。
2．第一学期英语基础Ⅰ课程考试70分（含70分）以上免修英语基础Ⅱ课程的硕士研究生，英语基础Ⅱ课程成绩登记为80分，学位英语成绩由英语基础Ⅰ课程成绩和陕西省非英语专业硕士生外国语水平统一测试成绩构成（各占50％），总成绩为最终学位英语成绩；3．学完英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程（都必须通过）的硕士生学位英语成绩由英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程成绩构成（各占50％），总成绩为最终学位英语成绩。
电气专业英语
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Exercises
请做课后练习
练习参考答案请参阅本书附录1
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Notes
[3] Circuit diagrams had to be designed, electrical components specified and installed, and wiring lists created. 本句是英语常见的动词省略现象。本句的前半句谓语是 完整的：had to be designed。后面两个部分，分别以 electrical components以及wiring lists做主语，谓语部分的 had to be被省略。这句话补充完整应该是Circuit diagrams had be to designed, electrical components had to be specified and installed, and wiring lists had to be created.
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New Words And Phrases
brick [brik] n. 砖, 砖块, 砖形物(如茶砖,冰砖等) I/O point 输入/输出点 depend on 依靠, 依赖 counting [5kauntiN] 计数器 timing [5taimiN] 计时器，定时器 data comparison 数据比较器 PG 编程器（编程设备） STEP 7 一种PLC编程语言 protocol [5prEutEkCl] n. 协议 baud rate [5bC:d reit] n.波特率
大学生英语作文中粘连句和不完整句的分析与对策
大学生英语作文中粘连句和不完整句的分析与对策黄中山【摘要】以107名非英语专业本科生第一学期英语期末考试作文为语料,运用错误分析法对作文中出现的粘连句和不完整句进行统计和分析.数据显示,在这些学生的英语作文中,粘连句和不完整句分别占到所造句子总数的12.62%和7.17%,直接影响到意义的表达和文章的可读性.在粘连句中,以逗号误接句为主;在不完整句中,则以从属词不完整句为主.句子分析表明,大学生英语作文中出现的粘连句和不完整句与学生在写作过程中运用汉语思维和对英语基本句型不了解有因果关系.【期刊名称】《右江民族医学院学报》【年(卷),期】2014(036)001【总页数】3页(P137-139)【关键词】大学生;英语作文;错误分析法;粘连句;不完整句【作者】黄中山【作者单位】右江民族医学院,广西,百色,533000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G642在最近几年的大学英语四级考试中，部分地区学生的作文平均得分只有4～6分（总分15分），写作能力整体低下［1］。
为了找到问题的根源，很多教师和研究人员从不同角度对此进行了分析和研究。
有人从母语写作能力入手，认为母语写作能力不强是造成大学生英语写作能力低下的根本原因，如马文惠等［2］和王立非［3］。
也有人从大学生的英语遣词造句着手，分析学生的遣词造句能力对英语写作能力的影响，如勒丹宁［4］、王海涛［5］、崔妍［6］和闫宝华［7］。
其中崔妍对蒙古族非英语专业大学生的英语作文进行了分析，发现蒙古语和汉语都对蒙古族学生的英语写作构成干扰，而这些干扰主要表现在句法方面。
笔者运用错误分析理论（error analysis）对部分大学生英语作文中常见的两种错误句型，即粘连句和不完整句，进行分析，解释大学生出现这些错误的原因，并试图找到帮助这些学生提高英语写作能力的方法。
1 对象与方法1.1 研究对象本次研究随意抽取右江民族医学院非英语专业大一年级的两个自然班为研究对象，对两个班第一学期的期末考试英语写作部分进行分析。
西安电子科技大学研究生专业英语文献翻译大作业样例
A Simple Circular-to-Rectangular Waveguide TransitionEric L. Holzman, Senior Member, IEEEAbstract —We describe a novel one-step 11T E -mode circular waveguide to 10T E -mode rectangular waveguide transition. The primary advantage of this device over existing transitions is its ease of fabrication. We have incorporated our transition into a number of waveguide components operating at V-band. The transition’s measured return loss exceeds 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth c entered near 60 GHz.Index Terms —Circular waveguides, rectangular waveguides, waveguide junctions, waveguide transitions, waveguides.Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION①TRANSITIONS between metal electromagnetic waveguides of different cross sections are probably nearly as old as waveguides themselves. ②In particular, horn and reflector antennas often use circular waveguide feeds but require more standard rectangular waveguide for connection to the rest of the microwave system. ③A variety of methods exist for transforming between a circular waveguide propagating the 11T E mode and a rectangular waveguide propagating the mode. A gradualtransition, in which the rectangular cross section is transformed continuously over the length of the transition into a circular cross section, provides very low insertion loss and high return loss over a broad bandwidth, but is relatively long. ④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps [1]–[5]. We also can butt the rectangular and circularwaveguides directly together with an iris at the junction for matching [6]. ⑤All these structures require a significant amount of precision machining, especially in the millimeter-wave bands, where the waveguide dimensions are small.We describe a simple, easy-to-implement, one-step transition for dominant mode circular to rectangular waveguide. ⑥The transition requires a single machining operation to fabricate. Our design appears to be novel.Ⅱ. CONCEPT⑦Fig. 1 shows a conventional one-step circular-to-rectangular waveguide transition, much like that described in [5]. Typically, the step is the output of the component with the circular waveguide. ⑧The circular waveguide has a diameter that is greater than the height of standard rectangular waveguide if we are to operate at least 10% above the 11T E mode cutoff frequency. ⑨Thus, to machine a one-step transition out of a block of metal, the circular waveguide is drilled from one end a precisely controlled depth, leaving exactly enough distance to machine the transition step from the other end of the block.Ourtransition, shownin Fig. 2, is much simpler to fabricate. We drill the circular waveguide completely through the metal block fromeitherside. Then we machine the transition slot to the desired end of the block in a single operation. ⑩This transitioncan even be addedasan“after-thought” to structures that were created without one.⑪Because the circular waveguide diameter is greater than the step height, the transition cross-sectional structure is a complex shape, perturbed by the circular waveguide as shown in Fig. 2(b). However, with available three-dimensional(3-D) numericalelec- tromagnetic simulators and optimizers, we easily can select the transition length and cross-sectional dimensions for the optimum impedance match and lowest insertion loss.The transition in Fig. 2 is sized to operate from 57 to 64 GHz.⑫ For this frequency range, we use WR-15 rectangular waveguide,0.148 in wide and 0.074 in high with aT E mode cutoff frequency of 39.9 GHz. ⑬Full radius WR-15 waveguide, shown in 10Fig. 2(a), is easier to machine, and its width of 164 mils makes it electrically equivalent to the standard waveguide. Our transition will operate with either waveguide. The circular waveguide has aT E mode cutoff frequency of 49.1 GHz.11⑭The next higher order mode, theT M mode, cuts off at 64.1 GHz.01Ⅲ. PERFORMANCEWe have built many of the V-band transitions shown in Fig. 2 and used them on horn antennas, transmitters, and receivers. Fig. 3 shows a photograph of an actual transition. We used computer simulation technology’s (CST) microwave studio to de- sign and analyze the transition, and the predicted and measured input match are shown in Fig. 4. In addition, the predicted performance of a conventional one-step transition (see Fig. 1) is shown for comparison. We measured the transition’s return loss with a WR-15 scalar analyzer. The test fixture consisted of a well-matched circular waveguide horn with the transition machined at its input. We loaded the horn with a crude taper made from foam absorber. The transition’s measured return loss is greater than 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth centered near 60 GHz. The frequency shift of the return loss maximum and overall decrease in return loss are caused by our imperfect V-band load.⑮To understand the impact of machining tolerances better, we performed some tolerance analyses with our simulation software. We observed a roughly 200-MHz change in passband center frequency per 0.001-in change in slot height. The center frequency changed about half as much per 0.001-in change in slot width. In both cases, there was essentially no change to the depth of the return loss null at the band center. ⑯The most sensitive dimension is the depth of the slot, which shifts the passband about 250 MHz higher per 0.001-in decrease.Because higher order rectangular waveguide modes are above cutoff within the slot transition, and the circular waveguideT M propagates above 64 GHz, we01performed simulations to study E- and H-plane misalignment of the WR-15 waveguide relative to the slot transition and circular waveguide, which were kept perfectly aligned. Misalignment along the H-plane (width of slot) slightly perturbs the center frequency of the passband, about 70 MHz increase per 0.001-in offset. Mis-alignment in the E-plane is more deleterious, with the primary effect being the occurance of a low return loss resonance at 59.3 GHz. WR-15 waveguides are precision aligned with dowel pins, and with these in place we observed no resonance in our measurement (see Fig. 4). However, when we removed the dowel pins and intentionally misaligned the transition and WR-15 test waveguide, we measured the resonance in the return loss at 58.9 GHz.Ⅳ.CONCLUSIONWe have described a novel, single-step, simple to fabricate circular waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition. The transition has the same bandwidth as a conventional single-step transition. It requires a single machining operation to construct and can be added as an “after-thought” to structures that were created without a transition.REFERENCES[1]G. Spinner and L. Treczka, “Waveguide transition,” U.S. Patent 3 686 589, Aug. 22, 1972.[2]M. Schneider, “Coupling for two electromagnetic waveguides with dif- ferent cross-sectional shapes,” U.S. Patent 5 886 588, Mar. 23, 1999.[3]S. Stuchly and A. Kraszewski, “Wide-band rectangular to circular wave- guide mode and impedance transformer,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 379–380, May 1965.[4]U. Rosenberg, J. Bornemann, and K. Rambabu, “Analysis and design offlange-integrated rectangular-to-circular waveguide transformers for splashplate antenna feeds,” in Proc. 32nd Eur. Microwave Conf., Milan, Italy, Sep. 2002, pp. 601–604.[5]M. Mongiardo and C. Tomassoni, “Modal analysis of discontinuities between elliptical waveguides,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 597–605, Apr. 2000.[6]C. Fischer, “Radar rotary joint,” U.S. Patent 4 654 613, Mar. 31, 1987.一、语言点①as old as比较级，表示和...一样老②介词for表目的，the rest of...表示剩余的...③propagating动名词作定语修饰前面的waveguide④in which引导的定语从句，说明前面的transition⑤where引导的定语从句，进一步说明前面的东西⑥machining动名词作定语，介词to表目的⑦much like that described in作插入语补充说明，that代词指代前面的东西⑧greater than...比较级用法，表示比...大⑨leaving distance动名词短语作状语，后面的to不定式表目的⑩that引导的定语从句⑪ as shown...如...所示，shown过去分词表示被动⑫介词for表示因为...⑬shown过去分词作定语，表被动⑭theT M mode同位语说明前面的mode01⑮ to不定式表目的⑯the depth of... 表示...的深度二、翻译：1、④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps.当矩形波导通过一个或多个等截面中间结构与圆波导匹配时，阶跃过渡的带宽随阶跃次数的增加而增加。
新版西安电子科技大学材料与化工专业考研经验考研参考书考研真题
考研是我一直都有的想法，从上大学第一天开始就更加坚定了我的这个决定。
我是从大三寒假学习开始备考的。
当时也在网上看了很多经验贴，可是也许是学习方法的问题，自己的学习效率一直不高，后来学姐告诉我要给自己制定完善的复习计划，并且按照计划复习。
于是回到学校以后，制定了第一轮复习计划，那个时候已经是5月了。
开始基础复习的时候，是在网上找了一下教程视频，然后跟着教材进行学习，先是对基础知识进行了了解，在5月-7月的时候在基础上加深了理解，对于第二轮的复习，自己还根据课本讲义画了知识构架图，是自己更能一目了然的掌握知识点。
8月一直到临近考试的时候，开始认真的刷真题，并且对那些自己不熟悉的知识点反复的加深印象，这也是一个自我提升的过程。
其实很庆幸自己坚持了下来，身边还是有一些朋友没有走到最后，做了自己的逃兵，所以希望每个人都坚持自己的梦想。
本文字数有点长，希望大家耐心看完。
文章结尾有我当时整理的详细资料，可自行下载，大家请看到最后。
西安电子科技大学材料与化工专考研初试科目：(101)思想政治理论(201)英语一(302)数学二(873)物理化学或(874)大学物理西安电子科技大学材料与化工专考研参考书目：先聊聊英语单词部分：我个人认为不背的单词再怎么看视频也没用，背单词没捷径。
你想又懒又快捷的提升单词量，没门。
（仅供个人选择）我建议用木糖英语单词闪电版，一天200个，用艾宾浩斯曲线一个月能记完，每天记单词需要1小时（还是蛮痛苦的，但总比看真题时啥也看不懂要舒服多）。
好处在于是剔除了初高中的简单词，只剩下考研的必考词，能迅速让你上手真题。
背单词要一直从3-4月份持续到考研前几天，第一遍记完必须要在暑假前。
阅读完形部分：木糖英语真题手译就挺好用的，不需要做真题以外的任何阅读题。
因为真题就是最贴近实战的练习题了，还记得近十年的真题我是刷了大概有四五遍。
不过，我建议从05年的开始抠真题，需要一个单词都不放过，因为考研英语的试卷有80％的单词，去年的卷子重复过。
西安电子科技大学-研究生科技英语教材课后答案
V、练习参考答案练习1II、1.艾米特博士2001年毕业于哈佛大学Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.李教授1988年在西安理工大学获得机械工程博士学位Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’anUniversity of Technology in 1988.3.现在我们转向讨论一下无线网Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.Bainbridge质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器The B ainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the opticalspectrometer.5.做这个实验需要多长时间How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?6.压力的增加会引起体积的减少An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.图(2-5)话出了式(2-2)所表示的情况Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.电感的单位是亨利The unit of inductance is the henry.III、1.[汉]UASMA协议采用了独特的帧结构.[英]UASMA protocol employs an unique frame structure.[改]The UAS MA protocol employs a unique frame structure.2.[汉]最后,用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器.[英]At last, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.[改]Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.[汉]先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估[英] Dynamic analysis and evaluation of security for proactive secret sharingsystem[改]Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security ofa proactive secret sharingsystem4.[汉]该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒[英] The approach can be applied to one-dimensional potential barrier witharbitrary profile[改]The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with anarbitrary profile.5.[汉]我们提出一种基于牛顿迭代法的数值方法.[英] We propose a kind of numerical method based on the Newton’s iterativemethod.[改]We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.练习2I、1. 该电路由一个电池,一个电感器和一个电容器组成.This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. 试计算在a,b,c三点处的电场.Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. 这颗卫星用于美国,法国,意大利之间的通信This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.4. 我们假设该天线是垂直的,且其损耗为零.We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.5. 第6,7,8章论述传输线Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. 其误差为千亿分之六Its error is six parts in 1012.2. 这台计算机所储存的信息比那台多三倍.This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. 不久的将来对这种设备的需求量为现在的20倍The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. 这个元件上的电压为零点几福特The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5.现在其内部的压力被减少了15倍Now its internal pressure is one sixteenth what it was.III、1. [汉]这个物体比那个物体重4倍多[英] This object is over four times heavy than that one is.[改]This object is over five times heavier than that one is.2. [汉]除非另有说明,我们假设使用的是硅管, I CBO可以忽略不计[英] Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and I CBO can be neglected.[改]Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and thatI CBO can be neglected.3. [汉]这个电路的优点是结构简单,容易调整.[英] This circuit has the advantage of simple in structure , easy to adjust.[改]This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment.4. [汉]图1,2,3详细地画出了这个过程[英] Fig. 1, 2, 3 show this process detaildlyFigs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.5. [汉]对于进一步的信息,参考文献[3],[5],[9].[英] For further informations, consult references [3], [5]and[9].For further information, consult references [3], [5], [9].练习3I、1. 这种新型计算机和普通计算机相比有许多优点This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. 解这个微分方程把未知量求出来并不困难It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. 在这新的五章中,第一章论述负反馈的基本原理Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4.这时,电流与电压相位相差90度At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. 通过分析该仪器的参数,我们就能了解它的性能By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understandits performance.6. 我们要求出它在这一距离上的平均速度We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. 电子学这门科学在现今世界太重要了The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. 他们极为困难地解出了这道题They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、汉译英,划线部分要去使用介词短语表示.1. 若x>1,则该方程成立For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. 在把这些数值代入该方程后,我们得到了下面的表达式Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. 这个电路的工作情况类似于图1-10的电路This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. 这台计算机的性能很好This computer is very good in performance.5. 这些波只向一个方向传播These waves travel only in one direction.III、1. [汉]本文提出了雷达目标的一种新的识别方法[英] This paper presents a new kind of recognition method of radar target.[改]This paper presents a new methodfor the recognition of radar target s.2. [汉]目标的运动状态对EKF跟踪精度的影响是非常大的[英] The influence of the moving state of the target for the tracking accuracy of the EKF.[改] The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF is great.3. [汉]在10月8日早上又发射了一颗通信卫星.[英] Another comsat has been launched in the morning of the 8th of October.[改]Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October.4. [汉]电压时用伏特来度量的[英] V oltage is measured with volt.[改] V oltage is measured in volt s.5. [汉]他们将赴北京参加移动通信国际会议[英] They will leave to Beijing to attend a international conference of mobile communication.[改]They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile communication.练习4I、1. 该力垂直于桌面作用The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. 这里的三个系数有待于确定The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. 下面两个式子在后面几章将会经常用到The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in thechapters which follow.4. 这里我们使用相距10厘米的两个金属球Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. 输出保持不变The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. 现在的教科书均讨论了这一问题All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7.计算机由于运算准确,速度快而得到了广泛的应用Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. 这个题的答案看起来的正确的The answer to this problem looks correct.9. 我们将使用一段相距距离为δ的两根平行导线Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10.现在的问题是如何测量这个元件上的电压The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11.这些数据将被传送到2千米外的计算中心These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. 在对上面的那个方程整理后,我们得到了下面的表达式Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. 这些电荷能与存在的其他电荷相互作用These charges can interact with other charges present.14. 力可以没有接触而被传递,这与普通的观念相反Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. 这个系数的典型值为0.35This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. [汉]在这种情况下,输入并不下降,输出也不下降.[英] In this case, the input does not fall; the output does not fall, too.[改]In this case, the input does not fall; nor neither does the output. /the output does not fall, either.2. [汉]导体的电阻不仅取决于制成导体的材料,而且取决于导体的尺寸和温度.[英] The resistance of a conductor not only depends on the material with which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.[改]The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.3. [汉]这些科学家们对该论题很感兴趣[英] These scientists are very interesting to this topic[改] These scientists are very interestedin this topic.4. [汉]这个参数几乎不能测出来[英] This parameter almost cannot be measured[改] This parameter can hardly be measured.5. [汉]这这个实验室中,这台仪器比其它任何一台都贵[英] In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any one[改]In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one/ any one else.6. [汉]该设备的特点是体积小,重量轻.[英] The feature of this device is small in size , light in weight.[改] The features of this device aresmall size and light weight.练习5I、1. This equation can be solved in either of the following two ways/the two ways which follow.2. This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground.3. Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct.4. From its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).5. Our analysis of the machine is of great significance.6. This facilitates their use in circuit analysis.II、1. This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox.2. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components.3. W e must water cool these equipments/devices.4. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected.5. AC can be changed/turned/converted/transformed/translated into/to DC, a process called/known as/referred to as rectification.6. A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.7. Computers are capable of processing information, a process thatpreviously could be accomplished only inside our heads.8. An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.III、1. Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems.2. Problems are listed/given on pp. 1-5.3. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters.4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277 kilogram s.5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance R o.6. W e must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、1. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation.2. They do not know whether this material can stand so large a force or not.3. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes.4. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software.5. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum.练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、1. None of those textbooks have/has mentioned this point.2. All of these x values cannot satisfy the equation.3. Neither of the two conditions is satisfied here.4. In the preceding/previous chapter, we discussed all kinds of force.5. This paper describes a new method for designing aircraft.6. By the end of the last century, the company had manufactured 5 000radars.7. Since 2008, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works much better than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..2. This computer requires many more components that that one (does).3. The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240 000 miles.4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.2. The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.3. We find this concept very difficult to explain.4. None of these windows can withstand so large a force.5. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by/times distance.6. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. [… are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、1. The sine law of the variation of light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized.2. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.3. V arious satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.4. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.5. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.6. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coilswound on/round an iron core.7. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit,the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle. III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set ofequations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as 1.IV、1. Given/Knowing resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.2. The price of this instrument is high.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.5. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.5. These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate normally.6. The body is in such a state that it can do work.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.9. This is due to/is caused by/results from the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.10. Besides/In addition to the factthat the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signal.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devicespossible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.4. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.5. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、汉译英，划线部分用定语从句表示1. 我们用来测量一个电阻上的电压的仪表被称为电压表The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2.计算机是人类所曾有过的最有效的助手Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. 现在这种病不再是原来那样的严重问题了Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. 雷达可以测出无线电回波返回所需的时间Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. 我们必须计算出该物体被提起的距离We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. 一个物体的方向也是很重要的The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. 这个质点每秒钟震动的次数被叫做频率The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8.我们使这两个比值相等，由此得到了最简式We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. 需要确定y分量降为零的时间It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. 其每一个点y坐标均为零的曲线救市x轴The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、汉译英，要求划线部分用‘介词+which’来表示1. 该圆切割实轴的点处于α= ω处The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. 重力意思是地球吸引物体的力The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3.电子在其上面产生图像的显像管的表面成为荧光屏The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. 作者要感谢本书所属的那套丛书的编辑们The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. 这是给定的两个矢量为其边的一个平行四边形This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. 压强等于总的力除以被施加的面积The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. 组成水的两个两个元素是氢和氧The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. 这取决于产生电子的效率This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.9. 这两个定律是建立其它所有定律的基础These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.10. 水结冰的温度一般是0度The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.III、汉译英，要求划线部分用as从句来表示1. 如标题所示，本章将讨论非线性方程As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2.顾名思义，流体就是一种容易流动的物质As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. 这个单力产生的效应与那几个力一起产生的效应相同This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4.现在我们能够理解像出现在物理中的这种微分方程了Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. 这个功能可以用像在上一节中所描述的全家器来完成This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. 这些概念使我们能够理解静电学，即人们通常所说的‘静电’中广泛的现象These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,”as it is called.7. 这个电流，正如预料的那样，是十分小的This current is, as predicted, very small,8.首先让我们来考虑一下如第2页上所示的那个最简单的电路First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、汉译英，划线部分要求用‘than’等从句表示1. 这个值比我们预料的稍高一点This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. 这个反应堆能产生比它消耗得多的燃料This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3.让我们来考虑一下当力矩为零的情况Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. 我们必须确定开关闭合后的电流和电压值We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. 自从本书首次出版以来的十年间，金属加工业发生了巨大的变化During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、1. 【汉】甚至在这种情况下，这些协议也能为数量有限的用户提供质量可接受的语音服务【英】Even in this case these protocols can provide limited number of users the acceptable quality of voice service.【改】Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.2.【汉】本文截杀了8098微控制器与386PC机串行通信的方法【英】This paper presents a method of a 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with 386 personal computer【改】This paper presents a method foran 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.3 【汉】对均衡器参数对均衡性能的影响进行了详细的分析【英】The effect of equalizer parameters for equalization performance is analyzeddetailedly.【改】The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzedin detail. [A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters onequalization performance.]4.【汉】图1中的接受机每个信息包括射频放大器，混频器，中频放大器，A/D转换器等【英】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 includes a RF amplifier、mixer、IFamplifier and A/D converter etc.【改】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier,a mixer,an IFamplifier, an A/D converter, etc.（注意：句尾的句号与缩略词“etc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5.【汉】异常成都越大，残留的失配就越，曲线就上扬【英】Larger the abnormal extent ，larger is the residual mismatch, and the curvegoes up.【改】The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, withthe curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have; 10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14.be; 15. leakII、汉译英，要求使用虚拟语气1. 一旦出现不正常情况，立即刮泥电源Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. 如果当时不适用电子计算机，他们解这个题就要花费很长时间Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3.在原方程中检验一下所有解是十分重要的It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.4.人们建议这个设计应立即加以修改It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.5. 若没有半导体，卫星通信就不可能了。
西安电子科技大学2009届本科毕业生专业分布一览表.
学院
专业
专业人数
学院人数
通信工程学院
通信工程
538
834
电子信息工程（一）
120
信息安全
123
空间信息与数字技术
53
电子工程学院
电子信息工程（二）
517
849
生物医学工程
65
信息对抗技术
118
探测制导与控制技术
60
智能科学与技术
89
计算机学院
计算机科学与技术
180
本科合计
5005
层次
学院
专业名称
人数
博
士
研
究
生
通信工程学院
通信与信息系统
36
55
军事通信学
5
密码学
8
信息安全
6
电子工程学院
电路与系统
28
100
电磁场与微波技术
21
信号与信息处理
35
模式识别与智能系统
11
智能信息处理
5
计算机学院
计算机系统结构
15
34
计算机应用技术
19
机电工程学院
机械制造及自动化
60
电子商务
65
理学院
数学与应用数学
73
357
信息与计算科学
73
应用物理学
48
电子信息科学与技术
114
应用化学
49
人文学院
英语
59
254
市场营销
49
工商管理（文）
45
人力资源管理
50
日语
2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I U se of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns morefuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this newresearch. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we'veleft in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligencemight be. This is12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running asmall-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15animals ran the labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 1819 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had asingle origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilledin linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survivalof the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's socialstructure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, formsof marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work togetherto keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectlysuggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effectin enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。
科技英语中被动句的翻译
科技英语中使用大量的被动语态Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。
而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。
(1) It has been calculated that only 1/10, 000 part of the energy radiated annually form the sun is taken up by plants. 据计算,太阳每年辐射(到地球上)的能量只有0.01%被植物吸收。
(植物)( 2) It was found that one of the culture dishes in which colonies of the bacteria (细菌群体) were growing had been contaminated by a colony of another organism, a mould of penicillin. 结果发现在一个培养液中正在生长的细菌菌落受到另一种菌落的感染,这种菌落就是青霉菌。
青霉菌菌落感染了一个正在培养液中生长的细菌菌落。
(微生物)(3) The surface of a metal is attacked by various gases in the atmosphere. 金属的表面受到大气中各种气体的侵蚀。
(自然现象)(4) Each of the body systems is regulated in some way by some part of the endocrine system(内分泌系统). 人体的每个系统都在某一方面由内分泌的某一腺体进行调节。
(生理现象)( 5 ) Large quantities of fuel are required by modern industry. 现代工业需要大量的燃料。
西电硕士专业英语阅读第二版答案
V、练习参考答案练习11.艾米特博士毕业Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in2001.2.李教授1988理工大或机械博士Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degreein mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in1988.3.现在转向讨论局域网Now we shall turn to the discussion of local areanetworks.4.质谱仪光谱仪一样重要The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is asimportant an instrument as the optical spectrometer.5.做个试验要多长How long a time [或How much time] is required tothis experiment? The density of a substance is its mass per unitvolume.压力增加体积减少6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.图画出了2-2的情况7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).电感的单位是亨利8.The unit of inductance is the henry.练习2该电路由一个电池电感器电容器组成1.This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.试计算在abc三点处的电场2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3.这颗卫星用于美国与英国法国意大利的通讯This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.4. 我们假设该天线是垂直的且其损耗为零We assume that the antennais vertical and that its loss is zero.5. 第678章论述传输线Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. 其误差为千亿分之六Its error is six parts in 1012.2. 这台计算机所存储的信息比那多3倍This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. 不久的将来对这种设备的需求量为现在的20倍The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. 这个元件电压为零点几伏特The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5. 现在其内部的压力被减少了15倍Now its internal pressure is one sixteenth what it was.1. 这种新型计算机与普通相比许多优点This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2.解这个微分方程把未知量求出来不困难It is not difficult to solve thisdifferential equation for the unknown quantity.3.在这新的五章中，第一章论述反馈的Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. 这时，电流与电压相位差90度At this point/time, current differs inphase from voltage by 90o.5. 通过分析该仪器的参数就能够了解他的性能By analyzing [By theanalysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand itsperformance.6.我们要求出它在这一距离上的平均速度We will find out its averagevelocity over this distance.7. 电子学这门学科在现今世界太重要The science of electronics is tooimportant in the world today.8. 他们极为困难滴解出了这道题They solved this problem with greatdifficulty.II、1. 若x>1则方程成立For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [thisequation has no solution].2. 在吧这些数值代入该方程后，我们得到了下面的表达式Upon [On]substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, weobtained the following expression..3. 这个电路的工作情况类似图10-1的电路This circuit is similar inoperation to that of Fig. 1-10.4.这台电脑性能很好This computer is very good in performance.5. 这些波只向一个方向传播These waves travel only in one direction.练习41. 该力垂直于桌面The force acts perpendicular to the surface of thetable.2. 这里的三个系数有待于确定The three coefficients here remains to bedetermined.3. 下面两个十字在后面几章将会经常用到The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in the chapters which follow.4. 这里我们使用相距10里面的两个金属球Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5.输出保持不变The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. 现有的教科书均讨论了这一问题All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7. 计算机由于运算精准，速度快而得到了广泛应用Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. 这个题的答案看起来是正确的The answer to this problem looks correct.9. 我们将使用一段相距距离为的两根平行导线Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10. 现在的问题是如何测量这个元件上的电压The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11. 这些数据将被传到2千米外的计算中心These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. 在对上面的那个方程整理后，我们得到了下面表达式Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. 这些电荷能与存在的其他电荷相互作用These charges can interact with other charges present.14. 里可以没有接触而被传递，这与普通的观念相反Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. 这个系数的典型值为This coefficient is typically 0.35.练习5I、1. 这个方程我们可以用一下两种中任何一种来解This equation can be solved in either of the following two ways/the two ways which follow.2. 这个棒球不就会停下来是因为他与地面相互作用This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground.3. 我们把这个系数选为一是正确的Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct.4. 从把它定义为力与长度之比，我们可以看出kFrom its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).5. 我门对该机器的分析是很有意义的Our analysis of the machine is of great significance.6. 这有助于吧他们用在电路分析中This facilitates their use in circuit analysis.II、1. 这辆警车装备了想火柴盒那样大小的接收机This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox.2. 人们使用一根丝线的百分之一那样粗洗的导线来连接这些部件Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components.3. 我们必须对这些设备进行水冷却We must water cool these equipments/devices.4. 在过去，电话是靠接线员来连接的In the past, telephone calls were operator connected.5. 交流电可以转换成直流电，这一过程被称为整流AC can be changed/turned/converted/transformed/translated into/to DC, a process called/known as/referred to as rectification.6. 磁铁能吸引铁质材料，这是大家熟悉的现象A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.7. 计算机能够处理信息二这一过程以前头脑Computers are capable of processing information, a process that previously could be accomplished only inside our heads.8. 外用表量电压电流电阻仪表，广泛使用在电气工程中An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.III、1. 第1.11.2节讨论其他几个问题Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems.2. Problems are listed/given on pp. 1-5.3. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters.4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277kilograms.5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductorsintoaccount.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.练习6I、1. 人们会注意到这个头像是实像This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. 我们希望，这个技术问题不久就会解决This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3.这一点我们认为在学习数字电子学中是很有用的210is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. 这里应该使用一个比如说100欧的电阻器A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、1.这些教科书中均没有提到None of those textbooks have/has mentioned this point.2.这些x的值并非都能满足该方程All of these x values cannot satisfythe equation.3.那两个条件在此均没有得到满足Neither of the two conditions issatisfied here.4. 在前一章，我们讨论了能量In the preceding/previous chapter, wediscussed all kinds of force.5.本文论述了设计飞机的一种新方法This paper describes a newmethod for designing aircraft.6. 到上世纪末该公司制造了雷达By the end of the last century, thecompany had manufactured 5 000radars.7. 从2008，这个研究所一直在开发一种特殊机器人Since 2008, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot.III、1. 介绍李的概念In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. 半导体是非常有用的As early as the 1940s, it was found thatsemiconductors are very useful.3. 这一结果也能另法获得This result can also be arrived at in anotherway.4. 当时人们没有使用那一现象At that time no use was made of thisphenomenon/…, this phenomenon was made no use of.5. 这一点下一章谈论This point will be dealt with in the next section. IV、1. This computer works much better than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..2.所需元件多得多This computer requires many more components that that one (does).3. 月离地24万英里The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240 000 miles.4. 电阻越大，电容器达到其最大电压所需时间越长The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5.01a电流不能产生足够热The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.练习7I、1. 借助于计算机设计这种飞机至于要几个月的时间It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. 证明这个表达式成立就留作读者的一个习题It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. 要执行的程序存储在这一单元The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. 这山谷用作为建大坝的基础This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5.这实验室中有许多种仪表供学生选择In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6.设等于零Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7.目标离得越远，回拨返回所需时间越长The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8.为是该级数收敛，x必须小于1 For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9.我们发现这个概念很难理解We find this concept very difficult to understand.10.这方法使得检测目标容易多了This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. 这个因素会影响计算机存储信息的能力This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. 我们求出是r为多大时才能使用该级数收敛We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. 这是画画所用的笔This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. 弹性是物体形变后能恢复原状的趋势Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. 普通物质是电中性的Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.这一性质使得金属能够被做成任何形状This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. 这张桌子不适宜学生试验This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18.现在我们考虑去什么样的积分路径Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、练习8I、1. 放大器放大接收信号The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2.运动分子具有动能Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.3. 速度等于距离除以时间Speed equals distance divided by time.4. 电压等于电流乘以电阻V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. 空气阻力随速度增加为增加The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.6. 变压器是绕在铁芯的两个多个圈组成 A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on/round an iron core.7. 流过这个元件上的电流It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.8. 如果使用得当This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9.流过电路的时候Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. 若已知时间和速度Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. 学完这张后，Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. 由于光速极大The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. 他们都是高空卫星Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. 因特网被称为所有网络之母，Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network.15. 力分解两个分量，一个是水平一个是垂直This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.以原点为圆心做半径r园Let us construct/draw a circle with the originas the center and of radius R.2.这个参数应该在E接地的情况下测量This parameter should bemeasured with E grounded.3. 若电路没有电阻，电流无线增大With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.4. 考虑这点，With this in view, we have written this book.5. 本文介绍新设计方法，重点放在其原理上This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle.III、1.考虑设计一台计算机Let us consider designing a computer.2.我们把元件称之为无源的We refer to these components as beingpassive.3.这涉及到取傅里叶变换This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.对上面的方程整理后，得到一个方程组On/Upon rearranging theabove equations, we obtain the following set of equations.5.在使用这个句式时，看成1没有关系In using this equation, it does notmatter which plane is considered as 1.练习9I、1. 直到引入了一种完全不同的概念，得到解决The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. 再近一百年才有实验证实了亚原子微粒的存在Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3.在发明该设备的那年The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. 虽然原子很小，更小颗粒组成Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.5. 这两个电阻应该选择使该晶体管正常工作These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate normally.6. 该物体处于这样的状态他能做工The body is in such a state that it can do work.II、1. 电压时电流和电阻之乘机这一关系是哦您关于一切直流电The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. 磁能够产生电流这一发现在电学领域重要The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3.方程式就是两个代数式相等的一种代数陈述An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. 邮政局标明，月球是没有生命存在There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. 现在出现了这么个问题，该算法是否实用呢？The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. 不能保证该级数收敛In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. 人们越来越认识到这些方法很有用There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. 当时最显著之一就是人们认识到光是有电磁波组成的One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.9.这是由于在导体中存在许多自由电子This is due to/is caused by/results from the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.10. 除了材料的性质应该包括在分析模型之外，考虑其他因素Besides/In addition to the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.练习10I、1. 现在有待于确定该级数何时收敛Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. 从毒霸梅尔定理这个极限是存在的It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. 由麦克斯韦假设每当电场发生变化时就产生磁场It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. 在这种情况下磁铁是否被运动时没有关系的It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. 温度确定了热传递朝哪个方向Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. 一切物质均有微粒构成，众所周知It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. 发电机所做的What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. 这一章所讲的非常重要What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3.物质是能够占有空间的东西Matter is what can occupy space.4. 这个试验中我们所发现的电现象这一崭新领域What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.5.这个放下与假设方向相反This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.6.大小，方向作用点是我们所说的力三要素Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7.这些数构成所谓的实系数These numbers constitute what is known asthe real number system.8. 在下面，我们要熟悉一些基本概念In what follows, we shall acquaintourselves with some basic concepts.练习11I、1. 我们用来测量一个电阻上的电压仪器电压表The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2. 计算机是人类所曾有过的最有效的助手Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3.现在这种病不再是原来那样严重Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. 雷达可以测出无线电回拨返回所需时间Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5.我们必须计算出该物体被提起的距离We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. 一个物体运动的方向很重要The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. 这个支点每秒钟震动的次数频率The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8. 我们使得这两个比值相等，由此得到了最简式We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. 需要确定Y分量将为零的时间It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10..其没一点的y坐标均为零的曲线就是X轴The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、1.该圆切割实轴的点处于处The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2.重力的意思是地球吸引物体的力The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3. 电子在其上面产生图像的显像管表面称为荧光屏The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. 作者要感谢本书所述那套丛书的编辑们The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. 这是给定的两个矢量为其边的一个平行四边形This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. 压强等于总得力除以被施加的面积The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7.组成睡的两个元素是氧和氢The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. 这取决于产生电子的效率This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.9. 这两个定律是建立其它所有定律的基础These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.10. 水结冰的温度为0度The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.III、1. 如标题所示，本章将讨论非线性方程As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2. 顾名思义，流体就是一种容易流动的物质As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. 这单个力产生的效应与那几个力一起产生的效应相同This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4. 现在我们能够解像出现在物理中的这种微分方程了Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. 这个功能可以用像在上一节中所描述的全加器来完成This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. 这些概念使得我们能够理解静电学即人们通常所说的静电中广泛的现象These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7.这个电流，正如预料的那样，是十分小This current is, as predicted, very small,8. 首先考虑如第2页所示那个最简单的电路First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、1. 这个值比我们预料的高This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. 这个反应堆能产生比他消耗得多的燃料This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3. 让我们考虑一下力矩为零的情况Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. 我们必须确定开关闭合后电流电压值We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. 自从本书首次出版以来，金属工业发生了巨大变化During the tenyears since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.练习121. 一旦出现不正常情况，立即关闭电源Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. 如果当时不适用计算机，要花很长时间Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3. 在原方程中检验一下所有的解是重要It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.4. 人们建议这个设计应立即加以修改It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.5. 若没有半导体，卫星通信就不可能了Without semiconductors, satellite communications would be impossible.6. 我们本来也可以用定理导出结果We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.7. 能量要守恒必须得到满足The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.8. 这里每一样，元件设备，国产Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.III、1. 是这位科学家一个世纪前发现现象It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.2. 钨就是用于电灯里的金属Tungsten is the very metal used in electric lamps.3. 声波通过介质的速度取决介质性质The speed with which sound waves move through a medium does depend on the properties of the medium.4. 尚不清楚什么条件下使用这个公式It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.5. 这一性质我们叫惯性This property we call inertia.练习13II、1. 电动势，指的是当没有电流流动时电池两端的电位差By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current.2. 下表列出大家熟悉的计算机各种参数In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.3. 元素不能分解，也不能用化学方法加以拆分An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.4. 只有当，这个方程才成立Only when x= 8, does this equation hold/apply.5.特别重要的试一下两个概念Of particular importance/Especially important are the two concepts which follow.6.这样的集合我们数系Such a set we call the mathematical system.7. 几乎没有人绝对精确知道函数Rarely does one know this function with precision.8. 电厂和磁场之间关系使得电磁铁和电动机可能This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.9. 光的绕射才得到解释Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.10. 电子绝不会从正端流向负端By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.II、1. 空气阻力影响下，加速度随高度增加而降低The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.2. 必须求出这个电容器的电荷和电压It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.3.谨谨需要一个数字习惯In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.4.这个电压小于等于0.4 This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volt.5. 阴极受热发射电子The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.6. 不论受到加速与否处于平衡状态Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.7. 如果需要，导线将涂有绝缘体If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.8. 该晶体管排列，因而得到这一名称The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.III、1. 对该设备的性能做了初步分析An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.2. 磁场是在磁铁周围，由磁力线所占据空间The magnetic field is thespace around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.3. 这就导致该模型中的电池电压为500This leads to the battery voltagein the model of 500 mV.4. 这曲线图表示电阻器的电阻随频率变化的This graph shows thevariation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.5. 这造成了降落在大地上的一半以上的水直接返回大气This isresponsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the waterthat falls on the land.6. 如何能确定这些未知数The question now arises how these unknownscan be determined.7. 必须确定改变周围温度对该器件的影响It is necessary to determinethe effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.8. 假设：在测试期间压力总是保持不变The assumption has been madethat the pressure always remains constant during the test.1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by thismethod.3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secretsharing system4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrierwith an arbitrary profile.5.We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.III、1. This object is over five times heavier than that one is.2. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are usedand that I CBO can be neglected.3. This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment.4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.5. For further information, consult references [3, 5, 9].III、1. This paper presents a new method for the recognition of radar targets.2. The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF is great.3. Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October.4. Voltage is measured in volts.5. They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile communication.6. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and that I CBO can be neglected.7.II、1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […;the output does not fall, either.]2. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material ofwhich the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of theconductor.3. These scientists are very interested in this topic.4. This parameter can hardly be measured.5. In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one/any one else.6. The features of this device are small size and light weight.IV、1. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation.2. They do not know whether this material can stand so large a forceor not.3. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes.4. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software.5. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum.V、1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We candetermine the weight of the body easily.2. The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.3. We find this concept very difficult to explain.4. None of these windows can withstand so large a force.5. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by/times distance.6. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. […are inagreement with the experimental values.]1. The sine law of the variation of light intensity with the cylinder diameterhas been emphasized.2. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.3. V arious satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.4. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.5. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.IV、1. Given/Knowing resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.2. The price of this instrument is high.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.5. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signal.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.V、1. Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.2. This paper presents a method for an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.3. The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzed in detail. [A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]4. Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier, a mixer, an IF amplifier, an A/D converter, etc.（注意：句尾的句号与缩略词“etc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5. The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.IV、1. The author is engaged in the teaching of and the research on computer vision, and image processing and recognition.2. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.3. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.4. What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.5. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.IV、1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.3. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.4. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by)。
西电学位英语试题及答案
西电学位英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选择最佳答案。
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced diet.B. The negative effects of fast food.C. The benefits of eating vegetables.D. The necessity of regular exercise.2. According to the author, which of the following is not a healthy lifestyle?A. Eating three meals a day.B. Drinking plenty of water.C. Spending too much time on social media.D. Getting enough sleep.3. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The causes of stress.B. The effects of stress on health.C. The ways to relieve stress.D. The importance of stress management.4. What is the author's attitude towards the use of technology in education?A. Skeptical.B. Enthusiastic.C. Neutral.D. Critical.5. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Impact of Technology on Education.B. The Role of Teachers in the Modern Classroom.C. The Future of Education.D. The Importance of Lifelong Learning.二、词汇与语法（共30分，每题3分）Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence.6. Despite his lack of experience, he was able to ________ the project successfully.A. take onB. take offC. take overD. take out7. The company has decided to ________ its operations to new markets.A. expandB. contractC. reduceD. limit8. She has a ________ memory and can remember details from years ago.A. photographicB. visualC. auditoryD. olfactory9. The new policy will come into ________ on January 1st.A. effectB. useC. practiceD. application10. He was ________ to find that his old friend had become a successful businessman.A. surprisedB. astonishedC. shockedD. amazed三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）Read the following passage and choose the best word to fill in each blank.Once upon a time, in a small village, there lived a wise old man. He was known for his ability to solve any problem that came his way. One day, a young boy approached him with a question. "How can I become successful in life?" the boy asked. The old man thought for a moment and then said, "To be successful, you must first understand that success is not a destination, but a journey. It requires hard work, perseverance, and the willingness to learn from your mistakes."11. The old man was ________ for his wisdom.A. famousB. notoriousC. infamousD. obscure12. The young boy was seeking ________ on how to achieve success.A. adviceB. permissionC. assistanceD. guidance13. The old man believed that success was a continuous process rather than a one-time event.A. temporaryB. fleetingC. ongoingD. intermittent14. The boy was told that success requires a strong ________ to work hard.A. desireB. motivationC. commitmentD. determination15. Learning from mistakes is an important aspect of the journey to success.A. componentB. elementC. aspectD. feature四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）Translate the following sentences into English.16. 随着科技的发展，远程工作已经成为一种趋势。
西安电子科技大学2009年陕西省各专业录取分数
西安电子科技大学2009年陕西省各专业录取分数专业总人数最低最高平均通信工程194 605 654 616信息工程42 596 620 602信息安全18 591 621 599空间信息与数字技术7 595 602 598电子信息工程183 585 642 599信息对抗技术14 583 610 592电磁场与无线技术 6 595 615 608探测制导与控制技术22 582 614 592智能科学与技术46 572 624 584生物医学工程 3 579 591 584计算机科学与技术132 572 617 586网络工程10 576 606 584教育技术学3 569 571 569 机械设计制造及其自动化51 585 622 597电子封装技术8 569 611 577工业设计 3 574 616 590自动化36 572 619 585电气工程及其自动化4 592 604 598测控技术与仪器49 578 609 587电子科学与技术61 580 627 595光信息科学与技术 6 592 603 596材料科学与工程6 585 604 593信息管理与信息系统6 593 608 599工商管理(理) 5 577 584 580金融学5 589 615 600工业工程 5 588 590 589电子商务 2 580 584 582数学与应用数学8 573 605 587信息与计算科学7 571 584 574应用物理学6 574 599 581应用化学 2 589 600 594电子信息科学与技术38 576 618 590电波传播与天线9 569 617 578英语 5 569 599 582日语 4 569 569 569市场营销 6 544 551 544工商管理(文) 7 552 587 566人力资源管理 4 544 550 547劳动与社会保障7 541 594 555录音艺术27 395 539 434软件工程130 569 625 578微电子学72 577 617 589集成电路设计与集成系统58 571 628 585该文章转载自无忧考网：/show/1171919.html。
2012-12-31研究生英语试题西电
西安电子科技大学研究生课程考试试题（答案必须写在答题纸上或在答题卡上填涂）考试科目：英语基础课程编号： 0821001 考试日期：11 年 12 月 31 日考试时间： 150 分考试方式：(闭卷)任课教师：班号学生姓名：学号：考生注意事项一、本试卷由两份试卷组成：试卷一( Paper One ) 包括词汇，完形填空 ,与阅读理解三部分，共60题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二( Paper Two ) 包括翻译与写作两部份，共3题。
二、试卷一（题号1－60）为客观评分题，答案一律用中性(HB)铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间划黑道，如[A] [B] [C][D]。
三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案分别做在ANSWER SHEETⅡ上。
试卷一(Paper One)PartⅠVOCABULARY (20 points)Section A: (1 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are fourwords or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word orphrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark thecorresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your machine-scoring Answer Sheet。
1. All doors and windows are sealed for the extermination of mosquito.A. destinationB. distinctionC.extinctionD. exhaustion2. This is the best way to mitigate the short-term negative impacts and continue to improve the wealth and well-being of future generations.A. relinquishB. relieveC. relightD.relive3. In l960, Carlos‟ family moved to San Francisco while he stayed in Mexico tohone his musical skills in local clubs.A.perfectB.exhibitC. temptD.exemplify4. Mid-stream research is a pivotal step between basic scientific research and its commercial application.A.crucialB. necessaryC. irreplaceableD. fundamental5. The only way they can preserve their history is to recount it assagas--legends handed down from one generation of story- tellers to another.A. give an account ofB.count againC. taking into accountD. counting on6. While globalization is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to share their unique individuality farther and wider.A. unifyingB. modifyingC. revisingD. refining7. Pregnant women, in particular, are advised to shun products with a high levelof caffeine.A. avoidB. complainC. purchaseD. consume8. Some people call them “the eighth wonder of the world,”because theymarvel at different features and facial expressions of terra-cotta and horses.A. are attracted byB. are amazed atC. are frightened byD. are frantic with9. If you opt for the northerly shore route from the entry area, you‟ll find many caves as you explore the underwater terrain.A. look forB. decide onC. turn toD. search for10. The new government faces the enormous challenge of modernizing the country while solving a host of intractable problems.A. confusingB. flexibleC. difficultD. infinite Section B (1 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the fourchoices given to best complete each sentence.11. English skills will accrue you from speaking and reading a lot..A. for B from C into D to12. ________ recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particularcare of their personal belongings.A. In light ofB. In spite ofC. In case ofD. In advance of13. Another 1,000 workers were ______ when the machinery plant was indifficulties.A. left outB. laid offC. gone awayD. paid back14. They have promised to back us _____.A. in the leastB. in the senseC. to the extentD. to the hilt15. Although my boss has money to burn, he is very ______ with theemployees.A. generousB. benevolentC. stingyD. indifferent16. ______ the crisis has revealed how weak the Russian economy is,modernization provides a new justification for the state‟s existence.A. Now thatB. In terms thatC. According toD. With regard to17. The company‟s market share has grown year by year ______ novel design,excellent quality and good service.A. by chance ofB. by the side ofC. by virtue ofD. by comparison to18.The important thing is to avoid a growing debt burden, which would meanmore savage cuts in services and welfare ______.A. so farB. down the lineC. along the wayD. in the field19. While most bars and restaurants have addresses, Beirut is ______ twistingside streets, many of them unmarked.A. a lot ofB. a bit ofC. a suit ofD. a maze of20. The new machine we ordered through the Internet arrived ______accessories.A. mixing withB. running withC. complete withD. filled withPart ⅡCLOZE TEST ( 10 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in thepassage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you havechosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Conditions in small island states including those of the Pacific will be put under the spotlight when the tiny Caribbean nation of Barbados 21 the Global Conference of Sustainable Development next April. There, delegates from all over the world will gather for the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of the Small Island Developing States.A key 22 of the conference is to put together a strategy for23 development characteristic to small islands, based on Agenda 21, the comprehensive global plan 24 at the Earth Summit in Brazil last year. Because of their size and geography, small island states are designated “ecologically vulnerable”at the Earth Summit, warranting international attention to problems 25 to them.Obstacles to a final text of the action plan for small island states will be many. Indeed, even at this early stages of preparations, many of the problems are beginning to show. Already, the first meeting in New York of a UN committee 26 with preparing for the Barbados conference has 27 some difficulties in finalizing parts of the draft action plan. The Preparatory committee has asked the UN General Assembly, now in succession, to approve a second Preparatory Conference to iron out some outstanding issues. Given the importance island states attach to the Barbados Conference , UNGA approval is seen purely as a routine formality.While agreement has in fact been reached on many elements of the draft action plan, industrialized and island nations are still at loggerheads over numerous other issues. For instance, questions surrounding financing and transfer of technology are still 28 and officials attending the New York Preparatory Committee have in fact decided to leave these for higher level discussions during the actual conference itself .It will be 29 to produce a grand plan without the backings of the industrialized world. Of course not every industrialized country has shied away from their 30 . Many have contributed to a voluntary fund to help pay for the participation of island delegates at the Barbados Conference.21. A. lead B. open C. host D. move22. A. move B. purpose C. inclination D. intention23. A. sustaining B. continuous C. sustainable D. surviving24. A. adapted B. advised C. adopted D. admitted25. A. universal B. uniform C. united D. unique26. A. responsible B. charged C. taken D. endowed27. A. crossed B. come with C. had D. encountered28. A. to be handled B. to be dealt withC. to be resolvedD. to be admired29. A. useless B. purposeless C. pointless D. effortless30. A. promises B. commitments C. pledges D. vowsPart ⅢREADING COMPREHENSION ( 30 points)Directions: In this part of the tests, there are six short passages for you to read. Read the passage carefully, and then answer the questionsthat follow. Then choose the best answer from the chioces markedA, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring AnswerSheet.Passage OneWhen Dr. David Ho announced last year that he thought he might be able to eliminate the AIDS virus completely from the bodies of his patients by hitting it early and hard within a combination of powerful antiviral drugs, his startling prediction was couched in a big “if.”If it turned out that there were previously undiscovered pockets of viral particles in the body, all bets were off.The bets are off. Reporting in his journal Science, two groups of investigators ---- one from Johns Medicals school in Baltimore, Md., the other from the University of California at San Diego---- announced last week that they had found a hidden reservoir of HIV that seems perfectly capable of reactivating an infection. A third paper, which will appear in next week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, comes to the same conclusion. All three studies determined that HIV hides in some of the so-called memory T cells of the immune system even after it has been cleared from the bloodstream. “I kind of expected this,”says Ho, director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City, who worked with Hopkins group. “It would have been nice not to have this to deal with, but it is here andwe have to handle it.”The memory cells turn out to be perfect hiding place for HIV. Like an extraordinarily detailed computer database, they keep track of every foreign particle or microbe that the body has ever come across. If they meet up with the same intruder at a later date, they can trigger an immediate immune response. (That is why you need to be vaccinated only once against such diseases as polio or smallpox.)Until the memory cells are called into action, however, they exist for years and possibly decades in what is known as a resting phase, never making copies of themselves or any of the viruses that may have infected them. Unfortunately, combination therapy works only against actively reproducing viruses. So by lying low within a few memory cells, HIV can escape the pharmacological onslaught.Although disappointed by the latest results, AIDS researchers have not conceded defeat. They were pleased to discovered that the HIV stored in the memory cells had not changed: the same collection of antiviral drugs should work on it whenever it comes out of hiding. “The bad news is we can‟t yet get rid of the virus,” says Dr. Robert Siliciano, who led the Hopkins team. “ The good news is that as long as people infected with HIV keep taking the triple-drug cocktail, they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection for a long time.”Meanwhile, researchers are typing to figure out how to lure that virus out of hiding. If all the memory cells containing HIV could be stimulated, the viruses hiding within them could be destroyed by the right combination of drugs. Once again, it is a big if.31. The reports published in the journal Science have proved that_________.A. Dr. David Ho‟s assertion was right.B. Dr. David Ho‟s assertion was wrong.C. It is unlikely for any Aids patient to be cured.D. Dr. David Ho felt good that he does not have to deal with the hiddenHIV.32. The problem that AIDS researchers find difficult to solve is___________.A. When old AIDS viruses are got rid of, new ones will be found in thebodies of patients.B. memory T cells are turned into AIDS virus producing factories.C. Aids virus can hide in memory T cells and starts renewed infections.D. the immune system doesn‟t work against AIDS virus.33. The memory cells turn out to be perfect hiding place for AIDS virusbecause___________.A. AIDS virus can be produced in the memory cells.B. e ven if some cells might have been infected, they may remain inactivefor years or even decades.C. they can start an immediate immune response.D. they look like a very sophisticated computer database.34. The patients infected with AIDS virus cannot get rid of the diseasebecause_________.A. memory cells are immune to antiviral drugs.B. the patients‟ bets are offC. memory cells have made copies of AIDS virusD. a ntiviral drugs have no effect on AIDS viruses in memory cells duringthe resting phase.35. According to the article, the key to eliminating AIDS viruses lies in ______.A. how to activate the immune systemB. how to get the virus to actively reproduce themselvesC. how to combine powerful drugsD. how to discover the virus in timeBCBDBPassage TwoWhen cancer strikes a child, is parental exposure to chemicals to blame. Recent studies indicate that in cases of brain tumors the parents‟ occupational exposure to chemicals may be a culprit (凶手).Peters and co-workers matched 92 causes of brain tumors in children less than 10 years old with 92 healthy control children. (Cancer is second only to accidents as a leading cause of death among children. In the cancer category,leukemia claims the most lives of children, brain tumors the second most.) The researchers questioned the parents of these cases and control children about their occupations before and during the pregnancy and at the time the case children were diagnosed. Information sought included whether chemical solvents, dust, or other fumes were inhaled; whether chemicals contacted skin or clothes; whether radioactive materials were involved; and whether protective equipment or clothing was used on the job. The researchers then analyzed the data, adjusting for potential confounding variables such as parental patterns of food consumption, drug use, alcohol use and smoking habits.The results of the analysis indicate that parents of affected children reported more exposure to chemicals than did parents of controls. For example, “Mothers of cases reported skin exposure to chemicals more than three times as frequently as mothers of controls,” Peters and colleagues report. Also, fathers of cases reported exposure to paints seven times as frequently as did control fathers. Moreover, while only two fathers of controls had been employed in the aircraft industry, twelve case fathers worked in that industry either during the time of pregnancy or at the time the child‟s brain tumor was diagnosed. Peters and co-workers can‟t yet explain this particular increased risk, although they note that exposure to trichlorethylene was mentioned by two aircraft industry-employed case fathers.The researchers conclude that an adverse chemical effect could have been transmitted to the case children via the mother during pregnancy or nursing, via parents‟wiled working clothes or via a genetically damaged reproductive system of the father.36. The main idea of the passage is that_______.A. occupational exposure to chemicals may be a culprit of brain tumorB. tumor job link merely indicates a recall biasC. the researchers put the blame for brain tumors on the parents of casechildrenD. the child‟s brain tumor is likely to come with the parents‟ occupationalexposure to chemicals37. According to the passage, the leading cause of death among childrenis_____.A．cancer B．brain tumor C. accidents D. leukemia38. It can be inferred that the child‟ s brain tumor was diagnosed_______.A. During the time of pregnancyB. before pregnancyC. Dung the years before pregnancyD. after birth39. Case fathers employed in the aircraft industry reported exposureto________.A. chemical solventsB. dustC. fumesD. radioactive materials40. An adverse chemical effect is probably caused by________.A. alcohol use and smoking habitsB. parental exposure to chemicalsC. Parental recall biasD. too much radioactive exposure Passage ThreeAttacking an increasingly popular Internet business practice, a consumer watchdog group Monday filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, asserting that many online search engines are concealing the impact special fees have on search results by Internet users. Commercial Alert, a 3-year-old group founded by consumer activist Ralph Nader, asked the FTC to investigate whether eight of the Web …s largest search engines are violating federal laws against deceptive advertising.The group said that the search engines are abandoning objective formulas to determine the order of their listed results and selling the top spots to the highest bidders without making adequate disclosures to Web surfers. The complaint touches a hot-button issue affecting tens of millions of people who submit search queries each day. With more than 2 billion pages and more than 14 billion hyperlinks on the Web, search requests rank as the second most popular online activity after E-mail.The eight search engines named in Commercial Alert‟s complaint are: MSN, owned by Microsoft; Netscape, owned by AOL Time Warner; Directhit, owned by Ask Jeeves; HotBot and Lycos, both owned by Terra Lycos; Altavista, owned by CMGI; LookSmart, owned by LookSmart; and iWon, owned by a privately held company operating under the same name.Portland, ore-based Commercial Alert could have named more searchengines in its complaint, but focused on the biggest sites that are auctioning off spots in their results, said Gary Ruskin, the group‟s executive director.“Search engines have become central in the quest for learning and knowledge in our society. The ability to skew the results in favor of hucksters without telling consumers is a serious problem,” Ruskin said. By late Monday afternoon, three of the search engines had responded to The Associated Press‟inquiries about the complaint. Two, LookSmart and AltaVista, denied the charges.The FTC had no comment about the complaint Monday. The complaint takes aim at the new business plans embraced by more search engines as they try to cash in on their pivotal role as Web guides and reverse a steady stream of losses. To boost revenue, search engines in the past year have been accepting payments from businesses interested in receiving a higher ranking in certain categories or ensuring that their sites are reviewed more frequently.41. The consumer group complained about ______.A. special fees that Internet users were chargedB. Federal Trade CommissionC. Commercial AlertD. Online search engines42. _______is the most popular activity online.A. Sending pages of informationB. Sending E-mailsC. Surfing the netD. Selling the top spot43. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?A. There are too many pages or hyperlinks on the Internet, so peopleusually use search engine to find a certain site.B. More than 8 search engines are accused of selling their search enginespots to Commercial Alert.C. The headquarters of Commercial Alert is in Portland Oregon.D. The search engines are Web guides.44. All the following share one similarity EXCEPT_______.A. LookSmartB. CMGIC. AltavistaD. Microsoft45. The primary aim of some companies‟sponsoring the search engines isto______.A. Cash in on their important role as Web guidesB. Boost their avenueC. Reverse a series of lossesD. have their sites visited by the Internet users morePassage FourIt was not “the comet of the century”experts predicted it might be. Nevertheless, Kohoutek has provided a bonanza of scientific information. It was first spotted 370 million miles from Earth, by an astronomer who was searching the sky for asteroids, and after whom the comet was named. Scientists who tracked Kohoutek the ten months before it passed the Earth predicted the comet would be a brilliant spectacle. But Kohoutek fell short of these predictions, disappointing millions of amateur sky watchers, when it proved too pale to be seen with the unaided eye. Researchers were delighted nonetheless with the new information they were able to glean from their investigation of the comet. Perhaps the most significant discovery was the identification of two important chemical compounds---methyl cyanide and hydrogen cyanide---never before seen in comets, but found in the far reaches of interstellar space. This discovery revealed new clues about the origin of comets. Most astronomers agree that comets are primordial remnants from the formation of the solar system, but whether they were born between Jupiter and Neptune or much farther out toward interstellar space has been the subject of much debate. K compounds no more complex than ammonia and methane, key components of Jupiter, were seen in comets, it would suggest that comets form within the planetary orbits. But more complex compounds, such as the methyl cyanide founding Kohoutek, point to formation far beyond the planets; there the deep freeze of space that kept them unchanged．46. What is the subject of the passage?A. What was learned from KohoutekB. What was disappointing about KohoutekC. Where Kohoutek was spotted.D. How Kohoutek was tracked47. Which of the following is true to Kohoutek, the “the comet of the century”?A. It was thought to be extremely oldB. It passes the Earth once a centuryC. Scientists predicted it would be very brightD. Scientists have been tracking it for a century48. In what respect was Kohoutek a disappointment?A. It could be seen only through special equipmentB. It did not approach the EarthC. It did not provide valuable scientific informationD. It was moving too rapidly for scientists to photograph49. Before the investigation of Kohoutek, where had methyl cyanide beenknown to exist?A. In cometsB. On asteroidsC. Between Jupiter and NeptuneD. Beyond the Earth‟ s solar system50. Which of the following questions is best answered by information gainedform Kohoutek?A. Where were comets formed?B. When were comets formed?C. When was the solar system formed?D. How was the solar system formed?Passage FiveWhat are we? To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens, which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens. Every species is unique and distinct; that is part of the definition of a species. But what is particularly interesting about our species? For a start, we walk upright on our legs at all times, which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head, not least of which is the very large brain it contains. A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent, down-turned nose. Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have “squashed”noses on top of this muzzle. There are many mysteries about evolution, and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them. Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes, we arenot covered by a coat of thick hair. Human body hair is very plentiful, but it is extremely fine and short so that, for all practical purposes, we are naked. Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body: the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands. The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance: what about our behavior? Our forelimbs, being freed from helping us to get about, possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands, but the crucial element is, of course, the power of the brain. No matter how suitable the limbs are for detailed manipulation, they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibbers. The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology. No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do. The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own “air-conditioned” environment inside. But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead. Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.5l. According to the author, biologists see us as________.A. exactly the same as Homo sapiensB. Not quite the same as Homo sapiensC. A divided speciesD. An interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens52. What is NOT indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A. The fact that we walk on our legs.B. The big size of our heads.C. The shape of our faces.D. The way our noses evolved.53. The author explains that other primates_______.A. Do not sweatB. Sweat more than human beingsC. Have larger sweat glands than humansD. Do not sweat as much as humans54. What is most important about our hands?_______.A. The way they are made.B. They are very free from walkingC. Our control over them.D. Their muscular power.55. From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derivesfrom______.A. The kind of choices people makeB. People‟s need to make a choiceC. People‟s ability to make a choiceD. The many choices people make Passage SixDr. Trounson has gone one step further than the “testtube”fertilization technique, first employed successfully in 1978 and since emulated in such places as the United States, South Africa, Britain itself, and Australia, by setting up and “embryo bank” to keep a supply of pregnancy when transplanted back into the mother, or possibly into another woman, another of the stored eggs, which had been taken from the mother and fertilized by the father at the same time as the first, could be withdrawn from the “bank” for a second attempt.The pioneers of successful“test-tube”births, Steptoe and Edwards, had been the first to come up with this storage idea, but they had been forced to withdraw their plan because of the controversy it aroused. The problem in both countries was, of course, one of morality, although that should not be taken to imply that there is necessarily more morality in Great Britain than in Australia. The concern had been that the embryo bank might be exploited by the unscrupulous, or that conception might precede birth by nine or even ninety years, rather than by nine months. As happened some years ago with transplants, and as will doubtless happen again the present situation as far as embryo banks are concerned appears to be that “the technology has outrun the morality”.56. The paragraph preceding this extract probably dealt with______.A. the intended recipient.B. Dr. Trounson.C. embryo banks.D. Steptoe and Edwards.57. The passage implies that the first “testtube” fertilization_______.A. occurred in the United States.B. was carried out by Dr. Trounson.C. took place in Australia.D. was carried out by Steptoe and Edwards.58. It can be inferred from the passage that Dr. Trounson works in_______.A. Australia.B. South Africa.C. the United States.D. England.59. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?______A. The intended recipient of a fertilized egg from the embryo bank is theoriginal producer of the egg.B. There are at least two types of moral issue associated with embryo banks.C. New moral attitudes develop more quickly than new technology.D. There are similarities in the moral dilemmas surrounding hearttransplants and embryo banks.60. Where did this passage most probably appear ?A. In a specialized periodical for doctors.B. On the front page of a daily newspaper.C. In a weekly magazine with a general readership.D. In a specialized periodical for moral philosophers.试卷二( Paper Two )译写答题注意事项一、本试卷( Paper Two )答题一律写在答题纸二(Answer SheetⅡ) 上，草稿纸上的答题内容一律不予计分。
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Part one:
1）The phenomenon is called convergence, and its study forms an important chapter in modern analysis.
2）One of the achievements in outer space exploration in the 20th century was the awareness that there might be life in the space.
3) Inexperienced as he is, he is able to design so complicated a circuit.
4) Elasticity is defined as the tendency of a body to return its original state after being
reformed.
5) Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers are able to save a lot of time and human labor.
6) In this case there is no assurance/guarantee that this circuit is tuned to that
frequency.
7) Over the ten years since this book was published, significant changes have been
seen in electronics.
8) To visit these records, all users need to do is launch the browser to pay a visit to the
websites.
9) None of the ordinary windows can withstand so large a force.
No ordinary windows can withstand so large a force.
10) The distance of the earth from the moon is as great as 240,000 miles.
11) It is necessary to determined under what condition it is that this equation is true.
12) The most fundamental operation in physics, the process of measurement will be
discussed briefly in this chapter.
13) For this series to converge, x must be less than 1.
14) Upon substituting these values into/in Eq.(1-5), we have the following result
15) Sending a signal from one place to another is what is called transmission.
Part two:
1. The Atlantic was so dangerous for the Americans to send enough men and war materials across.
2. Only if the force is known as a function of time can this integral be evaluated.
3. By power is meant the speed, or rate, of doing work.
4. (On) Being heated, the air in the bottle expands / will expand.
5. The introduction to the ability of the refrigerator to freeze is made.
6. This paper describes the properties of and the algorithm for this type of problem.
7. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.
8. Engineers are busy in designing a new type of computer.
9. Distance equals speed multiplied by time.
10. This is due in part to the fact that earth is not spherical.
11. Many of the principles of a receiver apply also to a transmitter.
12. The rate at which work is done is referred to as power.
(The rate of doing work is referred to as power.)
13. This demand is difficult to meet at the temperature of 40℃.
14. This is so small a signal that it cannot make transistor Q4 conduct.
15. The voltage across the resistor is a few tenths of a volt.
Part three:
Translation:
1）在影像内容的创造和分配方面，这个时代的数字多媒体带来许多优势。
但拷贝和编辑的容易性也方便了未经授权使用、占有和误传。
2）已经为各种应用开发了许多种类的水印。
水印可以是有形的也可以是无形的。
通过观察容易检测到有形的水印，然而为观测者设计成透明标志的无形的水印用信号处理技术才能检测到。
3）不可见或透明的标志使用人类视觉系统的特性来最小化水印图像中知觉失真。
4)由于数字影像容易修改,所以一个安全认证系统在显示没有篡改发生的情
况下是有用的。
此时图像的可信度可能会受到质疑。
5)后来,一个收件人通过检查数据的摘要(可能修改了)和以验证算法决定数
据是否是真实的来验证签名。
Answers：
1.Content providers embed the watermark into an image.
2. A robust mark is designed to resist attacks that attempt to remove or destroy the
mark. Such attacks include lossy compression, filtering, and geometric scaling.
3.Fragile marks are not suited for enforcing copyright ownership of digital images;
an attacker would attempt to destroy the embedded mark and fragile marks are, by definition, easily destroyed.
4.global positioning system (GPS)
5.no additional information is necessary for authenticity verification.fragile
watermarking can determine which areas of a marked image have been altered and which areas have not, as well as estimate the nature of the alterations. Summary:。