高考英语wh-ever从句辨析 孙忠平

高考英语Wh-ever从句辨析
陕西省安康市岚皋中学孙忠平
摘要:在历年全国各地高考英语单项选择试题中，由连接代词whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever以及连接副词whenever，wherever，however 引导的从句，几乎年年被作为考察的重点知识对象，这些从句从大类上来说或为名词性从句或为状语从句，具体到究竟是何种从句就更是多达上十种之多。

许多考生由于弄不清各种从句的句法功能、表现特征、从句与从句间的对比与联系，碰到这样的考点往往不得要领，无从下手，常做出错误的选择。

本文结合近些年的高考英语试题，试图对wh-ever引导的各种从句进行对比与剖析，帮助考生认识这些从句的表现特征、句法功能，明确在使用中应该注意到的细微区别等等，从而增强做题的时效性和准确度。

关键词：高考英语 wh-ever从句辨析
词缀-ever与部分疑问代词和疑问副词结合，生成能够引导名词性从句或者状语从句的连接代词或连接副词，意为“无论……”、“不管……”。

比较常见的有whatever（无论什么）,whichever（无论哪个）,whoever（无论是谁）,whomever（无论是谁）,whenever（无论何时）,wherever（无论何处）,however（不管怎样），这些连接词究竟各自能引导什么类型的从句，如何判断使用的正确与否以及怎样与其他意义相近的句型进行改换等等，几乎是历年高考英语单项知识题、短文改错等题型中常常会涉猎到的题点，也是令不少考生感到困惑，无从下手的难点。

下面笔者结合近几年全国各地高考试题中涉及的相关考点，就上述这些词引导的从句类型进行对比辨析，引入相关句型进行句式变换，从而找出其特征和规律，以达正确判断，灵活运用之目的。

一、whenever,wherever,however通常情况下只引导让步状语从句，可以分别用no matter when,no matter where 以及no matter how来进行替换改写。

请看以下各例：
Whenever you come,you’ll be welcome. （Whenever you come=No matter when you come）无论你什么时候来，我们都欢迎你。

You can stay at my cottage in the country whenever you like. （whenever you like=no matter when you like）只要你愿意，无论什么时候都可以住在我乡下的小屋里。

The dog follows me wherever I go.( wherever I go=no matter where I go)我无论走到何处，狗狗都会跟着我。

Wherever he goes out,he always takes his umbrella.( Wherever he goes out=No matter where he goes out)不管他外出到哪里，他都会带着雨伞。

He had to get the car fixed however much it cost.( however much it cost=no matter how much it cost)无论花多大代价他都得找人把车修好。

However hard she tried, nothing seemed to work.（However hard she tried=No matter how hard she tried）无论她多么努力，好像都无济于事。

这里需要指出的是，whenever,wherever除了引导让步状语从句外，也可分别引导时间状语从句和地点状语从句，含义相当于when和where，但语气更强。

另外，使用however作引导词时，一定要注意句子的词序，即
however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语…=no matter how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语…。

I'd like to see you whenever it's convenient.在你方便的时候我想来看看你。

Whenever I mention playing football, he says he’s too busy. 我一跟他提踢足球的事, 他就说太忙。

Sit wherever you like.你爱坐哪儿坐哪儿。

Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible.凡有可能使用的地方尽量避免出现这种结构。

试做以下高考题：
①_____, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. (2004上海卷)
A. However the story is amusing
B. No matter amusing the story is
C. However amusing the story is
D. No matter how the story is amusing
②You should try to get a good night’s sleep _____ much work you have to do.（2004湖北卷）
A. however
B. no matter
C. although
D. whatever
③He tried his best to solve the problem, ______difficult it was. (2005天津卷)
A. however
B. no matter
C. whatever D .although
④This is a very interesting book. I'll buy it, _____. (2006陕西卷)
A. no matter how it may cost
B. how may it cost
C. how much may it cost
D. however much it may cost
⑤______ hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread.（2008辽宁卷)
A. Whatever
B. Whenever
C. Wherever
D. However
⑥______well prepared you are , you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing. (2008上海卷)
A. however
B. whatever
C. no matter
D. although
⑦Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, or _____ it is convenient to you．（2011江西卷）
A．whenever B．however C．whichever D．wherever
⑧The map is one of the best tools a man has _____he goes to a new place. (2012上海卷)
A. whenever
B. whatever
C. wherever
D. however
⑨______ hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. (2012湖南卷)
A. However
B. Whatever
C. Whichever
D. Whenever
（答案：①C ②A ③A ④D ⑤D ⑥A ⑦A ⑧A ⑨A）
二、whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever这四个连接代词既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句。

这时，理解引导词的句法成分功能以及如何对其进行变换改写成为认识两种不同类型从句的关键。

先看以
下各组例句：
1、Whatever he did was right.( Whatever he did=Anything that he did)他所做的一切都是对的。

（主语从句）
Whatever you say to her,she still keeps smiling.( Whatever you say to her=No matter what you say to her)不管你对她说些什么，她总是报之以微笑。

（让步状语从句）
2、Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.(Whichever of you comes=Anyone of you comes in)你们哪一位进来都会得到一份奖品。

(主语从句)
Whichever book you borrow,you must return it in a week.(Whichever book you borrow=No matter which book you borrow)不管你借阅哪一本书，你都必须在一周之内归还。

（让步状语从句）
3、I’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it.( whoever wants it=anyone who wants it)谁想要，我就把我的票给谁。

（宾语从句）
Whoever telephones,tell him I’m out.( Whoever telephones=No matter who telephones)无论谁打电话，就说我不在。

（让步状语从句）
4、But I also find that it allows me to be whomever I want（to be）.( whomever I want=anyone who(m) I want (to be))不过，我也发现，这个名字也让我可以做我想做的任何人。

（表语从句）
I'll give it to him, whomever I should give it to.( whomever I should give it to=no matter whom I should give it to)这东西，我该给谁就给谁。

（让步状语从句）
通过对以上四组例句观察、对比，不难发现这样三个基本现象和规律：第一，当whatever /whichever被改写成anything that或whoever/whomever被改写成anyone who引导的定语从句时, 原从句可被判断为名词性从句;如果只能分别改写成no matter what ,no matter which,no matter who和no matter whom，则原从句属于让步状语从句。

第二，引导名词性从句时，whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever会在主句和从句中同时充当某一句子成分，或称“具有双重句子成分功能”，如Whatever he did was right句中的whatever引导的是主语从句，它既做主句主语又在所引导的从句中作主语。

而引导让步状语从句时，whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever仅只在各自的从句中充当某一成分，如Whatever you say to her,she still keeps smiling句中的whatever只在其所引导的让步状语从句做及物动词say的宾语，与主句成分无关。

第三，在复合句中，名词性从句与主句是有机的统一整体，从句或为主语，或为宾语或作表语，无论主从句谁在前谁在后，主从句之间的关系十分密切，浑然一体，不可拆分。

在让步状语从句中，由于引导词只在从句中起单一句子成分的作用，与主句成分不发生直接的联系，主从句间具有相对的独立性和完整性，常被逗号隔开。

请参看以上每组第二句。

在实践中，我们还注意到，whatever,whichever除具有代词的作用外，作用还相当于一个形容词，也就是说它们的后面还可以接一个名词，来共同引导从句，表示“无论什么样的……”，“不管哪一个……”。

例如：Whatever problems you have,you can always come to me for help.( Whatever problems you have=No matter what problems you have，让步
状语从句)无论你有什么样的问题，你都可以随时来找我帮忙。

You may take whichever seat you like. (whichever seat you like =any of the seats you like，宾语从句)你想坐哪个位子就坐哪个位子。

另外，考生在做题时，还需弄清以下两点，方可万全无虞。

一是whomever为whoever的宾格形式，通常只在句中作宾语、表语，而主格形式的whoever则可做主语、宾语、表语等，不要反宾为主。

注意下面这道考题：
She hopes to become a friend of_____shares her interest.
A.anyone
B.whomever
C.whoever
D.no matter who
分析:本题表面上看来是缺一个名词性从句做主句中介词of的宾语，即宾语从句，但是从句中实际缺少的是句子的主语。

选项A缺少引导定语从句并作主语的关系代词who，选项D只能引导状语从句，不符合结构要求，故答案为C。

二是whatever的范围比较宽泛，笼统，而whichever有较为明确的范围，比较具体。

例如：
It is generally considered unwise to give a child______he or she wants.
A.however
B.whatever
C.whichever
D.whenever
分析：由题干中动词give的搭配可知，本题需要用连接代词引导一个宾语从句，符合条件的选项只有B和C。

全句意思是“人们一般认为，孩子想要些什么就给他（她）些什么是不明智的”。

很显然，孩子要的或是大人给的都是些范围、目标不甚明确的东西，无论什么都可以，所以B为最佳答案。

再如：
The ties are good in quality as well as in style;she knows that_____she choose will suit her husband.
A.whichever
B.whatever
C.however
D.whoever
分析：从题意可知，她是在为自己的丈夫挑选领带，具有明确的目标和选择范围，故可首先排除选项C、D，而在这些领带中，其质量和款式都非常不错，无论她选中哪一条都适合丈夫的要求，故A是最佳答案。

现在，你是否已有充分的把握顺利完成下列考题了呢？试试吧。

(1)The old tower must be saved, _______the cost. (2005浙江卷)
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. wherever
(2)The poor young man is ready to accept _______ help he can get. (2005全国卷III)
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whenever
(3)_____team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (2006山东卷)
A.No matter what
B. No matter which
C .Whatever D. Whichever
(4)_ tomorrow, our ship will set sail for Macao. (2007上海春)
A. However the weather is like
B. However is the weather like
C. Whatever is the weather like
D. Whatever the weather is like
(5)Could I speak to______ is in charge of International Sales ,please? (2007山东卷)
A. anyone
B. someone
C. whoever
D. no matter who
(6)The lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a T-shirt ______ the season. (2008全国卷I)
A. whatever
B. wherever
C. whenever
D. however
(7)_____wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. (2008浙江卷)
A. Anyone
B. The one
C. Whoever
D. Who
(8)The how to book can be of help to ______wants to do the job. (2009陕西卷)
A.who B .whomever C .no matter who D. whoever
(9)She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do_____it takes to save her life. （2009湖南卷）
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whoever
(10)Could I speak to_____is in charge of International Sales please? (2009全国卷I)
A.anyone
B.someone
C.whoever
D.no matter who
(11)-- How about camping this weekend, just for a change?
-- OK, _____you want. （2010浙江卷）
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whoever
(12)To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions_____had used the products. （2010重庆卷）
A. whoever
B. who
C. whichever
D. which
(13)To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off_____we are to shake hands with.（2011重庆卷）
A. whichever
B. whenever
C. whoever
D. wherever
(14)We promise _____attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. (2012福建卷)
A. who
B. whom
C. whoever
D. whomever
(15)As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best. (2012陕西卷)
A. whatever
B. whichever
C. whenever
D. wherever
(16)When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or ______.(2012山东卷)
A. whoever
B. wherever
C. whatever
D. however
(17)The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for_____he could find about Mark Twain. (2012辽宁卷)
A. wherever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whichever
参考答案：(1)B (2)C (3)D (4)D (5)C (6)A (7)C (8) D (9)C (10)C (11)C (12)A (13)C (14)C (15) B (16)A (17)C。