英语s发音规则

s发/s/的读音规则
一、s在词首时;除了sugar;sure以及sh组合发/ /以外;其余一般发/s/.. 例：
surface;serve;seven;six;some;sign
比较：design/di'zain/
一般前缀;合成词不影响其读音..s仍读成/s/..例：
unsafe;unsatisfactory;roadside;teaspoon;snowstorm
二、两个s在词尾时读作/s/.. 例：
grass;glass;address;press;success;pass;miss;stress;across;swiss; progress;process;kiss
三、词尾s在u后读作/s/.. 例：
bus;us;minus;abacus;plus;status;virus
四、在sis组合的弱读中;两个s都读作/s/.. 例：
emphasis;analysis;thesis;crisis
emphasise; emphasize; analyse/ analyze; criticise/criticize criticism n.
五、s在字母c前常读作/s/.. 例：
muscle;discipline;science
六、s在某些前后缀中读作/s/..
1．在前缀mis-;dis-中;s读作/s/.. 例：
mismanage;misjudge; misbelieve;disorder;disobey
2．在后缀－sive;sity;－self;-some;-sy中;s读作/s/.. 例：
expensive;intensive;decisive;
yourself;handsome;troublesome;tiresome;quarrelsome
七、s在清辅音前后常读作/s/..
1．s在清辅音前常读作/s/.. 例：
honest;newspaper;task;satisfy;grasp grab; grip
2．s在清辅音后常读作/s/.. 例：
sportsman;works;stops;roofs．
八、词尾se在字母r;l;n后读作/s/.. 例：
horse;nurse;worse;course; universe;pulse;else;tense;sense
I couldn't find good references by Googling; and I don't know anything about British English. As I think it through; it is quite complicated Sorry -- we should really get around to some spelling reform. I hope others can help edit this list if they think of exceptions.
In American English; typically
If there are any prefixes or suffixes causing an s to be in the middle of a word either because the "s" is part of the prefix or because it is part of the root"; the "s" is always unvoiced 清音/s/; e.g. subsist; substandard; mismatch; mistake; etc.
An s that is written next to an unvoiced consonant 清辅音 is always unvoiced /s/; e.g. lisp; rasp; history; etc.
When the unvoiced consonant of the above rule is t; then the /t/ is silent if the next syllable is syllabic /n/ or /l/:listen; whistle. Otherwise it is pronounced. See the comments for a more detailed description of this rule.
An s before m is always voiced /z/: chasm; prism; plasma. However; the top rule takes precedence有优先权; so the s in mismatch is always voiceless /s/.
An s that is written doubled between vowels is also unvoiced: massive; missive; missile; etc. However; if the s would occur in the phonetic stream /s+j/ then it assimilates to / /; e.g. in mission.
An s that is written as one single letter between vowels is usually /z/;e.g. laser; risible; criticise/ criticize; desert; design; reason; busy; result; reserve; closer the comparative form of the adjective "close"; has an /s/ sound. In the same environment as mentioned above /z+j/ will assimilate to / / e.g. in vision.
Terrible exception to the above: in dessert; the s is voiced to /z/. Many native English speakers misspell dessert for this reason. Note also that the difference between desert and dessert
is not voicing; but which syllable gets the accent it is the first in desert and the second in dessert.
Possess and its derivatives are another exception; the middle "ss" is voiced to /z/. The terminating "ss" is not.
Other miscellaneous exceptions: The -ss- in the American state name Missouri is also exceptionally pronounced /z/. In raspberry;
the p is silent and the s assimilates to the /b/; so is voiced to /z/.
补充：Based on the immediately surrounding letters:
Word-internal -ns-; e.g. in i ns ist; te ns e; ti ns el; is almost always pronounced /ns/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesn't apply to words that end in -ns; like pe ns or le ns these have /nz/.
Exceptions:clea ns e and pa ns y; which have /nz/. For some
speakers; certain but not necessarily all words starting with "trans" such as tra ns it and tra ns ition have /nz/.
Word-internal -ls-; e.g. in el s e; pul s e; is almost always pronounced /ls/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesn't apply to words that end in -ls; like ee ls or stea ls these have /lz/. Exception: pa ls y; which has /lz/.
Word-internal -rs-; e.g. in pe rs ist; ve rs e; is almost always pronounced /rs/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesn't apply to words that end in -rs; like sta rs or you rs these have /rz/.
Based on identifying particular suffixes:
The ending -sive is usually pronounced /s v/ with voiceless /s/; even when there is a vowel letter immediately preceding the letter "s". For example; explo s ive; inva s ive; abu s ive; deri s ive are all pronounced with /s/.
The ending -o s ity is always pronounced with voiceless /s/.
名词复数后面s的发音规则
一般来说;s在元音或浊辅音后读z};在清辅音后面读成s;在t后与t在一起读成ts;在d后与d一起读成dz..
cups 杯子 days 日子 hands 手 hats 帽子
2、以s;sh;ch;x结尾的词在词尾加－es;读iz
classes 班级 buses 公共汽车 boxes 盒子 watches 手表
3、以“元音字母＋y”结尾的词;加－s;读作z；以辅音字母＋y结尾的词;变y为i;再加－es;读iz..
boy-boys 男孩 army-armies 军队 story-stories 故事
factory-factories 工厂 baby-babies 宝贝
4、以o结尾的词;多数加－s;读z..
kilo-kilos 公里 photo-photos 照片 tobacco-tobaccos 烟草piano-pianos 钢琴
以元音字母＋o结尾的词一律加－s;读z..
zoo-zoos 动物园 radio-radios 收音机
少数以o结尾的词;在词尾加-es;读z..
tomato-tomatoes 西红柿 hero-heroes 英雄 Negro-Negroes 黑人potato-potatoes 土豆
5、以f或fe结尾的词;多数把f;fe变为v;再加－es;读s..
leaf-leaves 树叶 thief-thieves 小偷 wife-wives 妻子
knife-knives 小刀 shelf-shelves 架子
6、不规则名词的复数形式..
1、通过变化单词内部元音字母;构成复杂形式..
man-men 男子 woman-women 女人 foot-feet 脚 goose-geese 鹅tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse-mice 老鼠 child-children 小孩
2、单数形式与复数形式相同
sheep-sheep 绵羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese 中国人Japanese-Japanese 日本人
规则的名词复数形式一般是在单词后加-s 或-es..其音法方法为：在/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/等清辅音后 /s/
Cups; hats; cakes; roofs
在/s/ /z/ /M/ /CM/ /DN/等音后 /iz/
glasses; roses; brushes; matches; bridges
在其它情况下：/z/
Beds; days; cities; knives
以th收尾的词原读/θ/的;加词尾s后;多读/z/;例如：
mouth mouths
path /pa:θz/- paths /pa:Iz/
但也有不这样变的;如：
month /mΛnθ/ - months /mΛnθs/; length/lengθ/ - lengths/leng θs/;
另有些词可变可不变;如：
youth/ju:θ/ - youths/ju:θs/或/ju: θz/; truth/tru:θ/ -
truths/tru:θs/或/tru: θz/..
关于名词复数后面s的发音规则;我相信你已经看过了多遍语法书上名词复数后面的三条发音规则了;只是看不懂;也不会用..要掌握这些复杂难懂的规则;关键是要知道其背后的用意;从而不被表面的文字所迷惑..下面请你睁大双眼;我告诉你它们的真实用意——其实就是为了两个字“顺口”..
没明白吗;稍微解释两句..s为什么可发s和z两个音呢;就为了顺口;这两个音一个弱一个强;一个无声一个有声也就是过去所说的;前一个是
清辅音;后一个是浊辅音;那么这两个音怎么用呢很简单;遇到单词尾是不响亮的清辅音字母时如p;t;k;f就发s；遇到单词尾是响亮的浊辅音字母如b;d;m;n;r或元音字母如a;e;o;u时就发z;这样做的目的就是为了顺口..清辅音发音时仅气流从嘴里出来;声带不振动;发出的声音较弱;因此
英语里认为清辅音是一种不响亮音;而浊辅音和元音发音时声带要振动;发出的声音大;因此英语里认为浊辅音和元音是响亮音..为了追求发音的顺口和协调;英语人民普遍有一个发音倾向;并且大家都在自觉地执行;就是让清辅音和清辅音连在一起如ps;ts;ks;fs;让响亮音和响亮音连在一起如bz; dz;mz; nz; rz; az;他们认为这样发音很顺口协调..在他们看来;要是让一个清辅音和一个浊辅音连在一块;比如fz;kz;pz;tz; 就好像让一个哑巴和一个大叫驴站在一块;怎么看都别扭;不顺口;不舒服..
因此英语人民在发名词复数后面s音时就自发自动地出现了的两个现象也就是上面的第一条和第三条：
1s在p;t;k;f等清辅音后发s；
3在其他情况下即在浊辅音和元音后发z..
怎么样;这回你明白了吗;要是没明白的话;别急着往下看;翻回头去再看几遍我上面说的话;直到彻底搞明白了再往下看..我向你保证;以上内容绝对十分简单;只是你过去学英语“复杂”惯了;猛然碰到个简单的;一时半会还转型不过来..
等你看明白了上面的话语;我再接着讲..
英语里有一些特别讨厌的单词;它们以s;z; sh; ch为结尾;比如单词bus; fox; dish; watch;等;这些单词的结尾音有一个一致的特点;就是和s的发音一样或特别接近;这使得若在这些单词的后面直接加个s来表达复数的话;成为buss; foxs; dishs; watchs的话;单词结尾的发音就出
现了难题;因为区分两个一样或十分相近的s音十分困难;不信你念念上面单词;看你的嘴能否区分开..
怎样来解决这个难题呢英语人民还真很智慧;他们不知道是谁带了头;想了一个办法来对付这个难题;就是在两个s之间塞个e;变成buses; foxes; dishes; watches;并且让e发音为i;这样一来不就把两个相似的s的发音间隔开了吗妙妙妙看来全世界群众的眼睛都是雪亮的..
那么buses; foxes; dishes; watches最后的那个s该怎么发音呢这回该问你了;你不是看懂了我前面说的那段话了吗;里面有“响亮音要和响亮音连在一起”..e是个什么音是元音;元音属声带振动的“响亮音”;并且e在这里发i;那么它后面跟个s该怎么发音;这还用说吗;肯定是顺口协调地与e一同发响亮的z了..
因此要是让我来修改上述三条规则;首先就是取消第二条;取消这个像烟雾弹一样的多余规则;都是它把问题搞乱了;这条多余的规则使整个规则的讲解都出现了逻辑上的混乱;就好像告诉别人“人类社会是由人类和大人小孩组成的”;这话谁能听得懂
取消第二条后我把上述三条规则改写成如下两条：
名词复数后的s
1S在清辅音后发s
2S在浊辅音或元音后发z..
如果你还能进一步看得明白;看得觉醒;我就索性将它再改一改;改成一步到位的、谁都能一眼看得明白记得住的下面两句话： 1S在不响亮音后发s
2S在响亮音后发z..。