武大历年考博试题
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
武汉大学考博英语-12
武汉大学考博英语-12(总分：71.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.00)Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court"s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most .selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education"s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. "We"re talking about admission programs, scholarships, any program only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different," says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they"ll take their case to voters. "We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box," says University of California regent Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of California"s Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday"s ruling had no practical impact in the state. "It may be time for us to let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions," Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushes stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will "continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions". Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O"Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admission officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. "Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate", says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday"s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admission officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admission policies, many say they don"t expect significant changes.（分数：7.50）(1).What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ______.（分数：1.50）A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented √B.minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC.different standards for admitting minority students should be set upD.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discrimin--atory policies 解析：不应当实施基于种族的录取政策。
武汉大学刑法学博士入学考试1999—2013年试题(含参考书目)
武汉大学刑法学博士入学考试1999—2013年试题(含参考书目）(2013-03-19 23:12:58)转载▼武汉大学刑法学博士入学考试1999—2013年试题(含参考书目）整理者：吴情树博主按每年都有人咨询我考武汉大学刑法博士应该看哪些参考书目，历年来都考了哪些题目，应该如何准备复习等考试问题。
2010年武汉大学博士入学考试于3月14日结束，我委托的学生李婕同学把刚刚考完的刑法题目发给我。
2011年11月24日，我利用来武大参加博士论文答辩的时间，让我2010级的师弟吕伟同学帮忙打听今年的博士入学考题。
2012年武汉大学的博士入学考试于3月18日结束，3月19日我又收到了吕伟同学给我发来的2012年刑法学博士入学考题。
今年武大博士考试已于3月17日结束，我的一位学生赖隹文同学也参加了今年刑法学博士的入学考试，临行前，我委托他帮忙记下并发给我，他考完试后回到华大就将今年的考题发给我。
现在我将武汉大学法学院刑法学14年来的博士入学考试的真题进行汇编，并传到我的博客，希望对那些有志于成为武汉大学马家军弟子的考生有所帮助。
在此，要感谢对这些试题的汇编作出贡献的马家军弟子们！尤其是李婕师妹、吕伟师弟、赖隹文同学的贡献。
在我毕业之后，他继续关注武大法学院刑法学博士入学考题的收集，这些对于那些欲将成为马家军弟子的考生们是一件功德无量的善事，值得坚持做下去。
当然，为了能够顺利考上刑法学博士生，单纯复习这几本刑法书是远远不够的，希望各位网友能够认真阅读近年来在《法学研究》、《中国法学》、《中外法学》等法律核心期刊上刊登的刑法学术论文，了解刑法学最前沿的知识，关注最新的刑法立法动态。
2013年一、中国刑法学（一）简答题（每道10分）1.述评我国刑法中关于老年人犯罪及其刑事责任的规定。
2.关于我国刑法中的禁制令的法律性质及司法适用。
3.《刑法修正案（八）》第九条将《刑法》第68条第二款“犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的，应当减轻或者免除处罚”的规定删除，对这一立法修改作述评。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFriction between America’s military and its civilian overseers is nothing new. America’s 220-year experiment in civilian control of the military is a recipe for friction. The nation’s history has seen a series of shifts in decision-making power among the White House, the civilian secretaries and the uniformed elite(精英). However, what may seem on the outside an unstable and special system of power sharing has, without a doubt, been a key to two centuries of military success. In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a continual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of the Constitution sought to clarify things by making the president the “commander in chief.”Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across the Alleghenies to quell(镇压)the Whiskey Rebellion has a sitting president taken command in the field. Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct command. The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it. In the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton handled administrative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred(顺从)to his generals. But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War Order No. 1—explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, George B. McClellan in particular, bridled at his hands-on direction. But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right. His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant. The relationship between the president and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the president’s political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his part, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invited. The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War I. Not until World War II did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, who had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington.1．According to the author, the system of power sharing between the White House and the generals _____.A．is unstable and strangeB．is a guarantee for American military successC．has caused a series of quarrelsD．undermines the bases Of American military power正确答案：B解析：文章开头就指出，美国军界及其文职上司的矛盾由来已久，但是这个貌似脆弱的分享权力的体系，却是二百多年来美国军事胜利的保障。
武汉大学考博英语-9
武汉大学考博英语-9(总分：86.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.50)The geology of the Earth"s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs--atmosphere, continent, and ocean--we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water ______.（分数：2.00）A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing from a solid to a liquid stateC.evaporating from the oceans √D.being carried by wind解析：根据短文，云层主要是靠海洋中的水蒸发而成的。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will______.A．pull backB．pull upC．pull throughD．pull out正确答案：C解析：动词pull均可与选项中的介词搭配。
四个词组的意义分别为：pull back 表示“把……向后拉，反悔，(使)撤退，紧缩开支”；pull up“拔起，停下，阻止”；pull through“渡过难关；脱离危险期，恢复健康(=pull round)”；pull out“(火车)离站；撤离，离开”。
根据前半部分的“condition(病，疾病)”可知本题选C。
知识模块：词汇2．The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.A．ignitedB．immersedC．emittedD．hugged正确答案：C解析：vomit的意思是“吐出，喷出”，在句中的意思是“排放浓烟”。
emit “释放，放出”与它的意思相近，如：The tail exhaust pipe of the motor vehicle emitted poisonous smoke．(机动车的尾部排气管排出有毒的浓烟。
)ignite“点燃”，immerse“浸入”，hug“拥抱”都不符合句意，因此正确答案为C。
知识模块：词汇3．After several nuclear disasters, a_____has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A．quarrelB．suspicionC．verdictD．controversy正确答案：D解析：空格意思是：经过多次核灾难后，展开了一场关于核能源安全性的辩论。
武汉大学考博英语-4.doc
武汉大学考博英语-4(总分：94.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Ⅱ Vocabulary(总题数：17，分数：21.50)1.The suggested causes of a given phenomenon cannot always be independently observed, and so it is hard to ______ the possibility of there being explanations alternative to the one proposed.A. account forB. rule outC. guard againstD. do with（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Can't you speak more ______ to your parents?A) respectably B) respectingly C) respectively D) respectfully（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.The technology exists to complement and______ the human mind.A. amplifyB. enrichC. stretchD. enhance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.4.Confucianism has evolved into a culture of rationalistic traditionalism, a combination of traditional ______ and group virtues with a pragmatism shaped by the conditions of a new competitive environment.A. helmB. assaultC. filialD. derivation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.The man went to prison, but the two boys ______ with a warning.A. took offB. got offC. kept offD. set off（分数：1.00）A.B.C.6.With its anti-terrorism campaign taking ______ over anything else, the government is extending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.He used to play badminton with you, ______ ?A. didn't heB. used heC. did heD. hadn't he（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.Some people think it's ______ to smoke with a cigarette holder,A. flexibleB. sophisticatedC. versatileD. productive（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.Signs of aging are unavoidable, ______ of particular interest to cosmetic companies.A. but those that can be disguised areB. but those can be disgused areC. but that can be disguised isD. but all one that can be disguised is（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.As the ______ to the general strike the management promised to increase the workers' payment.A. successionB. concessionC. permissionD. pledge（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.11.The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ______ were often more effective than military might.A. artificeB. strengthC. wisdomD. beauty（分数：0.50）A.C.D.12.A full ______ of all the reasons for and against closing the railway has begunA. explosionB. explorationC. exploitationD. explanation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to threw around. "It's iniquitous," they say, "that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies arc making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pays."The poor old consumer. He would have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is just because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives large from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing-machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too] Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway by-laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price !Another thing we shouldn't forget is the "little ads", which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community ! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For example, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is!（分数：8.00）(1).An argument made by critics of advertisers is that______A. advertising makes contribution to the pockets.B. readers claim they never read advertisements.C. advertising may entail a price rise for goods.D. little ads invariably appeal to baser instincts.（分数：2.00）B.C.D.(2).The author mentions the example of a washing-machine to justify______A. informativeness of ads.B. credulity of consumers.C. deception of companies.D. techniques of advertisers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The writer seems to think that critics' judgment on the role of advertising is______A. reasonable.B. unfair.C. superficial.D. foolish.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word "drab" (Paragraph 3) might mean______A. impressive.B. nonconformist.C. insightful.D. unappealing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.13.Because of a recent obstacle in production, sales have dropped and accordingly profits have ______.A. declinedB. increasedC. brokenD. maintained（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.A. nutritionB. sanitationC. nurseryD. welfare（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.[A] put him through [B] turned him out [C] gave him up [D] cut him short（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.16.Thousands of people ______ from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A. emigrateB. leaveC. abandonD. immigrate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：7，分数：42.50)War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earth's surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services. Such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became "civilized", but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor--control over people as slaves or levies for the victor's army, and there was the productive capacity--agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem. War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered war to be ______.A. a valid tool of national policyB. an immoral act of aggressionC. economically wasteful and socially unfeasibleD. restricted in scope to military participants（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author most likely places the word "civilized” in quotation marks (in paragraph 2) in order to ______.A. show dissatisfaction at not having found a better wordB. acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another sourceC. express irony that war should be a part of civilizationD. raise a question about the value of war in modernized society（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a premodernized society EXCEPT ______.A. possibility of material gainB. total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territoryC. potential for increasing the security of the nationD. desire to capture productive farming lands（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The tone of the passage could best be described as ______.A. outraged and indignantB. scientific and detachedC. humorous and wryD. concerned and optimistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Battles are like marriages. They have a certain fundamental experience they share in common; they differ infinitely, but still they are all alike. A battle seems to me a conflict of will with death in the same way that a marriage of love is the identification of two human beings to the end of creation of life--as death is the reverse of life, and love of hate. Battles are commitments to cause death as marriages are commitments to create life. Whether, for any individual, either union results in death or in the creation of life, each risks it--and in the risk commits himself. As the servants of death, battles will always remain horrible. Those who are fascinated by them are being fascinated by death. There is no battle aim worthy of the name except that of ending all battles. Any other conception is, literally, suicidal. The fascist worship of battle is a suicidal drive; it is love of death instead of life.In the same idiom, to triumph in battle over the forces which are fighting for death is-- again literally--to triumph over death. It is a surgeon's triumph as he cuts a body and bloodies his hands in removing a cancer in order to triumph over death that is in the body.In these thoughts I have found my own peace, and I return to an army that fights death and cynicism in the name of life and hope. It is a good army. Believe in it.（分数：4.00）(1).Although the author says that battles are horrible, he also says that ______.A. most people find fascination in themB. there is no battle aim worthy of the nameC. one should love life and not deathD. fighting to end battles is justifiable（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author states that one who fights a battle toward any end other than peace is ______.A. tainted by fascismB. misguided and unworthyC. victimized by unconscious drives to killD. bent on his own destruction（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The article says that the individual, in battle and in marriage, must ______.A. make a unionB. compromise his beliefsC. take the risks he has committed himself toD. recognize that death is the reverse of life（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The article says that a surgeon can triumph when he ______.A. performs a successful operationB. triumphs over the bodyC. removes a cancerD. cuts out that which is life-destroying（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society make it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. today, hardly anybody would dare to voice the principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the law of nature or by those of society. The opinions are outdated, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility. In all western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, in other words, one can claim this substance minimum without having to have any "reason". I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouragement of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness. In human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would be sufficiently interesting and attractive in order to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject if; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonalrelationships in every sphere of daily life.（分数：6.00）(1).People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to ______ .A. the slow development of the economyB. the poor and jobless people's own faultsC. the lack of responsibility on the part of the societyD. the large number of people who were not well-educated（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Now it is widely accepted that ______ .A. the present system of social insurance should be improvedB. everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any "reason"C. everybody has the right to share the wealth of countryD. people have to change their attitude towards the poor（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author argues that the social insurance system should ______ .A. provide benefits for the old, sick and unemployedB. encourage people to take on more social obligationsC. guarantee everybody the right to be employedD. provide everyone/he right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word "fallacy" means ______ .A. doubtB. factC. strong argumentD. wrong belief（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum ______ .A. demands too much from societyB. makes freedom of contract impossibleC. helps people take interest in their workD. helps bring about changes in the relationship among people（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).In the fourth sentence of first passage, the word "outdated" can be best replaced by ______ .A. UnacceptableB. BannedC. Old-fashionedD. Rejected（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care atthe End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual an forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twi problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a medicare billing code for hospital-base care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiative translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering", to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear.., that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension".（分数：7.50）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.A. doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB. it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC. the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD. patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B. Modern medicine has assisted terminally iii patients in painless recovery.C. The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D. A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is______.A. prolonged medical proceduresB. inadequate treatment of painC. systematic drug abuseD. insufficient hospital care（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive"?A. Bold.B. Harmful.C. Careless.D. Desperate.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.A. manage their patients incompetentlyB. give patients more medicine than neededC. reduce drug dosages for their patientsD. prolong the needless suffering of the patients（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.17.______ any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.A. Take the most ofB. Keep the most ofC. Have the most ofD. Make the most of（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of thenineteenth century. As the population grew, its makeup also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility-- downward as well as upward--touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three-quitters of the population--in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West--changed their residence of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West--changed their residence each decade. As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society," and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded." Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home. In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household lost many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a haven of tranquility and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.（分数：8.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The economic development of the United States in the eighteenth century.B. Ways in which economic development led to social changes in the United States.C. Population growth in the western United States.D. The increasing availability of industrial jobs for women in the United States.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, the economy of the United States between 1820 and 1900 was ______.A. expandingB. in sharp declineC. stagnateD. disorganized（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, as the nineteenth century progressed, the people of the United States ______.A. emigrated to other countriesB. often settled in the WestC. tended to change the place in which they livedD. had a higher rate of birth than ever before（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following best describes the society about which David Donald wrote?A. A highly conservative society that was resistant to new ideas.B. A society that was, undergoing fundamental change.C. A society that had been gradually changing since the early 1700'sD. A nomadic society that was starting permanent settlements.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McGuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day."I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times," she said.Experts say email and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates."They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes)," said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C. "They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty."Ironically, Baron's latest book, "Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading," became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. "People used to lose their jobs over this," she said. "And now they just say 'whatever'.""Whatever" describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. "Computer has spoiled us," she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. "They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that," Henderson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit their purpose. She emphasizes that there's the informal language of an email to a friend, but there's also the well thought out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just email and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits. Society as a whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adults do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.（分数：8.00）(1).According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her students' writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.（分数：1.00）A.B.。
武汉大学分子生物学2004年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：分子生物学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（6 选 5） 1.Poly A 和 Poly A signal 2.终止密码子和终止子 3.Operon 和 Operater 4.cis 调控和 trans 调控 5.琥珀突变和琥珀校正 6.ftRNAmet 和 tRNAmet(met 上标） 二：判断改错（1X20’） 略 三：选择填空（2X10’） 略 四：简答题（第 1 题 12’，2～7 题选 4 题，4X7’） 1.克隆了一个新基因，设计实验证明该基因内含 4 个 intron 2.列出真核基因 5’-上游激活基因转录的元件并详细介绍 3.比较原核和真核热休克基因转录起始机制 4.SD 序列和 Kozak 序列分别予以介绍 5.翻译延伸中有两个反式因子 EF.TU 和 EF.TS 参与，需 ATP 水解提供能量， 简述 GTP?GDP 循环机制 6.试述核型 intron 拼接中 spliceosome 的形成及拼接简单机制 7.简述转录因子 Leucine Zipper Protein 的结构和功能
武汉大学经济类博士研究生入学考试历年试卷题目
博士生入学考试西方经济学试题1999年一、简答题1、比较一般均衡与局部均衡的分析方法，并说明二者在微观经济学不同部分中的应用。
2、试述垄断竞争条件下产量与价格的决定。
3、简述AS－AD模型的内容和政策含义。
4、结合我国当前实际，简析刺激需求政策的理论基础，手段和作用。
二、论述题试述微宏观经济学产生和发展的梗概及其特点2000年一、简答题1．试分别用基数效用论和序数效用论解释需求定律。
2．试述委托－代理理论及其对我国国企改革的意义。
3．试运用AD－AD模型解释失业与通货膨胀的各种关系。
4．试述蒙代尔－弗莱明模型的内容与含义。
二、论述题1．试述不同市场形态（完全竞争、完全垄断和垄断竞争）下厂商产量与价格的决定及其意义。
2．试述凯恩斯主义与货币主义在货币理论与货币政策上的异同。
2001年：一、简答题1．怎用用序数效用论分析收入效应与替代效应（用图形说明）？吉芬商品的收入效应与替代效应有何特点？2．何谓价格歧视？实行价格歧视需要那些条件？价格歧视有哪几种形式？其经济意义何在？3．什么是古诺模型？它与纳什均衡有何关系？4．如何理解GDP或GNP的两种方法？为何在国民收入核算中使用恒等式：C+S+T≡C+I+G+NX，而在宏观经济分析时使用等式：C+S+T=C+I+G+NX？二者的区别何在？5．AS曲线的斜率是如何决定的？有哪几种形式？各有何几何含义？6．什么是货币供给函数和货币需求函数?用图形表示货币市场均衡，并说明其政策含义？二、论述题1．市场为什么会失灵？解决市场失灵的办法有哪些？2．从西方国家20世纪30年代的“大萧条”到70年代的“滞胀”，再到90年代的“新经济”，如何引起宏观经济学理论和政策上的变革？怎样评价这一演变过程。
2002年一、简答题1．试用微观经济学的有关理论简要分析农产品价格支持的经济效应。
2．何谓垄断的社会成本？政府应如何对付自然垄断问题？3．简要评论解决环境问题的几种方法。
4．为什么说“S=I”是宏观经济稳定看得一个基本条件？为什么通常情形是“S≠I”？你对当前我国储蓄过剩（S＞I）现象，有何对策建议？5．什么是积极的财政政策？有何作用？它如何导致财政风险和金融风险？你如何评价1998年以来我国所实行的积极财政政策？6．什么是“供给冲击”？如何制定供给管理政策，并与需求管理政策相协调？二、论述题1．信息不对称如何导致市场失灵？试概述关于信息不对称问题的主要理论模型，并评述解决信息不对称问题的办法。
武汉大学考博英语-6
武汉大学考博英语-6(总分：89.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.00)And researchers say that like those literary romantics Romeo and Juliet, they may be blind to the consequences of their quests for an idealized mate who serves their every physical and emotional need.Nearly 19 in 20 never-married respondents to a national survey agree that "when you marry you want your spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost", according to the State of Our Unions: 2001 study released Wednesday by Rutgers University.David Popenoe, a Rutgers sociologist and one of the study"s authors, said that view might spell doom for marriages."It really provides a very unrealistic view of what marriage really is," Popenoe said. "The standard becomes so high, it"s not easy to bail out if you didn"t find a soul mate."The survey points to a fundamental dilemma in which younger people want more from the institution of marriage while they seemingly are unwilling to make the necessary commitments.The survey also suggests that some respondents expect too much from a spouse, including the kind of emotional support rendered by same-sex friends. The authors of the study also suggest that the generation that was polled may more quickly leave a margin because of infidelity than past generations.Popenoe said the poll, conducted by the Gallup organization, is the first of its kind to concentrate on people in their 20s. A total of 1,003 married and single young adults nationwide were interviewed by telephone between January and March. The margin of error was plus or minus four percentage points.Respondents said they eventually want to get married, realize it"s a lot of work and think there are too many divorces. They believe there is one right person for them out there somewhere and think their own marriages won"t end in divorce.Since the poll is the first of its kind, researchers say it is impossible to say if expectations about marriage are changing or static.But scholars say the search for soul mates has increased over the last generation--and the last century--as marriage has become an institution centering on romance rather than utility. "one hundred years ago, people married for financial reasons, for tying families together, they married for political reasons," said John DeLamater, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin. "And most people had children."Those conditions are no longer the case for young adults like David Asher, a 24-year-old waiter in a Trenton cafe who has been in a relationship for about two years. He wants to wait to make sure he"s ready to exchange vows."I know a lot of it has to do with financial reasons," he said. "Maybe if you"re going to have children, marriage is the best bet."But the main reason for matrimony: "If you"re in love with someone, it"s sort of like promising to them you are in love.""That"s all well and good," said Heather Helms-Erikson, an assistant professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. "But passion--partly in endorphin- caused physiological phenomenon--has been known to diminish in time."（分数：7.50）(1).What"s the best title of this passage?（分数：1.50）A.Marriage Scholars Worry Search for "Soul Mates" is Unrealistic √B.People Should Seek for Romeo and JulietC.Marriage Should Happen between Soul MatesD.Search for "soul Mates" Should be Superseded by Reality解析：[解析] 本题中，B、C两项与文章的意思相反；D项与文章的意思不相符。
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionWe are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry(采石场)and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a sell-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe-fleetingly-individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in itself. Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to —or feel we should try to —make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of Establishment(代表官方), however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest(既得利益)in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1．According to the passage, the mass media present us with______.A．insufficient diversity for informationB．too restricted a view of lifeC．a wide range of facts and opinionsD．a critical assessment of our society正确答案：C解析：本题可参照第一段的开头两句。
武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题（民商法专业）
武汉⼤学博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题（民商法专业）武汉⼤学博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题（民商法专业）1999年⼀、⽐较民商法1、德国公司法与英国公司法⽐较及其对中国公司⽴法的借鉴2、我国三个合同单⾏法与新的统⼀合同法⽐较（变动地⽅及其原因）3、两⼤法系民商法的差异及其发展趋势⼆、外国民商法1、罗马法中的债的界定、分类及其对后世⽴法⽅法的意义2、论法国公司法3、英美财产信托制度的概念、特征及其功能三、中国民商法1、社会主义市场经济对传统民商法理念的突破2、论民法的调整对象及其对象的调整3、⼗五⼤中的治国⽅略与经济改⾰⽬标对中国民商法发展的意义2000年⼀、中国民商法1、评民商合⼀与民商分离的利弊2、债转股的法律探析3、论质权⼆、外国民商法1、论德国的物权⾏为理论2、从诚信原则评述瑞⼠民法典的国情特点3、评析英美合同法中的对价制度三、⽐较民商法1、两⼤法系信托制度的⽐较2、中、⽇、德公司法代表机关制度⽐较3、⼤陆法系占有概念的⽐较2001年⼀、中国民商法1、21世纪民商法⾯临挑战，中国民商法学者⾯临挑战，应做哪些⼯作2、中国民法的⼈本精神——从⼈权、⼈格权、⼈⾝权的⾓度阐述3、民法典编撰模式的⼏种观点及其评价，试论我国民法典的制定⼆、外国民商法1、法国民法典所确⽴的基本原则及其意义2、德国民法物权理论的体系及特⾊3、英美信托的实质、体系、特征及其功能三、⽐较民商法1、⼤陆与港、澳、台地区民商法律传统的⽐较2、⽐较英美商法的异同3、概念辨析（1）所有权保留与让与担保（2）信托与⾏纪（3）⼈格和权利能⼒（4）预期违约与不安抗辩2002年⼀、中国民商法（⼀）概念辨析1、民事法律关系与民事权利义务关系2、⾏为本位与资源本位3、信⽤保证与信⽤保险4、合同⾃由与合同⾃愿（⼆）简答题1、论法⼈⼈格与法⼈权利能⼒，兼评我国民法的制定2、评述民法典制定的两种思想倾向——理想主义与现实主义（三）“我”的民法观——从民法原则的蜕变看21世纪的民法⼆、外国民商法（⼀）试述⽇本股份公司的资本三原则（⼆）依英美合同法的善意义务阐释下列案件是否违约及其理由。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷33(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionAs a business model, the world of publishing has always been a somewhat sleepy enclave, but now all that seems poised to change. Several companies have moved aggressively into a new business endeavor whose genesis comes from the question: Who owns the great works of literature? Text-on-demand is not a completely new idea, of course. In the 1990s, the Gutenberg project sought volunteers to type literary classics that had expired copyrights into word processing files so that scholars would have searchable databases for their research. Most of the works of Shakespeare, Cervantes, Proust, and Moliere were to be found free online by as early as 1995. However, now large-scale companies have moved into the market, with scanners and business plans, and are looking for bargain basement content. These companies are striking deals with libraries, and some publishers, to be able to provide their content, for a price, to individual buyers over the Internet. At stake are the rights to an estimated store of 30 million books, most of which are now out of print. Many of these books are now also in the public domain, giving any company the right to sell them online. Still, a good portion of the books a general audience want to buy is still under copyright. The urgent question:Who owns those copyrights? In the case of all too many books put out more than 20 years ago by now-defunct publishing companies, the answer is unclear—a situation the new text-on-demand companies are eager to exploit. An association of publishers has sued, claiming massive copyright infringement. The case is several years away from trial.1．The primary purpose of the passage is to______.A．present the results of a statistical analysis and propose further studyB．explain a recent development and explore its consequenceC．identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address itD．outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them正确答案：B解析：短文的主要目的是解释最新的一种发展趋势并探讨它的后果。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷12(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．We’ve______sugar. Ask Mrs. Jones to lend us some.A．run away withB．run out ofC．run offD．run down正确答案：B解析：A项run away with意为“与……一起跑掉，不受约束”；B项run out of意为“用完；从……奔出”；C项run off为“跑掉，迅速写出”；D项run down 意为“往下跑，健康衰退”。
只有B项适合，为本题的正确答案。
知识模块：词汇2．Recently the car factory had to carry out personnel______because of financial trouble.A．cutsB．demandsC．reductionsD．orders正确答案：A解析：A项“裁员”；B项“需求”；C项“减小”；D项“订单”。
知识模块：词汇3．The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ______ prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.A．wasB．was calledC．callingD．being正确答案：D解析：后半句是独立结构，是one man的同位语。
A、B用了动词形式，不可；C项应为被动语态。
4．Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuingthe victims.A．encouragedB．hinderedC．nullifiedD．crowned正确答案：B5．Since neither side was ready to______ what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in 1980.A．precedeB．recedeC．concedeD．intercede正确答案：C解析：原句意思是“由于双方都不愿意——和平的必要条件，1980年他们之间又恢复了敌对状态”。
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2007年武汉大学世界史考博试题
世界近代史
一、简答题（每题10分）
1、“价格革命”对欧洲产生了什么影响？
2、欧洲宗教改革后，罗马天主教是如何应对的？采取了什么措施？产生了什么效果？
3、简要分析英国克伦威尔护国公制的实质及表现形式
4、俄国彼得大帝是如何向西方学习，使俄国摆脱落后地位的？
5、日本明治维新的三大基本国策是什么？产生了什么影响？
二、论述题（每题25分）
1、欧洲近代早期，英国和法国在逐步成为主权国家的过程中有何相同和不同？这些相同和不同对这些国家的历史产生了什么影响？
2、你如何看待俾斯麦在德国历史上的地位？通过以上对俾斯麦的历史分析，谈谈你对“时势”与“英雄”的关系。
世界现当代史
一、简答题（每题15分）
1、1921年英苏《临时贸易协定》是在什么背景下签订的?产生了什么影响？
2、简述20世纪30年代日本发动侵略的国内外原因。
3、简述“非洲统一组织”的建立过程，宗旨和组织成员国相互关系的准则。
4、1978年《中美建交联合公报》是在什么背景下签订的？具体什么内容？遗留了什么问题？
二、论述题（每题20分）
1、试析一战后和二战后东亚的国际关系的不同？并以此说明人类社会在战争与和平问题上的进步。
2、列举一至二个20世纪60-80年代的区域合作组织，说明世界区域经济合作对历史进程的影响。
2006年武汉大学世界史考博试题
世界近代史
一、在近代欧洲从传统社会向现代社会的转型中，为什么英、法等国会走上
一条“自上而下”的革命道路，而普鲁士——德意志却走上一条“自上而下”
的改革道路？这些不同的道路对这些国家的政治现代化进程产生了哪些不同的影响？（50分）
二、面临近代以来西方列强的殖民扩张，为什么日本会成为惟一逃脱沦入第
三世界的非西方国家？“明治维新”启动的日本现代化进程究竟有哪些基本特点？（50分）
世界现当代史
一、简答题
1、简述印度甘地主义的基本内容、目标、以及所注重的社会基础（10分）
2、简述20世纪30年代欧洲集体安全体系构建的过程（15分）
3、简析马歇尔计划的基本特点及其主要影响（15分）
4、简析20世纪70年代资本主义经济滞涨性危机的主要影响（10分）
二、论述题
1、比较两次世界大战对战后国际关系的影响（25分）
2、分析20世纪60年代末70年代初中美关系解冻的主要推动因素（25分）
2005年武汉大学世界史考博试题
世界近代史
一、简答题
1、在法国波旁王朝中央集权国家的形成和发展过程中，起过决定性推动作用
的人物有哪几位？分别列举他们的理论或实际贡献
2、比较霍布斯和洛克的政治思想，他们有哪些相同点和不同点。
3、简述俄国近代史上的两次改革，即彼得一世改革和1861年改革之间的联
系和区别
4、同第一次工业革命相比，第二次工业革命的特点是什么？
5、在西力东渐的冲击下，日本是如何反应的？
二、论述题
1、德国学者马克斯.韦伯，英国学者R.H.托尼和国内的吴于堇先生都注意到
在从传统农业社会向近代资本主义社会（或称近代工业社会）过渡中，人们的思想观念发生了重要变化，尽管他们论述的角度不同。
以西欧历史为例，具体分析这一变化的原因，主要表现及其影响。
2、工业革命为什么发生在18世纪的英国，而不是同一时期的中国，这是国
内学术界近年来讨论较多的问题。
根据你所掌握的学术信息和资料，谈谈你个人的看法。
世界现当代史
一、简答题（60分）
1、简述第二次世界大战中科技的发展及其对战后的影响。
2、简述1945年2月雅尔塔会议召开的背景、主要内容及其后果。
3、简述20世纪60年代末70年代初美国对外政策调整的原因、主要内容及其
结果。
二、论述题（40分）
1、试论俄国十月革命的历史必然性与时代意义。
2、分析中国抗美援朝战争对国际关系格局的影响。
2004年武汉大学世界史考博试题
世界近现代史
一、简答题（60分）
1、路德回忆当他有一次读到圣保罗的训诫“义人必因信得生”时，顿悟新义，
并感到自己已经得到重生。
此训诫为什么会对路德产生如此之大的心理冲击？
2、维也纳体系是怎么样建立的？它的历史作用如何？
3、同第一次工业革命相比，第二次工业革命的特点是什么？
4、简析1924——1930年魏玛共和国复兴经济的主要措施。
5、为什么说凯末尔的改革是一次以“世俗化”为中心的现代化改革。
6、在欧洲第二战场开辟问题上，盟国之间存在哪些分歧？这些分歧反映了什
么问题？
二、论述题（40分）
1、1588年“无敌舰队”的覆灭为英国同西班牙的斗争划上一个句号。
你认为
这场斗争的结局是由于偶然原因，如战争过程中突然刮起的“新教之风”，还是有其历史必然性？根据你所掌握的历史知识对此进行分析。
2、论两次世界大战之间西方资本主义国家对苏外交政策的演变。
世界现当代史
一、简答题（40分）
1、简述二战后战胜国对意大利、罗马尼亚、匈牙利、保加利亚、芬兰五国和
约的背景、内容及结果
2、简述1947年6月英国公布《印度独立方案》（蒙巴顿方案）的背景、内容、
意义和遗留问题。
二、论述题（60分）
1、联系二战前法德关系谈对二战后法德关系的看法。
2、谈中美关系正常化对国际关系的影响。