2007 June ECNU meeting presentation_final

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2007年6月PRETCO A真题

PRACTICAL ENGLISH TEST FOR COLLEGES――Level A ――2007 年6 月Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A) He’ll have a conference next Friday.B) He has returned from a conference.C) He won’t be available until next Friday.D) He’s waiting for the man in his office.2. A) Husband and wife B) Waitress and guestC) Boss and secretary D) Doctor and patient3. A) Talk with John about his study. B) Take John to a doctor.C) Study math with John. D) Ask John to be their tutor.4. A) The woman has just been to Chicago.B) The man knows little about Chicago.C) The woman likes Chicago very much.D) The man doesn’t like the climate in Chicago.5. A) Stay at the present job. B) Take another interview.C) Work with his father. D) Start his own company. Section BConversation 16. Who made the telephone call?A) Mr. Smith. B) Miss WhiteC) Miss Smith. D) Mr. Brown.7. What did the woman take down?A) The telephone number. B) Mr. Brown’s address.C) Miss Smith’s message. D) The time for the visit. Conversation 28. How will Charles go to Australia for his holiday?A) By ship B) By trainC) By plane D) By bus9. How long does it take to go to Australia by ship?A) Thirty days B) Three weeksC) Twenty days D) Two weeks10. How did the woman feel about flying after she went to Singapore by air?A) Happy B) FrightenedC) Excited D) SadSection C11. What does your doctor usually advise you to do when you are quite sick?To12. What does the speaker think of a doctor’s advice?Following a doctor’s advice is not always .13. What will keep a sick man working when he should have gone to bed?The stress of his .14. What will happen to the person who doesn’t take medicines properly?The medicines will do the person .15. How should a person rest during an illness?He should rest both his body and .PartⅡStructureSection A16. There are two maps on the wall: one is a map of China, and is a map ofthe world.A) other B) anotherC) the other D) the others17. For years, doctors millio ns of patients’ lives with the help of microscopes.A) have saved B) are savingC) will save D) were saving18. Once more I have to leave Beijing, I have been living for eight years.A) that B) whereC) which D) as19. I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard someone at the door.A) be knocking B) knockingC) to knock D) having knocked20. The conference in Beijing next week is bound to a great success.A) holding B) being heldC) to hold D) to be held21. It wasn’t such a good job she had read about in the advertisement.A) like B) whichC) as D) what22. It’s my great honor to give a speech at the opening ceremony.A) to invite B) invitingC) having invited D) to be invitedanything about the project that will be completed 23. Not until yesterdaysoon.A) did I learn B) have I learntC) I learnt D) that I learnt24. This problem is his ability and I don’t think he can solve it.A) to B) inC) beyond D) under25. She didn’t go to the party last night, she had to finish her term paper.A) if B) thoughC) till D) becauseSection B26. The engineers spent the whole night (work) on the new device.27. I’m not sure whether we can gain any profit from the (invent) .28. The price of petrol is much (high) now than it was this time last year.29. No one can deny that we (make) tremendous progress in the past twentyyears.30. The research group has submitted a report, (suggest) reforms to be made.31. The people injured in the accident (send) to the nearest hospital fortreatment last night.32. The organization started a (nation) campaign against cigarette smoking inpublic places.to the 33. Application for this training course should be sent (direct)admission office.34. It is high time that the manager (pay) more attention to the services for thecustomers.35. When (ask) about the advertising campaign of the new product, themanager said it was a great success.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Task 1Everybody has an opinion about telecommuting (远程办公). “It won’t work in most jobs”,“It costs too m uch”,“It reduces air pollution”,“It helps people balance fam ily and work responsibilities”, and “Most people are doing it”.In reality, researchers continue to find strong growth and acceptance of telecommuting. Nearly two-thirds of the top 1000 companies in the world have a telecommuting program, and 92 percent say it reduces cost and improves worker productivity (生产力). The days of everyone commuting to the office five days a week are quickly disappearing.Telecommuting involves a non-traditional work arrangement enabling workers to work at home or elsewhere, some or all of the time. This is not a new, novel, or untested way of working.But is it for you? Telecommuting is not a panacea (万能药). Whether you are a manager, or an HR (Human Resources) specialist, there are decisions to make and actions to take before you begin a telecommuting arrangement.Join us for any or all of the following meetings to get answers, information, and resources to develop and carry out a successful telecommuting arrangement. Each meeting offers you an informative presentation followed by the opportunity for a discussion with a panel of “experts” who have made telecommuting work for them.36. How do people look at telecommuting according to the first paragraph?A) They are against itB) They don’t care about it. C)They share the same view.D) They differ in their opinions.37. According to the response of most of the top 1000 companies, telecommuting .A) increase worker productivityB) will disappear in the near futureC) can not be accepted by the publicD) is practiced in all the top companies38. Which of the following statements is TRUE of telecommuting?A) It is up to the employees to accept it or not.B) It is getting popular in different companies.C) It is a new untested way of working.D) It is a traditional work arrangement.39. Before beginning a telecommuting arrangement, the management should .A) appoint a new HR specialist toB) provide the facilities and conditionsC) improve the company’s productivity firstD) decide whether it is suitable for the company40. According to the last paragraph, meetings are held to .A) appreciate the efforts of the telecommuting companiesB) discuss the employment of telecommuting expertsC) help introduce the practice of telecommutingD) train people before they start telecommutingTask 2Rockwatch – The Best Club on EarthIf you are a young person and interested in geology (地质学), then Rochwatch is the club for you!When you joinNew memberships receive a Rockwatch Rox file each. This has the information and top tips you will need to start enjoying geology. It’s designed to serve as your own field notebook as well.In it you will find your●membership card●full color mini-map●thumbs up guide●fact cardsPockwatch MagazineOur lively magazine is mailed to members three times a year. They can rread reports and news from around the world, and articles on everything from diamonds to dinosaurs (恐龙), earthquakes to erosion (水土流失).Rockwatch EventsWith each magazine you will receive a Rockwatch events calendar. Rocky activities suitable for families are listed and include road shows and guided walks.Are you an artist, or a photographer? This is your chance to become Rockwatch Rock Artist of the Year and win amazing prizes in our annual competition. Special OfferRockwatch members can have specially discount Wildlife Watch membership. Watch is the biggest environmental action club for young people, with 100 groups across the country. You can join both clubs together by filling in the boxes in themembership form.41. New Rockwatch Rox Club members will obtain a special file when they .A) do field workB) join the clubC) buy a field notebookD) start studying geology42. Rockywatch is a magazine telling about things related to .A) geology B) agriculture C) politics D) economics43. What activities are specially arranged for Rockywatch members interested inphotography?A) Guided walksB) Rocky activitiesC) Yearly competitionsD) Academic workshops44. When applying for Wildlife Watch membership, a Rochwatch member can enjoy.A) free membership B)a special discount C) aRock Artist prize D)guided road shows45. You may join both Rockwatch and Wildlife Watch clubs by .A) calling the two clubsB) providing referenceC) applying separatelyD) filling in one formTask 3NUROFEN RECOVERY （纽络芬去痛片）Please read these instructions carefully before you take this medicine.Nurofen Recovery dissolv（e溶解）quickly on the tongue without the need to use water. It delivers effective relief from headaches.You should not take Nurofen Recovery if:--- you have had an allergic（过敏的）reaction to aspirin（阿司匹林）--- you have had a worsening of asthma (哮喘) when taking aspirin or similar medicines--- you are under 12 years of ageAdministration:Place a tablet on the tongue, allow it to dissolve and then swallow –no water is required.Adults, the elderly and children of 12 years and older:Take 2 tablets, then if necessary, take 1 or 2 tablets every 4 hours. Do not exceed 6 tablets in 24 hours. Not suitable for children under 12 years.Warnings:If you take too many tablets by mistakes, contact your doctor as soon aspossible.If symptoms persist or if new symptoms occur, consult your doctor.Possible side effects:Stomach discomfort or pain, worsening or asthma or shortness of breath. If you experience any of these, stop taking the tablets and see your doctor.Task 4A – Waiting and boardingB – Luggage DeliveryC – Inspection and QuarantineD – Getting a Boarding PassE – Security CheckF –Domestic DepartureG – Over-sized Luggage Check-in H – Goods Prohibited to be Hand- carriedI – Duty-free Articles J – Customs Declaration FormK – Quantity Allowed to Take L – Regulations on Restriction of LiquidsM – Temporary Boarding ID Card N – Guide to outgoing PassengersO – Goods Prohibited to Exit the Country P – Restriction of Hand Carry-on ArticlesQ – Detection Passage51．（）离港旅客指南（）领取登机牌52．（）禁止携带出境的物品（）大件行李托运53．（）候机/登机（）禁止随身携带的物品54．（）限带物品数量（）检查通道55．（）海关申报表（）免税物品Task 5When you buy life insurance, you want a policy that fits your needs at a reasonable cost. Your first step is to determine how much life insurance you need. Next, you need to decide how much money you can afford to pay. Finally, you must choose the type of policy that meets you coverage (保险类别) goals and fits into yourfinancial plan. Once you have completed these steps, you will be able to move ahead and contact several life insurance companies through an agent who will shop for the right type of policy for you.There are many reasons for purchasing life insurance, among which are the following:·Insurance to provide family protection and financial security to serving family members upon the death of the insured person.·Insurance to cover a particular need upon the insured’s death such as paying off a mortgage or other debts.56. What should you take into consideration when choosing a life insurance policy?Both your needs and the .57. What’s the relationship between the type of policy and your financial plan?The type of policy should meet your .58. Who can help you buy the right type of policy from an insurance company?.59. Who will benefit from the life insurance upon the death of the insured person?Surviving .60. What is the second goal for buying life insurance?To pay off a mortgage or after death.Part IV Translation ----- English to Chinese61. If you are taking care of an aging parent or know someone who is, this 30-pagebooklet may be of great help to you. A）假如你注意的话，你会知道这本小册子有30 页，会对你的父母和你认识的人很有用。

MS.June2007.p2

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced LevelMARK SCHEME for the May/June 2007 question paper9708 ECONOMICS9708/02Paper 2 (Data Response and Essay – Core), maximum raw mark 40This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.A l l Examiners are instructed that a lternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fair l y ref l ect the re l evant know l edge and ski l ls demonstrated.Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination.• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.CIE is publ ishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.1 (a) (i) Draw a production possibility curve to show the trade-off between theprovision of educational and popular television programmes. Explain thepossible effects if more money is available to the programme makers fromincreased licence fees.Diagram of ppc with labels (1), identification of output change in diagram or words(1), explanation of effect (1).[3](ii) Explain how an increase in the licence fee to receive television programmes may affect the market for TV sets.Licence is a complement or in joint demand or has negative XED (1), higherlicence cost reduces demand for TVs (1), + 2 from:lowers TV price (1),lowers quantity traded (1),lowers revenue/profit (1),Credit diagram if changes shown. [4](b) How does Fig. 1 support the view that the BBC creates more value than viewerspay for?Understanding of consumer surplus (2), identification of expenditure and consumersurplus areas in words or diagram (2).Credit net benefit approach.[4](c) (i) Comment on the relative positions in Fig. 2 of national defence and policeservices.Defence has greater non-rivalry and non-excludability (1), Defence is a betterexample of a public good (1), reasons for differences (2), to 3 marks max.[3] (ii) Discuss whether it is correct to include education and health as public goods in Fig. 2.Not usually considered a public good (1), explanation of not being a public good(3), rather a private good or merit good (1), explanation of being a private or meritgood (3), to a max of 6 marks. [6]2 (a) Explain the contributions of enterprise and division of labour to an economy.Enterprise is the risk-taking, organising factor of production; D of L is the specialisationof economic activity by product or process. Enterprise organises the other factors topromote output, efficiency and change while D of L reduces cost, raises productivityand living standards.Meaning and nature of enterprise and D of L (4)Explanation of contribution to economy (4) [8](b) Discuss the desirability of the worldwide movement towards the marketeconomy and away from the planned economy.The market economy has limited government intervention and relies on the profitmotive and consumer sovereignty. It has proved more successful in raising livingstandards, economic growth and economic efficiency. Consumers benefit from morechoice and lower prices. Planned economies were state-run with economic plans andlarge scale government intervention. The result was low living standards althoughemployment was usually available and a basic quality of life resulted. The move tomarket economies brought beneficiaries and casualties. Russia illustrates the increasein millionaires while unemployment and poverty grew. Some East Europeaneconomies are making fast progress while some former USSR republics are struggling.Candidates may consider the case of China.Understanding of the features of economic systems (4)Discussion of the benefits of the transition (4)Discussion of the harm of the transition (4) [12] 3 (a) Explain how the rate of inflation is measured.Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, measured by a price index.Its main features are a basket of goods, a base year, weighting and data collection.Data is calculated at different times to show changes in the index and rate of inflation.(2)inflationofUnderstandingExplanation of the construction of a price index (6)[8](b) Discuss how a rapid rate of inflation might affect different groups within aneconomy.Rapid inflation will harm all groups through reducing real values, creating uncertainty,instability and harming the efficient operation of the market system. The level ofinflation will influence the severity of any effects. Those who benefit include thegovernment, borrowers, importers and some producers. Those who suffer includefixed income earners, lenders, exporters and some producers.Understanding of general effects and importance of relative rate of inflation (4)Discussion of those who benefit (4)Discussion of those who suffer (4) [12]4 (a) Explain the difference between expenditure-switching and expenditure-dampening policies as a means of correcting a balance of paymentsdisequilibrium.Disequilibrium involves persistent deficit or surplus problems, which are notsustainable. Switching intends to move domestic and foreign expenditure moretowards domestic production. It includes tariffs, quotas and subsidies and shouldmean more exports and fewer imports. Dampening involves reducing the level of totalspending so reducing imports and forcing domestic producers to export. Deflationaryfiscal and monetary policy would be used.Understanding of the terms (4)Details of the two types of policy (4) [8](b) Outline the current account position of your country or another economy youhave studied. Discuss its ability to improve its performance on the currentaccount.The position on trade in goods and services, income and transfers needs to beidentified in terms of surplus or deficit. Policies to improve competitiveness throughprice and quality, to introduce new exports and reduce imports, to gain access to newmarkets, to influence income and transfer flows need to be specified. The ability toimplement these policies successfully depends upon the background conditions, theeffectiveness of the policies, costs, expertise, influence and external obstacles. Casesmay vary markedly between countries.Analysis of current account position (4)Consideration of policies for improvement (4)Discussion of ability to effect an improvement (4) [12]。

2007中国国际远程远程教育大会将于9月召开

”、“教育服务业及公共服务体系建设高峰论坛”、 “网络教育校外学习中心管理与发展高峰论坛”、 “企业在线大学发展高峰论坛”、“E-learning发展高峰论坛”、“网络职业教育发展高峰论坛”、 “信息化建设
与社区教育发展高峰论坛”等，将对高校继续教育及网络教育发展趋势、经验及对策；教育体制改革与电大发展；公共服务体系—教育服务业新模式的创造与创新；校外学习中心作用发挥与功能拓展；如何构建提升企业竞争力的
位能够迅速开展现代远程教育，与世界教育发展潮流接轨。《中国远程教育》杂志社自2002年以来连续六届大会，在教育界一直享有较高权威性和重要影响力。据主办方介绍，历年主要参会人员包括国家、地方教
育行政部门领导、政府部委领导；国际、国内著名远程教育、企业培训领域专家、学者；?大学、成人高校、中国中小学、民办学校领导；电大系统、高校网院、网络职业培训机构、中小学网校领导；?公共服务体系、各地校外
企业在线大学；全球E-Learning实施的成功案例分享；新形势下网络职业教育发展前景及机会；信息化推动社区教育发展等议题展开研讨。据大会主办方介绍， 2007中国国际远程教育大会组委会
继续肩负使命，全力为远程教育领域打造国际性的交流平台。2007中国国际远程教育大会将不仅仅一场思维激荡与广袤智慧的国际论坛，一次规模空前的专业展览，更是一个网络教育交流与合作的重要平台，将汇聚政府高官
2007中国国际远程教育大会参会报名正在进行中。报名网址： /2007/sign.asp
远程教育报名/
中国远程教育领域最具权威与影响力传媒机构—— 《中国远程教育》杂志社定于2007年9月19、20日（星期四、五）再次在北京举办“2007中国国际远程教育大会”。这是《中国远程教育》杂志社主

[课件]会议presentation PPT

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《2007首届珠三角培训机构峰会》精彩回放

珠三角培训机构组委会
这位是培训界公认的大美女：
齐靓靓！！
男主持：百纳客服总监-张德幸女主持：HR研讨会培训主管-齐欣
1. 2015-7-11 1. 6
合作共赢
峰会分享主题一：如何有效避免客户询价导致的同行价格战？
珠三角培训机构组委会
别搞价格战啦！不然大家没饭吃嘛！
珠三角培训机构组委会
1. 2015-7-11
公开课选题要和同行协调好别冲突了哟，同时也要注意客户的时间和需求哟！
主讲人：百纳客服总监-张德幸
1. 10
合作共赢
分享主题五：现在培训行业的发展方向该如何定位呢？
珠三角培训机构组委会
1. 2015-7-11
2015-7-11
1.
15
合作共赢
峰会演讲结束，大家还提出了八大问题，供大家回去思考寻找共赢答案！
1.
2. 3. 4.
珠三角培训机构组委会
5. 6. 7.
8.
代理商给主办方送人，但主办方隔了几天后说客户是他们公司的，不给钱！如何办？公司的老客户有其它培训需求（不是本公司主营业务），如何可以快速低成本找到合作机构，是否有这样的平台？现在培训市场50%折扣合理吗？长期主办课程的主办方都很了解其实主办压力很大，成本很高！有部分主办方不遵守行业规则，慢慢由九折共担，还想偷偷过渡到八折共担！行业规则如何定？讲师跳过主办方，直接拉单如何办？同一客户，在不同机构的主办课上听了课（同一讲师），这家客户如何要找老师做内训，要算为谁的客户？同一老师，在所属机构的报价与代理机构对外报价不统一，如何通过机制解决？（老师所属机构对终端的价，肯定会比交给渠道的价要高些）公开课变动、不开，改动起来很复杂、麻烦！如何在行业中做一个统一的发布平台，让大家快速低成本去快速沟通？

Group Meeting (2007' Spring)

Group Meeting (2007’ Spring) 3月31日光催化研究小组（召集人：马贵军）4月07日环境催化研究小组（召集人：王璐）4月14日催化材料研究小组（召集人：刘健）4月21日手性催化研究小组（召集人：韩涤非）4月28日光谱研究小组（召集人：刘志敏）5月05日酶催化及化学生物小组（召集人：贾国卿）5月12日光催化研究小组（召集人：马贵军）5月19日环境催化研究小组（召集人：王璐）6月02日催化材料研究小组（召集人：刘健）6月09日手性催化研究小组（召集人：韩涤非）6月16日光谱研究小组（召集人：刘志敏）6月23日酶催化及化学生物小组（召集人：贾国卿）6月30日光催化研究小组（召集人：马贵军）7月07日环境催化研究小组（召集人：王璐）7月14日催化材料研究小组（召集人：刘健）7月21日手性催化研究小组（召集人：韩涤非）7月28日光谱研究小组（召集人：刘志敏）8月04日酶催化及化学生物小组（召集人：贾国卿）8月11日光催化研究小组（召集人：马贵军）8月18日环境催化研究小组（召集人：王璐）8月25日催化材料研究小组（召集人：刘健）9月01日手性催化研究小组（召集人：韩涤非）9月08日光谱研究小组（召集人：刘志敏）9月15日酶催化及化学生物小组（召集人：贾国卿）注意: 每周六下午2:00，每人报告15分钟内，无论有无实验结果均须汇报。

无结果时可报告实验中的问题、实验失败的原因和文献阅读等。

若有阶段报告，事先安排评审专家3- 5人，每次最多1- 2人作阶段报告。

召集人事先要把准备工作做好(包括收集PPT, 汇报提要复印，计算机及投影等), 并准备好激光笔和彩色笔。

即将毕业的同学和博士后，确定答辩前2个月, 可以允许停止组会报告。

2007年6月份大学英语四级考试真题(含答案)范文

College English Test (Band IV)(June 2007)Part ⅠWriting (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Welcome to our club. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:欢迎词,欢迎加入俱乐部标题: Welcome to Our Club书写题纲：1. 表达对你的欢迎2. 对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting OnlineIdentity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized.Identity theft is "an absolute epidemic," states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and advocate of privacy. "It's certainly picked up in the last four or five years. It's worldwide. It affects everybody, and there's very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can't detect it until it's probably too late. "Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use, you personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit card number, your telephone calling card number, and other valuable identifying data, can be used, if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst eases, taken over their identities altogether, running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims' names. In many cases, a victim's losses may include not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible.According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key to a successful online job search is learning to manage the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet.1. Check for a privacy policy.If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the job search site your are considering has a privacy policy, like Career Builder. com. The policy should spell out how your information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls fromsolicitors (推销员).When reviewing the site's privacy policy, you'll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You won't necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more exposure, both positive and not-so-positive, it will receive.2. Take advantage of site features.Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume, carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume.CareerBuilder. com, for example, offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible.The second is anonymous (匿名的) posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display.The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerBuilder. com without retyping their information.3. Safeguard your identity.Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic (泛指的) identifier, such as "Intranet Developer Candidate," or "Experienced Marketing Representative. "You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer. Depending on your title, it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided. Use a general description of the company such as "Major automanufacturer," or "International packaged goods supplier. 'If your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent !nstead of the exact title assigned by your employer.4. Establish and email address for your search.Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you don't know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others.Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure that it doesn't contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as salesmgr2004 @ provider, eom.5. Protect your reference.If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references, take it out. There's no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references.6. Keep confidential (机密的) information confidential.Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security, driver's license, and bank account numbers or other personal information, such as race or eye color. Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application. Don't provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book--don't fall for it.1. Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it.2. In many cases, identity theft not only causes the victims' immediate financial losses but costs them a lot torestore their reputation.3. Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.4. It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.5. Of the three options offered by CareerBuilder. com in Suggestion 2, the third one is apparently most strongly recommended.6. Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background cheeks.7. Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when seeking employment online.8. Using a special email 'address in the job search can help prevent your from receiving______.9. To protect your references, you should not post online their______.10. According to the passage, identity theft is committed typically for______.Part ⅢListening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.11. A) It could help people of all ages to avoid cancer.B) It was mainly meant for cancer patients.C) It might appeal more to viewers over 40.D) It was frequently interrupted by commercials.12. A) The man is fond of traveling.B) The woman is a photographer.C) The woman took a lot of pictures at the contest.D) The man admires the woman's talent in writing.13. A) The man regrets being absent-minded.B) The woman saved the man some trouble.C) The man placed the reading list on a desk.D) The woman emptied the waste paper basket.14. A) He quit teaching in June.B) He has left the army recently.C) He opened a restaurant near the school.D) He has taken over his brother's business.15. A) She seldom reads books from cover to cover,B) She is interested in reading novels.C) She read only part of the book.D) She was eager to know what the book was about.16. A) She was absent all week owing to sickness.B) She was seriously injured in a car accident.C) She called to say that her husband had been hospitalized.D) She had to be away from school to attend to her husband.17. A) The speakers want to rent the Smiths' old house.B) The man lives two blocks away from the Smiths.C) The woman is not sure if she is on the right street.D) The Smiths' new house is not far from their old one.18. A) The man had a hard time finding a parking space.B) The woman found they had got to the wrong spot.C) The woman was offended by the man's late arrival.D) The man couldn't find his car in the parking lot.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) The hotel clerk had put his reservation under another name.B) The hotel clerk insisted that he didn't make any reservation.C) The hotel clerk tried to take advantage of his inexperience.D) The hotel clerk couldn't find his reservation for that night.20. A) A grand wedding was being held in the hotel.B) There was a conference going on in the city.C) The hotel was undergoing major repairs.D) It was a busy season for holiday-makers.21. A) It was free of charge on weekends.B) It had a 15% discount on weekdays.C) It was offered to frequent guests only.D) It was 10% cheaper than in other hotels.22. A) Demand compensation from the hotel.B) Ask for an additional discount.C) Complain to the hotel manager.D) Find a cheaper room in another hotel.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) An employee in the city council at Birmingham.B) Assistant Director of the Admissions Office.C) Head of the Overseas Students Office.D) Secretary of Birmingham Medical School.24. A) Nearly fifty percent are foreigners.B) About fifteen percent are from Africa.C) A large majority are from Latin America.D) A small number are from the Far East.25. A) She will have more contact with students.B) It will bring her capability into fuller play.C) She will be more involved in policy-making.D) It will be less demanding than her present job.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) Her parents thrived in the urban environment.B) Her parents left Chicago to work on a farm.C) Her parents immigrated to America.D) Her parents set up an ice-cream store.27. A) He taught English in Chicago. B) He was crippled in a car accident.C) He worked to become an executive. D) He was born with a limp.28. A) She was fond of living an isolated life.B) She was fascinated by American culture.C) She was very generous in offering help.D) She was highly devoted to her family.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) He suffered a nervous breakdown B) He was wrongly diagnosed.C) He was seriously injured. D) He developed a strange disease.30. A) He was able to talk again. B) He raced to the nursing home.C) He could tell red and blue apart. 13) He could not recognize his wife.31. A) Twenty-nine days. B) Two and a half months.C) Several minutes. D) Fourteen hours.32. A) They welcomed the publicity in the media.B) The avoided appearing on television.C) They released a video of his progress,D) They declined to give details of his condition.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. A) For people to share ideas and show farm products.B) For officials to educate the farming community.C) For farmers to exchange their daily necessities.D) For farmers to celebrate their harvests.34. A) By bringing an animal rarely seen on nearby farms.B) By bringing a bag of grain in exchange for a ticket.C) By offering to do volunteer work at the fair,D) By performing a special skill at the entrance.35. A) They contribute to the modernization of American farms.B) They help to increase the state governments' revenue.C) They provide a stage for people to give performances.D) They remind Americans of the importance of agriculture.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered form 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For Blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Students' pressure sometimes comes from their parents. Most parents are well (36) , but some of them aren't very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in (37) to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children's difficulties.For one thing, parents are often not (38) of the kinds of problems their children face. They don't realize that the (39) is keener, that the required (40) of work are higher, and that their children may not be prepared for the change (41) to seeing A's and B's on high school report cards, they may be upset when their children's first (42) college grades are below that level. At their kindest, they may gently (43) why Johnor Mary isn't doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on. (44) .Sometimes parents regard their children as extensions of themselves and (45) In their involvement and identification with their children, they forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way. They forget that their children, (46) .Part ⅣReading Comprehension(Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Years ago, doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life. In particular, when older patients 47 of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it.Times have changed. Today, we take pain (48) Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in (49) a person's well-being. We know that chronic (慢性的) pain can disrupt (扰乱) a person's life, causing problems that (50) from missed work to depression.That's why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who (51) in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social(52) related to chronic pain. Such comprehensive therapy often (53) the work of social workers, psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists, as well as specialists in pain medicine.This modern (54) for pain management has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago, there were only a(55) number of drugs available, and many of them caused (56) side effects in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. This created a double-edged sword., the medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself.A) result I) determiningB) involves J) limitedC) significant K) gravelyD) range L) complainedE) relieved M) respectF) issues N) promptingG) seriously O) specializeH) magnificentSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneI've been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind; While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think SO.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture afleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls "free writing." In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper nonstop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you've persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank screen start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind "cannot work in parallel" (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means______.A) no one can be both creative and criticalB) they cannot be regarded as equally importantC) they are in constant conflict with each otherD) one cannot use them at the same time58. What prevents people from writing on is______.A) putting their ideas in raw form B) attempting to edit as they writeC) ignoring grammatical soundness D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A) To organize one's thoughts logically. B) To choose an appropriate topic.C) To get one's ideas down. D) To collect raw materials.60. One common concern of writers about "free writing" is that______.A) it overstresses the role of the creative mindB) it takes too much time to edit afterwardsC) it may bring about too much criticismD) it does not help them to think clearly61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A) It refines his writing into better shape.B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.C) It saves the writing time available to him.D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.Passage TwoI don't ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it's like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph. D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement--jobs, research papers, awards--was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.Then one day a few years .ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply toany and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I fried at 19 and to realize that I didn't want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I don't study sociology or political theory.Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women's college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how many of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire [or children. And 1 don't dismiss those concerns. Still, I don't tell them "war" stories. Instead, 1 have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that's a sight worth talking about.62. Why doesn't the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again?A) She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.B) She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.C) She is not good at telling stories of the kind.D) She finds space research more important.63. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author's failures to______.A) the very fact that she is a womanB) her involvement in gender politicsC) her over confidence as a female astrophysicistD) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society64. What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph. D. and post-doctoral research?A) Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.B) Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.C) People's stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.D) Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurture.65. Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?A) Female students no longer have to bother about gender issues.B) Her students' performance has brought back her confidence.C) Her female students can do just as well as mate students.D) More female students are pursuing science than before.66. What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?A) Women students needn't have the concerns of her generation.B) Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.C) Women can balance a career in science and having a family.D) Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.Part ⅤCloze (15 minutes)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A) ,B) ,C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8, 2005. It took some 75,000 lives, (67) 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. (68) overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed (69) the region, tended by international aid organizations, military (70) and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter set (71) .Mercifully, the season was mild. But with the (72) of spring the refugees will be moved again. Camps that (73) health care, food and shelter for 150,000 survivors have begun to close as they were (74) intended to be permanent. For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings (75) emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of (76) many as 10 people have had to shelter (77) a single tent andshare cookstoves and bathing (78) with neighbors. "They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers," officials say. "They are (79) of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start (80) . again." But most will be returning to (81) but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electrical (82) have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers (83) that it will take years to rebuild what the earthquake took (84) . And for the thousands of survivors, the (85) will never be complete.Yet the survivors have to start somewhere. New homes can be built (86) the stones, bricks and beams of old ones. Spring is coming and it is a good time to start again.67. A) injured B) ruined C) destroyed D) damaged68. A) Altogether B) Almost C) Scarcely D) Surely69. A) among B) above C) amid D) across70. A) ranks B) equipment C) personnel D) installations71. A) out B) in C) on D) forth72. A) falling B) emergence C) arrival D) appearing73. A) strengthened B) aided C) transferred D) provided74. A) never B) once C) ever D) yet75. A) puzzled B) contrasted C) doubled D) mixed76. A) like B) as C) so D) too77. A) by B) below C) under D) with78. A) facilities B) instruments C) implements D) appliances79. A) seeking B) dreaming C) longing D) searching80. A) producing B) cultivating C) farming D) nourishing81. A) anything B) something C) everything D) nothing89. A) lines B) channels C) paths D) currents83. A) account B) measure C) estimate D) evaluate84. A) aside B) away C) up D) out85. A) reservation B) retreat C) replacement D) recovery86. A) from B) through C) upon D) ontoPart ⅥTranslation (5 minutes)Directions: complete the sentence by translating into English the Chinese give in brackets87. The finding of this study failed to__________________(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内).88. The prevent and treatment of AIDS is__________________(我们可以合作的领域).89. Because of the leg injury, the athlete__________________ (决定退出比赛).90. To make donations or for more information, please__________________(按以下地址和我们联系).91. Please come here at ten tomorrow morning__________________(如果你方便的话).标准答案(June 2007)Part I Sample WritingWelcome to Our ClubWelcome to English Club! This club is to offer a wide variety of activities every week. It can help you students show your outstanding abilities and develop a range of great skills. Obviously, now students increasingly realize that it is a good way for us to put our leanings into practice.Since our club focuses on English language, every week you can be involved in a range of activities, such as lectures, dubbings, public speech competitions, dramas and movies, and so on. These extra-curricular activities could offer you ample opportunities to output what you've learned through many channels, roaster your abilities to communicate with others in English. So you can raise your level of proficiency in English and make new friends.。

华东师范大学2007年

华东师范大学2007年校庆学术报告目录（人文社会科学）华东师范大学社科处编制2007年9月目录终身教授校庆学术报告月活动安排 (1)院系学术报告会 (10)教育科学学院 (10)学前教育与特殊教育学院 (13)人文社会科学学院 (15)商学院 (21)东方房地产学院 (24)金融与统计学院 (25)公共管理学院 (26)体育与健康学院 (27)外语学院 (27)传播学院 (29)对外汉语学院 (29)国际关系与地区发展研究院、俄罗斯研究中心 (30)艺术学院 (30)设计学院 (31)资源与环境科学学院 (31)终身教授校庆学术报告月活动安排第一场题目：长三角非物质文化遗产保护的协调联动和共同发展时间：10月10日下午1：30地点：对外汉语学院会议室报告人：陈勤建教授评论人：郑土有教授（复旦大学）报告人简介：陈勤建，中国民俗学会副理事长，国家非物质文化遗产保护工作专家委员会专家，华东师范大学对外汉语学院暨中国现代思想文化研究中心主任、上海民间文艺家协会副主席、华东师范大学终身教授、博士生导师。

报告会简介：报告人自20世纪七十年代末以来，长期从事长三角地区为主的田野考察研究，从实践到理论上对该地的非物质文化遗产有深刻的认识。

有史以来、由上海、浙江东部、江苏中南地区天然的长江三角洲生态环境为基础，形成的共生共荣的经济圈，在文化上，也是难分难舍，互补互助，共同发展的。

今天的非物质文化保护也同样如此，需要我们长三角各地区按照科学发展观的要求，配合协调，联动发展。

从而使该地区的非物质文化遗产得到真正的保护和传承。

第二场题目：理解方法论视野中的读者与文本时间：10月10日下午3：00，地点：闵行校区第三教学楼109报告人：潘德荣教授评论人：彭启福教授（安徽师范大学）报告人简介：潘德荣，德国鲁尔大学哲学博士。

2000年回国任华东师范大学哲学系教授、博士生导师、诠释学研究所所长、“国际本体诠释学学会”副秘书长、The International Institute for Hermeneutics（University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada）的客座研究员。

1-2007_-_Y_F_Han_-_PreparationofnanosizedMn3O4SBA15catalystforcomplet[retrieved-2016-11-15]

Preparation of nanosized Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst for complete oxidation of low concentration EtOH in aqueous solution with H 2O 2Yi-Fan Han *,Fengxi Chen,Kanaparthi Ramesh,Ziyi Zhong,Effendi Widjaja,Luwei ChenInstitute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences,1Pesek Road,Jurong Island 627833,Singapore Received 11May 2006;received in revised form 18December 2006;accepted 29May 2007Available online 2June 2007AbstractA new heterogeneous Fenton-like system consisting of nano-composite Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst has been developed for the complete oxidation of low concentration ethanol (100ppm)by H 2O 2in aqueous solution.A novel preparation method has been developed to synthesize nanoparticles of Mn 3O 4by thermolysis of manganese (II)acetylacetonate on SBA-15.Mn 3O 4/SBA-15was characterized by various techniques like TEM,XRD,Raman spectroscopy and N 2adsorption isotherms.TEM images demonstrate that Mn 3O 4nanocrystals located mainly inside the SBA-15pores.The reaction rate for ethanol oxidation can be strongly affected by several factors,including reaction temperature,pH value,catalyst/solution ratio and concentration of ethanol.A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed in order to explain the kinetic data.The rate for the reaction is supposed to associate with the concentration of intermediates (radicals: OH,O 2Àand HO 2)that are derived from the decomposition of H 2O 2during reaction.The complete oxidation of ethanol can be remarkably improved only under the circumstances:(i)the intermediates are stabilized,such as stronger acidic conditions and high temperature or (ii)scavenging those radicals is reduced,such as less amount of catalyst and high concentration of reactant.Nevertheless,the reactivity of the presented catalytic system is still lower comparing to the conventional homogenous Fenton process,Fe 2+/H 2O 2.A possible reason is that the concentration of intermediates in the latter is relatively high.#2007Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Hydrogen peroxide;Fenton catalyst;Complete oxidation of ethanol;Mn 3O 4/SBA-151.IntroductionRemediation of wastewater containing organic constitutes is of great importance because organic substances,such as benzene,phenol and other alcohols may impose toxic effects on human and animal anic efﬂuents from pharmaceu-tical,chemical and petrochemical industry usually contaminate water system by dissolving into groundwater.Up to date,several processes have been developed for treating wastewater that contains toxic organic compounds,such as wet oxidation with or without solid catalysts [1–4],biological oxidation,supercritical oxidation and adsorption [5,6],etc.Among them,catalytic oxidation is a promising alternative,since it avoids the problem of the adsorbent regeneration in the adsorption process,decreases signiﬁcantly the temperature and pressure in non-catalytic oxidation techniques [7].Generally,the disposalof wastewater containing low concentration organic pollutants (e.g.<100ppm)can be more costly through all aforementioned processes.Thus,catalytic oxidation found to be the most economical way for this purpose with considering its low cost and high efﬁciency.Currently,a Fenton reagent that consists of homogenous iron ions (Fe 2+)and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2)is an effective oxidant and widely applied for treating industrial efﬂuents,especially at low concentrations in the range of 10À2to 10À3M organic compounds [8].However,several problems raised by the homogenous Fenton system are still unsolved,e.g.disposing the iron-containing waste sludge,limiting the pH range (2.0–5.0)of the aqueous solution,and importantly irreversible loss of activity of the reagent.To overcome these drawbacks raised from the homogenous Fenton system,since 1995,a heterogeneous Fenton reagent using metal ions exchanged zeolites,i.e.Fe/ZSM-5has proved to be an interesting alternative catalytic system for treating wastewater,and showed a comparable activity with the homogenous Fenton system [9].However,most reported heterogeneous Fenton reagents still need UV radiation during/locate/apcatbApplied Catalysis B:Environmental 76(2007)227–234*Corresponding author.Tel.:+6567963806.E-mail address:han_yi_fan@.sg (Y .-F.Han).0926-3373/$–see front matter #2007Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.05.031oxidation of organic compounds.This might limit the application of homogeneous Fenton system.Exploring other heterogeneous catalytic system considering the above disadvantages,is still desirable for this purpose.Here,we present an alternative catalytic system for the complete oxidation of organic com-pounds in aqueous solution using supported manganese oxide as catalyst under mild conditions,which has rarely been addressed.Mn-containing oxide catalysts have been found to be very active for the catalytic wet oxidation of organic efﬂuents (CWO)[10–14],which is operated at high air pressures(1–22MPa)and at high temperatures(423–643K)[15].On the other hand,manganese oxide,e.g.MnO2[16],is well known to be active for the decomposition of H2O2in aqueous solution to produce hydroxyl radical( OH),which is considered to be the most robust oxidant so far.The organic constitutes can be deeply oxidized by those radicals rapidly[17].The only by-product is H2O from decomposing H2O2.Therefore,H2O2is a suitable oxidant for treating the wastewater containing organic compounds.Due to the recent progress in the synthesis of H2O2 directly from H2and O2[18,19],H2O2is believed to be produced through more economical process in the coming future.So,the heterogeneous Fenton system is economically acceptable.In this study,nano-crystalline Mn3O4highly dispersed inside the mesoporous silica,SBA-15,has been prepared by thermolysis of organic manganese(II)acetylacetonate in air. We expect the unique mesoporous structure may provide add-itional function(conﬁnement effect)to the catalytic reaction, i.e.occluding/entrapping large organic molecules inside pores. The catalyst as prepared has been examined for the complete oxidation of ethanol in aqueous solution with H2O2,or to say, wet peroxide oxidation.Ethanol was selected as a model organic compound because(i)it is one of the simplest organic compounds and can be easily analyzed,(ii)it has high solu-bility in water due to its strong hydrogen bond with water molecule and(iii)the structure of ethanol is quite stable and only changed through catalytic reaction.Presently,for theﬁrst time by using the Mn3O4/SBA-15catalyst,we investigated the peroxide ethanol oxidation affected by factors such as temperature,pH value,ratio of catalyst(g)and volume of solution(L),and concentration of ethanol in aqueous solution. In addition,plausible reaction mechanisms are established to explain the peroxidation of ethanol determined by the H2O2 decomposition.2.Experimental2.1.Preparation and characterization of Mn3O4/SBA-15 catalystSynthesis of SBA-15is similar to the previous reported method[20]by using Pluronic P123(BASF)surfactant as template and tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS,98%)as silica source.Manganese(II)acetylacetonate([CH3COCH C(O)CH3]2Mn,Aldrich)by a ratio of2.5mmol/gram(SBA-15)wereﬁrst dissolved in acetone(C.P.)at room temperature, corresponding to ca.13wt.%of Mn3O4with respect to SBA-15.The preparation method in detail can be seen in our recent publications[21,22].X-ray diffraction proﬁles were obtained with a Bruker D8 diffractometer using Cu K a radiation(l=1.540589A˚).The diffraction pattern was taken in the Bragg angle(2u)range at low angles from0.68to58and at high angles from308to608at room temperature.The XRD patterns were obtained by scanning overnight with a step size:0.028per step,8s per step.The dispersive Raman microscope employed in this study was a JY Horiba LabRAM HR equipped with three laser sources(UV,visible and NIR),a confocal microscope,and a liquid nitrogen cooled charge-coupled device(CCD)multi-channel detector(256pixelsÂ1024pixels).The visible 514.5nm argon ion laser was selected to excite the Raman scattering.The laser power from the source is around20MW, but when it reached the samples,the laser output was reduced to around6–7MW after passing throughﬁltering optics and microscope objective.A100Âobjective lens was used and the acquisition time for each Raman spectrum was approximately 60–120s depending on the sample.The Raman shift range acquired was in the range of50–1200cmÀ1with spectral resolution1.7–2cmÀ1.Adsorption and desorption isotherms were collected on Autosorb-6at77K.Prior to the measurement,all samples were degassed at573K until a stable vacuum of ca.5m Torr was reached.The pore size distribution curves were calculated from the adsorption branch using Barrett–Joyner–Halenda(BJH) method.The speciﬁc surface area was assessed using the BET method from adsorption data in a relative pressure range from 0.06to0.10.The total pore volume,V t,was assessed from the adsorbed amount of nitrogen at a relative pressure of0.99by converting it to the corresponding volume of liquid adsorbate. The conversion factor between the volume of gas and liquid adsorbate is0.0,015,468for N2at77K when they are expressed in cm3/g and cm3STP/g,respectively.The measurements of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)were performed at Tecnai TF20S-twin with Lorentz Lens.The samples were ultrasonically dispersed in ethanol solvent,and then dried over a carbon grid.2.2.Kinetic measurement and analysisThe experiment for the wet peroxide oxidation of ethanol was carried out in a glass batch reactor connected to a condenser with continuous stirring(400rpm).Typically,20ml of aqueous ethanol solution(initial concentration of ethanol: 100ppm)wasﬁrst taken in the round bottomﬂask(reactor) together with5mg of catalyst,corresponding to ca.1(g Mn)/30 (L)ratio of catalyst/solution.Then,1ml of30%H2O2solution was introduced into the reactor at different time intervals (0.5ml at$0min,0.25ml at32min and0.25ml at62min). The total molar ratio of H2O2/ethanol is about400/1. Hydrochloric acid(HCl,0.01M)was used to acidify the solution if necessary.NH4OH(0.1M)solution was used to adjust pH to9.0when investigating the effect of pH.The pH for the deionized water is ca.7.0(Oakton pH meter)and decreased to 6.7after adding ethanol.All the measurements wereY.-F.Han et al./Applied Catalysis B:Environmental76(2007)227–234 228performed under the similar conditions described above if without any special mention.For comparison,the reaction was also carried out with a typical homogenous Fenton reagent[17], FeSO4(5ppm)–H2O2,under the similar reaction conditions.The conversion of ethanol during reaction was detected using gas chromatography(GC:Agilent Technologies,6890N), equipped with HP-5capillary column connecting to a thermal conductive detector(TCD).There is no other species but ethanol determined in the reaction system as evidenced by the GC–MS. Ethanol is supposed to be completely oxidized into CO2and H2O.The variation of H2O2concentration during reaction was analyzed colorimetrically using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Epp2000,StellarNet Inc.)after complexation with a TiOSO4/ H2SO4reagent[18].Note that there was almost no measurable leaching of Mn ion during reaction analyzed by ICP(Vista-Mpx, Varian).3.Results and discussion3.1.Characterization of Mn3O4/SBA-15catalystThe structure of as-synthesized Mn3O4inside SBA-15has beenﬁrst investigated with powder XRD(PXRD),and the proﬁles are shown in Fig.1.The proﬁle at low angles(Fig.1a) suggests that SBA-15still has a high degree of hexagonal mesoscopic organization even after forming Mn3O4nanocrys-tals[23].Several peaks at high angles of XRD(Fig.1b)indicate the formation of a well-crystallized Mn3O4.All the major diffraction peaks can be assigned to hausmannite Mn3O4 structure(JCPDS80-0382).By N2adsorption measurements shown in Fig.2,the pore volume and speciﬁc surface areas(S BET)decrease from 1.27cm3/g and937m2/g for bare SBA-15to0.49cm3/g and 299m2/g for the Mn3O4/SBA-15,respectively.About7.7nm of mesoporous diameter for SBA-15decreases to ca.6.3nm for Mn3O4/SBA-15.The decrease of the mesopore dimension suggests the uniform coating of Mn3O4on the inner walls of SBA-15.This nano-composite was further characterized by TEM. Obviously,the SBA-15employed has typical p6mm hex-agonal morphology with the well-ordered1D array(Fig.3a). The average pore size of SBA-15is ca.8.0nm,which is very close to the value(ca.7.7nm)determined by N2adsorption. Along[001]orientation,Fig.3b shows that the some pores areﬁlled with Mn3O4nanocrystals.From the pore A to D marked in Fig.3b correspond to the pores from empty to partially and fullyﬁlled;while the features for the SBA-15 nanostructure remains even after forming Mn3O4nanocrys-tals.Nevertheless,further evidences for the location of Mn3O4inside the SBA-15channels are still undergoing in our group.Raman spectra obtained for Mn3O4/SBA-15is presented in Fig.4a.For comparison the Raman spectrum was also recorded for the bulk Mn3O4(97.0%,Aldrich)under the similar conditions(Fig.4b).For the bulk Mn3O4,the bands at310,365, 472and655cmÀ1correspond to the bending modes of Mn3O4, asymmetric stretch of Mn–O–Mn,symmetric stretch of Mn3O4Fig.1.XRD patterns of the bare SBA-15and the Mn3O4/SBA-15nano-composite catalyst.(a)At low angles:(A)Mn3O4/SBA-15,(B)SBA-15;and (b)at high angles of Mn3O4/SBA-15.Fig.2.N2adsorption–desorption isotherms:(!)SBA-15,(~)Mn3O4/SBA-15.Y.-F.Han et al./Applied Catalysis B:Environmental76(2007)227–234229groups,respectively [24–26].However,a downward shift ($D n 7cm À1)of the peaks accompanying with a broadening of the bands was observed for Mn 3O 4/SBA-15.For instance,the distinct feature at 655cm À1for the bulk Mn 3O 4shifted to 648cm À1for the nanocrystals.The Raman bands broadened and shifted were observed for the nanocrystals due to the effect of phonon conﬁnement as suggested previously in the literature [27,28].Furthermore,a weak band at 940cm À1,which should associate with the stretch of terminal Mn O,is an indicative of the existence of the isolated Mn 3O 4group [26].The assignment of this unique band has been discussed in our previous publication [22].3.2.Kinetic study3.2.1.Blank testsUnder a typical reaction conditions,that is,20ml of 100ppm ethanol aqueous solution (pH 6.7)mixed with 1ml of 30%H 2O 2,at 343K,there is no conversion of ethanol was observed after running for 120min in the absence of catalyst or in the presence of bare SBA-15(5mg).Also,under the similar conditions in H 2O 2-free solution,ethanol was not converted for all blank tests even with Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst (5mg)in the reactor.It suggests that a trace amount of oxygen dissolved in water or potential dissociation of adsorbed ethanol does not have any contribution to the conversion of ethanol under reaction conditions.To study the effect of low temperature evaporation of ethanol during reaction,we further examined the concentration of ethanol (100ppm)versus time at different temperatures in the absence of catalyst and H 2O 2.Loss of ca.5%ethanol was observed only at 363K after running for 120min.Hence,to avoid the loss of ethanol through evaporation at high temperatures,which may lead to a higher conversion of ethanol than the real value,the kinetic experiments in this study were performed at or below 343K.The results from blank tests conﬁrm clearly that ethanol can be transformed only by catalytic oxidation during reaction.3.2.2.Effect of amount of catalystThe effect of amount of catalyst on ethanol oxidation is presented in Fig.5.Different amounts of catalyst ranging from 2to 10mg were taken for the same concentration of ethanol (100ppm)in aqueous solution under the standard conditions.It can be observed that the conversion of ethanol increases monotonically within 120min,reaching 15,20and 12%for 2,5and 10mg catalysts,respectively.On the other hand,Fig.5shows that the relative reaction rates (30min)decreased from 0.7to ca 0.1mmol/g Mn min with the rise of catalyst amount from 2to 10mg.Apparently,more catalyst in the system may decrease the rate for ethanol peroxidation,and a proper ratio of catalyst (g)/solution (L)is required for acquiring a balance between the overall conversion of ethanol and reaction rate.In order to investigate the effects from other factors,5mg (catalyst)/20ml (solution),corresponding to 1(g Mn )/30(L)ratio of catalyst/solution,has been selected for the followedexperiments.Fig.4.Raman spectroscopy of the Mn 3O 4/SBA-15(a)and bulk Mn 3O 4(b).Fig.3.TEM images recorded along the [001]of SBA-15(a),Mn 3O 4/SBA-15(b):pore A unﬁlled with hexagonal structure,pores B and C partially ﬁlled and pore D completely ﬁlled.Y.-F .Han et al./Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 76(2007)227–2342303.2.3.Effect of temperatureAs shown in Fig.6,the reaction rate increases with increasing the reaction temperature.After 120min,the conversion of ethanol increases from 12.5to 20%when varying the temp-erature from 298to 343K.Further increasing the temperature was not performed in order to avoid the loss of ethanol by evaporation.Interestingly,the relative reaction rate increased with time within initial 60min at 298and 313K,but upward tendency was observed above 333K.3.2.4.Effect of pHIn the pH range from 2.0to 9.0,as illustrated in Fig.7,the reaction rate drops down with the rise of pH.It indicates that acidic environment,or to say,proton concentration ([H +])in the solution is essential for this reaction.With considering our target for this study:purifying water,pH approaching to 7.0in the reaction system is preferred.Because acidifying the solution with organic/inorganic acids may potentially causea second time pollution and result in surplus cost.Actually,there is almost no effect on ethanol conversion with changing pH from 5.5to 6.7in this system.It is really a merit comparing with the conventional homogenous Fenton system,by which the catalyst works only in the pH range of 2.0–5.0.3.2.5.Effect of ethanol concentrationThe investigation of the effect of ethanol concentration on the reaction rate was carried out in the ethanol ranging from 50to 500ppm.The results in Fig.8show that the relative reaction rate increased from 0.07to 2.37mmol/g Mn min after 120min with increasing the concentration of ethanol from 50to 500ppm.It is worth to note that the pH value of the solution slightly decreased from 6.7to 6.5when raising the ethanol concentration from 100to 500ppm.paring to a typical homogenous Fenton reagent For comparison,under the similar reaction conditions ethanol oxidation was performed using aconventionalFig.5.The ethanol oxidation as a function of time with different amount of catalyst.Conversion of ethanol vs.time (solid line)on 2mg (&),5mg (*)and 10mg (~)Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst,the relative reaction rate vs.time (dash line)on 2mg (&),5mg (*)and 10mg (~)Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst.Rest conditions:20ml of ethanol (100ppm),1ml of 30%H 2O 2,708C and pH of6.7.Fig.6.The ethanol oxidation as a function of temperature.Conversion of ethanol vs.time (solid line)at 258C (&),408C (*),608C (~)and 708C (!),the relative reaction rate vs.time (dash line)at 258C (&),408C (*),608C (~)and 708C (5).Rest conditions:20ml of ethanol (100ppm),1ml of 30%H 2O 2,pH of 6.7,5mg ofcatalyst.Fig.7.The ethanol oxidation as a function of pH value.Conversion of ethanol vs.time (solid line)at pH value of 2.0(&),3.5(*),4.5(~),5.5(!),6.7(^)and 9.0("),the relative reaction rate vs.time (dash line)at pH value of 2.0(&),3.5(*),4.5(~),5.5(5),6.7(^)and 9.0(").Rest conditions:20ml of ethanol (100ppm),1ml of 30%H 2O 2,708C,5mg ofcatalyst.Fig.8.The ethanol oxidation as a function of ethanol concentration.Conver-sion of ethanol vs.time (solid line)for ethanol concentration (ppm)of 50(&),100(*),300(~),500(!),the relative reaction rate vs.time (dash line)for ethanol concentration (ppm)of 50(&),100(*),300(~),500(5).Condi-tions:20ml of ethanol,pH of 6.7,1ml of 30%H 2O 2,708C,5mg of catalyst.Y.-F .Han et al./Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 76(2007)227–234231homogenous reagent,Fe 2+(5ppm)–H 2O 2(1ml)at pH of 5.0.It has been reported to be an optimum condition for this system [17].As shown in Fig.9,the reaction in both catalytic systems exhibits a similar behavior,that is,the conversion of ethanol increases with extending the reaction time.Varying reaction temperature from 298to 343K seems not to impact the conversion of ethanol when using the homogenous Fenton reagent.Furthermore,the conversion of ethanol (deﬁning at 120min)in the system of Mn 3O 4/SBA-15–H 2O 2is about 60%of that obtained from the conventional Fenton reagent.There are no other organic compounds observed in the reaction mixture other than ethanol suggesting that ethanol directly decomposing to CO 2and H 2O.3.2.7.Decomposition of H 2O 2In the aqueous solution,the capability of metal ions such as Fe 2+and Mn 2+has long been evidenced to be effective on the decomposition of H 2O 2to produce the hydroxyl radical ( OH),which is oxidant for the complete oxidation/degrading of organic compounds [9,17].Therefore,ethanol oxidation is supposed to be associated with H 2O 2decomposition.The investigation of H 2O 2decomposition has been performed under the reaction conditions (in an ethanol-free solution)with different amounts of catalyst.H 2O 2was introduced into the reaction system by three steps,initially 0.5ml followed by twice 0.25ml at 32and 62min,the pH of 6.7is set for all experiments except pH of 5.0for Fe 2+.As shown in Fig.10,H 2O 2was not converted in the absence of catalyst or presence of bare SBA-15(5mg);in contrast,by using the Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst we observed that ca.Ninety percent of total H 2O 2was decomposed in the whole experiment.It can be concluded that that dissociation of H 2O 2is mainly caused by Mn 3O paratively,the rate of H 2O 2decomposition is relatively low with the homogenous Fenton reagent,total conversion of H 2O 2,was ca.50%after runningfor 120min.Considering the fact that H 2O 2decomposition can be signiﬁcantly enhanced with the rise of Fe 2+concentration,however,it seems not to have the inﬂuence on the reaction rate for ethanol oxidation simultaneously.The similar behavior of H 2O 2decomposition was also observed during ethanol oxidation.The rate for ethanol oxidation is lower for Mn 3O 4/SBA-15comparing to the conventional Fenton reagent.The possible reasons will be discussed in the proceeding section.3.3.Plausible reaction mechanism for ethanol oxidation with H 2O 2In general,the wet peroxide oxidation of organic constitutes has been suggested to proceed via four steps [15]:activation of H 2O 2to produce OH,oxidation of organic compounds withOH,recombination of OH to form O 2and wet oxidation of organic compounds with O 2.It can be further described by Eqs.(1)–(4):H 2O 2À!Catalyst =temperture 2OH(1)OH þorganic compoundsÀ!Temperatureproduct(2)2 OHÀ!Temperature 12O 2þH 2O(3)O 2þorganic compoundsÀ!Temperature =pressureproduct(4)The reactive intermediates produced from step 1(Eq.(1))participate in the oxidation through step 2(Eq.(2)).In fact,several kinds of radical including OH,perhydroxyl radicals ( HO 2)and superoxide anions (O 2À)may be created during reaction.Previous studies [29–33]suggested that the process for producing radicals could be expressed by Eqs.(5)–(7)when H 2O 2was catalytically decomposed by metal ions,such asFeparison of ethanol oxidation in systems of typical homogenous Fenton catalyst (5ppm of Fe 2+,20ml of ethanol (100ppm),1ml of 30%H 2O 2,pH of 5.0acidiﬁed with HCl)at room temperature (~)and 708C (!),and Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst (&)under conditions of 20ml of ethanol (100ppm),pH of 6.7,1ml of 30%H 2O 2,708C,5mg ofcatalyst.Fig.10.An investigation of H 2O 2decomposition under different conditions.One milliliter of 30%H 2O 2was dropped into the 20ml deionized water by three intervals,initial 0.5ml followed by twice 0.25ml at 32and 62min.H 2O 2concentration vs.time:by calculation (&),without catalyst (*),SBA-15(~),5ppm of Fe 2+(!)and Mn 3O 4/SBA-15(^).Rest conditions:5mg of solid catalyst,pH of 7.0(5.0for Fe 2+),708C.Y.-F .Han et al./Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 76(2007)227–234232and Mn,S þH 2O 2!S þþOH Àþ OH (5)S þþH 2O 2!S þ HO 2þH þ(6)H 2O $H þþO 2À(7)where S and S +represent reduced and oxidized metal ions,both the HO 2and O 2Àare not stable and react further with H 2O 2to form OH through Eqs.(8)and (9):HO 2þH 2O 2! OH þH 2O þO 2(8)O 2ÀþH 2O 2! OH þOH ÀþO 2(9)Presently, OH radical has been suggested to be the main intermediate responsible for oxidation/degradation of organic compounds.Therefore,the rate for ethanol oxidation in the studied system is supposed to be dependent on the concentra-tion of OH.Note that the oxidation may proceed via step four (Eq.(4))in the presence of high pressure O 2,which is so-called ‘‘wet oxidation’’and usually occurs at air pressures (1–22MPa)and at high temperatures (423–643K)[15].However,it is unlikely to happen in the present reaction conditions.According to Wolfenden’s study [34],we envisaged that the complete oxidation of ethanol may proceed through a route like Eq.(10):C 2H 5OH þ OH À!ÀH 2OC 2H 4O À! OHCO 2þH 2O(10)Whereby,it is believed that organic radicals containing hydroxy-groups a and b to carbon radicals centre can eliminate water to form oxidizing species.With the degrading of organic intermediates step by step as the way described in Eq.(10),the ﬁnal products should be CO 2and H 2O.However,no other species but ethanol was detected by GC and GC–MS in the present study possibly due to the rapid of the reaction that leads to unstable intermediate.Fig.5indicates that a proper ratio of catalyst/solution is a necessary factor to attain the high conversion of ethanol.It can be understood that over exposure of H 2O 2to catalyst will increase the rate of H 2O 2decomposition;but on the other hand,more OH radical produced may be scavenged by catalyst with increasing the amount of catalyst and transformed into O 2and H 2O as expressed in Eq.(3),instead of participating the oxidation reaction.In terms of Eq.(10),stoichiometric ethanol/H 2O 2should be 1/6for the complete oxidation of ethanol;however,in the present system the total molar ratio is 1/400.In other words,most intermediates were extinguished through scavenging during reaction.This may explain well that the decrease of reaction rate with the rise of ratio of catalyst/solution in the system.The same reason may also explain the decrease of reaction rate with prolonging the time.Actually,H 2O 2decomposition (ca.90%)may be completed within a few minutes over the Mn 3O 4/SBA-15catalyst as illustrated in Fig.10,irrespective of amount of catalyst (not shown for the sake of brevity);in contrast,the rate for H 2O 2decomposition became dawdling for Fe 2+catalyst.As a result,presumably,the homogenous system has relatively high concentration ofradicals.It may explain the superior reactivity of the conventional Fenton reagent to the presented system as depicted in Fig.9.Therefore,how to reduce scavenging,especially in the heterogeneous Fenton system [29],is crucial for enhancing the reaction rate.C 2H 5OH þ6H 2O 2!2CO 2þ9H 2O(11)On the other hand,as illustrated by Eqs.(1)–(4),all steps in the oxidation process are affected by the reaction temperature.Fig.6demonstrates that increasing temperature remarkably boosts the reactivity of ethanol oxidation in the system of Mn 3O 4/SBA-15–H 2O 2possibly,due to the improvement of the reactions in Eqs.(2)and (4)at elevated temperatures.In terms of Eqs.(6)and (7),acidic conditions may delay the H 2O 2decomposition but enhance the formation of OH (Eqs.(5),(8)and (9)).This ‘‘delay’’is supposed to reduce the chance of the scavenging of radicals and improve the efﬁciency of H 2O 2in the reaction.The protons are believed to have capability for stabilizing H 2O 2,which has been elucidated well previously [18,19].Consequently,it is understandable that the reaction is favored in the strong acidic environment.Fig.7shows a maximum reactivity at pH of 2.0and the lowest at pH of 9.0.As depicted in Fig.8,the reaction rate for ethanol oxidation is proportional to the concentration of ethanol in the range of 50–500ppm.It suggests that at low concentration of ethanol (100ppm)most of the radicals might not take part in the reaction before scavenged by catalyst.With increasing the ethanol concentration,the possibility of the collision between ethanol and radicals can be increased signiﬁcantly.As a result,the rate of scavenging radicals is reduced relatively.Thus,it is reasonable for the faster rate observed at higher concentration of ethanol.Finally,it is noteworthy that as compared to the bulk Mn 3O 4(Aldrich,98.0%of purity),the reactivity of the nano-crystalline Mn 3O 4on SBA-15is increased by factor of 20under the same typical reaction conditions.Obviously,Mn 3O 4nanocrystal is an effective alternative for this catalytic system.The present study has evidenced that the unique structure of SBA-15can act as a special ‘‘nanoreactor’’for synthesizing Mn 3O 4nanocrystals.Interestingly,a latest study has revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles could be immobilized on alumina coated SBA-15,which also showed excellent performance as a Fenton catalyst [35].However,the role of the pore structure of SBA-15in this reaction is still unclear.We do expect that during reaction SBA-15may have additional function to trap larger organic molecules by adsorption.Thus,it may broaden its application in this ﬁeld.So,relevant study on the structure of nano-composites of various MnO x and its role in the Fenton-like reaction for remediation of organic compounds in aqueous solution is undergoing in our group.4.ConclusionsIn the present study,we have addressed a new catalytic system suitable for remediation of trivial organic compound from contaminated water through a Fenton-like reaction withY.-F .Han et al./Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 76(2007)227–234233。

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Jul - Sep 2007 Course Prospectus2007年7月至9月課程手冊語言培訓課程報名前請先細閱第5至8頁之課程管理細則Please read Course Administration Policies at page 5 to 8 carefully before enrolling.Professional Certificate in Workplace English and IELTS Preparatory Course ObjectivesThe IELTS test is very comprehensive. It rates a student’s ability to use English in the four major language skill areas: Reading, Writing and Speaking. Each module contains a variety of question types, and all of them are designed to simulate the language tasks that are needed in real life academic and training situations. The scores that a student achieves in the test will give the student and the institution to which they have applied a clear idea of the student’s ability to use English and whether their language skills are strong enough for them to study their desired course, or to fit more easily into the English-speaking community.Who Should AttendThose who want to prepare themselves for the IELTS test or those who want to build a solid foundation on elementary English.Entry Requirements:- Academic Module: F.5 Standard or above, or Age 21 or above with working experience- General Training Module: F.3 standard or above with working experience.Course Detail.hk/course/IT563.htmCode 編號Course Information課程資料Fee學費Remarks備註IT563 Professional Certificate in Workplace English and IELTS Preparatory Course日期：14.7.07 - 5.4.08（逢星期六）時間：2:00pm - 5:00pm時數：99小時（共33堂）HK$6,900 CEF Subject toApproval查詢或報名：羅小姐（電話 2836 1851）(電郵: sammylaw@.hk)。

研究生学位英语2007年6月真题(附答案)

2007-6Part I Listening Comprehension (25minutes, 20points)Section A (1Point each)1. A. He doesn't like classic music. B. He feels sorry to decline the offerC. He is eager to go to the concert.D. He hasn't got a ticket yet.2. A. At the garage. B. At the restaurant. C. At the supermarket. D. At the office.3. A. Tony doesn't always listen. B. Tony has hearing problems.C. It's unusual that Tony missed the interviewD. Tony often forgets himself.4. A. The weather is generally cooler and drier. B. The weather is generally warmer and wetter.C. The weather is moderately hot.D. The weather is usually changeable.5. A. A doctor. B. An operator, C. A nurse. D. A dentist.6. A. $0.35 B. $3.50 C. $3.05 D. $30.57. A. He had something wrong with his watch. B. He thought the meeting was for a different day.C. His oral presentation was not well-prepared.D. He was not paying attention to the time.8. A. He didn't attend Professor Smith's class last time.B. He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.C. The woman should pose a more serious question.D. Professor Smith often cancels classes for the long weekend.9. A. The woman does not drink beer. B. It was not the woman's coat.C. The woman just had her coat cleaned.D. The woman is not angry with the man.Section B ( 1 point each)10. A. 850,000 children, around two percent, are currently learning at homeB. School system provides teachers for homeschooling.C. All the states in the U.S. permit homeschooling.D. Homeschooled children are never expected to go to college.11. A. Because their children do not like attending schools.B. Because they love their children too much to send them away from homeC. Because homeschooling provides more time for the family to be together.D. Because they are able to help their kids to learn more social skills.12. A. A variety of honeybee. B. A geographic magazine.C. A National Home School Honor SocietyD. A national top competition.13. A. Importance of biodiversity. B. Protection of wild species.C. Farm pollution.D. Agricultural methods.14. A. Rice, maize, potato and wheat. B. Corn, bean, rice and wheat.C. Potato, maize, bean and rice.D. Rice, corn, wheat and sweet potato15. A. They can harm wetlands, rivers and other environments needed to support lifeB. They can destroy crops, native species and property.C. They spread in areas they are not native to with natural controls.D. They hardly survive different conditions.Section C ( 1 point each)Lecture Topic: Getting a good night’s sleep16. There are several ___________ drugs available to help people sleep.If you don’t want to use drugs, there are some things you can do on your own to help get a good night’s sleep:17. 1)___________________________________________18. 2)___________________________________________19. 3)___________________________________________20. 4)___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an even deeper ______betweenthe rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what manypeople had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization."Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university." 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying42. A. in accordance with B. in line with C. in charge of D. in response to43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparklingPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider."This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3ْC temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6ْC of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3ْC cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: £60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from £20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach £300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees?Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchiesC. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。

IAC 2007 6月相约上海

ＡｂｔａｔｅｉｔｏｕｅａＰＤＭ－ａｅｏＥ３ｍｏｅｒｖｎｍｅｈｄ，ｉｈｉｎｔｒｌｔｄｗｉｈｓｅｉｌｐｏｕｔｓｒｃ：ｎｒｄｃｂｓｄＰｒ／Ｄ— ｄｌｉｅｔｏｗｈｃｓｏｅａｅｔｐｃａｒｄｃｓｄａｄｅｓｏｂｘｅｄｄｂｓｒＷｅｄｓｕｓｔｅｋｙｔｃｎｑｅｎｔｅｒａｉａｉｎｎａｙｔｅｅｔｎｅｙｕｅ．ｉｃｓｈｅｅｈｉｕｓｉｈｅｌｔ．ｚｏｉｄｃｔｓｔａｔｃｕｄｐｏｔｈｅｅｆｐｒｄｕｔｓｇｕｏｔｎｎｉａｅｈｔｉｏｌｒｍｏｅｔｅｌｖｌｏｏｃｉｎａｔｍａｉ．ｄｅｏＫｅｒｓｐｒｍｅｅｅｉｎ；Ｐｙｗｏｄ：ａａｔｒｄｓｇＤＭ；ｏＥｎｉｅｒＰｒ／ｇｎｅ；Ｐｒ／ｏｋｔｏＴｏｌｉ
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Office 2007 安排会议

Office 2007 安排会议会议是用户邀请人员参加或为其预定资源的约会。

用户可以创建并发送会议要求，并为面对面会议或联机会议预定资源。

创建会议时，需要标识要邀请的人员和要预定的资源，并选出会议时间。

对会议要求的响应显示在“收件箱”中。

此外，用户还可以向现有会议中添加人员或重新安排会议。

1．创建会议通过上述我们创建约会和事件的方法，我们已经可以来创建会议。

而在创建会议时，用户可以通过下列两种方法：●直接创建会议选择该天中的一个时段，并右击该时段，执行【新会议要求】命令，即可创建一个新会议，如图11-67所示。

新创会议图11-67 创建会议●通过约会创建会议用户也可以直接双击该时段，在弹出的【约会】对话框，并单击【动作】组中的【邀请与会者】按钮。

在弹出的【会议】对话框中，用户可以输入【收件人】的地址，或者单击【收件人】按钮，选择联系人的地址。

并在【主题】和【地址】文本框中，输入会议的主题内容，以及该会议地点。

例如，该会议是总经理会议开的小型会议为“总经理会议”；而地点设置在总经理办公室。

下面再设置该会议的【开始时间】和【结束时间】，以及该会议所需要准备的资料等，以及需要提示的内容等，如图11-68所示。

发送会议内输入会议内图11-68 输入会议内容2．将会议设为定期召开对于一些例会，我们可以设置该会议的周期性。

例如，与我们设置事件的周期一样。

在【选项】组中，单击【重复周期】按钮，弹出【约会周期】对话框，并设置按第周五下午17:00~18.30时为一个周期，如图11-69所示。

而在创建会议对话框中，则设置的【开始时间】和【结束时间】位置，则显示设置周期的详细内容，如图11-70所示。

设置会议周显示会议周图11-69 设置周期图11-70 显示周期内容会议设置完成后，单击【发送】按钮即可将该会议发送到指定的邮箱中。

3．将会议设为私有在创建或打开需要设为私有的会议后，则单击【选项】组中的【私密】按钮。

AEA_Mathematics_Paper_June_2007

M26188Ablication may only be reproduced in accordance with Edexcel copyright policy.©2007 Edexcel Limited.Paper Reference(s)9801/01EdexcelMathematicsAdvanced Extension AwardFriday 29 June 2007 -Afternoon Time: 3 hoursMaterials required for examination Items included with question papers Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil Graph paper (ASG2) Answer Book (AB16)Candidates may NOT use a calculator in answering this paper.Instructions to CandidatesIn the boxes on the answer book, write the name of the examining body (Edexcel), your centre number, candidate number, the paper title (Mathematics), the paper reference (9801), your surname, initials and signature.Answers should be given in as simple a form as possible. e.g. 32π, √6, 3√2.Information for CandidatesA booklet ‘Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables’ is provided. Full marks may be obtained for answers to ALL questions.The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are 7 questions in this question paper.The total mark for this paper is 100, of which 7 marks are for style, clarity and presentation.Advice to CandidatesYou must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled. You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers without working may gain no credit.M26188A21. (a ) Write down the binomial expansion of2)1(1y -, ∣y ∣ < 1, in ascending powers of y up to and including the term in y 3.(1)(b ) Hence, or otherwise, show that41 cosec 4 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2θ = 1 + 2 cos θ + 3 cos 2 θ + 4 cos 3 θ + . . . + (r + 1) cos r θ + . . .and state the values of θ for which this result is not valid.(4)Find(c )1 +22 + 223 + 324 + . . . + r r 2)1(+ + . . . , (2)(d )1 –22 + 223 – 324 + . . . + (–1)r r r 2)1(+ + . . . . (2)2.(a ) On the same diagram, sketch y = x and y = √x , for x ≥ 0, and mark clearly the coordinates of thepoints of intersection of the two graphs.(2) (b ) With reference to your sketch, explain why there exists a value a of x (a > 1) such that⎜⎠⎛ax x 0d = ⎜⎠⎛√ax x 0d . (2)(c ) Find the exact value of a .(4)(d ) Hence, or otherwise, find a non-constant function f(x ) and a constant b (b ≠ 0) such that⎜⎠⎛-bb x x d )(f = ⎜⎠⎛√-bbx x d )](f [.(2)M26188A33. (a ) Solve, for 0 ≤ x < 2π,cos x + cos 2x = 0.(5)(b ) Find the exact value of x , x ≥ 0, for whicharccos x + arccos 2x =2π. (6)[ arccos x is an alternative notation for cos –1 x .]4.The function h(x ) has domain ℝ and range h(x ) > 0, and satisfies⎜⎠⎛x x d )(h = ⎜⎠⎛x x d )(h .(a ) By substituting h(x ) = 2d d ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛x y , show thatxyd d = 2(y + c ), where c is constant.(5)(b ) Hence find a general expression for y in terms of x .(4)(c ) Given that h(0) = 1, find h(x ).(2)M26188A45.Figure 1Figure 1 shows part of a sequence S 1, S 2, S 3, . . . , of model snowflakes. The first term S 1 consists of a single square of side a . To obtain S 2, the middle third of each edge is replaced with a new square,of side 3a, as shown in Figure 1. Subsequent terms are obtained by replacing the middle third ofeach external edge of a new square formed in the previous snowflake, by a square 31of the size, asillustrated by S 3 in Figure 1.(a ) Deduce that to form S 4, 36 new squares of side27amust be added to S 3. (1)(b ) Show that the perimeters of S 2 and S 3 are 320a and 328arespectively. (2)(c ) Find the perimeter of S n .(4)(d ) Describe what happens to the perimeter of S n as n increases.(1)(e ) Find the areas of S 1, S 2 and S 3.(2)(f ) Find the smallest value of the constant S such that the area of S n < S , for all values of n .(5)M26188A56. Figure 2Figure 2 shows a sketch of the curve C with equation y = tan2t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.The point P on C has coordinates ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2tan ,x x .The vertices of rectangle R are at (x , 0), ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛0,2x , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2tan ,2x x and ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2tan ,x x as shown in Figure 2.(a ) Find an expression, in terms of x , for the area A of R .(1)(b ) Show thatx A d d = 41(π – 2x – 2 sin x ) sec 2 2x . (4)(c ) Prove that the maximum value of A occurs when4π < x < 3π. (7)(d ) Prove that tan8π= √2 – 1. (3)(e ) Show that the maximum value of A >4π(√2 – 1). (2)M26188A67. The points O , P and Q lie on a circle C with diameter OQ . The position vectors of P and Q , relative to O , are p and q respectively. (a) Prove that p.q = ∣p ∣2.(3)Figure 3The point R also lies on C and OPQR is a kite K as shown in Figure 3. The point S has position vector, relative to O , of λq , where λ is a constant. Given that p = i + 2j – k , q = 2i + j – 2k and that OQ is perpendicular to PS , find(b ) the value of λ,(2) (c ) the position vector of R ,(3)(d ) the area of K .(4)Another circle C 1 is drawn inside K so that the 4 sides of the kite are each tangents to C 1.(e ) Find the radius of C 1 giving your answer in the form (√2 – 1)√n , where n is an integer.(5)A second kite K 1 is similar to K and is drawn inside C 1.(f ) Find that area of K 1.(3)MARKS FOR STYLE, CLARITY AND PRESENTATION: 7 MARKSTOTAL FOR PAPER: 75 MARKSENDOQ。

MRCC2007国际营销学术交流峰会会议报

MRCC2007国际营销学术交流峰会会议报会议报道（一）2007年6月16日上午，2007MRCC国际市场营销学术交流峰会在杭州电子科技大学隆重开幕，此次会议的到会嘉宾共188人，其中有国外学者16人，还有近三十位来自中国人民大学、复旦大学、武汉大学、华中科技大学、南京大学等高校的著名营销学者、教授出席会议。

会议现场-杭州电子科技大学科技会堂会议现场-杭州电子科技大学科技会堂今天上午，会议开幕式在杭州电子科技大学科技会堂举行，中心主任郭国庆教授、杭州电子科技大学校长薛安克教授、英国牛津大学（Oxford University）Kunal Basu教授、天津师范大学管理学院院长韦福祥教授分别致开幕辞。

随后与会代表和嘉宾在会场门口集体合影。

中心主任郭国庆教授杭州电子科技大学校长薛安克教授英国牛津大学（Oxford University）Kunal Basu教授天津师范大学管理学院院长韦福祥教授在接下来进行的主题演讲中，Kunal Basu教授发表了名为“Marketing in the 21st Century”的主题演讲，探讨了二十一世纪市场营销的发展；复旦大学教授、著名服务营销学者范秀成教授发表了题为“从服务营销到服务科学”。

Kunal Basu教授发表主题演讲复旦大学范秀成教授发表主题演讲经过短暂的茶歇后，华中科技大学景奉杰教授发表了题为“市场营销研究在中国的发展——Who, What, How，What，一个基于中国顶级营销期刊的实证研究”的主题演讲，探讨了市场营销学研究在我国的发展和现状。

随后，来自美国德州大学圣安东尼奥分校（University of Texas at San Antonio）的Yinlong Zhang 教授发表了题为“Coke, Pepsi, or Fei-Chang Cola”的精彩演讲。

华中科技大学景奉杰教授发表主题演讲美国德州大学圣安东尼奥分校Yinlong Zhang教授发表主题演讲会议报道（二）6月16日下午，2007MRCC国际市场营销学术交流峰会在继续在杭州电子科技大学科技会堂举行，在下午的会议日程中，继续进行学术主题演讲。

2007年10月8日国家留学基金委视频会议精神.

2007年10月8日国家留学基金委视频会议精神2007年10月8日上午9：00国家留学基金委召开视频会议，会议由教育部副部长吴启迪主持，现场到会的领导主要有教育部部长周济、国家留学基金委秘书处领导、“985”高校和部分“211”高校领导。

会议的主要议题是国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目2007年度经验总结及2008年度计划，周济部长做了重要讲话。

1、张秀琴秘书长总结全国2007年度情况并布置2008年度工作1）2007年度工作总结：在中外导师推荐、院校评审基础上，基金委聘请专家进行了严格评审和筛选。

2007年全国计划指标5000名，实际完成3900名。

派遣研究生学科专业属于国家中长期科技发展纲要重点领域的占80％，62％的留学院校为世界前200名。

因此，2007年选派的研究生真正符合“三个一流”原则。

在总结成绩的同时，张秘书长指出了存在问题与不足：（1）在3900名获得资助的研究生中仅11％赴国外攻读博士学位，比例明显偏低，不符合有关文件精神；（2）从发布消息（1月20号）到上报申请（3月20号），仅2月左右，时间明显不足，不易联系到国外高水平大学；（3）中外导师、学校及基金委间的结合不紧密，中间存在明显漏洞；（4）派遣到某些国家地区的研究生生活费低于当地最低生活标准。

2）2008年度计划：（1）2008年指标：国家建设高水平大学公派研究生5000名（限于49所“985”学校申报），传统的国家公派留学研究生1000名（“985”学校和“211”学校申报），同时申报和评审。

6000名指标中50％为攻读博士学位，在2008年评审时严格按照这个比例执行。

张秘书长指出，在指标分配上向农、林、地、矿、油等领域适当倾斜，向国家重大专项和前沿领域倾斜。

还指出属于“985工程”二期建设的高校15％的经费要用于人才培养。

（2）选派方式：办法依然采用公开、公平和公正方式进行，中外导师、院校、基金委共同加大工作力度，要结合学校自身优势大力开展校际联合与合作。

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Social and economic change in GTA and Toronto
Increasing integration of Toronto and its surrounding area
12
Ontario economic change: 1983 - 1995
Year Number of establis hments
Globalization, cluster agglomeration & competitive space: Toronto as an emerging global city-region city-
Wei Xu Centre for Modern Chinese City Studies, ECNU, China 1 Dept. of Geography, Univ. of Lethbridge, Canada
32
5
Empirical approaches
Objectives
Investigate social economic changes of Toronto as a global city-region in recent decades cityAssess the competitiveness of Toronto as global citycity-region from a comparative perspective
Data source
Census and survey data by Statistics Canada Published and unpublished documents and research papers
6
Study Area: Toronto and its surrounding areas
2
Research Questions
1. What does globalization mean to cities, especially to bit cities? 2. How do big cities cope with the processes of global economic integration in order to be successful? Addressing these question theoretically and empirically will generate invaluable lessons for urban development in China!
Manufacturing
Value added Manufacturing
shipments '000$ 103884972 121726476 131955226 136847551 143394868 157675486 163713058 155995190 145148003 150257077 163248063 184923089 208369428
20
Regional growth and cluster agglomeration
21
22
23
24
25
Competitive advantages in Toronto city-region city-
26
Competitive advantages in Toronto city-region city-
Presentation Outline
Research Questions Globalization and Cluster development: a theoretical framework Empirical approaches Regional growth and cluster agglomeration Competitive advantages in Toronto city-region cityConcluding remarks
17
18
19 Source: Myles and Picot, 2002
The number of low income census track between 1985 – 1995 in Toronto
Low income rate <30% Low income rate >=30 in 1985 and 1995 Low income rate >=30 in 1985 but < 30% in 1995 Lo income rate <30 in 1985 but >=30% in 1995
Cluster creation and global city-region development cityNew economy and cluster development Competitive space and growth of global city-region city4
ICF Consulting, 2000 “Toronto Competes: An Assessment of Toronto’s Global Competitiveness”
'000$ 39937189 47051995 51388518 54836429 58432667 64020962 65328497 62628953 57071679 59410804 63357500 71169019 13 81111334
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
11
Globalization and socioeconomic change
Canada – US free trade agreement, NAFTA and Ontario economic change
Change in traditional economic sectors 1990 economic recession as a watershed Ontario as a region in global economy
服务业
制造业
金融保险房地产业
14
Toronto economic adjustment and restructuring 1983-1992
15
Canada, Ontario, and Toronto manufacturing employment change (1983=100)
16
Population growth in Toronto area, 1981 - 1996
7
Central Toronto
8
Toronto as a global city-region city-
9
Percent of Population in City-Region that is Foreign-Born
10
Percent of Population in City Region that is Foreign-born (non-Western countries only)
20379658 21857500 21058595 20567129 20237342 20438028 21649311 23085258
3120643 3306152 3253894 3337308 3401361 3537715 3750793 3779891
Ontario economic adjustment and restructuring 1975-1993
3
Globalization and Cluster development: a theoretical framework
Globalization and the role of city region
Globalization and global production network Global value chain and transition of traditional role of city regional economic restructuring Global economic integration and local functional specialization new economic development and polarization
Production
workers
Wages '000$
Cost of energy '000$ 2800540 3088477 3162387 3022650 3007029
Cost of materials and supplies '000$ 61220217 72327497 77709693 78999904 82077073 90917139 95434086 89803799 84115327 87558074 96489566 110996132 125024781
14763 17 16103 15563 14295 13491 12837 12510 12738
588475 627518 666831 695466
12807352 14669952 16361666 17620789
746869 770547 706346 666453 623200 608879 616048 642630
27
28
Toronto as an innovation centre
29
30
Source: “A Roster of World Cities”, J.V. Beaverstock, R.G. Smith and P.J. Taylor, Globalization and World Cities Research Bulletin 5.