英语新词的概念与来源研究
英语新词的概念与来源分析
英语新词的概念与来源分析作者：李婧榕来源：《大东方》2018年第01期摘要：在社会的发展中，大量的英语新词出现，丰富了原有的英语词汇体系，本文针对英语新词的概念与来源进行分析，并探讨了这类英语新词的取向。
关键词：英语新词；概念；来源；取向随着社会的发展和科技的进步，英语的词汇体系也发生了很大的变化，很多新词被添加进来，对人们的思想观念和生活产生了重大的影响。
本文主要讨论了英语新词的概念，对新词的来源和价值取向进行了探究，有助于人们对英语新词的理解和应用。
一、英语新词的概念英语词汇体系的变化符合语言发展的规律，是一种必然现象。
所谓的新词是指原词汇体系当中或者词典当中不存在的、新创造出来的、被社会群体所广泛接受的词语、俗语或者短语，具有特定的产生途径和语义。
新词并不是一开始就被人们所接受的，需要一定的时间在社会交际环境中逐渐融合。
二、英语新词的分类随着科技的进步和国际间各民族交流的加速，英语词汇体系扩容现象非常明显，英语新词的类别也较为复杂，语言专家对这些新单词进行整理后把它们分为如下三类：外来语、新造词和旧词新义。
（1）外来词外来词是指在国际交流过程中引进的其他国家词汇体系当中的词。
一般采用音译的方法。
例如，tofu和kung“部是来自中国汉语词汇体系，是豆腐和功夫的意思。
（2）新造词新造词是指借助各种构词法如合成法或派生法创造出来的新词，也包括随着网络的发展和科技的进步而产生出来的新的学术用语。
例如，在麦当劳等快餐在各国快速发展之后，逐渐形成了一个新词Mcjob，也就是麦当劳快餐服务类工作。
（3）旧词新义旧词新义是指借助英语单词体系中原有单词的词形，赋予其新的含义而形成的词。
例如，windows原意是“窗户”，在计算机专业用语当中特指一种常见的操作系统，mouse原意是“老鼠”，在计算机专业用语中语意是“鼠标”，是一种输入工具。
三、英语新词的来源作为具有强大生命力和影响力的语言，英语在政治、经济和文化等领域内应用都非常广泛，而这些领域所发生的变化也同样反作用于英语，英语词汇体系的迅猛扩展与这些领域对新词的需求存在着必然的联系。
英语新词发展的原因
英语新词发展的原因WTT摘要：英语新词的产生是社会发展进步的一个必然现象。
语言是人类最重要的交际工具。
本文就英语新词产生的原因进行探讨，以帮助英语学习者更好地掌握关于新词，赶上英语词汇发展的步伐。
关键词：英语新词；发展原因；词汇的变化中图分类号：H310.9文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-026X （20xx）02-0000-01词汇是一个动态的开放的系统，是语言中最为活跃的因素（陈淑莹、黎昌抱，20xx）。
科技发展越迅速，社会发展越复杂，传播媒介越发达，新词的创造和流行也就越多、越快。
近年来数字化浪潮席卷全球，科技、经济、文化、政治以及日常生话等诸方面发生了口新月异的变化，这种数字化革命所引发的新词和新术语的爆炸性增加被人们称之为“新词语革命”（Shawn HoHey，2000）。
一、什么是新词？“新词”指的是某一段时期内或自某一时间点以来首次出现的词，往往是出于对新事物进行描写的需要而出现的词，也指词典是还没有收录的词义，如很多词典后面增补的词语就是新词（汪榕培，20xx）。
二、英语新词发展的原因1. 英语的球土化发展1.1 英语的全球化发展“当一种语言到达一个新的地方后，当地的很多语言很快就会进入该语言成为新词”。
（Crystal，20xx）由于英语在全球范围传播，受地方语言影响，现在英语中已经包含很多从其他语言借用过来的词汇，比如从美洲印第安语中借来的raccoon，从荷兰语中借来的landscape，从西班牙语借来的cargo等。
1.2 英语的本土化发展英语在全球变化过程中，总是与当地文化结合并受当地语言的影响，容易形成相对稳定的地方变体。
英语一方面在世界上求得同化、形成标准，另一方面又在世界各地不断妥协、在当地形成具有地方特色的英语，构成英语的本土化。
如反映中国文化和国情的词汇，chopsticks，kowtow等等。
2. 科学技术的进步2.1宇宙探索和宇航事业的发展人类在探索太空方面取得了突破性进展之后，相关词汇：space—age，space plane等陆续出现，参照地球上的earthquake，美国人登月后出现大量有关登月的新词例如：moonwalk等。
英语词汇来源解析
英语词汇的来源英语中除了本族语之外，有很多外来词，在文艺复兴时期，拉丁文被大量使用，还借用了许多法语，希腊语、意大利语，德语，汉语借词等其它语言的新词。
（一）本族语成分英语词汇中尽管外来语成分很多，本族语成分只占很小的部分，但是词汇的核心部分还是本民族成分。
这些词多数是单音节词，是语言中最基本的词汇，是全民性的词汇，具有很大的稳定性。
印欧语系共同成分都是表示远古人类生活最基本方面的词，如家庭成员的father, mother, brother, sister, 有关家庭住所的词door, timber, thatch。
由于当时以游牧为主，所以有牲畜的名称goat, goose, hound, sow, cow, ox, ewe和herd，迁徒时用的wag-on, yoke, wheel, axle。
还有季节名称spring, summer, winter，常见的动植物名称tree, birch, beaver, mouse, wolf等。
英语本族语词中也有在民族大迁移后、西方语族（centum group）的共同成分。
西方语族居住在欧洲的东部和中部平原，逐渐同游牧变为农耕，corn, grain, ear (of corn),furrow, bean, meal这样的词就出现了。
西方语族与海洋接触较多，就有salt, fish等词，也有一部分动植物名称。
英语是印欧语系西方语族中日耳曼语族的一员，因此有不少日耳曼语族的共同成分。
表示家庭生活的词有bowl（碗），broth（汤），dough（面团），knead（揉面），quern（小型手推磨），home, house, loaf等。
还出现了borough, king, earl之类的词。
商业方面的词有cheap, buy, ware, worth等，还有gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, steel等表示金属名称的词。
跟海洋有关的词也多起来了，如cliff, island, sea, sound, strand, whale, seal, mew, ship, steer, sail, fowl, what等都是日耳曼语族所共有的，还出现了book, learn, lore, write等表示学问的词。
英语新词的产生及其形成
英语新词的产生及其形成英语的产生及其构成摘要：英语词汇跟任何现代语言的词汇一样，一直在不断地演变发展。
二战以来，随着政治、经济、科技等领域的不断变化和飞速发展，出现了许多新事物、新现象。
反映这种变化的语言必须产生新词才能与之相适应, 因此英语中涌现了大量的新词。
这些新词大部分是通过传统构词法形成的,有的是旧词被赋予了新义,有的是外来词和纯杜撰词。
Abstract:English vocabulary has been continually evolving and developing all the time,like any vocabulary in modern languages.Since Word War II,with the rapid development of the field of politics, economy, science and technology ,a lot of new things and new phenomenon has appeared.To reflect this change,neologisms must appear from the language.So lots of neologisms spring up from English.The origin of these neologisms are formed by the traditional word-formation, enriching old words with new meaning, borrowing from other languages and making up the words.关键词：英语新词；社会背景；形成方式；构词法美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达说：“英语的重要特点之一是易于变化。
”(Eugene A．Nida,1982：10)。
浅析英语新词产生的原因
本栏目责任编辑：谢媛媛语言学研究浅析英语新词产生的原因张戈（新疆医科大学语言文化学院，新疆乌鲁木齐830011）提要：英语词汇最基本的特点是变化。
英语语言中大量的新词汇源源不断地涌现出来，英语新词产生的原因很多。
该文从科学技术的发展、社会政治、经济、军事、文化的变化等方面简要评析了英语新词产生的原因。
关键词：英语；英语新词；原因；变化中图分类号：H0文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5039(2014)14-0288-02A Brief Study On Expansions of Neologisms ZHANG Ge(College of Language and Culture,Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830011,China)Abstract:English vocabulary is dynamic rather than static.This paper illustrates a brief analysis on the expansions of the new Eng⁃lish words.We can safely come to the conclusion that many new English words emerged with the development of modern sci⁃ence and technology as well as the change of politics ，economy military,and social life.Key words:English;neologisms;reason;change新词的产生是语言动态发展的必然规律。
现代语言学奠基人之一布龙菲尔德(Bloomfield)在其《语言论》(Language)中,阐释了语言的基本特点。
他认为,“一切语言都是发展的,而不是静止不变的,变化是经常的,也是正常的现象。
英语外来词词源及故事
英语外来词词源及故事
英语中的外来词源非常丰富，主要来自古代希腊语、拉丁语、法语、德语、荷兰语、意大利语、西班牙语等语言。
这些外来词源可以追溯到不同的历史和文化背景，每个词汇都有其独特的故事和渊源。
首先，古希腊语对英语的影响非常深远，许多科学、数学、医学术语都源自希腊语。
比如，“telephone”（电话）来自希腊语中的“tele”（远）和“phone”（声音），意为“远距离声音”。
另外，“music”（音乐）来自希腊语中的“mousike”（艺术），意为“艺术的表达”。
拉丁语也是英语外来词的重要来源，尤其是在宗教、法律、医学和学术领域。
比如，“religion”（宗教）来自拉丁语中的“religio”（虔诚），意为“虔诚信仰”。
另外，“medical”（医学的）来自拉丁语中的“medicus”（医生），意为“医学相关的”。
此外，法语对英语的影响也非常显著，特别是在文学、艺术、饮食和时尚方面。
比如，“literature”（文学）来自法语中的
“littérature”，意为“文字作品”。
另外，“restaurant”（餐馆）来自法语中的“restaurant”，意为“恢复体力”。
除了以上这些语言，德语、荷兰语、意大利语、西班牙语等语言也对英语的外来词汇产生了影响。
比如，“kindergarten”（幼儿园）来自德语中的“Kindergarten”，意为“儿童园地”。
总的来说，英语中的外来词源广泛而丰富，每个词汇都蕴含着丰富的历史和文化内涵。
通过了解这些词源及其故事，我们可以更好地理解和使用英语词汇，也能更好地欣赏不同文化间的交流与融合。
词汇学 浅谈英语新词来源
词汇学浅谈英语新词来源外国语学院本科学生实践课论文浅谈英语新词来源作者系（院）外国语学院专业英语年级学号指导教师论文成绩日期浅谈英语新词来源##（#$%^&**）摘要：当今，科学技术飞速发展，社会政治深入变革，贸易竞争全球化，各种新生事物层出不穷，这些无不影响着人们生活的方方面面，及思维观念的改变。
语言作为一种表达交流工具及文化的载体，亦随人类社会的发展而不断更新，同时折射出那一个时期的社会文化现象。
而英语作为世界上最广泛使用的语言，大量新词应运而生。
本文便从政治因素、汉语影响、青年文化等几个方面浅谈英语新词来源，以积累知识，促进英语学习和思考。
关键词：英语新词；来源一、引言英语词汇的发展变化多受社会政治、经济、文化、科技进步、互联网等方面的影响，或是应需求变化衍生出新词，或是旧词生出新义。
新词的产生需要经过三个演进阶段：（1）不稳定阶段，即新词出现时间不长，在小范围内使用；（2）扩散、普及阶段，即为多数人了解使用但还未被广泛接受；（3）稳定阶段，即被广泛接受并使用。
无论是新词新义，还是旧词新义，它们都是为了适应新的表达需要而充实入英语词汇库中的。
二、政治形势变化多端世界政治形势变化多端，反映其变化的词汇也不断增加。
说到由政治事件产生的英语新词汇，不能不提“-gate”（“门事件”）。
在1972年美国总统竞选中，共和党争取总统连任委员会有关人员潜入华盛顿的水门大厦（Watergate）--民主党全国委员会总部--而被捕，导致美国历史上第一次总统辞职，这就是有名的“水门事件”，Watergate也就在英语中生了根，watergate成为一个普通名词，指“水门事件式的政治丑闻”。
随后-gate由原来的一个简单意义“门”演变出一个组合形式，表示“类似水门事件的丑闻”。
自1988年牵涉了许多美国政府官员的Irangate（伊朗门事件）后，-gate（“门”）又增添了“政治丑闻”、“个人丑闻（尤其是政界要人的丑闻）”之义，如美国士兵虐待伊拉克战俘的Prisonergate（虐囚门事件），英国查尔斯王子与卡米拉桃色新闻被曝光以后出现的Camillagate（卡米拉丑闻）等。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。
例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。
3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。
5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
英语新词的构成及翻译
英语新词的构成及翻译摘要：随着科学技术的发展，大量新词不断出现。
本文从词汇学的角度探讨英语新词的来源，构成特点及翻译技巧以便掌握和积累英语词汇。
关键词：英语新词构成法翻译技巧英语词汇跟任何现代语言的词汇一样，一直在不断地演变发展。
二战以来，随着政治、经济和科技的变化发展，出现了许多新生事物。
这些变化必须有与之相适合的新词，因此英语中涌现了大量的新词（neologisms）。
为了了解英语中的新词，本文拟从新词的产生、发展及翻译等方面作简单的介绍。
一、新词的产生原因1 ．政治的变化。
二战以后，世界政治格局发生了很大的变化，这些变化给英语也增添了不少新词。
如：（冷战）cold war ,(军备竞赛) arm race, (静坐示威) sit-in, (男女平均主义等)feminism等。
2．经济的发展。
随着经济全球一体化的形成，英语中也出现了不少新词。
比如：（世界贸易组织）World Trade Organization, （石油输出国）Organization of Petrol Exporting Countries, 以及与我们位生活息息相关的（自动取款机）Automatic Teller Machine等。
3 ．科技的发展。
尤其近几十年来，科技迅猛发展，各种高科技产品不断问世，大量科技词汇不断涌现并频见于媒体为大众所熟知，如：（因特网）Internet, （电子邮件）E-mail, （万维网）WWW,（克隆）clone 等等。
4 ．文化影响。
教育是社会发展的头等大事，任何国家无一例外，因此英语中也有许多关于教育的新词。
比如：（广播、函授教育）distance education,（电视大学）Open University,（热线）hotline, (脱口秀) talk show 等等二、新词的发展途径。
新词产生的主要途径有创造新词，语义新词，外来词借入等。
1 ．创造新词。
即通过传统的构词法构成新的词汇。
英语新词的概念与来源分析
英语新词的概念与来源分析作者：汤宇来源：《现代交际》2017年第24期摘要：随着社会的发展，大量的英语新词出现，丰富了现有的英语语系，本文就英语新词的概念进行深入的解读，并从几个方面总结英语新词的来源。
关键词：英语新词概念来源中图分类号：H313文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5349（2017）24-0095-01一、英语新词概念英语新词主要是指新创造的词语或者短语。
新词是在社会发展过程中出现的新的语言应用，为了方便区分新词，语言学家一般把新词分为外来语、新造词、旧词新义三种类别。
外来语是指英语本身是没有这个词的，是由于别国的词语传入英语国家而产生的，比如汉语中的“功夫”，英语翻译成Kung fu。
新造词是指运用英语的构词法构建成的新词，例如微软公司的名称Microsoft，就是由micro 和 soft组成。
旧词新义是指原有的词语因为时代的发展而赋予了新的语义，例如Ipad、Windows、mouse等词语，都是由于科技的发展而使它们引申出新的意义。
这三种造词法造出来的词语，达到新词量的80%以上。
二、英语新词的来源英语新词主要以以下几种来源为主：（一）源于政治的新词政治是英语国家永恒的话题，也是英语新词的主要来源之一。
美国的政权更迭往往会创造出新的英语词语。
例如，克林顿任职期间，美国产生了诸如Clintonian，Clintonism，Clintonomics等词语，用来描述克林顿任职期间的风格、政策等。
政治新词的特点是复制力和持久力强。
例如1972年尼克松的水门事件报道中用了Watergate一词，至今gate这个词依然成为各大丑闻的代名词——克林顿与实习生的丑闻Zippergate、布什政府的Prisoner abuse gate 等。
带有gate的词语，基本为贬义词。
（二）源于经济的新词在英语国家，经济也是英语新词的重要来源之一。
经济的全球化带动了各种金融贸易，各国频繁的贸易促进了英语新词的发展。
英语新词发展的原因及途径
英语新词发展的原因及途径一、新词产生的原因1.政治、经济的发展变化二战以后,特别是近年来,世界政坛风云变幻。
这些变幻毫无疑问地给英语语言带来了不少新词。
“由于前苏联和美国两大军事集团的长期对峙,形成了诸如cold war(冷战),arm race(军备竞赛)等新词”。
动荡的世界政局和日趋变革的社会环境也是英语新词的重要来源。
例如,自从二十世纪六十年代初“-in运动”的兴起和发展,这个“新词家族”迅速扩大,比如sit-in(静坐示威),teac h-in(时事宣讲会),be-in(颓废派的社交集会)等,共出现了数十个-in的新词,其演变之快令人惊叹。
其他的政治新词新语如atomic club(原子俱乐部),nuclear arms(核武器),hegemonism(霸权主义)等亦常见于报刊之上。
随着世界经济日趋一体化,大量新的经济贸易组织应运而生;比如Or ganization of Petrol Exporting Countries(石油输出国组织),World Trade Organization (世界贸易组织)等。
欧洲联盟为了加强欧洲经济联合,决定在欧盟各国实行统一的货币政策,因而产生了另一个新词Euro(欧元)。
此外,世界金融危机和工商业的发展也是英语新词的主要来源之一。
revenue sharing(国库分享收入),slumpflation(萧条膨胀),petrodollar(石油美元)等都是近期产生的新词汇。
2.科学技术的进步随着科学技术的日新月异,许多新词新语也自然而然地被创造出来。
英语中的telephone,taxica b,cablegram,radiator,microwave oven等新词都是这样应运而生的。
自20世纪后半期以来,科学技术飞速发展和进步,众多新兴学科涌现出来,如psycholinguistics(心理语言学),behavior science(行为科学),bionics(仿生学)。
浅谈英语新词的来源、构成及发展趋势
浅谈英语新词的来源、构成及发展趋势On the Sources, Formation and Development Tendency of English Neologism摘要本文从新词的来源、构成及发展趋势对英语新词进行讨论。
首先，本文分别从科学信息技术行业，经济、政治和文化领域及借词方面论述了新词汇的来源；其次，本文指出了新词的构成规律，如合成法，词缀法，转换法，首字母缩写法，截取法，拼缀法，逆构法及演变自专有名词的方法；最后，本文提出了新词的发展趋势——数量扩大化，来源多样化，系列化和简洁化。
关键词：新词；来源；构词；发展趋势AbstractThis thesis discusses English neologism in terms of the sources, formation and development tendency of English new words. First of all, with regard to the sources, the new words in the fields of science and technology, economy, politics, culture and loan words are displayed. Secondly, the word-formation rules of English new words are also analyzed, such as compounding, derivation, conversion, acronym, clipping, blending, back-formation and words from proper names. Finally, based on these discussions, we suggest the possible tendency of the development of English new words--increase in quantity, diversity in sources, systematization and simplicity.Keywords: neologism; sources; word-formation; development tendencyContents1.Introduction (1)2.The Sources of English Neologism (1)2.1 Science and technology (2)2.2 Economy (2)2.3 Politics (2)2.4 Culture (3)2.5 Loan words (4)3. The Formation of English Neologism (4)3.1 Compounding (4)3.2 Derivation (5)3.3 Conversion (5)3.4 Acronym (6)3.5 Clipping (6)3.6 Blending (7)3.7 Back-formation (8)3.8 Words from proper names (8)4. The Development Tendency of English Neologism (9)4.1 Increase in quantity (9)4.2 Diversity in sources (9)4.3 Systematization (10)4.4 Simplicity (11)5. Conclusion (11)References (12)1. IntroductionLanguage never stops changing. The changing of language can be seen directly from its words. But what is the definition of new words or neologisms? To answer this question, two aspects should be considered. The first aspect is what new words are, and the second is when they appear and enter into the dictionary. From the above-mentioned aspects, the definition of new words may be described as follows:“Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meanings to fit new situations and new needs because of the social, economic, political, cultural, especially scientific and technical changes in the given period in human society”. (林承璋，刘世平，2009：105）With the development of society, an ever increasing number of new words have come into being. Never before in history has the world seen such an overwhelming number of new words to learn. Therefore, it safely leads us to the conclusion that enlarging your vocabulary with new words is the first and most important step in learning English well. However, to keep up with the latest English vocabulary is especially difficult for Chinese students.This thesis is written in the hope that it can help learners of English as foreign language develop an interest in and appreciation for new words from the aspects of the sources, formation and development tendency of English neologism. This thesis consists of five chapters, which are introduction, the sources of English neologism, the formation of English neologism, the development tendency of English neologism and conclusion.2.The Sources of English NeologismGenerally speaking, language can be divided into two categories, including dead languages, which haven’t been used nowadays, and living languages, which are still used and changing today. Undoubtedly, English belongs to the latter. New words are being invented or introduced due to various social changes from different places. The following part will show the English neologisms in many different fields in the development of society with examples to show how they come into being.2.1 Science and technologyModern science and technology contains many new branches apart from the existing fields. The appearance of new branches in modern science and technology gives rise to a great number of new words.Take a few new words for example. The new word computerist created in 1973 refers to “a person who uses or operates a computer”. The word mouse is an existing word, but now a new sense is added to the word mouse, meaning “a small mobile manual device that controls the movement of the cursor and selection of functions on a computer display”. Also, lots of new words have appeared in other fields in science and technology, such as the new word spacewalk, which means “to move about outside a spacecraft in space” in the outer space field.2.2 EconomyEconomic development is another main source of new words. With the rapid development of economy in the world and the arrival of economy globalization, neologisms in English have appeared in great deal. For instance, EU (European Union), which was founded in 1993, now consists of the former European Economic Community or European Common Market and European Community. In 1975, G-7 (Group ofSeven) was set up by seven countries, including America, Japan, France, UK, German, Italy and Canada. It is to help the seven countries to develop and improve economy in the financial crisis following the World War Two. Likewise, G-20 (Group of Twenty), APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), WTO(World Trade Organization), etc. have appeared one by one.2.3 PoliticsThe past two or three decades have seen a dramatic change in political fields around the world. And the change has undoubtedly produced many new English words related to politics. For instance, the word sit-in, which appeared in 1937, means “an act of occupying seats in a racially segregated establishment in organized protest against discrimination”. Besides, due to the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1992, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) became worldwide known. Moreover, the special policies adopted by some American or British leaders have also added new words to English, such as Thatcherism (Thatcher's policy) and Clintonism (Clinton’s policy). With the emergence of women’s movement, the new word liberation appeared in 1970, which means “a movement seeking equal rights and status for women”, e.g. “women’s liberation”. Another new word womanism appeared in 1984. It refers to “a form of feminism focused especially on the conditions and concerns of black women”.2.4 CultureCulture also plays an important role in producing neologisms. It is universally acknowledged that language is the carrier of culture and culture is a part of a language. Thus, the more colorful the cultural life is,the richer the language will be. Therefore, with the rapid development of the content of social life, a large number of new words have found their occurrence. Hippies, also called “flower children or people”, appearing in the 1960s, are those people who advocate love and peace, struggle against Vietnam War but are negative pacifists. They also take drugs, wear strange clothes and like to live in groups. Likewise, New Yippies--the urban young citizens who have expertise and have good income and Yeepies--the youthful energetic elderly people appeared in the following years.It is widely known that the US is called “the country on the wheel”and the car culture is the main characteristic of this country. Therefore, people often use car brands to represent quality or the rank of their products, like the words Cadillac of Chinese tea, Cadillac of craftsmanship and Rolls-Royce of pianos. All these words have the meaning of “products of high quality”. An American writer once said to reporters, “Publishers only want to print Cadillac names to represent the latest and best news”.2.5 Loan wordsLanguage is an open system. As the international cooperation and exchange around the world have been increasing, a lot of words that come from foreign countries have been coming into English. It is estimated that English loan words (words borrowed from foreign countries) constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. It is quite receptive to foreign linguistic influence. As a report of the British Council puts “To our store of written English, which comprises aninternational heritage of arts and science, notable contributions by those who have learnt English as a new language are common and likely to increase”. (Quirk, 1963: 12) Examples are as follows: Apartheid was first used in South Africa in 1949 to mean “(policy of) racial segregation”; Sputnik, a Russian word, means “man-made satellite”. Other examples are tai chi, jiao zi, tofu, kungfu and typhoon, which all come from Chinese.3.The Formation of English NeologismThere is no denying that English is an active language in generation of new words and English vocabulary has increased dramatically in quantity and in extent. However, the generation of new words is not irregular. On the contrary, there is a lot of regularity in the ways of word formation. In this chapter, we will discuss some of those basic ways by which new words are created, namely, compounding, derivation, conversion, acronym, blending, back-formation and words from proper names.3.1 CompoundingCompounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit or a compound word. Compounding has been a source of new words in English since the earliest times and is particularly common in present-day English. It is estimated today that the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.Compounds can be nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example, backdoor is a noun, which is made up of the word “back” and the word “door”, meaning a door at the back of a house or other building. Adjective hardworking, which consists of “hard” and “working”, means “to work hard”. Verb compounds are housekeep(to keep house), proof-read (to read and correct the printer’s proof), etc.3.2 DerivationDerivation or affixation can be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combing form, to an already existing word. (张韵斐，2010：43）This process allows us to expand our vocabulary without specifically memorizing new words.Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not generally alter the word-class of a word: fair-unfair is a typical example. There are some other productive prefixes including “negative” prefixes: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-; prefixes of attitude: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-; prefixes of time and order: fore-, post-, ex-, re- , and so forth.On the contrary, suffixes usually change the word from one part of speech to another, not the meaning of the word. For example, when -able is added to the word “read”, it forms a new word readable, which means something that can be read. And reader means someone who is reading. Some typical examples of suffixes are:-ist(scientist), -ism (realism), -less (careless) , -ly (happily) and so on. A combining form, however, is a bound morpheme, which is originally a full word in Latin or Greek, such as auto-, hydro-, or tele-, but which now occurs only in derivatives. Thatis they are now mostly attached to full words of general, learned, scientific or technical character to form new words, for example, autobiography, hydromechanics and television.3.3 ConversionConversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. This process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently. For example, the verb attack (as in “The enemy attached us at night”.) corresponds to the noun attack (as in “The enemy launched an attack on us at night”.); and this relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb look (as in “Please look at the blackboard”.) and the noun look (as in “Can I have a look?”)Today the largest number of words formed by conversion is constituted by verbs from nouns. For instance, mail is originally used as a noun (as in “Will you please send the parcel by mail?”), but now it can also be used as a verb (as in “Will you please mail this parcel?”) Other examples are telephone, telegraph and ship. Therefore, a new meaning can be associated with and related to an existing word.3.4 AcronymAcronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization, a scientific term, etc. They are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. Most acronyms are spelled with capital letters, but they rarely appear with periods. When they become very common, they are usually spelled in small letters, such as laser(lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and radar (radio detecting and ranging). If they are proper names, they retain the initial capital. Here are some examples:OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTEFL: Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageUNESCO: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Culture OrganizationNATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.As time goes, some of the words may fall out of use. However, a great number of this kind of words will be added to English vocabulary. There is no doubt that acronyms will remain an important contributor to contemporary English vocabulary.3.5 ClippingThe process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually from a noun), which is also available in its full form. Clipping may be divided into four main types: back clipping, front clipping, front and back clipping and phrase clipping.First of all, the deletion may occur at the end of the word, which is called back clipping. This is the most common type of clipping. For example, ad (=advertisement), homo (=homosexual), auto (=automobile) , champ (=champion) , dorm (=dormitory) and so on. Then, front clipping refers to the deletion occurring at the beginning of the word. Examples are bus (=omnibus), copter (=helicopter), plane (=airplane), quake (=earthquake) and scope (=telescope, microscope, radarscope, etc.). In addition, front and back clipping, it means the deletion occurs at both ends of a word: flu (=influenza) and fridge (=refrigerator). Finally, phrase clipping, this involves the shortening of a phrase, such as Perm (=permanent wave) and pop (=popular music, concert, or record).3.6 BlendingBlending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full forms. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteaus. For example, flush is the combination of fl in the word “flash”and ush in the word “blush”. Likewise, smog is the product of putting sm out of “smoke”and og out of “fog”together. It is widely acknowledged that blends have originated with Lewis Carroll, a British writer, who coined the following blends when he wrote Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, such as chortle (chuckle+snort) and galumph (gallop+triumph).Generally speaking, blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines. It should be noted that though many of them have already achieved popularity in English, they are still considered to be slangs and informal by serious-minded people. As a result of this, frequent use of blends in formal writing is not preferred.3.7 Back-formationBack-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb resurrect was formed from the noun “resurrection”by removing the supposed derivative suffix-ion, and the verb edit was formed from “editor” by dropping the suffix -or. The majority of back-formed words are verbs, for verbs have a particular property to develop around them a number of deverbal nouns, such as the agent noun and the noun of action.Back-formation is one of the traditional sources of new words. Itcontinues to make needed and substantial contributions to English vocabulary, especially to scientific and technical vocabulary. However, back-formations, unless very well established, are considered more appropriately to be used on informal than formal occasions.3.8 Words from proper namesAnother process of word-formation is the coinage of common words from proper names. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen to trademarks, and place names. Some have originated from characters in literature, TV dramas and movies, and some also have derived from book titles.Take Hertz (a unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second) for example. It is a word from a scientist name H. R. Hertz (1857-1894), an eminent German physicist. Similarly, quite a few of our familiar words have derived from the names of places. An example is champagne, a sparkling white wine made in the region of Champagne, France. Also, some trademarks have become common words. A new coinage produced by this way is Mr. Clean (1971, from the trademark of a liquid cleaner), “a person of impeccable morals or reputation especially a politician or other public figure regarded as incorruptible”. Moreover, some common words have derived from literature, TV dramas and movies. From the Bible we get a Judas and a Solomon; from Shakespeare, a Shylock and a Benedick. Another example is Archie Bunker (1972, from the name of a television character in the comedy series All in the Family), meaning “a type of a working-class man who often reacts to social pressures in a bigoted and self-righteous manner”.4.The Development Tendency of English NeologismEnglish is constantly changing. With the development of society, nowadays, an ever increasing number of new words are coming into English. However, the appearance of neologisms is not arbitrary. With more and more new words being born, the tendency of the development of English neologisms can be predicted as follows.4.1 Increase in quantityIt is known that language is the carrier of culture. Therefore, the enhancing cultural standard and the improving living standard have laid a solid basis on which a large number of new words find their occurrence. For example, changes in social outlook and manners of behavior call for new terms such as beatnik and peacenik. Even new culinary agreements demand new labels and in English they have some forth in the form of cheeseburger, hiliburger, mushroomburger, etc. (Anderson, 1973: 132) Besides, the dramatic change in science and technology also gives rise to the appearance of large amounts of English neologisms. Everybody knows the words software, hardware, and multimedia. Similarly, economy and politics contribute to the produce of new words. Therefore, we can predict that English will be enlarged in quantity due to the changing of the aspects discussed above.4.2 Diversity in sourcesEnglish is the most widely used language in the world. It is not only used as the first language in countries like Britain, America, Canada and Australia, but also used as a second language in India, Spain, France, etc. Today, English is the first choice as an official language in communication between countries. Hence, almost every country in the world can offer new words to English. Undoubtedly, English-speakingcountries provide the most new words to English, such as IQ, T-shirt and brainstorm from America. (徐昌和, 2009：226) Other countries such as China and Japan also make contributions to the increase of English neologisms. For example, kanji, which derives from Japanese, refers to a Japanese system of writing that utilizes characters borrowed and adapted from Chinese writing. In a word, with time passing, new words that derive from many different countries will increase continuously.4.3 SystematizationIt is widely known that we have stepped into the “Information Age”. Everyone gets involved in various kinds of information at any time. This is especially true when it comes to the appearance of the Internet.With the increasingly rapid development of the Internet, it has exerted great influence on the way people live and work. As a result, a great deal of new words related to the Internet has been produced due to the wide use of the Internet. Examples are netcomputer, netcitizen, netcop, netgoods, network, netletter, netline, netmeeting, netnews, etc. There also have appeared many new words with the prefix e-, used before another word, which mean “something that is done on or involves the Internet”. E-shopping, e-consumer, e-market, e-marketing, e-book, e-business, e-life, e-cash, e-currency, e-mail, e-text, e-services, e-motion, and e-banking are all such examples.In addition, suffixes -ization/-fication are added to country names to create new words to indicate the important characteristics or situation of a country. Take Iraqification for example. It means America hands over power to Iraq to cut and run.Other similar new words are Finlandization, Vietnamization, Colombianizationm, etc. In a word, we can see an obvious systematic trend of English neologisms through above examples.4.4 SimplicityAs the society grows fast, people have a quicker pace in life and work. So to pursue simplicity becomes a trend, and language is no exception. People want to convey or get the most information within the least time and this need can be satisfied by the simplicity of language. Thus, some new words are created by the process of acronyms. They are now used not only to shorten overly long sentences but also to convey entire sentences. For instance, V-J Day refers to the day on which the fighting with Japan officially ended in the Second World War. For its simplicity and saving time, the use of acronyms is becoming more and more prevalent. It is not only preferred by people who are very busy, but also by those who don’t feel motivated enough to create full sentences at the moment. Actually, it is of great advantages to express the most informative messages in the simplest words and the most efficient linguistic forms and that accounts for its popularity. (Atchison, 1997: 98) Hence, we safely conclude that simplicity of English neologisms cannot be denied and will enjoy much popularity in the future.5.ConclusionWith the advance of modern society, a large number of English new words have been emerging. These new words not only input fresh blood to the English language, but they also exert profound influence on people’s lifestyle. There is no denying that they are pushing people to view language in a new sight. In this thesis, many examples are cited to demonstrate the sources, formation and development tendency of English neologisms. Here this thesis is just a tentative study of English neologisms. Hence, it definitely has imperfections due to the limited timeand research competence. Though human beings have showed a great interest in word formation for thousands of years, there still remain many open issues “in this most secret area of language study”. (Baucer, 1983: 293) Still, there are some areas about English neologisms for further study.References[1] Anderson, J. M. Structural Aspects of Language Change. London: LongmanGroup Limited, 1973.[2] Artchison, Jean. Language Change: Process or Decay? Oxford: Oxford University, 1997.[3] Baucer, Lauire. English Word-formation. London:Cambridge University Press, 1983.[4] Quirk, Randolph. The Use of English. London: Longman, 1963.[5] 临承璋，刘世平.《英语词汇学引论》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2009.[6] 徐昌和.《英语新词新语导论》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2009.[7] 张韵斐.《现代英语词汇学概论》. 北京：北京师范大学出版社，2010.。
浅析英语新词的产生，构成及翻译方法
校园英语 /浅析英语新词的产生，构成及翻译方法天津外国语大学/张夕【摘要】近年来，英语中涌现出许多新词新义，本文着眼于英语新词产生的原因，以及新词的构成和翻译方法三个方面，对英语新词进行梳理与总结归纳，以其寻找出相应的规律，为以后英语词汇的扩充提供借鉴。
【关键词】英语新词 构词法 翻译策略一、前言随着经济全球化的不断发展，英语在世界范围内广泛传播，对世界各国的文化发展产生了重大的影响。
尤其是在近些年，由于网络的普及，以及网络语言的发展，英语也在根据社会发展与自身语言发展的需求不断创造新的词汇。
因此作为一名英语翻译人才，对英语新词的掌握与翻译也就成为英语学习中的应有之义。
二、英语新词产生的原因1.科学技术的巨大进步。
二战结束后，世界范围内科技发展取得了巨大的成就。
科技就意味着创新，随着数学，化学，物理，军事，天文等各个领域的不断发展，各种新物质被发现，各种新鲜事物被创造，急需大量的英语新词来进行定义。
2.社会政治经济与文化的发展。
只要有人类存在，文明便将持续下去，语言文字作为文明产生的标志，就必然要随着社会的不断发展产生各种各样的新词。
各国政治风云变幻，各种政治口号的提出，从冷战的两极分化到新时期的一超多强；经济上从凯恩斯主义到新经济与自由主义；各种文化流派的不断发展，意识流，后现代主义等等。
这些活动都创造出了许许多多的新词新义。
3.旧词新义与其他语言的影响。
英语是一种充满活力的语言，具有十分强的包容性。
随着人类社会的不断发展，许多旧词需要加入新的含义。
与此同时，英语作为一种世界语言，在与他国的文化交流中受到其他语言的影响，必然会产生许多新词。
三、英语新词的构词法1.创新法。
所谓创新法，就是完全创造出一个新的英语词汇，这种方法在英语新词中与其他的构词法相比使用的较少，但是也是不容忽视的。
使用创新法创造的词汇有：(1)Selfie 自拍。
Selfie就是“自拍照”，尤指那些自拍后上传到社交网站的照片。
英语最新词汇的来源及其构词法意义
Vo l.32No .4Apr.2011第32卷第4期2011年4月赤峰学院学报(汉文哲学社会科学版)J o urnal of C hifeng University (S o c.S ci )互联网的普及和信息技术的高速发展带来信息的高速传播和交流方便进行。
越来越多的新事物新信息的产生和传播导致原有的英语词汇已不足以与之相匹配,于是,很多新的英语单词和用法应运而生。
这些新产生的英语单词,一类是新材料和新技术词汇,另一类则为基于某些原有单词和构词法而产生的具有新词义的合成词和派生词等等。
此类新词的产生多为顺应某一现象而为,其是否具有长久的生命力和活跃度尚待观察,可能是昙花一现,也可能在较大范围内长时间流行。
无论何种情形,这些单词的来源及其构词法意义值得探究。
一、来源(一)科技词汇毋庸置疑,科技的发展历来对新词的贡献巨大,而在现今社会,科技的发展速度更为迅猛,由此产生的新词汇较历史上任一时期都为丰富。
尤其是计算机及电脑技术为新词汇的出现贡献更大,例如meg abyte (兆字节),g ig abyte (千兆字节),Co urseware (课件)等,另如netboo k (上网本);还有其他学科的新技术新发明也会导致新词汇的产生,如天文方面的纳米卫星(Nano-S atellite )、皮米卫星(P ico -satellite )和飞米卫星(Fem to -satellite )。
总之,科技的发展在词汇的产生方面功不可没,在历史上的任何时期,科技的进步都会影响到词汇的发展。
如今,科技词汇发展出现的另一特点是,科技词汇越来越多地应用到实际生活中,成为比较常用的普通词汇。
如epidemic 本是医学上的流行病,现在也有传播蔓延快的、或是(风尚等的)流行之意。
Bug 在计算机用语中指漏洞、缺陷,现在这个词也被人们用来描述出现的小错误和漏洞,并不只局限于计算机用语。
科技的发展带来的不仅是新理论新词汇的出现,更多的是新技术的应用。
关于英语新词汇的产生原因与构成形式研究
关于英语新词汇的产生原因与构成形式研究【关键词】英语新词汇，产生原因，构词形式【摘要】英语新词汇的发展速度可以用“日新月异”来概括。
科学技术的突飞猛进，社会、政治和经济的迅速发展，国际交流的日趋频繁和人们社会生活的丰富多彩，使英语词汇更为丰富，英语语言的生命力也更加旺盛和强大。
作为一名英语教师平时应多留意英语词汇发展的新动向，多向学生介绍一些新词汇的构词特点和规律，帮助学生了解新词汇，认识新词汇，这将有利于扩展学生英语学习的视野，提高学生英语词汇的运用能力。
语言是社会生活的反映和表现形式，词汇是语言最敏感、最活跃的因素。
社会生活的发展变化必然伴之以语言和词汇的丰富和发展。
英语作为世界上使用范围最广的语言，随着科学的发展和社会的进步，它在词汇方面也有了很大的发展。
大量新词的出现和运用使英语的表达能力大大加强，形式也变得更加丰富，因而更能适应新观念和新发展。
一、英语新词汇的产生原因英语新词汇产生的原因很多，其来源非常广泛，概括起来有以下几个方面：（一）科学技术突飞猛进。
现代科学技术的发展给人类带来了很多新的概念，也为新词的产生提供了广阔的空间。
首先，IT （InformationTechnology信息技术/资讯科学，包括计算机业、网络业等）技术的迅猛发展不仅给世界各国人民带来了生产生活方式上的极大变革，还涌现了大量的英语新词汇。
例如，laserPrinter（激光打印机），penputer/pentop/notepad（笔触式计算机），cyberchat（网上聊天），GSM：globalsystemformobilecommunications（全球通），kidware（儿童软件）等。
其次，随着太空技术的发展，英语中也出现了一些相应的新词。
如，spacesickness（太空病），spaceage（太空时代），blackhole（太空黑洞），softlanding（软着陆），moonwalk（月球行走）等。
英语新词是怎样形成的
作者： 黄河清
出版物刊名： 语言教育
页码： 2-5页
主题词： 英语新词;犯罪集团;商标名称;雷达回波;首字母缩写词;Angel;现在分词;缩略词;笔语;humor
摘要：<正> 英语从许多领域中得到了新的词汇,有些还是相当新的,然而这些新词的极大部分是用几种早已确定的方法创造的或派生的。
事实上并非所有新词是完全新的。
旧词常被赋予新义,以适应新的情形。
例如,Angel(守护神)原是神名,现在还用于一种看不到的物体所引起的雷达回波。
Mafia(黑手党)原指秘密犯罪集团;现在用法巳扩大,任何帮会都可以叫做mafia(社会黑帮)。
有些新词不是新在结构上,而是新在功能上。
如品词的转换。
名词update“(一种供电子计算机使用的)最新情报”,是从动词update(〈通过修订、。
浅析英语新词的来源
浅析英语新词的来源
石小红;石晶
【期刊名称】《佳木斯大学社会科学学报》
【年(卷),期】2010(028)001
【摘要】词汇是语言中最活跃、最敏感的因素,社会的变化和发展必然使之发展.由于新事物、新观念、新思想、新问题的出现而注入的词汇称为新词.英语作为世界上使用最广泛的语言,有大量的新词涌入.这些新词对于英语学习者来说是一个很大的挑战.因此,本文探究了英语新词的主要来源,以此来激发英语学习者的兴趣,扩大词汇量,更加熟练地运用英语.
【总页数】2页(P140-141)
【作者】石小红;石晶
【作者单位】佳木斯大学,外国语学院,黑龙江,佳木斯,154007;佳木斯大学,外国语学院,黑龙江,佳木斯,154007
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H313
【相关文献】
1.文化视角下的英语新词来源探究 [J], 肖亚娟
2.浅析英语新词的来源 [J], 李曙英
3.社会语言学视角下英语新词来源理据与展望 [J], 董秀丽
4.英美媒体英语新词来源构成分析 [J], 牛书田
5.浅析以中国文化为来源的英语新词 [J], 金丽丽;孙淑女
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英语新词的概念与来源研究
随着信息时代的到来，新词汇不断涌现，让人们感到无以穷尽。
英语新词的概念与来源的研究，既具有理论价值，也具有现实意义。
本文将从新词的概念入手，探讨英语新词汇的来源、分类和评价等问题。
一、新词的概念
新词是指新出现的词汇，它的产生代表着社会的不断发展。
新词不是简单地指一些不认识的生词或外来词，更多的是指那些融入了当时社会文化、技术、经济、政治、环境等方面的现实需求而形成的词汇，也反映了人们思想、语言的发展和变化。
新词的产生主要有以下几种来源：
1.新事物词：随着科技的快速发展，科学家们创造了许多新事物，需要给它们命名，这就产生了很多新的词汇，如"smartphone"、"3D printing"、"selfie"等。
2.流行词：流行文化影响着人们的日常生活，这些文化现象的
新词汇经常出现，如"twerking"、"meme"、"YOLO"等。
3.社交媒体：随着社交媒体的兴起，人们融入社交媒体的生活
方式，新的网络社交方式涌现，如"hashtags"、"likes"、"vlogging"等。
二、新词的分类
新词主要可以分为几个大类：
1.技术术语类：这是新词的一个重要来源，主要指与科技、信息技术、网络技术、生命科学等领域相关的术语。
2.流行语类：这是新词的常见来源，指对新生事物和文化现象的命名和描述。
3.国际化类：这类词汇多与国际交往、外来文化和国际关系相关，如"BIG5countries"、"G20"等。
4.口语类：口语词汇是源自人们的口语交流中的新词，反应了当下社会的生产、生活、文化等方面的发展和变化。
5.网络类：网络词汇是指源自互联网与移动互联网的新词。
与传统词汇相比，它们的产生速度快，流行周期短，使用领域广泛。
三、新词的评价
有些新词汇可谓是“会呆萌，会流行，不会死”(cute, popular, and immortal)，而有些新词汇则不具备这样的特征。
新词的评价通常从以下几个方面来考虑：
1.使用频率：新词汇的使用频率和流行程度是其能否传承和发展的重要判断标准。
2.时机：新词汇通常是对时代的反应，因此对于适应当时环境的新词汇需要及时说明和普及，才能达到最好的效果。
3.易记性：新词汇需要易于记忆和念出，否则很难成为人们的语言习惯。
4.文化含义：新词汇需要有其特定的文化内涵，能够反映出特定时期的社会、文化、经济等情况。
综上，英语新词汇的产生是社会发展的必然结果，它既反映了当今时代的新变化，也推动着社会发展的进程。
对于英语新词和语言学家来说，研究新词汇的来源、分类和评价等问题具有重要的理论和实践意义。