Respiratory system english patten
医学专业英语上册(第六章)chapter 6 respiratory system
posterior to the upright epiglottis and extends to the larynx, where the common pathway divides into the respiratory and digestive channels. From the laryngopharynx, air enters the lower respiratory passageways by passing through the larynx (voice box) and into the trachea below. Pharynx serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters from the nasal cavities and passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus.
Larynx The larynx is the location of the vocal cords. It consists of nine cartilages. The two most prominent are the large shield-shaped thyroid cartilage, whose anterior medial laryngeal prominence is commonly referred to as Adam’s apple, and the inferiorly located, ring-shaped cricoid cartilage, whose wildest dimension faces posteriorly. A flap of cartilaginous tissue, the epiglottis, sits above the glottis. The epiglottis provides protection against food and liquid being inhaled into the lungs since it covers the larynx and trachea during swallowing. Trachea On its way to the lungs, air passes from the larynx to the trachea (windpipe), a vertical tube approximately 12.5 centimeters in length and 2.5 centimeters in diameter.
Respiratory System Structure 呼吸系统结构
Respiratory System Structure 呼吸系统结构The organs of the respiratory system extend from the nose to the lungs and are divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose and the pharynx, or throat. The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, or voice box; the trachea, or windpipe, which splits into two main branches called bronchi; tiny branches of the bronchi called bronchioles; and the lungs, a pair of saclike, spongy organs. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles conduct air to and from the lungs. The lungs interact with the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.A Nasal PassagesThe flow of air from outside of the body to the lungs begins with the nose, which is divided into the left and right nasal passages. The nasal passages are lined with a membrane composed primarily of one layer of flat, closely packed cells called epithelial cells. Each epithelial cell is densely fringed with thousands of microscopic cilia, fingerlike extensions of the cells. Interspersed among the epithelial cells are goblet cells, specialized cells that produce mucus, a sticky, thick, moist fluid that coats the epithelial cells and the cilia. Numerous tiny blood vessels called capillaries lie just under the mucous membrane, near the surface of the nasal passages. While transporting air to the pharynx, the nasal passages play two critical roles: they filter the air to remove potentially disease-causing particles; and they moisten and warm the air to protect the structures in the respiratory system. Filtering prevents airborne bacteria, viruses, other potentially disease-causing substances from entering the lungs, where they may cause infection. Filtering also eliminates smog and dust particles, which may clog the narrow air passages in the smallest bronchioles. Coarse hairs found just inside the nostrils of the nose trap airborne particles as they are inhaled. The particles drop down onto the mucous membrane lining the nasal passages. The cilia embedded in the mucous membrane wave constantly, creating a current of mucus that propels the particles out of the nose or downward to the pharynx. In the pharynx, the mucus is swallowed and passed to the stomach, where the particles are destroyed by stomach acid. If more particles are in the nasal passages than the cilia can handle, the particles build up on the mucus and irritate the membrane beneath it. This irritation triggers a reflex that produces a sneeze to get rid of the polluted air. The nasal passages also moisten and warm air to prevent it from damaging the delicate membranes of the lung. The mucous membranes of the nasal passages release water vapor, which moistens the air as it passes over the membranes. As air moves over the extensive capillaries in the nasal passages, it is warmed by theblood in the capillaries. If the nose is blocked or “stuffy” due to a cold or allergies, a person is forced to breath through the mouth. This can be potentially harmful to the respiratory system membranes, since the mouth does not filter, warm, or moisten air.In addition to their role in the respiratory system, the nasal passages house cells called olfactory receptors, which are involved in the sense of smell. When chemicals enter the nasal passages, they contact the olfactory receptors. This triggers the receptors to send a signal to the brain, which creates the perception of smell.B PharynxAir leaves the nasal passages and flows to the pharynx, a short, funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm (5 in) long that transports air to the larynx. Like the nasal passages, the pharynx is lined with a protective mucous membrane and ciliated cells that remove impurities from the air. In addition to serving as an air passage, the pharynx houses the tonsils, lymphatic tissues that contain white blood cells. The white blood cells attack any disease-causing organisms that escape the hairs, cilia, and mucus of the nasal passages and pharynx. The tonsils are strategically located to prevent these organisms from moving further into the body. One tonsil, called the adenoids, is found high in the rear wall of the pharynx. A pair of tonsils, the palatine tonsils, is located at the back of the pharynx on either side of the tongue. Another pair, the lingual tonsils, is found deep in the pharynx at the base of the tongue. In their battles with disease-causing organisms, the tonsils sometimes become swollen with infection. When the adenoids are swollen, they block the flow of air from the nasal passages to the pharynx, and a person must breathe through the mouth.C LarynxAir moves from the pharynx to the larynx, a structure about 5 cm (2 in) long located approximately in the middle of the neck. Several layers of cartilage, a tough and flexible tissue, comprise most of the laryn x. A protrusion in the cartilage called the Adam’s apple sometimes enlarges in males during puberty, creating a prominent bulge visible on the neck.While the primary role of the larynx is to transport air to the trachea, it also serves other functions. It plays a primary role in producing sound; it prevents food and fluid from entering the air passage to cause choking; and its mucous membranes and cilia-bearing cells help filter air. The cilia in the larynx waft airborne particles up toward the pharynx to be swallowed.Food and fluids from the pharynx usually are prevented from entering the larynx by the epiglottis, a thin, leaflike tissue. The “stem” of the leaf attaches to the front and top of the larynx. When a person isbreathing, the epiglottis is held in a vertical position, like an open trap door. When a person swallows, however, a reflex causes the larynx and the epiglottis to move toward each other, forming a protective seal, and food and fluids are routed to the esophagus. If a person is eating or drinking too rapidly, or laughs while swallowing, the swallowing reflex may not work, and food or fluid can enter the larynx. Food, fluid, or other substances in the larynx initiate a cough reflex as the body attempts to clear the larynx of the obstruction. If the cough reflex does not work, a person can choke, a life-threatening situation. The Heimlich maneuver is a technique used to clear a blocked larynx.A surgical procedure called a tracheotomy is used to bypass the larynx and get air to the trachea in extreme cases of choking.D Trachea, Bronchi, and BronchiolesAir passes from the larynx into the trachea, a tube about 12 to 15 cm (about 5 to 6 in) long located just below the larynx. The trachea is formed of 15 to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage. The sturdy cartilage rings hold the trachea open, enabling air to pass freely at all times. The open part of the C-shaped cartilage lies at the back of the trachea, and the ends of the “C” are connected by muscle tissue.The base of the trachea is located a little below where the neck meets the trunk of the body. Here the trachea branches into two tubes, the left and right bronchi, which deliver air to the left and right lungs, respectively. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The trachea, bronchi, and the first few bronchioles contribute to the cleansing function of the respiratory system, for they, too, are lined with mucous membranes and ciliated cells that move mucus upward to the pharynx.E AlveoliThe bronchioles divide many more times in the lungs to create an impressive tree with smaller and smaller branches, some no larger than 0.5 mm (0.02 in) in diameter. These branches dead-end into tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli deliver oxygen to the circulatory system and remove carbon dioxide. Interspersed among the alveoli are numerous macrophages, large white blood cells that patrol the alveoli and remove foreign substances that have not been filtered out earlier. The macrophages are the last line of defense of the respiratory system; their presence helps ensure that the alveoli are protected from infection so that they can carry out their vital role.The alveoli number about 150 million per lung and comprise most of the lung tissue. Alveoli resemble tiny, collapsed balloons with thin elastic walls that expand as air flows into them and collapse when the air is exhaled. Alveoli are arranged in grapelike clusters, and each cluster is surrounded by a dense hairnet of tiny, thin-walled capillaries. The alveoli and capillaries are arranged in such a way that air in thewall of the alveoli is only about 0.1 to 0.2 microns from the blood in the capillary. Since the concentration of oxygen is much higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries, the oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the capillaries. The oxygen flows through the capillaries to larger vessels, which carry the oxygenated blood to the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body.Carbon dioxide that has been dumped into the bloodstream as a waste product from cells throughout the body flows through the bloodstream to the heart, and then to the alveolar capillaries. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the capillaries is much higher than in the alveoli, causing carbon dioxide to diffuse into the alveoli. Exhalation forces the carbon dioxide back through the respiratory passages and then to the outside of the body.。
医学专业英语 Chapter 5 Respiratory System教案资料
Chapter 5Respiratory SystemIn this passage you will learn:●The organs of the respiratory system●The structure and function of these organs●The mechanism of breathing●The gas transport and cleaning systemAll living animals must take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. In the vertebrates——animals with backbones ——that get their oxygen from the air, both tasks are performed by special gas-exchange organs called lungs. The lungs provide a place where oxygen can reach the blood and carbon dioxide can be removed from it. They are equipped with tubes and a bellows system for drawing in air from the outside, while the pulmonary veins and arteries circulate blood through from inside. The lungs also have a cleaning system that traps, ejects, or destroys irritants and other harmful substances that travel in with the air.In the simpler cold-blooded amphibians and reptiles, the lungs are two balloon-like sacs. In active animals that require large amounts of oxygen, especially the warm-blooded birds and mammals , the lungs are a spongy labyrinth of sacs that supply an enormous surface area for the transfer of gases. In the adult human the total lung surface, if flattened out, would be larger than a badminton court, about 100 square yards (83 square meters).Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity, which is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs (cilia) to help filter out foreign bodies, as well as to warm and moisten the air. Paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity. They, too, have a mucous membrane lining and function to provide the lubricating fluid mucus. as well as to lighten the bones of the skull and help produce sound.After passing through the nasal cavity, the air next reaches the pharynx (throat). There are three divisions of the pharynx. The nasopharynx is the first division, and it is nearest to the nasal cavities. It contains the adenoids, which are masses of lymphatic tissue. The adenoids (also knownas the pharyngeal tonsils) are more prominent in children, and if enlarged, they can obstruct airpassageways . Below the nasopharynx and closer to the mouth is the second division of thepharynx, the oropharynx. The palatine tonsils, two rounded massed of lymphatic tissue, arelocated in the oropharynx. The third division of the pharynx is the hypopharynx (also called thelaryngopharynx).It is in the hypopharyngeal region that the pharynx, serving as a common passageway forfood from the mouth and air from the nose, divides into two branches, the larynx (voice box) andthe esophagus.The esophagus leads into the stomach and carries food to be digested. The larynx contains thevocal cords and is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support. Sounds are produced as air isexpelled past the vocal cords, and the cords vibrate. The tension of the vocal cords determines thehigh or low pitch of the voice.Since food entering from the mouth and air entering from the nose mix in the pharynx, whatprevents the passing of food or drink into the larynx and respiratory system after it has beenswallowed? Even with a small quantity of solid or liquid matter finding its way into the airpassages, breathing could be seriously blocked. A special deterrent to this event is provided for bya flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue that acts like a lid over the larynx. This flap ofcartilage is called the epiglottis. The epiglottis lies over the entrance to the larynx. In the act ofswallowing, when food and liquid move through the throat, the epiglottis closes off the larynx, sothat these things cannot enter.On its way to the lungs, air passes from the larynx to the trachea (windpipe), a vertical tubeabout 41inches long and 1 inch in diameter. The trachea is kept open by 16-20 C-shaped rings 2of cartilage separated by fibrous connective tissue that stiffens the front and sides of the tube. Inthe region of the mediastinum, the trachea divides into two branches called bronchi. Eachbronchus leads to a separate lung and divides and subdivides into smaller and finer tubes,somewhat like the branches of a tree (see Figure 6-1) .DiaphragmFigure 6-1The smallest of the bronchial branches are called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called alveoli. Each alveolus is made of a one-cell layer of epithelium. The very thin wall allows for the exchange of gases between the alveolus and the capillaries that surround and come in close contact with it. The blood that flows through the capillaries accepts the oxygen from the alveolus and deposits carbon dioxide into the alveolus to be exhaled. Oxygen is combined with a hemoglobin in erythrocytes and carried to all parts of the body.Each lung is enveloped in a double-folded membrane called the pleura. The outer layer of the pleura, nearest the ribs, is the parietal pleura, and the inner layer, closest to the lung, is the visceral pleura. The pleura is moistened with a serous secretion that facilitates the movements of the lungs within the thorax.The two lungs are not quite mirror images of each other. The right lung, which is the slightly larger of the two, is divided into three lobes, or divisions, and the left lung is divided into two lobes. It is possible for one lobe of the lung to be removed without damage to the rest, which can continue to function normally; The uppermost part of the lung is called the apex, and the lower area is the base. The hilum of the lung is the midline region where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchial tubes enter and exit the organ.The lungs extend from the collarbone to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is a muscular partition that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and aids in the process of breathing. The diaphragm contracts and descends with each inhalation (inspiration) .The downward movement of the diaphragm enlarges the area in the thoracic cavityand reduces the internal air pressure, so that air flows into the lungs to equalize the pressure. When the lungs are full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates, making the area in the thoracic cavity smaller, and thus increasing the air pressure in the thorax. Air then is expelled out of the lungs to equalize the pressure; this is called exhalation (expiration) . Other parts are also involved in the process. The cycle of respiration really begins when the phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract and flatten. Also, the intercostal muscles between the ribs aid in inspiration by pulling the ribs up and out. The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure is compliance.Breathing is regulated unconsciously by center in the brainstem. These centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according to changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concentration of carbon dioxide.Gas Transport. Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The oxygen is released to the cells as needed. Carbon dioxide is carried in several ways, but is mostly converted to an acid called carbonic acid. The amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled is important in regulating the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. If too much carbon dioxide is exhaled by hyperventilation, body fluids tend to become more alkaline, a condition termed alkalosis. If too little carbon dioxide is exhaled as a result of hypoventilation, body fluids tend to become more acid, a condition termed acidosis.The cleaning system of the lungs has four main components. Lining the trachea and bronchial tree are cells that secrete mucus, which traps pollutants and bacteria. Also in the bronchi are cells containing tiny cilia, that project into the blanket of mucus and with constant wavelike motions push the mucus up out of the airways. Irritating chemicals, stagnant and excessive mucus, and large bits of foreign matter are forcibly ejected as sputum from the bronchi by a cough. This third important cleaning device —— like breathing, under partial voluntary control —— is a rapid muscle contraction and bronchial-tube constriction that generates a wind force far stronger than a tornado. Small harmful substances that make their way into the alveoli are destroyed by the fourth line of defense, the macrophages. These are patrolling cells that "swallow up" foreign particles or destroy them with enzymes.New Words and PhrasesExercisesA. Discuss the following topics:1. Imagine you were lecturing in front of rural health workers on the topic of respiratory system, draw a picture to illustrate the whole system.2. Describe their structures and functions.3. How can epiglottis prevent the passing food and drink into the respiratory system?4. What role does the diaphragm play in the process of breathing?5. What are the four components of the cleaning system? How do they function?B. Fill in the blanks with the words given below and change their forms if necessary.alveolus capillary diaphragmhemoglobinthoracic cavitygas exchangeparietal pleuravisceral pleuramediastinumpleural spaceThe lungs are two cone-shaped, spongy organs consisting of alveoli, blood vessels, elastic tissue and nerves. Each of the two lungs consists of smaller divisions called lobes; the left lung hastwo lobes, while the right lung is divided into three lobes. In the lungs, ( 1 ) are surrounded by a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries; oxygen from the lungs passes into these ( 2 ) for distribution to tissue cells, while carbon dioxide from the blood passes into the lungs to be expelled by exhalation. Once absorbed into blood cells, oxygen becomes attached to ( 3 ) and is released to tissue cells as needed. Thus, the primary function of the lungs is to bring air into close contact with blood, which allows ( 4 ) to occur.The lungs are surrounded by a membrane called the ( 5 ) . The space that the lungs occupy within the chest is called the ( 6 ) , which is lined by a membrane called the ( 7 ). The parietal and visceral pleurae lie very close to each other; the small space between theses membranes, called the ( 8 ) , is filled with a fluid that prevents friction when the two membranes slide against each other during respiration. In the central portion of the thoracic cavity (in the area between the lungs) is a space called the ( 9 ) , which contains the heart. A group of smooth muscles called the ( 10 ) separates the lower portion of the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.C. Match Column I with Column n.Column I Column IIbronchiole [ 1 ] any of the small subdivision of the bronchicompliance [ 2 ] the peak portion of the lungsa condition in which there is too much carbon dioxide in thehypoventilation [ 3 ]bloodintercostal [ 4 ] between the ribsparanasal sinuses [ 5 ] air-conditioning cavities in the bones near the nosea condition in which there is too much carbon dioxide in theacidosis [ 6 ]bloodapex [ 7 ] weak , inadequate exchange of gasrounded masses of lymph tissue in the oropharynx ( palatine pharynx [ 8 ]means roof of the mouth) .alkalosis [ 9 ] in agreement withthroat; composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and palatine tonsils [ 10 ]laryngopharynx.D. Define the following terms of the respiratory system in line with the text you have just,learned (making use of the vocabulary provided in the brackets if necessary), for exam-ple:food, metabolism)1. mirror image (as seen, right side,as if, left side, vice versa)2. adenoids (lymphatic tissue, nasophar-ynx)3. alveolus (air sac, gas exchange, inrespiration)4. bronchus (main branch, trachea,mediastinum)5. epiglottis ( leaf-shaped, cartilage,larynx, prevent, trachea)6. hyperventilation (extreme, rapid,deep, result in, alkalosis) Array 7. diaphragm (dome-shaped, muscle,move, increase, decrease, space,thoracic cavity)8. pharynx ( common, passageway,esophagus, food, air, larynx)9. pleura (double-layered, membrane,visceral pleura, pariatal pleura, tho-racic cavity)10. sputum ( substance, releases,coughing, clearing the throat, res-piratory tract)E. Translate the following into English.1.副鼻窦2.口咽3.脊椎动物4.肺泡5.二氧化碳6.肺换气不足7.横膈膜神经8.双重折叠的9.威慑物10.润滑液11.滞痰12.食管13.纵隔14.哺乳动物15.碱中毒16.迷宫17.污染物质18.脑干19.上皮；上皮细胞20.刺激物Passage Two Respiratory Disorders and DiseasesIn this passage you will learn:●Various disorders and diseases of the respiratory system●Their definitions, causes and treatment●Detailed description of the signs and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease●Medical terms pertaining to the diseases of the respiratory system●The respiratory system is subject to a wide variety of disorders and diseases. The most frequent attacks come from common cold and flu viruses. Other diseases that affect the lungs include bacterial infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. The lungs are especially vulnerable to allergic dis- eases such as asthma. There are more serious diseases such as respiratory distress syndrome, em-physema, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), lung cancer, etc.Influenza and pneumonia.Influenza is a viral disease of the respiratory tract. Different strains of the influenza virus have caused serious epidemics through history. Pneumonia is caused by several different microorganisms. The name represents any inflammation of the lungs caused by in- fection, so an alternate term for pneumonia is pneumonitis. Streptococcal pneumonia usually in- volves one or more lobes of the lung and described as lobar pneumonia. Other agents of pneumonia localize in the bronchial tubes, causing bronchopneumonia.Pleurisy is severe chest pain accompanying each deep breath in a person with an inflamed pleura, the twin membranes around each lung and lining the chest cavity. Pleurisy can attend pneu- monia or result from direct infection of the pleura.Tuberculosis (TB)has increased in recent years along with the rise of AIDS and the appear- ance of resistance to antibiotics in the organism that causes the disease. The name of the disease comes from the small lesions, or tubercles, that appear with the infection. The symptoms of TB in- clude fever, weight loss, weakness, cough, and as a result of damage to blood vessels in the lungs, hemoptysis, i. e. the coughing up of phlegm (sputum) containing blood. Accumulation of exudate in the alveoli may result in solidification or consolidation of lung tissue. The tuberculin test is used to reveal tuberculosis infection, PPD (purified protein derivative) is the form of tuberculin commonly used.Asthma. Attacks of asthma result from narrowing of the bronchial tubes. The constriction, a- long with edema, swelling of the bronchial linings, and accumulation of mucus results in wheezing, extreme dyspnea and cyanosis. Although the cause of asthma is uncertain, foreign particles such as pollen or certain environmental pollutants are believed to be the culprits, which stimulate the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree to releases histamine causing the muscle to contract. The bronchial air-ways are consequently restricted. Treatment of asthma includes removal of allergens, administration of bronchodilators to widen the airways, and administration of steroids.Respiratory distress syndrome is a disorder of some prematurely bom infants. The alveoli of afflicted babies are lined with a protein material, limiting the amount of oxygen their blood can re- ceive. The disease is often fatal. Mechanical ventilators can be used to help infants breathe until their lungs become more mature. As a result of some accidents and diseases, such as polio, the res- piratory center or nerves carrying its impulses may be paralyzed. Treatment may involve cutting a hole through the windpipe and passing a tube attached to a mechanical respirator through the hole. In other cases, the patient may be placed on a heart and lung machine that maintains respiration and heartbeat.Acute pulmonary edema results when fluid quickly accumulates in the lungs and fills the alveoli. The fluid buildup is caused by heart trouble that, in turn, produces back pressure in the pulmonary veins and the left atrium of the heart to which they carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. A person suffering acute pulmonary edema is suddenly breathless and turns blue because of oxygen-poor blood. The condition is treated with oxygen, digitalis to strengthen heart action, and diuretics to speed fluid removal by the kidneys.Pneumothorax occurs when air gets into the chest between the pleural lining. The lung then cannot fully expand and breathing becomes difficult. As a result, the lung may even collapse. Pneumothorax may result from a wound in the chest, such as a knife wound, or after a sudden tear in the lung. Infection of the pleural space by gas-producing microbes can also cause pneumothorax. Physicians treat pneumothorax by removing the gas by suction, surgically repairing the chest or lung, or prescribing antibiotics when an infection is present.Pneumoconiosis(black lung) means "dust disease." It can strike miners and industrial work-ers who inhale damaging amounts of dust over a long period of time. One of the most serious is sili-cosis, which results from inhaling quartz dust. Another, anthracosilicosis, arises from inhalation of coal and quartz dust. Pneumoconiosis often occurs in combination with other diseases, such as bron-chitis , emphysema, or tuberculosis. There is no treatment for it, but the disease can be prevented by minimizing dust inhalation.Emphysema. This is a chronic disease associated with overexpansion and destruction of the alveoli. Common causes are exposure to cigarette smoke and other forms of pollution, as well aschronic infection. Emphysema is the main disorder included under the heading of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which will be discussed in detail soon.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a rather broad term used to describe sim-ple chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis and emphysema, for it is convenient to describe various combinations of these disorders that may coexist, for instance, pa-tients often have chronic obstructive bronchitis as well as emphysema.Unfortunately, chronic bronchitis has been used variably to refer to a simple smoker's cough or, as in the British literature, to severe COPD. In this discussion, chronic bronchitis will be con-sidered "simple," "obstructive," or "asthmatic" to reduce ambiguity. It is useful clinically to dif-ferentiate between the extremely common simple chronic bronchitis and the less common but often devastating form of chronic obstructive bronchitis.Simple chronic bronchitis, a syndrome characterized primarily by a chronic productive cough, is the result of low-grade exposure to bronchial irritants in an individual without hyperreac-tive airways. This syndrome is associated with enhanced mucous secretion, reduced ciliary activity, and impaired resistance to bronchial infection. Simple chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms: (1) excessive production of mucus; (2) presence of symptoms, largely cough, on most days for at least three months annually during two or more successive years; (3) exclusion of bronchiecta-sis, tuberculosis, or other causes of these symptoms. The term does not describe the underlying pro-cess , which may vary widely. The patient population ranges from those who are asymptomatic except for a morning "cigarette cough" productive of mucus in small amounts (simple chronic bronchitis) to patients with a severe disabling condition manifested by increased resistance to airflow, hypoxia, and often hypercatnia (chronic obstructive bronchitis) .Chronic obstructive bronchitis,which develops in a relatively small proportion of individuals with simple chronic bronchitis, results in irreversible narrowing of airways. Because the obstruction is in bronchioles and bronchi 2 mm or less in diameter, the term small airways disease has been used.Brochospasm. Exposure to bronchial irritants in individuals with hyperreactive or "twitchy" airways can lead to bronchospasm (i.e. , bronchial smooth muscle constriction), frequently accom-panied by excessive mucous production and edema of bronchial walls. Recurrent episodes of symp-tomatic bronchospasm are called asthma. The present discussion must considerbronchospasm, since a degree of reversible airways obstruction often accompanies other reactions to inhaled noxious a-gents. In fact, episodic airways obstruction is common in individuals with chronic bronchitis. This combination, called asthmatic bronchitis, may closely resemble classic asthma. The term chronic asthmatic bron'chitis is applied in patients with persistent airways obstruction, a chronic productive cough, and a major problem of episodic bronchospasm.Emphysema, another lung response to noxious stimuli, is characterized by abnormal, perma-nent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls, and without obvious fibrosis. The alterations of emphysema cause reduction in lung elastic re-coil, which permits excessive airway collapse upon expiration and leads to irreversible airflow ob-struction .These definitions are not mutually exclusive; there is considerable crossover between the em-physematous (type A) and bronchial (type B) signs and symptoms. For example, most individuals with emphysema also have a chronic productive cough. It may be difficult to determine the relative importance of emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis, with obliteration of small airways. Ac-cordingly, a general term such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)has been used to describe this clinical syndrome.New Words and Phrases。
血气分析(英文版)
Background of Blood Gas Analysis
• Blood gas analysis was first introduced in the early 20th century as a tool to assess the respiratory function of patients with respiratory diseases Since then, it has become an essential diagnostic test in critical care settings, emergency departments, and operating rooms The development of blood gas analysis has significantly improved the management and outcomes of patients with respiratory and other critical conditions
exits during respiration
Acid based balance
The pH of blood is properly regulated to maintain homeostasis Respiratory compensation and residual excess are the main mechanisms for maintaining
住院病历的英汉对照.
随着中外交流的加强,专业英语对医院也是越来越重要!花了点时间整理了下“住院病历的英汉对照”的格式,发上来和大家分享,希望对能用到的人有所帮助!POMR (Problem-Oriented Medical Records表格式住院病历Biographical data:一般项目:Name Age Sex Marital status Nativity Race姓名年龄性别婚否籍贯民族Occupation Date of admission Informant History职业入院日期病史叙述者病史Chief complaint主诉History of present illness现病史Past history既往史:Previous health status: well ordinary bad Infectious diseases平素健康状况:良好一般较差传染病史Immunizations Allergies: N Y clinical manifestation预防接种史过敏史无有临床表现allergen: Trauma: Surgery:过敏原外伤史手术史Review of systems:(Tick if positive, cross out if negative. If postive, you should write down your disease history and brief course of diagnose and therapy系统回顾:(有打√无打×阳性病史应在下面空间内填写发病时间及扼要诊疗经过Respiratory system:呼吸系统Sore throat chronic cough sputum hemoptysis wheezing咽痛慢性咳嗽咳痰咯血哮喘dyspnea chest pain呼吸困难胸痛cadiovascular system:循环系统Palpitation dyspnea on exertion hemoptysis syncope心悸活动后气促咯血晕厥edema of lower limbs precordial pain hypertention下肢水肿心前区疼痛高血压Digestive system:消化系统Anorexia sour regurgitation belching nausea vomitting食欲减退反酸嗳气恶心呕吐abdominal distention abdominal pain constipation diarrhea腹胀腹痛便秘腹泻hematemesis melena hematochezia jaundice呕血黑便便血黄疸Urinary system:泌尿系统Lumbago frequent micturition urgent micturition urodynia 腰痛尿频尿急尿痛dysuria hematuria nocturia polyuria oliguria facial edema排尿困难血尿夜尿多尿少尿面部水肿Hematopoietic system造血系统Fatigue dizziness blurred vision gingival bleedig乏力头昏牙龈出血subcutaneous hemorrhage ostealgia epistax is皮下出血骨痛鼻衄Metabolic and endocrine system:代谢及内分泌系统Excessive appetite anorexia sweats cold intolerance食欲亢进食欲减退多汗畏寒polydipsia tremor hands change of character obvious obesity 多饮双手震颤性格改变显著肥胖emaciation hirsutism hair losing pigmentation消瘦多毛毛发脱落色素沉着chang of sexual function amenorrhea性功能改变闭经Musculoskeletal system肌肉骨骼系统Floating arthralgia arthraliga swelling of joints游走性关节痛关节痛关节红肿deformiteies of jionts myalgia atrophy of muscle关节变形肌肉痛肌肉萎缩Nervous system神经系统Dizziness headache vertigo syncope degeneration of memory 头昏头痛眩晕晕厥记忆力减退visual disturbance insomnia disturbance of consciousness 视力障碍失眠意识障碍tremor spasm paralysis paresthesia颤动抽搐瘫痪感觉异常Personal history:个人史Birthplace Occupation sexual history smoking N Y出生地职业冶游史吸烟无有about years average pieces per day ceased for years约年平均支/日戒烟年alcohol intake N occasional frequent about years嗜酒无偶有经常约为年average ml per day others平均ml/日其他Marital history:婚姻史:Marrying age companio n’s state of health结婚年龄配偶健康状况Menorrhea and Childbearing:月经及生育史Menarche age cycle lasting for days date of last period 初潮每次持续时间末次月经时间(age of menopause绝经年龄Amount of flow: little normal large menstrual pain: N Y经量少正常多痛经无有cycle: regular irregular pregnancy times natural labor经期规则不规则妊娠次顺产times abortions times premature delivery times胎流产胎早产胎stillbirths times difficult labor and its condition死产胎难产及病情Familly history (pay attention to the congenital diseases andcommunicable diseases and communicable dieases related to the paitent家族史(注意与患者现病有关的遗传病和传染性疾病Father: still alive illness died cause of deaths mother:父:健在患病已故死因母still alive illness died cause of death siblings: others: 健在患病已故死因兄弟姐妹子女其他Physical examination体格检查Vital signs生命体征:Temperature体温pulse脉搏/min次/分respiration呼吸/min次/分B.P血压mmHgGeneral Appearance一般状况: Development发育:ortho-sthenic type正常asthenic type不良sthenic type超常nutrition营养:well良好fairly中等poor不良cachexia恶病质Facial features面容:normal无病容acute急性chronic慢性病容others其他Expression表情:natural自知painful痛苦anxious忧虑dreadful恐惧indifferent淡漠Position: active semi-recumbent others体位:自主半卧位其他Gait: normal abnormal步态正常不正常Conciousness: aware somnolence confusion stupor coma 神志清楚嗜睡模糊昏睡昏迷delirium coppperatio; well badly谵妄配合检查合作不合作Mucocutaneous color: normal red pale cyaosis stainted 皮肤粘膜色泽无病容潮红苍白紫绀yellow pigmentation lesions:N Y (type and distribution 黄染色素沉着皮疹无有(类型及分布Subcutaneous hemorrhange: N Y(type and distribution 皮下出血无有(类型及分布Hair: normal reduced edema: N Y(position and degree头发分布正常减退水肿无有(部位及程度Hepatic palm: N Y spider angionma:N Y(position numbers others:肝掌无有蜘蛛痣无有(部位数目其他Lymphnodes:淋巴结Superficial lymph nodes: non-swelling swelling(position and characteristics 全身淋巴结肿大无肿大肿大(部位及特征Head : cranium : size : normal large small deformity:头部头颅大小正常大小畸形N Y(coxycephaly squared skull deforming skull无有(尖颅方颅变形颅Others: tenderness mass sunk (position其他异常:压痛包块凹陷(部位Eyes eyelid: normal edema ptosis trichiasis conjunctive :眼睑正常水肿下垂倒睫结膜normal hyperemia edema hemrrhage正常充血水肿出血eye ball: normal proptosis depression tremor眼球正常突出凹陷震颤motion dysfunction(left right运动障碍Sclera :normal yellow cornea : normal abnormal ( left right巩膜无黄染有黄染角膜正常异常(左右Pupils: equal roundness same size unequal left cm瞳孔等圆等大不等左cmreaction to light: normal delay (left right disappear (left right 对光反射正常迟钝(左右消失(左右Others:其他Ears: auricle :normal deformity fistula others (left right耳耳廓正常畸形瘘管其他(左右excretions of external auditory canal: N Y (left right feature外耳道分泌物无有(左右性质Tenderness of mastoid : N Y audation dysfunction: N Y (left right乳突压痛无有听力粗试障碍无有(左右Nose: shape : normal: abnormal ( other abnormalities:N Y鼻外形正常异常(其他异常无有Nosalala flap obsruction excretions nasal sinus tenderness:鼻翼扇动鼻塞分泌物鼻旁窦压痛N Y (position无有(部位Mouth lips :red syanosis pale herpes fissure mucosa :normal口唇红润发绀苍白疱疹皲裂粘膜正常abnormal ( pale petechia异常(苍白出血点Opening of parotid gland duct: normal abnormal (swelling腮腺导管开口正常异常(肿胀suppurative excretions脓性分泌物Tongue:normal abnormal (coverings tremor leaning to left or right 舌正常异常(舌苔伸舌震颤向左、向右偏斜Gums: normal swelling pus overflow hemorrhage pigments牙龈正常肿胀溢脓出血色素沉着lead line tooth:regular edentulous carious teeth铅线牙列齐缺牙—|—龋齿—|—Tonsils: pharynx: voice: normal hoarse扁桃体咽声音正常嘶哑Neck:resistence:N Y carotid artery pulsation: normal increased颈部抵抗感无有颈动脉搏动正常增强decreased (left right jugular vein:normal distention减弱(左右颈静脉正常充盈high distention trachea:middle deviation to (left right怒张气管正中偏移(向左向右Hepatojugular reflux:(- (+ thyroid: normal swelling degree肝颈静脉回流征:(-(+甲状腺正常肿大度Symmetry 对称Dominance in one side: spreading nodular:soft hard others :N Y 侧为主弥漫性结节性质软质硬其他无有(tenderness tremor bruits(压痛震颤血管杂音Chest topography:normal barrel chest pigeon chest funnel chest 胸部胸廓正常桶状胸鸡胸漏斗胸flat chest bulging or retraction (left right扁平胸膨隆或凹陷(左右bulging in the precordial region tenderness of sternum心前区膨隆胸骨压痛Breast: normal symmetrical abnormal : left right(gynecomastia 乳房正常对称异常左右(男乳女化mass tenderness excretions of nipples包块压痛乳头分泌物Lung肺Inspection : movement of respiration : normal abnormal : left 视诊呼吸运动正常异常左right( increased decreased右(增强减弱Intercostal space :normal wide narrow(position肋间隙正常增宽变窄(部位Palpation : vocal fremitus:normal abnormal :left right (increased 触诊:语颤正常异常左右(增强decreased pluernal friction rubs: N Y(position减弱胸膜摩擦感:无有(部位Subcutaneous crepitus: N Y(posotion percussion: resonance皮下捻发感无有(部位叩诊正常清音abnormal dullness flatness hyperresonance tympany异常叩诊音浊音实音过清音鼓音Lower borders:scapular line: right intercostal space, left肺下界肩胛线右肋间左intercostal space Range of mobility: right cm , left cm肋间移动度右cm,左cmDusculation: breath regular irregular听诊呼吸规整不规整Breath sound: normal abnormal( feature, position呼吸音正常异常(性质,部位描写Rale: N Y :ronchi: sonorous sibilant啰音:无有:干性鼾音哨笛音Moist rales: coarse medium fine rales crepitus湿性大中小水泡音捻发音Vocal conduction: normal abnormal: reduced increased(position 语音传导正常异常减弱增强(部位Plueral friction rubs: N Y (position胸膜摩擦音无有(部位Heart 心Inspection:bulging in precordial region : N Y apex impulse:视诊心前区隆起无有心尖搏动normal unseen increased diffusing position: normal正常未见增强弥散心尖搏动位置正常deviation ( the distance from midclavicular line cm移动(距左锁骨中线内外厘米Other precordial pulsations: N Y (position其他部位搏动无有(部位Palpation:apex impulse:normal increased thrust unclear触诊心尖搏动正常增强抬举感触不清thrills :N Y (position period percardial friction rubs:N Y震颤无有(部位时期心包摩擦感无有Percussion:relative cardiac outline: normal shrink extant (right left 叩诊相对浊音界正常缩小扩大(右左Ausculation: heart rate bpm/min rhythm(regular irregular听诊心率次/分心律(齐不齐absolutly irrgelar heart sound:S1 normal increased decreased绝对不齐心音S1 正常增强减弱split S2 normal increased decreased split分裂S2 正常增强减弱分裂S3 N Y S4 N Y A2 P2S3 无有S4 无有A2 P2Extra heart sound N gallop (diastolic presystotic summalion 额外心音无奔马律(舒张期收缩前期重叠gallop opening snap others murmurs: N Y (degree conduction 开瓣音其他杂音无有(图示并描述传导Pericardial friction rubs N Y心包摩擦音无有Peripheral vessals: normal pistal shot of big arteries周围血管无异常血管征大血管枪击音Duroziez’s sign water hammer pulse capillary pulsation二重杂音水冲脉毛细血管搏动pulse deficit paradoxical pulse pulsus alternans other脉搏短绌奇脉交替脉其他Abdoman腹部Inspection: shape normal distention frog abdomen( size cm 视诊外形正常膨隆蛙腹(腹围厘米scaphoid apical abdomen gastral pattern intestinal pattern舟腹尖腹胃型肠型peristalsis abdominal respiration:existance disappear umbilicus:蠕动波腹式呼吸存在消失脐normal protruding excretions others: N Y(venous distention of正常凸出分泌物其他异常无有(腹壁静脉曲张abdoman purple striae surgical scars hernia条纹手术疤痕疝Palpation: soft muscle tension position tenderness N Y触诊柔软腹肌紧张部位压痛无有rebound tenderness N Y fluidthtill N Y succussions plash N Y反跳痛无有液波震颤无有振水音无有Mass N Y(position size dis cription of feature liver:can’t be 腹部包块无有(部位大小特征描述肝未触及touched can be touched :subcostal cm under xipfoid process可触及肋下厘米剑突下discription of feature gallbladder: can’t be touched can be touched特征描述胆囊未触及可触及size cm tenderness N Y Murphy’s sign spleen: can’t be 大小厘米压痛无有Murphy 征脾未触及touched can be touched distance from costal margin cm可触及肋下厘米Kideny:can’t be touched can be touched size consistency肾未触及可触及大小硬度tenderness mobility tenderness of ureters: N Y (position压痛移动度输尿管压痛点无有(部位percussion: borders of liver dull(ex istance shrink obliteration叩诊肝浊音界(存在缩小消失Upper borders of liver on right midclavicular line intercostal space 肝上界位于右锁骨中线肋间shifting dullness N Y tenderness in renal region N Y (right left移动性浊音无有肾区叩痛无有(右左ausculation : borhorygmus normal increased decreased听诊肠鸣音正常增强减弱disappear gurgling N Y vessal bruits N Y (position消失气过水声无有血管杂音无有(部位Genitalia :not examined normal abnormal Rectum and Anus :生殖器未查正常异常肛门直肠not examined normal abnormal未查正常异常Spine and Extremities脊柱四肢Spine : normal deformities (lateral anterior posterior protruding 脊柱正常畸形(侧前后凸Spinous process : tenderness pain while percussed ( position棘突压痛叩痛(部位Mobility : normal restricted extremeties: normal abnormal移动度正常受限四肢正常异常deformity swelling of joints joints stiffness畸形关节红肿关节强直tenderness of muscles atrophy of muscles肌肉压痛肌肉萎缩Venous distention of lower limbs (position and feature acropachy 下肢静脉曲张(部位及特征杵状指Nervus System神经系统Abdominal wall reflex ( normal muscle tone ( normal腹壁反射(正常肌张力(正常Myodynamia ( degree paralysis of limbs N Y (left right肌力(级肢体瘫痪无有(左右upper lower biceps reflex left (normal right (normal上下肱二头肌反射左(正常右(正常knee jerk left (normal right( normal achilles jerk left膝健反射左(正常右(正常跟腱反射左(normal right ( normal正常右(正常Hoffmann’s dign left (+(- right(+(-Hoffmann征左(+(- 右(+(-Babinski’s sign left(+(-right(+(-Babinski 左(+(-右(+(-Kernig’s sign left(+(-right(+(- othersKernig征左(+(-右(+(-其他Laboratory findings实验室及器械检查结果(The important laboratory examination .X-ray . ECG and other result areincluded(重要的化验、X线、心电图及其他有关化验 Nunber of X-rayX线片号Abstract病历摘要Diagnosis(impressions 入院诊断Recorder病史记录者Examiner并使审阅者Date of record记录日期。
吸烟有害健康英文版
SmokingContents1. Effects of Smoking (2)1.1 The respiratory system (2)1.2 The cardiovascular system (3)1.3 The reproductive system (3)1.4 The nervous system (3)1.5 The other systems (4)2. Tools and Programs to Help Quit Smoking (5)2.1 Mass media campaigns (5)2.2 Increase the cost of tobacco (6)2.3 Enhancing nicotine replacement therapy in clinical practice (6)2.4 Telephone counselling (6)2.5 Constant advice from health care professionals (7)Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 32033581. Effects of SmokingOver 7,000 poisonous chemicals are involved in tobacco smoke (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Those toxic ingredients damage human’s health through three main ways. The first one is adverse chemicals irritate human’s o rgans directly (National Public Health Partnership, 2000) and change cells’ instruction (USDHHS, 2010). Those chemicals can also lower defense and renovation abilities of human body via sustained assault to make it fatigued. Transforming human brain’s work pattern is another method which probably brings about both physical and mental addition (USDHHS, 2010).1.1 The respiratory systemThe respiratory system is the first casualty because it’s the path for tobacco smoke into human body (Winstanley, as cited in Oni, Eweka & Otuaga, 2008). The mouth, throat, trachea and other organs in this system generate pathological changes after smoke access and express relevant symptoms. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a typical respiratory disease which 84% cases attribute to smoking (Shahab, as cited in Duaso & Duncan, 2012), and the unlucky ills probably die due to lack of air and without efficacious medical treatment (USDHHS, 2010). Another fatal disease is lung cancer. There is sufficient evidence that this kind of cancer is caused by smoking by up to 85%-90% (Duaso & Duncan, 2012).Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 32033581.2 The cardiovascular systemThe cardiovascular system as one of the compromised systems which exhibition is that rising risk of relate-disease because smoke alters human’s blood vessels to much thicker and narrower (USDHHS, 2010). Approximately 50% and 90% of cases of coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease are associate with smoking respectively (Oni et al., 2008) .A heart attack emerges in a smoker is about twice as likely as a non-smoker (Duaso & Duncan, 2012).1.3 The reproductive systemReproduction of both males and females can be disturbed by smoking. Comparing to non-smoker males, smoking ones have lower quality sperm and alteration of male sex horm ones ,which decreases male’s fertility (Akushevich, Kravchenko & Manton, 2007) .It’s malign effects are more obvious for females , including an increased chance of miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth and long-term complications (USDHHS, as cited in Duaso & Duncan, 2012).1.4 The nervous systemHuman’s brain is the principal member of nervous system; it’s also the target of nicotine (one toxic ingredient in cigarette). Nicotine has the ability to reach the brain rapidly, about 10 seconds, and induces the release of dopamine (Russell, as cited in Duaso & Duncan, 2012) which should handicap normal work of brain and causes human morbid craving (USDHHS, 2010). The representations are headache, nausea and irritability following regular doses of nicotine entr y humans’ brain (Duaso & Duncan, 2012). Furthermore, smoking rises the risk of stroke by up to three fold (Oni et al., 2008).Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 32033581.5 The other systemsSmoking reduces human’s immunologic function , which leads to human body always in the more susceptible condition , that means humans are more likely to get sick . For endocrine system, it adds probability of having type 2 diabetes by affecting blood sugar (USDHHS, 2010). In the motor system, smokers are easier to suffer hip fractures as a result of decreasing bone density due to smoking (Duaso & Duncan, 2012).Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 32033582. Tools and Programs to Help Quit Smoking2.1 Mass media campaignsAccording to Thomson &Wilson (2005) state that reducing the power of the tobacco industry is a useful tool to have a successful result for the smoking cessation program. By decreasing the power of tobacco companies on people from the government and economic group attribute different their views on companies. They are encouraged to be aware that marketing tools, ideas and intentions of tobacco industries are not reliable. Also media campaigns are large roles in eliminating the tobacco industry strong control. There are three parts: to decrease the amount of tobacco advertising in the media, to increase healthy life styles without smoking and to encourage smoking cessation (as cited in Hayes, 2011).In addition,Political policy for tobacco control attributes a very helpful achievement to its programme (Thomson et al as cited in Hayes, 2011). In 1985 Minister of Health New Zealand announced tobacco control policies including: public participating in project, health education, adult quit clinic, inhibition adolescent access to tobacco, regulation of tar yields, increased taxation, non smoking places and not allow to advertise tobacco products and tobacco brand name sponsorships (Marie, Ferguson, & Boden, as cited in Hayes, 2011).Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 32033582.2 Increase the cost of tobaccoThomson &Wilson (2005) note that the main purpose of increasing the price of tobacco is to encourage the reduction of tobacco usage. It has effectiveness on the following areas: current smokers consider quitting and young people are inhibited from starting smoking due to increase the tobacco price.During 2009, in the United States and Australia, there were plans to increase the tobacco tax. The consequences of this causes the tendency of reducing numbers of smokers in 2010 across all income levels, especially among lower socio-economic groups ( Martire, Mattick, Doran, & Hall, 2010 ).2.3 Enhancing nicotine replacement therapy in clinical practiceIn Australia, Nicotine replacement therapy was introduced 30 years ago. It is the effective support for smokers to quit without difficulties. It has the 60% higher quit rate than placebo according to over 150 clinical trial records ( as cited in Mendelsohn 2013).2.4 Telephone counsellingAccording to article of Smoking Cessation, telephone counselling is a useful protocol to encourage smokers to quit and give them help (Stead, Perera, & Lancaster as cited in Tedeschi, 2013). Residents from The United States (US), Canada, Mexico. Europe, Australia, New Zealand and a lot of Asian countries are able to use telephone services ( Anderson & Zhu as cited in Tedeschi et al. 2013). Quit rates of Chinese, Korea and Vietnamese speaking smokers are obviously high after counselling sections ( as cited in Tedeschi et al. 2013).Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 32033582.5 Constant advice from health care professionalsA report by Galloway (2012) found that midwives are important roles in identifying the pregnant women who smoke. They have opportunities to offer smoking cessation during pregnancy and postpartum period to avoid the dangers of smoke exposure to the unborn baby. Intensive and ongoing support are required for pregnant women and midwives can provide consistent advice to them.Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 3203358ReferencesUS Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). A report of the Surgeon General: How tobacco smoke causes disease.Retrieved from/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/consumer_booklet/pdfs/consumer.pdfDuaso, M. J., & Duncan, D. (2012).Health impact of smoking and smoking cessation strategies: current evidence.British Journal of CommunityNursing, 17 (8): 356-63.Retrieved from Ebsco Megafile Premier Database. National Public Health Partnership. (2000). National response to passive smoking in enclosed public places and workplaces: A Background Paper. Retrievedfrom .au/publications/legislation/smoke_passive.pdfOni, A., Eweka, A., & Otuaga, P.(2008).Smoking: its health effects and cessation.Internet Journal of Nutrition & Wellness,Vol. 6, Issue 1.Retrieved fromEbsco Megafile Premier Database.Akushevich, I., Kravchenko, J. S., & Manton, K. G.(2007). Health-BasedPopulation Forecasting: Effects of Smoking on Mortality and Fertility. RiskAnalysis, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 467-481.Retrieved from Ebsco MegafilePremier Database.Hayes, J. (2011). Smoking Tobacco and the Health of New Zealanders. Shadows: The New Zealand Journal of Medical Radiation Technology, Vol. 54, No. 1:4-9.Retrieved from Informit Health Collection Database.Tedeschi, G. J., Zhu, S.H., Cummins, S. E, Shin, H., & Nguyen, M.H.(2013).Counselling Asian smokers: Key considerations for a telephoneintervention.Journal of Smoking Cessation, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2-10.Retrievedfrom Informit Health Collection Database.Mendelsohn, C.(2013). Optimising nicotine replacement therapy in clinical practice.Australian Family Physician, Vol. 42, No. 5, 305-309.Retrievedfrom Informit Health Collection Database.Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 3203358Galloway, M.(2012).Smoking in pregnancy.Practice Nurse, Volume 42, Issue 4, pp.174-179. Retrieved from Ebsco Megafile Premier Database.Martire, K. A., Mattick, R. P., Doran, C. M., & Hall, W. D.(2010). Cigarette tax and public health: what are the implications of financially stress ed smokers forthe effects of price increases on smoking prevalence?Addiction, Vol. 106,pp. 622–630doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03174.Retrieved From EbscoMegafile Premier Database.Sha HONG 3196449 Lily Kyin 3203358。
血循环系统 - 英文版
Circulatory System∙ Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph), gases,hormones blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. ∙ Anything and everything about circulation the body ∙ Composition:o Cardiovascular system: distributes blood: Circulation that happens in the heart and blood vessels ∙ Lymphatic system: returns excess filtered blood plasma from interstitial fluid (between cells as lymph): protection∙ Principal functions of vertebrate circulatory systemof all the substances essential for cellular metabolism▪Respiratory –transports O 2to the tissue cells through the RBC ▪ Nutritive – carries absorbed nutrients through the liver and to the cells ▪ Excretory – removes metabolic wastes , excess water and other substances▪Hormones – part of endocrine systemo Regulation – transport regulatory hormones & temperature regulation▪ Hormone transport – blood carries hormones and carry them to distant targetorgans they regulate▪ Temperature regulation – maintenance of a constant body temperature inwarm-blooded animals.o Protection – protection against injury and foreign microbes▪ Blood clotting – protects against blood loss when vessels are damaged▪ Immune defense – WBCs (leukocytes) provide immunity against many disease-causing agents∙ Basic Typeso Gastrovascular cavity∙ Hydras have 1 opening; water entersand circulates∙ Oxygen/ nutrients are absorbed byChoanocytes∙ Consists of a epidermis andChoanocyteso Open Circulatory System▪Arthropods and some mollusks▪Basic components ofcardiovascular systems∙Hemolympho Limits sizeo Blood + lymph; goesBack into the heart∙Blood vessels- terminate in aopening∙One or more hearts∙Hearts are just musculartubes ▪There is no distinction between the circulating fluid (blood) & the extracellular fluid of the body tissues (interstitial fluid or lymph)▪Fluid in vessels and interstitial fluid mingle in 1 compartment as hemolymph▪Nutrients & waste exchanged by diffusion between hemolymph and body cells ▪Energetically inexpensive▪Limitation: hemolymph can’t be selectively delive red to different tissueso Closed Circulatory System▪Blood and interstitial fluid arephysically separated▪Larger, more active animals need ahigher pressure to pump blood to allbody cells (more efficient bloodpumping)▪Found in earthworm, cephalopods,and all vertebrates▪Advantages:∙Animals can grow larger withmore efficient supply∙Blood flow can be selectivelycontrolled▪TYPES∙Single Circulationo Fishes∙Double Circulationo Crocodiles,birds,Mammals∙Amphibians andmost Reptileshave systems withfeatures of bothCLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMSingle Circulation System – fish (most primitive)∙ Blood passes through the heart only once in a full circuit∙ Heart → Gills (have thin membrane that’s why arteries have lowpressure) → Body → Heart∙ Single atrium collects blood from tissues∙ Single ventricle pumps blood out of the heart ∙ Arteries carry blood away from the heart∙ Blood picks up O 2 and drops CO 2 and goes on through arteries toother body tissues∙ Limitation: pressure lowers; big fishes have to breathe continuouslyDouble Circulation System∙ Blood passes through the heart twice in one full circuit ∙ Heart →Lungs →Heart → Body → Heart∙ Amphibianso Unique in that they can breathe through theirlungs and skino Heart Pumps blood to either▪ Pulmocutaneous circulation – carriesdeoxygenated blood to both the lung and skin▪ Systemic circulation – body tissueso Heart has▪ 3 chambers▪ 2 atria to collect bloodo Right atrium – blood from the body (NOTLUNGS) and is low in O 2 (except oxygenated blood from skin)o Left atrium - blood from lungs (O 2 rich whenair is breathing)o Single ventricle – mixture of oxygenated anddeoxygenated bloodo Internal recesses – separates oxygenatedand deoxygenated (not perfect)o Both atria dump into 1 ventricleo Internal structure keeps 2 O 2 oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mostly separated o Some mixing does occur reducing efficiencyo Noncrocodalian reptiles also have 2 atria and 1 ventricleo Ventricle is partially divide – higher effieciencyo Both must use low moderated pressure systems to minimize pressure flowing through lung tissue∙Crocodiles, birds and mammalso Reptiles have transitional heartso Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separates into 2 distinct circuitso Systemic circulation – to the bodyo Pulmonary circulation – to the lungso 2 atria and 2 ventriclesThe Human Heart∙Hollow, cone-shaped muscle located between the lungs and behind the sternum (breastbone), tilted at to the left∙About the size of a human fist∙2/3 is located to the left of the midline of the body and 1/3 to the right∙The apex (pointed end) points down and to the left∙Ave. weight between 250-350 grams∙ 4 chambers:o 2 superior atria; the receiving chamberso 2 inferior ventricles; the discharging chambers∙(interatrioventicular) septum – separated the left atrium and ventricle from the right atrium and ventricle, dividing the heart into 2 functionally separate and anatomically distinct units.∙Layerso Endocarium– smooth, inside lining of the heart▪In contact with the blood that the heart pumps▪Protects the cavityo Merges with the inner lining (endothelium)of blood vessels and cover heart valveso Myocardium - middle layer of heart muscle▪Layer that contractso Epicardium or visceral pericardium– outer layer of the heart▪ A fluid sac that surrounds the heart∙Valves:o Atrioventricular (AV) valves - found between the atria and ventricles.▪tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve▪ Between the right atrium and the right ventricle.▪Usually has three papillary muscles.▪Prevents blood from the right ventricle to go to the right atriumo Mitral valve or bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve▪ A dual-flap valve that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.▪Prevents blood from the left ventricle to go to the left atriumo Semilunar valves - separate the left and right ventricle from the pulmonary artery and the aorta, respectively▪aortic valve∙found between the left ventricle and aorta▪pulmonary valve∙lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery ∙Blood Vessels∙Aortao largest artery in the bodyo arises from the left ventricle of the heart, goes up(ascends) a little ways, bends over (arches), thengoes down (descends) through the chest andthrough the abdomen to where ends by dividinginto 2 common iliac arteries that go to the legs.o Anatomically, it is divided into the ascending aorta,the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.o Can accommodate the greatest pressureo It serves to supply oxygenated blood to the majororgans of the body.o the central conduit from the heart to the body.∙Superior Vena Cava:o A large vein that receivesblood from the head, neck,upper extremities, and thoraxand delivers it to the rightatrium∙Inferior Vena Cava:o A large vein that receivesblood from the lowerextremities, pelvis andabdomen and delivers it tothe right atrium of the heart ∙Pulmonary Artery:o begins at the base of the right ventricle.o it delivers deoxygenatedblood to the lung.∙Pulmonary Vein:o large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from thelungs to the left atrium of theheart.o In humans there are fourpulmonary veins, two fromeach lung.∙Myogenic Hearto Electrically excitable, generates own action potentialo Contains auto-rhythmic fibers- can initiate periodic action potential w/o neural activation▪SA Node – most important group of auto-rhythmic cellso Nervous input can increase or decrease rate∙Sino-Atrial Nodeo Found at the upper part of the right atrium of the hearto Acts as the hearts natural pacemakero Triggers a sequence of electrical events in the heart that control the regular muscle contractions (every 0.6 seconds or 100/min) that pump blood out of the heart with a rhythm of about 60-70 beats/min (resting heart)o Depolarization is transmitted through 2 pathways▪Cardiac muscles of the left atrium▪Cardiac muscles of the right atrium and AV Nodeo Depolarization spread quickly among the muscles of the left and right atriasimultaneously▪ Possible because of gap junctions in intercalated diskso AV node provides the only pathway for conduction of depolarization from atria toventricleso Delays ventricular contraction by 0.1 sec (part where atrium transfers blood to ventricles) o Permits atria to finish contraction and emptying of contentso Wave of depolarization is conducted to ventricles by AV bundle or bundle of His▪ Relays depolarization to Purkinje Fibers∙ Stimulates contraction of myocardial cells of the L and R ventricle almostsimultaneouslyo Contraction of the heart is controlled by Ca and troponin/tropomyosin system similar toskeletal muscleso Pattern of voltage change produced by SA node can be measured with electrodes onthe skin▪ Voltage measurements on the skin of the chest are called electrocardiogram(ECG)∙ Record of electrical impulses generated during the cardiac cycle ∙ Monitor electrical activity produced by SA node ∙ Examine fornormal frequency, strength,duration and direction of signals∙ P wave - begins when SA node fires; coincides with depolarization of the atria and, therefore, associatedwith atrial systole ∙ QRS Complex – 3 waves – AV node excites ventricle∙ T wave- repolarization of ventricles back to resting state FLOW OF BLOOD∙ Functioning:o Flow of blood through the heart: one direction▪ from the atria to theventricles, and out of the arteries.▪ Blood is prevented fromflowing backwards by the valves.∙From the left atrium the blood moves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body (via the aorta).∙From the R atrium blood moves to the R ventricle which pumps the blood to the lungs∙On both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker and stronger than the upper atria.∙The muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemiccirculation.∙IT ONLY TAKES ABOUT 20 SECONDS TO PUMP BLOOD TO EVERY CELL OF OUR BODYCARDIAC CYCLE (heart beat)∙Filling of atrium, pumping of ventricle∙the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats.∙ two phases:o diastole phase, the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood.o systole phase, the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries.∙One cardiac cycle is completed when the heart fills with blood and the blood is pumped out of the heart.∙Diastole Phase – R sideo Atria and ventricles are relaxed and AV valves are openo Deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae flows into the right atriumo Open AV valves allow blood to pass through to the ventricleso SA node contracts triggering the atria to contracto R atrium empties its contents into R ventricleo Tricuspid Valve closes ∙Systole Phase – R sideo R ventricle receives impulses from the Purkinje Fibers and contracts o SL (pulmonary) valve openso Deoxygenated blood is pumped in to the pulmonary artery. SLvalve closeso Pulmonary artery carries blood to lugs to pick up oxygeno Blood is returned to the L atrium by pulmonary veins∙Diastole Phase – L sideo Blood from pulmonary veins fill left atrium (blood from venacava is also filling the R Atrium) o SA node contracts triggering left atrium to contracto AV (mitral) valves openso L atrium empties its content to L ventricle ∙Systole Phase – L sideo L ventricle receives impulses from the Purkinje fibers and contracts o SL (aortic) valve openso Oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta. Aorta providesoxygenated blood to the body o Oxygen depleted blood isreturned to the heart via venacavae∙CARDIAC OUTPUT∙Amount of blood the heart pumpsper unit time in L/min∙Depends in the size of the heart and how often it beats∙Stroke volume - amount of blood a heart ejects at each beat∙Higher heart rates of smaller animals gives them a greater cardiac outputthat would be predicted based onthe size of their hearts (must meethigh metabolic demands) HEART SOUNDS∙Lub-dubo the 1st heart sound (lub) is causedby the vibration of the heart atthe time of the closure of thetricuspid and mitral valves.o the 2nd heart sound (dub) iscaused by the vibrations at thetime of closure of the pulmonicand aortic valvesHEART BEAT∙Regular Heart Beat: 70-80 beats a minute∙When you run around a lot your heart pumps more blood into yout body—maybe up to 200 times a minute∙As people grow older their heart rates changeo A newborn baby has a heart rate of about 130o 3 year-old: about 100o18 year-old: about 90 times a minuteo Adult: 70-80o The older you get the slower your heart beats∙An average heart pumps about 10 mililiters of blood into your body with every beat∙That’s about 5L every minute or about 7200L everydayPULSE∙ Represents the tactile aterial palpitationof the heartbeat through the fingertips ∙ May be palpated in any place wherean artery is compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), and near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery)BLOOD∙ Specialized bodily fluid in animals thatdelivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those some cells ∙ Amount in adults: 4.5-6 quarts ∙ Functionso Transport of gases, nutrients,waste products, and hormones o Maintenance of bodytemperatureo Protection from substance o Clot formationCOMPONENTS OF BLOOD∙ Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)o Life span: 120 dayso Function: to carryoxygen from the lungs to every cell in the bodyo Makeup almost 99.9%of formed elements in bloodo Composition: proteinand iron compound, called HEMOGLOBIN , that captures oxygen molecules as the blood moves through the lungsUnites readily with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin (found in arteries)∙ Form of oxygen as it is transported in the blood stream ∙ Together with iron, it gives blood a bright red coloro Membrane is flexibleo Able to bend in many directions w/o breaking o Biconcave disc shape o No nuclei o About 4.5M in female and 5M in males per cubic mm of blood o Formed in the reticulo-endothelial tissue of the bone marrow o Discharged into the blood capillaries after losing nuclei o Remain in the blood for 3-5 weeks o Destroyed by spleen and liver∙ Leukocytes(White blood cells)o With nucleo Average from 6 thousand – 10Tcells per cubic mm of blood, or about 1 for every 700 RBC o Primary defense mechanismagainst bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasiteso Produce antibodies, which arereleased into the circulating blood to target and attach to foreign organismso WBC are classified according to their size, shape of nucleus & reaction to dyes used in staining them∙ Thrombocytes (Platelets)o Small irregularly shaped clearcell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus o 2-3 m in diametero Derived from fragmentation ofprecursor megakaryocytes o Average lifespan: 5-9 dayso Natural source of growth factor▪ Play a significant role inthe repair and regeneration of connective tissueso Involved in hemostasis(process that stops the flow ofblood), leading to the formation of blood clots▪ Ability of the system to prevent excessive blood loss upon injuryo Normal platelet count: 150,000-450,000/ of blood▪ If too low, excessive bleeding can occur▪ If too high, blood clots/thrombosiscan form∙ May obstruct blood vesselsand result in stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism or the blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as extremities of the arms or legsBLOOD CLOT FORMATION∙ Platelets (cell fragments) in the bloodstream come into contact w/ damaged blood vesselFirst to defendMacrophages∙Platelets and vessel wall release enzyme thrombokinase∙Conversion of inactive enzyme prothrombin into active thrombin∙Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin∙Fibrin forms a over the wound that traps RBCS and seals the wound∙Resulting jelly clot like exposure to air to form a scab∙Calcium, vitamin K, and a variety of enzymes called factors are also necessary for efficient blood clotting∙HEMOPHILIAo Genetic defect in clotting factorso Inherited deficiency of a specific clotting factor causes thiso Most common form is X-linked recessive mutationo Treatment requires transfusions of purified clotting factors from donors or genetically engineered organismso Attempting gene therapyBLOOD TYPE∙The most common blood type classification systemis the ABO system discovered by Karl Landsteiner.o observed two distinct chemical moleculeson the surface of the red blood cells and labeledmolecules "A" and "B."o If the red blood cell had only "A" moleculeson it, that blood was called type A.o If the red blood cell had only "B" moleculeson it, that blood was called type B.BLOOD VESSELS∙Arterieso Conduct blood away from the hearto contain a high percentage of smooth muscle.o The artery walls consist of three layers:▪Tunica Adventitia: strong outer covering of arteries and veins which consists of connective tissues, collagen and elastic fibers.▪Tunica Media: the middle layer and consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.This layer is thicker in arteries than veins.▪Tunica Intima: the inner layer which is in direct contact with the blood flowing through the artery. It consists of an elastic membrane and smooth endothelialcells.∙Arterioleso Most highly regulated blood vessels in the bodyo Contribute the most to overall blood pressureo Respond to a wide variety of chemical &electrical messages and are constantly changing size to speed up or slow down blood flow∙Capillarieso Site of gas and nutrient/waste exchangeo Single-celled layer of endothelium on a basement membraneo Smallest and narrowest vessels in the body∙Blood enters capillary on arteriole end under pressure∙Pressure forces some fluid out of the blood (not RBC or large proteins)∙Most of the fluid that leaves will be recaptured by the venule end of the capillary∙Venuleso Small, thin extensions of capillaries∙Veinso Conduct blood back to the hearto Thinner and less muscular than arteries o Need help returning blood to the heart▪Smooth musclecontractions help propelblood▪Valves inside veinssqueezed by skeletalmusclesDISORDERS∙Systemic hypertension (High Blood Pressure)o High BP in the systemic arterieso Usually caused by the constriction of the small arteries (arterioles)o Causes: obesity, smoking, aging, etc.∙Congestive heart failureo Condition in which the heart’s function as a pump is inadequate to meet the body’s needo Leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and surrounding body tissueso Results from pulmonary hypertension- blood backs up in the lungs, raising pressure, and forcing fluid out into lung tissue∙Atherosclerosiso Disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner wallso Usual cause of heart attack, strokes and peripheral vascular diseaseo Coronary artery disease results from plaque forming in the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle∙Myocardial infarction (MI) /Heart Attacko Occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscleo Localized regions of the heart muscle dieo Cardiac angioplasty can detect narrowing of coronary vesselso Balloon angioplasty can widen the lumen of narrowed vesselso Coronary artery bypasses take a healthy blood vessel and use it to replace a blockedcoronary artery。
猪场中常用到的英语专业术语
猪场中常用到的英语专业术语一、不同阶段的猪专业词汇boar（公猪）gilt（后备母猪）sow（经产母猪）piglet（乳猪）：特指尚没有断奶的小猪，国内称为仔猪的实际上包括未断奶的和已经断奶的，分别称为“哺乳仔猪”和“断奶仔猪”，用“仔培猪”这样的名称更是少见。
weaning（断奶）weaner（断奶猪）：断奶后的猪只——一般是18-24日龄直到30公斤。
Pre-starter （断奶前仔猪）Starte（断奶仔猪）grower（生长猪）：指大于30公斤的猪只——也称为feeder pig。
finisher（育成猪）：指大于60公斤的猪只，故称为肥育猪或育肥猪是不恰当的。
mummified piglet（木乃伊猪）：在怀孕期间死亡的胎儿以木乃伊的状态被产出。
有些文献上称“产木乃伊”是不正确的，应该是“产木乃伊胎”。
Y orkshire 大白Duroc 杜洛克Hampshire 汉普夏Landrace 长白Farrow to wean出生到断奶Wean to feeder断奶到育肥Farrow to feeder出生到育肥Feeder to finish 育肥到育成Farrow to finish出生到育成二、养繁殖中常用专业词汇farrowing（产仔）：母猪产小猪的过程-即分娩（parturition）。
Introducing control 引种控制Segregated early weaning 早期断奶lactating（泌乳）：母猪产生乳汁的过程。
gestating（怀孕期）：从断奶后配种到产仔的一段时间（即干乳期）。
litter（窝）：从同一头母猪一次产出的一群仔猪。
parity（胎次）：每个胎次就是指每一次分娩——如：第三胎是指母猪产的第三窝。
stillborn（死产）：产出死亡的胎儿。
fostering（寄养）：将仔猪在不同的母猪间饲喂以获得更多的乳汁。
colostrum（初乳）：分娩后最初几天产生的乳汁——含有较多抗体和其它因子。
系统解剖 呼吸系统 英文版.Respiratory system
★ Laryngeal cartilages 喉软骨
Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 Arytenoid cartilage 杓状软骨
Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨
Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped cartilage ★Laryngeal prominence 喉结 Superior thyroid notch Superior and inferior cornu Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring) ★Arch of cricoid cartilage环状软骨弓 环状软骨弓 －at level of C6 Lamina of cricoid cartilage环状软骨板 环状软骨板
May be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction
Membranes and ligambrane 方形膜 Vestibular ligament 前庭韧带 Vocal ligament 声韧带
Middle nasal meatus Middle nasal meatus Superior nasal meatus
Larynx 喉
★ Position Situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone) Extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6 Structures The framework of the larynx is made up of cartilages, which connected by membranes and ligaments and moved by muscles It is lines by mucous membrane
8.Respiratorysystem
Quadrangular membrane 方形膜
Vestibular ligament 前庭韧带
• Cricoarytenoid joint 环杓关节 – Between the lamina of cricoid cartilage and the base of the arytenoid cartilage
Membranes and ligaments of larynx 膜和韧带
• Thyrohyoid membrane 甲状舌骨膜 －extending from hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage
• The narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity
• Intermembranous part 膜间部 －anterior 2/3, between vocal
folds • Intercartilaginous part 软骨间部
－posterior 1/3, between
• Cricotracheal ligament 环状软骨气管 韧带－between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea
• Quadrangular membrane 方形膜
– Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
• Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 – Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage – Attached by its stalk to the thyroid cartilage
8.Respiratory system
Cricotracheal ligament
环状软骨气管韧带－连接环状软骨
下缘和第1气管软骨环的结缔组织 膜.
Muscles of larynx
Tensing the vocal ligament－cricothyroid 环甲肌：起于环
状软骨弓前外侧面，肌束斜向后上方，止于甲状软骨下 角和下缘。作用：紧张并拉长声带。
★The paranasal sinuses
Name of sinus Frontal sinus额窦 Site of drainage 通过筛漏斗开口于中鼻道
Maxillary sinus上颌窦 通过半月裂孔开口于中鼻道
Sphenoid sinus蝶窦
Ethmoidal sinuses筛窦
蝶筛隐窝 中鼻道 中鼻道 上鼻道
（一）甲状软骨
上切迹 上角
喉结 右板 左板 下角
★ Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨
Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨
是喉软骨中唯一完整的软骨环.由 前部的环状软骨弓cricoid Arch和 后部的环状软骨板cricoid Larnina构成. 环状软骨弓平对 C6 支撑呼吸道,保持其畅通,损伤产 生喉狭窄.
★ Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨
Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨
构成喉的前壁和侧壁,由前缘互相愈 着的呈四边形的左右软骨板组成, Laryngeal prominence 喉结 前缘的愈着处称前角,前角的上端向 前突出,称喉结.成年男子尤为明显. Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 是喉软骨中唯一完整的软骨环.由前 部的环状软骨弓cricoid Arch和后部 的环状软骨板cricoid Larnina构成. 环状软骨弓平对 C6 支撑呼吸道,保持其畅通,损伤产生喉 狭窄.
医学常用生理学名词英语翻译
医学常用生理学名词英语翻译Medical Terminology: English Translations of Common Physiology TermsIntroduction:In the field of medicine, it is essential to have a clear understanding of physiological processes and their corresponding terminologies. This article aims to provide an English translation for commonly used physiological terms. By gaining familiarity with these terms, medical professionals can communicate effectively and accurately across language barriers. Here, we present a comprehensive list of physiological terms along with their English translations.1. Circulatory System:- Physiology Term: 心脏English Translation: Heart- Physiology Term: 血管English Translation: Blood Vessels- Physiology Term: 血液English Translation: Blood- Physiology Term: 动脉English Translation: ArteryEnglish Translation: Vein- Physiology Term: 循环系统English Translation: Circulatory System 2. Respiratory System:- Physiology Term: 呼吸English Translation: Respiration- Physiology Term: 肺English Translation: Lungs- Physiology Term: 气管English Translation: Trachea- Physiology Term: 支气管English Translation: Bronchus- Physiology Term: 呼吸道English Translation: Respiratory tract - Physiology Term: 呼吸困难English Translation: Dyspnea3. Nervous System:English Translation: Brain- Physiology Term: 神经English Translation: Nerve- Physiology Term: 中枢神经系统English Translation: Central Nervous System- Physiology Term: 自主神经系统English Translation: Autonomic Nervous System - Physiology Term: 神经传导English Translation: Nerve Conduction- Physiology Term: 神经衰弱English Translation: Neurasthenia4. Digestive System:- Physiology Term: 胃English Translation: Stomach- Physiology Term: 肠English Translation: Intestine- Physiology Term: 食管English Translation: Esophagus- Physiology Term: 胆囊English Translation: Gallbladder- Physiology Term: 肝脏English Translation: Liver- Physiology Term: 消化系统English Translation: Digestive System 5. Skeletal System:- Physiology Term: 骨骼English Translation: Skeleton- Physiology Term: 骨骼肌English Translation: Skeletal Muscle - Physiology Term: 骨折English Translation: Fracture- Physiology Term: 骨髓English Translation: Bone Marrow- Physiology Term: 皮质骨English Translation: Cortical Bone- Physiology Term: 骨骼系统English Translation: Skeletal System6. Urinary System:- Physiology Term: 肾脏English Translation: Kidney- Physiology Term: 尿液English Translation: Urine- Physiology Term: 尿道English Translation: Urethra- Physiology Term: 膀胱English Translation: Bladder- Physiology Term: 泌尿系统English Translation: Urinary System- Physiology Term: 排泄English Translation: ExcretionConclusion:A solid grasp of medical terminology is crucial in the healthcare profession, especially when communicating across different languages. This article has provided a comprehensive list of commonly used physiologicalterms in Chinese, along with their English translations. By familiarizing themselves with these translations, medical professionals can enhance their ability to effectively communicate and understand the physiological concepts discussed in an international medical setting.。
呼吸系统中英文
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
不可逆气道阻塞Irreversible airflow obstruction 慢支和肺气肿Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema 常常伴发Frequently occur together 与空气污染和吸烟有关Strongly correlated with air
粘液腺数量增加 increased volume of the submucosal mucus glands
慢性炎症a component of chronic inflammation
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Reid index
basal lamina
inner perichondrium
Reserve cells Cuboidal Produce and process surfactant Divide and differentiate to type I pneumocytes
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Section 1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
luminal and mucus chronic inflammation
病理学 Pathology
NMU博学至精 明德至善
Pathologic changes
慢性非特异性炎
起始于大支气管累及小 、细 支气管
① 粘膜上皮的损伤和修复
呼吸科英文
ENGLISH CASE(Respiratory department)----------------------------------------------------------- Name: ` Age:Sex: Race:Occupation: Nationality:Married status:Address:Date of admission:Date of record:Complainer of history: Reliability:-----------------------------------------------------------Chief Complaint:Present illness:-----------------------------------------------------------Past History:General health status:normalOperation history:.Infection history: No history of t uberculosis or hepatitis.Allergic history: allergic to a lot of drugs such as sulfanilamide Traumatic history: No traumatic history-----------------------------------------------------------System reviewRespiratorysystem: No history of repeated pharyngodynia, chroniccough,expectoration, hemoptysis, asthma, dyspnea or chest pain.Circulation system: No history of palpitation, hemoptysis, legsedema, short breath after sports, hypertension,precordium pain or faintness.Digestive system: No history of low appetite, sour regurgitation,belching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension,abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, hemaptysis,melena, hematochezia or jaundice.Urinary system: No history of lumbago, frequency of urination,urgency of urination, odynuria, dysuria, bloodyurine, polyuria or facial edemaHematopoietic system: No history of acratia, dizziness, gingivalbleeding, nasal bleeding, subcutaneous bleedingor ostealgia.Endocrine system:No history of appetite change, sweating, chillyexcessive thirst, polyuria, hands tremor, characteralternation, obesity, emaciation, hair change, pig-mentation or amenorrhea.Kinetic system: No history of wandering arthritis, joint pain,red swelling of joint, joint deformity, muscle pain or myophagism.Neural system: No history of dizziness ,headache, vertigo, in-somnia, disturbance of consciousness, tremor, conv- ulsion, paralysis or abnormal sensation.----------------------------------------------------------Personal History:-----------------------------------------------------------Family History:-----------------------------------------------------------Physical ExaminationVital signs:General inspection:Skin: Normally free of eruption or unusual pigmentation.Lymphnodes: There are no swelling of lymphnodes.Head: Normal skull. No baldness, noscars.Eyes: No ptosis. Extraocular normal. Conjuctiva normal. The Pupils are round, regular, and react to light and ac- Commodation.Ears: Externally normal. Canals clear. The drums normal.Nose: No abnormalities noted.Mouth and throat: lips red, tongue red. Alveolar ridges normal.Tonsils atrophil and uninfected.Neck: No adenopathy. Thyroid palpable,but not enlarged. No Abnormal pulsations. Trachea in middle.Chest and lung:Normal contour. Breast normal. Expansion equal.Fremitus normal. No unusual areas of dullness. Diaphr- agmatic position and excursion normal. No abnormal br- eath sound. No moist rales heard. No audible pleural fric- ion. There are lots of rhonchi rales and whoop can be heard Heart: P.M.I 0.5cm to left of midolavicular line in 5th inter- Space. Forceful apex beat.No thrills.No pathologicheart murmur. Heart beat 80 and rhythm is normal.Abdomen:Flat abdomen. Good muscle tone. No distension. No v- isible peristalsis. No rigidity. No mass palpable.Tenderness (-), rebound tenderness (-).Liver and spleen are not palpable. Shifting dullness (-). Bowl sounds normal. Systolic blowing murmur can be heard at theright side of the navel.Extremities: No joint disease. Muscle strength normal. No ab- normal motion. Thumb sign(+). Wrist sign(+).Neural system: Knee jerk (-). Achilles jerk (-). Babinski sign (-). Oppenheim sign (-). Chaddock sign (-). Conda sign (-).Hoffmann sign (-).Neck tetany (-) Kernig sign (-).Brudzinski sign (-).Genitourinary system: Normal.Rectum: No tenderness--------------------------------------------------------------------Out-patient department data:No-----------------------------------------------------------History summary-----------------------------------------------------------Impression:Signature:。
respiratorysystem呼吸系统ppt课件
❖ The trachea divides into right and left main bronchi and these in turn divide into lobar bronchi (upper, middle, and lower on the right, and upper and lower on the left). The airways continue to divide into terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.
② Children should also be injected with only half particles because they have fewer pulmonary arterioles.
③ To perform reduced-count imaging, the acquisition time for each perfusion view should be longer, allowing for nearly equivalent count statistics.
医学英语 呼吸系统
Breathing is the exchange of gases between the cells of an organism and the external environment. The process of taking air into the lungs is called inspiration, or inhalation. The process of breathing air out is called expiration, or exhalation.
Medical English
Respiratory System
Fang, Xiao yi (Judy)房晓祎 Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of SUMC
Objectives
Describe the structures and the functions of organs in res. system Describe the process of breathing Know the common symptoms and signs of res. diseases Know several diseases of res. system
The Respiratory System
Accessory structures:
Diaphragm膈: The main muscle used for breathing; separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Diaphragmatic muscles膈肌 Mediastinum纵隔: Consists of the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space, including trachea, heart, esophagus, large vessels, and other tissues.
NANDA护理诊断一览表(2018-2020)中英文对照版
NANDA 护理诊断一览表（2018-2020）领域 1:健康促进(Health Promotion)类别1：健康觉察（Health awareness）∙娱乐活动参与减少(Decreased diversional activity engagement)∙增进健康管理的准备度（Readiness for enhanced health literacy）∙久坐的生活方式(Sedentary lifestyle)类别2：健康管理（Health management）∙老年综合征（Frail elderly syndrome）∙有老年综合征的危险（Risk for frail elderly syndrome）∙缺乏社区保健（Deficient community health）∙风险倾向的健康行为（Risk-prone health behavior）∙健康维持无效（Ineffective health maintenance）∙健康管理无效(Ineffective Health Management)∙有健康管理改善的趋势(Readiness for Enhanced Health Management) ∙家庭健康管理无效(Ineffective Family Health Management)∙防护无效(Ineffective Protection)领域 2:营养(Nutrition)类别1：摄食（Ingestion）∙营养失调:低于机体需要量(Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements)∙有营养改善的趋势 (Readiness for enhanced nutrition)∙母乳泌乳不足(Insufficient breast milk production)∙母乳喂养无效(Ineffective breastfeeding)∙母乳喂养中断(Readiness for enhanced breastfeeding)∙有母乳喂养改善的趋势(Ineffective breastfeeding)∙青少年进食动力不足（Ineffective adolescent eating dynamics）∙儿童进食动力不足（Ineffective child eating dynamics）∙婴儿受哺养动力不足（Ineffective infant feeding dynamics）∙无效性婴儿喂养型态(Ineffective Infant Feeding Pattern)∙肥胖(Obesity)∙超重(Overweight)∙有超重的危险(Risk for overweight)∙吞咽障碍(Impaired Swallowing)类别2：消化（Digestion）类别3：吸收（Absorption）类别4：代谢（Metabolism）∙有血糖不稳定的危险(Risk for Unstable Blood Glucose Level)∙新生儿高胆红素血症 (Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia)∙有新生儿高胆红素血症的危险(Risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia) ∙有肝功能受损的危险(Risk for Impaired Liver Function)∙有电解质失衡的危险(Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance)类别5：水化（Hydration）∙有电解质失衡的危险（Risk for electrolyte imbalance）∙有体液失衡的危险(Risk for imbalanced fluid volume)∙体液不足(Deficient fluid volume)∙有体液不足的危险(Risk for deficient fluid volume)∙体液过多(Risk for deficient fluid volume)领域 3:排泄(Elimination and Exchange)类别1：泌尿功能（Urinary function）∙排尿障碍(Impaired Urinary Elimination)∙功能性尿失禁(Functional Urinary Incontinence)∙溢出性尿失禁(Overflow Urinary Incontinence)∙反射性尿失禁(Reflex Urinary Incontinence)∙压力性尿失禁(Stress Urinary Incontinence)∙急迫性尿失禁(Urge Urinary Incontinence)∙有急迫性尿失禁的危险(Risk for Urge Urinary Incontinence)∙尿潴留(Urinary Retention)类别2：胃肠功能（Gastrointestinal function）∙便秘(Constipation)∙有便秘的危险(Risk for Constipation)∙感知性便秘(Perceived Constipation)∙慢性功能性便秘(Chronic Functional Constipation)∙有慢性功能性便秘的危险(Risk for Chronic Functional Constipation) ∙腹泻(Diarrhea)∙胃肠动力失调(Dysfunctional Gastrointestinal Motility)∙有胃肠动力失调的危险(Risk for Dysfunctional Gastrointestinal Motility)∙排便失禁(Bowel Incontinence)类别3：皮肤功能（Integumentary function）类别4：呼吸功能（ Respiratory function）∙气体交换受损(Impaired Gas Exchange)领域 4:活动/休息(Activity/Rest)类别1：睡眠/休息（Sleep/rest）∙失眠(Insomnia)∙睡眠剥夺(Sleep deprivation)∙有睡眠改善的趋势（Disturbed sleep pattern)∙睡眠型态紊乱（Disturbed sleep pattern)类别2：活动/运动（Activity/exercise）∙有失用综合征的危险(Risk for disuse syndrome)∙床上活动障碍(Impaired bed mobility)∙躯体活动障碍(Impaired bed mobility)∙借助轮椅活动障碍(Impaired wheelchair mobility)∙坐起障碍(Impaired sitting)∙站立障碍(Impaired standing)∙移动能力障碍(Impaired transfer ability)∙行走障碍(Impaired walking)类别3：能量平衡（Energy balance）∙能量失衡（Imbalanced energy field）∙疲乏(Fatigue)∙游走状态(Wandering)类别4：心血管/肺部反应（Cardiovascular/pulmonary responses）∙活动无耐力(Activity intolerance)∙有活动无耐力的危险(Risk for activity intolerance)∙低效性呼吸型态(Risk for activity intolerance)∙心输出量减少(Decreased cardiac output)∙有心输出量减少的危险(Risk for decreased cardiac output)∙自主呼吸障碍(Decreased cardiac output)∙潜在危险性血压不稳定（Risk for unstable blood pressure）∙有心脏组织灌注不足的危险(Risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion)∙有脑组织灌注无效的危险(Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion)∙外周组织灌注无效（Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion)∙有外周组织灌注无效的危险(Risk for ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion)∙呼吸机依赖(Dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response)类别5：自我照顾（Self-care）∙持家能力障碍(Impaired home maintenance)∙沐浴自理缺陷(Bathing self-care deficit)∙穿着自理缺陷(Dressing self-care deficit)∙进食自理陷（Feeding self-care deficit)∙如厕自理缺陷(Toileting self-care deficit)∙有自理能力改善的趋势(Readiness for enhanced self-care)∙自我忽视(Self-neglect)领域 5:感知/认知(Perception/Cognition)类别1：注意力（Attention）∙单侧身体忽视(Unilateral Neglect)类别2：定向力类别3：感觉/知觉类别4：认知∙急性意识障碍(Acute confusion)∙有急性意识障碍的危险(Acute confusion)∙慢性意识障碍(Acute confusion)∙情绪控制失调(Labile emotional control)∙冲动控制无效(Labile emotional control)∙知识缺乏(Deficient knowledge)∙有知识增进的趋势(Readiness for enhanced knowledge)∙记忆功能障碍(Impaired memory)类别5：沟通∙有沟通增进的趋势(Readiness for enhanced communication)∙语言沟通障碍(Impaired verbal communication)领域 6:自我感知(Self-Perception)类别1：自我概念（Self-concept）∙无望感(Hopelessness)∙有希望增强的趋势(Readiness for enhanced hope)∙有个人尊严受损的危险（Risk for compromised human dignity）∙自我认同紊乱（Disturbed personal identity）∙有自我认同紊乱的危险（Risk for disturbed personal identity）∙有自我概念改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced self-concept）类别2：自尊（Self-esteem）∙长期低自尊(Chronic low self-esteem)∙有长期低自尊的危险(Risk for chronic low self-esteem)∙情境性低自尊(Situational low self-esteem)∙有情境性低自尊的危险(Risk for situational low self-esteem)类别3：身体形象（Body image）∙体像紊乱(Disturbed body image)领域 7:角色关系(Role Relationships)类别1：照顾者角色（Caregiving roles）∙照顾者角色紧张(Caregiving roles)∙有照顾者角色紧张的危险(Risk for caregiver role strain)∙养育功能障碍(Impaired parenting)∙有养育功能障碍的危险(Risk for impaired parenting)∙有养育功能改善的趋势(Readiness for enhanced parenting)类别2：家庭关系（Family relationships）∙有依附关系受损的危险(Risk for impaired attachment)∙家庭运作过程失常(Dysfunctional family processes)∙家庭运作过程改变(Interrupted family processes)∙有家庭运作过程改善的趋势(Readiness for enhanced family processes) 类别3：角色扮演（Role performance）∙关系无效（Ineffective relationship）∙有关系无效的危险（Risk for ineffective relationship）∙有关系改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced relationship）∙父母角色冲突（Parental role conflict）∙无效性角色行为（Ineffective role performance）∙社会交往障碍（Impaired social interaction）领域 8:性(Sexuality)类别1：性认同（Sexual identity）类别2：性功能（Sexual function）∙性功能障碍（Sexual dysfunction）∙性生活型态无效（Ineffective sexuality pattern）类型3：生殖（Reproduction）∙生育进程无效（Ineffective childbearing process）∙有生育进程无效的危险（Risk for ineffective childbearing process）∙有生育进程改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced childbearing process）∙有母体与胎儿双方受干扰的危险（Risk for disturbed maternal-fetal dyad）领域 9:应对/应激耐受性(Coping/Stress Tolerance)类别1：创伤后反应（Post-trauma responses）∙有复杂性移民的危险（Risk for complicated immigration transition）∙创伤后综合征（Post-trauma syndrome）∙有创伤后综合征的危险（Risk for post-trauma syndrome）∙强暴创伤综合征（Rape-trauma syndrome）∙迁移应激综合征（Relocation stress syndrome）有迁移应激综合征的危险（Risk for relocation stress syndrome）类别2：应对反应（Coping responses）∙活动计划无效（Ineffective activity planning）∙有活动计划无效的危险（Risk for ineffective activity planning）∙焦虑（Anxiety）∙防卫性应对（Defensive coping）∙应对无效（Ineffective coping）∙有应对改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced coping）∙社区应对无效（Ineffective community coping）∙有社区应对改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced community coping）∙妥协性家庭应对（Compromised family coping）∙无能性家庭应对（Disabled family coping）∙有家庭应对改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced family coping）∙对死亡的焦虑（Death anxiety）∙无效性否认（Ineffective denial）∙恐惧（Fear）∙悲伤（Grieving）∙复杂性悲伤（Complicated grieving）∙有复杂性悲伤的危险（Risk for complicated grieving）∙情绪调控受损（Impaired mood regulation）∙无能为力感（Powerlessness）∙有无能为力感的危险（Risk for powerlessness）∙有能力增强的趋势（Readiness for enhanced power）∙恢复能力障碍（Impaired resilience）∙有恢复能力障碍的危险（Risk for impaired resilience）∙有恢复能力增强的趋势（Readiness for enhanced resilience）∙持续性悲伤（Chronic sorrow）∙压力负荷过重（Stress overload）类别3：神经行为压力（Neurobehavioral stress）∙急性成瘾物质戒断综合征（Acute substance withdrawal syndrome）∙有急性成瘾物质戒断综合征的危险（Risk for acute substance withdrawal syndrome）∙自主反射失调（Autonomic dysreflexia）∙有自主反射失调的危险（Risk for autonomic dysreflexia）∙颅内调适能力降低（Decreased intracranial adaptive capacity）∙新生儿戒断综合征（Neonatal abstinence syndrome）∙婴儿行为紊乱（Disorganized infant behaviour）∙有婴儿行为紊乱的危险（Risk for disorganized infant behaviour）∙有婴儿行为调节改善的趋势（Readiness for enhanced organized infant behavior）领域 10:生活准则(Life Principles)类别1：价值（Values）类别2：信念（Beliefs）∙有精神安适增进的趋势（Readiness for enhanced spiritual well-being）类别3：价值/信念/行动一致性（Value/belief/action congruence）∙有决策能力增强的趋势（Readiness for enhanced decision-making）∙抉择冲突（Decisional conflict）∙独立决策能力减弱（Impaired emancipated decision-making）∙有独立决策能力减弱的危险（Risk for impaired emancipated decision-making）∙有独立决策能力增强的趋势（Readiness for enhanced emancipated decision-making）∙道德困扰（Moral distress）∙宗教信仰减弱（Impaired religiosity）∙有宗教信仰减弱的危险（Risk for impaired religiosity）∙有宗教信仰增强的趋势（Readiness for enhanced religiosity）∙精神困扰（Spiritual distress）∙有精神困扰的危险（Risk for spiritual distress）领域 11:安全/防护(Safety/Protection)类别1：感染（Infection）∙有感染的危险（Risk for infection）∙有手术部位感染的危险（Risk for surgical site infection）类别2：身体伤害（Physical injury）∙清理呼吸道无效（Ineffective airway clearance）∙有误吸的危险（Risk for aspiration）∙有出血的危险（Risk for bleeding）∙牙齿受损（Impaired dentition）∙有干眼症的危险（Risk for dry eye）∙有口干症的危险（Risk for dry mouth）∙有跌倒的危险（Risk for falls）∙有角膜受损的危险（Risk for corneal injury）∙有受伤的危险（Risk for injury）∙有尿道损伤的危险（Risk for urinary tract injury）∙有手术期体位性损伤危险（Risk for perioperative positioning injury）∙有热损伤的危险（Risk for thermal injury）∙口腔黏膜完整性受损（Impaired oral mucous membrane integrity）∙有口腔黏膜完整性受损的危险(Risk for impaired oral mucous membrane integrity)∙有外周神经血管功能障碍的危险(Risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction)∙有身体创伤的危险(Risk for physical trauma)∙有血管损伤的危险(Risk for vascular trauma)∙有压疮的危险(Risk for pressure ulcer)∙有休克的危险(Risk for shock)∙皮肤完整性受损(Impaired skin integrity)∙有皮肤完整性受损的危险(Risk for impaired skin integrity)∙有婴儿猝死的危险(Risk for sudden infant death)∙有窒息的危险(Risk for suffocation)∙术后康复迟缓(Delayed surgical recovery)∙有术后康复迟缓的危险(Risk for delayed surgical recovery)∙组织完整性 (Impaired tissue integrity)∙有组织完整性受损的危险(Risk for impaired tissue integrity)∙有静脉栓塞的危险（Risk for venous thromboembolism）类别3：暴力（Violence）∙有女性割礼的危险（Risk for female genital mutilation）∙有对他人施行暴力的危险(Risk for other-directed violence)∙有对自己施行暴力的危险（Risk for self-directed violence）∙自残（Self-mutilation）∙有自残的危险（Risk for self-mutilation）∙有自杀的危险（Risk for suicide）类别4：环境伤害（Environmental hazards）∙受污染（Contamination）∙有受污染的危险（Risk for contamination）∙有职业伤害的危险（Risk for occupational injury）∙有中毒的危险（Risk for poisoning）类别5：防卫过程（Defensive processes）∙有碘造影剂不良反应的危险(Risk for adverse reaction to iodinated contrast media)∙有过敏反应的危险（Risk for allergy reaction）∙乳胶过敏反应（Latex allergy reaction）∙有乳胶过敏反应的危险（Risk for latex allergy reaction）类别6：体温调节（Thermoregulation）∙体温过高（Hyperthermia）∙体温过低（Hypothermia）∙有体温过低的危险（Risk for hypothermia）∙有手术期体温过低的危险（Risk for perioperative hypothermia）∙体温调节无效（Ineffective thermoregulation）∙有体温调节无效的危险（Risk for ineffective thermoregulation）领域 12:舒适(Comfort)类别1：身体舒适（Physical comfort）∙舒适度减弱（Impaired comfort）∙有舒适增进的趋势（Readiness for enhanced comfort）∙恶心（Nausea）∙急性疼痛（Acute pain）∙慢性疼痛（Chronic pain）∙慢性疼痛综合征（Chronic pain syndrome）∙分娩疼痛（Labor pain）类别2：环境舒适（Environmental comfort）类别3：社会舒适（Social comfort）∙有孤独的危险（Risk for loneliness）∙社交孤立（Social isolation）领域 13:生长/发展(Growth/Development)类别1：生长类别2：发展有发育迟缓的危险（Risk for delayed development）。
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• The esophagus leads into the stomach and carries food to be digested. • The larynx contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support.
Combining forms
• • • • • • • Pulmon/o Rhin/o Sinus/o Spir/o Tel/o Thorac/o Trache/o lung nose cavity breathing complete chest windpipe pulmonary rhinorrhea sinusitis spirometer atelectasis thoracotomy tracheotomy
• The smallest of the bronchial
branches are the bronchioles . At the end of bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called alveoli (singular: alveolus).
• The diaphragm is a muscular partition separating the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and aiding in the process of breathing
• It contracts and descends with each inhalation (inspiration). The downward movement of the diaphragm enlarges the area in the thoracic cavity, decreasing internal air pressure, so that air flows into the lungs to equalize the pressure. • When the lungs are full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates, making the area in the thoracic cavity smaller, thus increasing air pressure in the chest. Air then is expelled out of the lungs to equalize the pressure; this is exhalation (expiration)
• Below the nasopharynx and closer to the mouth is the second division of the pharynx, the oropharynx • The palatine tonsils, two rounded masses of lymphatic tissue, are in the oropharynx
Combining forms
• • • • • • Pector /o Pharyng/o Phon/o Phren/o Pleur/o Pneum/o chest thorat voice diaphragm pleura air, lung expectoration
dysphonia phrenic nerve pleural effusion pneumothorax
• The uppermost part of the lung is the apex, and the lower area is the base. The hilum of the lung is the midline region where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit.
• The thyroid cartilage is the largest and is commonly referred to as the Adam's apple. As expelled air passes the vocal cords, they vibrate to produce sounds. The tension of the vocal cords determines the high or low pitch of the voice.
summary
• Nose →nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses →pharynx →larynx →trachea →bronchi →bronchioles →alveoli →lung capillaries
Combining Forms
• • • • • • Adenoid/o Alveol/o Bronch/o Bronchiol Capn Coni
• Because food entering from the mouth and air entering from the nose mix in the pharynx, what prevents food or drink into the larynx and respiratory system during swallowing?
the air next reaches the pharynx (throat)
There are three divisions of the pharynx The first is the nasopharynx . It contains the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids, which are collections of lymphatic tissue.
• On its way to the lungs, air passes from the larynx to the trachea (windpipe) , a vertical tube about 41/2 inches long and 1 inch in diameter.
• The trachea is kept open by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage separated by fibrous connective tissue that stiffen the front and sides of the tube.
Respiratory system
Anatomy
Air enters the body via the nose and passes through the nasal cavity, lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs (cilia) todies, as well as to warm and moisten the air.
adenoids adenoid hypertrophy
air sac alveolar tube bronchiectasis small tube bronchiolitis carbon hypercapnia dust pneumoconiosis
Combining form
• • • • • • Epiglott/o Laryng/o Lob/o Mediastin/o Orth/o Ox/o epiglottis epiglottitis voice box laryngospasm lobe of lung lobectomy mediastinoscopy straight orthopnea oxygen hypoxia
asthma
• Each alveolus is lined with a one-cell layer of epithelium. This very thin wall permits an exchange of gases between the alveolus and the capillary surrounding it
• Each lung is covered by a doublefolded membrane called the pleura. • The outer layer of the pleura, nearest the ribs, is the parietal pleura , and the inner layer, closest to the lung, is the visceral pleura
• In the region of the mediastinum , the trachea divides into two branches called bronchial tubes, or bronchi (singular: bronchus). Each bronchus leads to a separate lung and divides and subdivides into smaller and finer tubes, somewhat like the branches of a tree.
Paranasal sinuses are hollow, aircontaining spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.
After passing through the nasal cavity,
• The epiglottis ,a flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue, prevents choking or aspiration of food. • It acts as a lid over the opening of the larynx. During swallowing, when food and liquid move through the throat, the epiglottis closes over the larynx.