美联英语短新闻 中国《网络安全法》冲击跨国公司
冲击与应对:GDPR与《网络安全法》比较视野下的企业合规
冲击与应对:GDPR 与《网络安全法》比较视野下的企业合规公安部第三研究所网络安全政策法律研究中心 胡文华在网安法实施一周年之际,欧盟GDPR 开始正式施行。
鉴于GDPR 所确立的域外效力,部分在华企业将须同时满足GDPR 与网安法两部法律的合规要求。
GDPR 与网安法规范的差异性以及潜在的冲突性为企业仅仅在网安法框架下进行的合规工作带来了巨大冲击。
为有效应对GDPR 与网安法并行下的企业合规,企业应在全面梳理其业务开展情况的前提下,确定合规对象;区分数据来源,开展针对性合规;完善内控机制,加强合规记录;以全球化视野制定合规策略。
一、问题的提出2018年6月1日,作为我国网络安全领域首部综合性立法的《网络安全法》(以下简称“网安法”)实施一周年。
网安法确立了我国网络安全法律制度的基本框架,为我国应对网络安全挑战这一全球性问题提出了中国方案。
其中,个人数据保护作为网安法的重要内容之一,在网安法实施一年里实现了诸多进展。
规范层面,个人数据保护配套制度不断完善。
2018年5月1日,国家标准《信息安全技术 个人信息安全规范》(GB/T 35273-2017)开始正式实施。
《个人信息和重要数据出境安全评估办法》《信息安全技术 数据出境安全评估指南》也在加紧推进。
执法层面,为促进网安法中个人数据保护相关要求有效实施,公安部多次组织了打击侵犯公民个人信息罪的专项行动。
2017年7月,中央网信办、工信部、公安部、国家标准委联合开展隐私条款专项工作,对微信、淘宝等十款网络产品和服务的隐私条款进行评审。
2017年8月至10月,全国人大常委会执法检查组对网安法及《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于加强网络信息保护的决定》(以下简称“一法一决定”)的实施情况进行检查,并发布了关于“一法一决定”实施情况的报告。
其中,个人数据保护制度的落实情况为此次执法检查五大重点之一。
司法层面,网安法实施一年来,在单一的刑事诉讼外,相关民事诉讼案例也逐渐出现。
美联英语短新闻 越南人现在怎么看中国
小编给你一个美联英语官方免费试听课申请链接:/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供:英语短新闻越南人现在怎么看中国i like Vietnam , so i want know how do Vietnamese people view China now? i know we have some conflicts.我喜欢越南,所以我想知道现在的越南人是怎么看待中国的?我知道我们两国间有一些矛盾。
We think that China will have a bright future if China could unify her people and avoid any destructive wars in China or near China. We hope that Vietnam and China will be peaceful and prosperous and have a good relationship.我们认为如果中国能够统一人民并且避免其内部以及周边发生破坏性战争的话,中国将有光明的未来。
我们希望越南和中国能和平繁荣,并建立友好关系。
We think that Chinese people are smart, clever, ambitious, good at bussiness( love money so much). I want that Vietnamese people will have good traits like the Chinese.我们认为中国人聪明机灵,有野心,会做生意(非常爱钱)。
我希望越南人也能像中国人一样具备这些好特点。
We know that China is investing everywhere, in Africa, in Europe, in America, in Asia. China wants to make a lot of money.我们知道中国人到处投资:非洲、欧洲、美国、亚洲。
中国跨国企业在东道国遭遇政治风险的案例
中国跨国企业在东道国遭遇政治风险的案例中国跨国企业正在全球范围内稳步崛起和扩展。
然而,正是由于它们的扩张和经营活动,中国跨国企业也面临着各种政治风险。
下面是一些中国跨国企业在东道国遭遇政治风险的实际案例。
1. 华为在美国的禁令:华为是中国最大的跨国通信技术公司之一。
然而,由于美国政府对华为的安全担忧,华为在美国市场面临了一系列政治风险。
近年来,美国政府频繁出台禁令和制裁措施,限制华为在美国采购和销售产品,甚至禁止华为参与国内的电信基础设施建设。
这些政治风险给华为在美国市场的发展带来了极大的挑战。
2. 宝钢与韩国政府的争议:宝钢是中国最大的钢铁企业之一,也是全球最大的钢铁生产商之一。
然而,宝钢在韩国设厂的计划引发了与韩国政府及相关利益方的争议。
韩国政府及民众担心宝钢设厂会对当地环境造成严重污染,并对韩国国内钢铁行业造成竞争压力。
这些政治争议导致了韩国政府对宝钢项目的限制和阻力,使得宝钢在韩国市场的扩张受到了限制。
3. 中国跨国企业与非洲政府的合作:中国跨国企业在非洲大陆进行投资和业务拓展的案例越来越多。
然而,在一些非洲国家,中国企业面临了政治风险,如政策不稳定、腐败和政治动荡等。
例如,在津巴布韦,中国投资者面临政府的政策转变和非洲民众的抗议活动,导致了一些中国企业在该地的投资受到了限制。
4. 字节跳动在印度的禁令:字节跳动是中国一家知名的科技公司,旗下拥有世界最大的社交媒体平台之一TikTok(抖音)。
然而,在2020年,印度政府出台禁令,禁止中国军事安全担忧,限制了TikTok在印度的运营。
这一政治风险严重影响了字节跳动的海外市场扩展计划。
以上案例揭示了中国跨国企业在东道国面临的政治风险。
中国跨国企业应当认识到政治风险的存在,并采取相应的措施进行应对。
首先,企业需要在对外投资前进行充分的政治风险评估,了解目标市场的政治环境和相关政策,并制定相应的风险管理策略。
其次,企业应建立与东道国政府和当地利益相关方的良好关系,通过透明的沟通和合作来缓解政治争议和风险。
一篇关于中国目前网暴现象及原因的英语作文
一篇关于中国目前网暴现象及原因的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Social Media's Dark Side: An Analysis of Internet Bullying in ChinaAs a student in the digital age, social media has become an integral part of my life and that of my peers. Platforms like WeChat, Weibo, and TikTok allow us to stay connected, share content, and express ourselves in ways that were unimaginable to previous generations. However, amidst the convenience and entertainment these platforms provide, a sinister issue has emerged – the prevalence of internet bullying, or "cyberbullying" as it is commonly known.In China, cyberbullying has become a widespread phenomenon, with a staggering number of cases reported each year. From cruel comments and insults to the malicious spreading of rumors and personal information, the internet has become a breeding ground for harassment and abuse. Sadly, this issue extends far beyond just harmless banter or trolling, oftenresulting in severe psychological distress, social isolation, and, in some extreme cases, even tragic consequences.As someone who has witnessed and experienced the effects of cyberbullying firsthand, I feel compelled to delve deeper into this issue and explore its underlying causes. By understanding the roots of this problem, we may be better equipped to address it and create a safer, more inclusive online environment.One of the primary factors contributing to cyberbullying in China is the perceived anonymity of the internet. The cloak of anonymity emboldens individuals to engage in behavior they would likely never exhibit in face-to-face interactions. Hiding behind screen names and avatars, bullies feel emboldened to unleash their vitriol without fear of consequences or accountability. This sense of detachment from the recipient's humanity makes it easier to disregard the harm their actions may cause.Additionally, the widespread use of social media among young people in China has amplified the impact of cyberbullying. With a vast online audience at their fingertips, bullies can quickly spread hurtful content, which can then be further amplified through shares and comments. The fear of public humiliationand the potential for content to go viral can exacerbate the psychological damage inflicted upon victims.Moreover, the lack of adequate online regulation and enforcement mechanisms in China has created an environment where cyberbullying can thrive unchecked. While laws and policies exist to combat online harassment, their implementation and enforcement remain inconsistent, leaving many victims feeling helpless and unsupported.Societal attitudes and cultural norms also play a role in perpetuating cyberbullying. In some circles, displaying toughness and assertiveness online is perceived as a desirable trait, leading to a normalization of aggressive behavior. Additionally, the emphasis on conformity and collective mentality in Chinese culture can sometimes result in ostracization or targeting of those perceived as "different" or "outsiders."However, it would be overly simplistic to attribute cyberbullying solely to external factors. Personal insecurities, lack of empathy, and a desire for attention or validation can also drive individuals to engage in bullying behavior online. Some may view it as a way to assert dominance or vent frustrations, whileothers may simply lack the emotional maturity to recognize the harm their actions can cause.Addressing cyberbullying in China will require a multifaceted approach involving various stakeholders – from policymakers and technology companies to educators, parents, and the general public. Strengthening legal frameworks and implementing stricter consequences for online harassment could act as a deterrent and send a clear message that such behavior is unacceptable.Additionally, fostering a culture of empathy, respect, and digital citizenship through educational initiatives and public awareness campaigns could help shift societal attitudes and promote more responsible online behavior.Technology companies, too, have a crucial role to play in combating cyberbullying. Implementing robust content moderation systems, empowering users with reporting and blocking tools, and promoting digital wellness could create safer online spaces and discourage harmful conduct.Ultimately, combating cyberbullying requires a collective effort from all segments of society. As individuals, we must cultivate empathy, respect, and kindness – both online and offline. By recognizing the humanity in one another andunderstanding the profound impact our words and actions can have, we can create a more inclusive and supportive digital landscape.In the grand scheme of things, the internet and social media were meant to connect and empower us, not divide and oppress. It is our collective responsibility to reclaim these platforms and ensure they remain spaces for positive expression, constructive discourse, and meaningful connections. Only then can we truly harness the incredible potential of the digital age while mitigating its darker aspects.篇2The Epidemic of Online Bullying: A Plague on China's InternetAs a student living in the digital age, I have witnessed firsthand the rise of a disturbing trend that has plagued the internet, particularly in our country – the phenomenon of online bullying, or "cyber-bullying" as it is often called. This malicious behavior, which involves using technology to harass, intimidate, or humiliate others, has become an epidemic in China, casting a dark shadow over the virtual spaces we once thought were havens for free expression and connection.The statistics are alarming. According to a recent survey conducted by the China Youth and Children Research Center, nearly one-third of Chinese students have experienced some form of online bullying, with the majority of incidents occurring on social media platforms and messaging apps. The consequences of this behavior are severe, ranging from psychological distress and low self-esteem to academic underperformance and, in extreme cases, even suicide.But why has online bullying become so prevalent in our society? To understand this, we must delve into the root causes of this phenomenon, which are multifaceted and deeply rooted in our cultural and societal norms.One of the primary drivers of online bullying in China is the notion of collectivism deeply ingrained in our culture. From a young age, we are taught to value group harmony and conformity over individual expression. This can lead to a herd mentality, where those who deviate from the norm or express unpopular opinions are ostracized and subjected to ridicule, both online and offline. The anonymity afforded by the internet only amplifies this behavior, as individuals feel emboldened to say things they would never say in person.Another significant factor contributing to online bullying is the intense academic pressure faced by Chinese students. With an education system that places tremendous emphasis on standardized testing and academic achievement, students often find themselves in a highly competitive environment where their self-worth is tied to their academic performance. This pressure can breed resentment and jealousy towards those perceived as more successful, manifesting in online harassment and bullying.Moreover, the rapid expansion of social media and messaging platforms in China has created new avenues for bullying behavior to thrive. The ease with which one can spread rumors, share embarrassing photos or videos, or hurl insults at others with the click of a button has made online bullying a tempting outlet for those seeking to assert dominance or release pent-up frustrations.Compounding these issues is the lack of comprehensive cyberbullying laws and regulations in China. While some measures have been introduced to combat online harassment, such as the Cybersecurity Law of 2017, enforcement remains a challenge, and many cases of online bullying go unreported or unaddressed.As a student witnessing the devastating impact of online bullying on my peers, I believe it is imperative that we take decisive action to address this issue. Education and awareness campaigns are crucial in fostering a culture of empathy, respect, and digital citizenship among students and the broader public. Schools should implement comprehensive anti-bullying policies and provide support services for victims, while also teaching students the importance of responsible online behavior.Additionally, we must call upon technology companies and social media platforms to take a stronger stance against online harassment. Improved reporting mechanisms, content moderation, and user authentication measures can help create safer online spaces and deter bullying behavior.Furthermore, the Chinese government must prioritize the enactment and enforcement of comprehensive cyberbullying laws, ensuring that perpetrators face appropriate consequences for their actions. This should be accompanied by initiatives that promote digital literacy and responsible internet use among the general population.Ultimately, tackling the epidemic of online bullying in China requires a multifaceted approach involving various stakeholders – students, educators, technology companies, and policymakers.We must work collectively to create a safer and more inclusive online environment, one where individual expression is celebrated, and cyber-bullying is no longer tolerated.As students, we have a pivotal role to play in this effort. By embracing empathy, rejecting harmful behavior, and supporting those who have been victimized, we can foster a culture of kindness and respect, both online and offline. It is time for us to stand up against this plague and reclaim the internet as a space for positive connection, creativity, and personal growth.In the words of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius, "What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others." Let us remember these wise words as we navigate the digital world, treating others with the same compassion and respect we would expect for ourselves. Together, we can overcome the epidemic of online bullying and create a brighter, more inclusive future for all.篇3The Scourge of Internet Bullying in ChinaAs the internet has become increasingly integrated into our daily lives, a disturbing trend has emerged in recent years that has cast a dark shadow over the online world - internet bullyingor "cyber-bullying." This pernicious behavior, which involves the use of digital technologies to harass, threaten, or humiliate others, has become a widespread phenomenon in China, particularly among the younger generation.The statistics are alarming. According to a recent survey conducted by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), over 40% of Chinese netizens have experienced some form of online harassment or bullying. This figure is even higher among teenagers and young adults, with nearly 60% of those aged 15 to 24 reporting instances of cyber-bullying.The consequences of this epidemic are severe andfar-reaching. Victims of internet bullying often suffer from depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and in extreme cases, even suicidal thoughts. The emotional and psychological toll can be devastating, particularly for impressionable young minds still in the formative stages of their development.But why has this issue become so prevalent in our society? What factors have contributed to the rise of this toxic online culture? As a student intimately familiar with the digital landscape and its pitfalls, I believe there are several key reasons behind this troubling phenomenon.Firstly, the anonymity afforded by the internet has played a significant role in emboldening bullies and perpetuating their abusive behavior. Behind the veil of anonymity, individuals feel empowered to say and do things they would never dare in the physical world, free from the fear of consequences or social repercussions. This sense of invincibility has led to a culture of impunity, where cyberbullies can lash out with impunity, often hiding behind fake accounts or pseudonyms.Secondly, the prevalence of social media and online platforms has created a stage for bullies to publicly humiliate and target their victims. In the age of oversharing, every aspect of one's life is laid bare on these platforms, providing ample ammunition for those seeking to exploit vulnerabilities or insecurities. A single embarrassing photo or ill-advised post can quickly spiral into a torrent of mockery and abuse, amplified by the echo chamber of the internet.Furthermore, the lack of proper education and awareness surrounding online etiquette and digital citizenship has contributed to the normalization of cyberbullying behaviors. Many young people, myself included, have not been adequately equipped with the skills and knowledge to navigate the complexities of the online world responsibly and ethically. Weare often unaware of the far-reaching consequences of our actions, or the lasting impact they can have on others.Moreover, the highly competitive and pressurized environment in which many Chinese students find themselves can also breed a culture of resentment and aggression. The intense academic rat race, coupled with the societal emphasis on achievement and success, can create an atmosphere ripe for bullying, as individuals lash out at those perceived as threats or rivals.Finally, the lack of effective legal and regulatory frameworks to address cyberbullying has allowed this issue to fester and grow unchecked. While China has enacted laws prohibiting online harassment and defamation, enforcement remains inconsistent and often reactive rather than proactive. Many cases of cyberbullying go unreported or unaddressed, leaving victims feeling helpless and perpetrators emboldened.Addressing this complex issue will require a multifaceted approach involving various stakeholders, including government, educational institutions, technology companies, and society at large. Here are some potential solutions that could help mitigate the scourge of internet bullying in China:Strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks: Enacting comprehensive laws and regulations specifically targeting cyberbullying, with clear definitions, reporting mechanisms, and penalties for offenders, would send a strong message that such behavior will not be tolerated.Promoting digital literacy and online etiquette: Incorporating digital citizenship education into school curricula, teaching young people about responsible online behavior, empathy, and the consequences of cyberbullying, could help cultivate a more positive and respectful online culture.Encouraging bystander intervention: Empowering bystanders to speak up and intervene when they witness online bullying could help counteract the bystander effect and create a more supportive online community.Improving reporting and support systems: Establishing user-friendly reporting mechanisms and providing robust support services for victims of cyberbullying, such as counseling and legal assistance, would encourage more people to come forward and seek help.Collaboration between stakeholders: Fostering partnerships between government agencies, technology companies, educational institutions, and civil society organizations couldfacilitate the sharing of best practices, resources, and coordinated efforts to combat cyberbullying.Promoting positive online role models: Highlighting and amplifying the voices of influential figures, celebrities, and public figures who advocate for kindness, empathy, and responsible online behavior could help shift cultural norms and attitudes.In conclusion, the issue of internet bullying in China is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a concerted effort from all sectors of society. As students, we are often at the forefront of this battle, both as potential victims and as agents of change. By raising awareness, promoting digital literacy, and advocating for stronger legal protections and support systems, we can work towards creating a safer, more respectful, and more inclusive online environment for all.。
网络安全大事件 2015
网络安全大事件 20151. 美国政府曝光中国黑客组织:2015年,美国办公室人事管理局(OPM)遭到一次大规模黑客攻击事件,导致超过2100万人的个人信息泄露。
美国政府宣布这次攻击是由中国的黑客组织所为,引发了中美两国之间的网络安全争议。
2. 苹果公司与FBI的撕逼大战:2015年,美国联邦调查局(FBI)要求苹果公司协助破解一部恐怖分子使用的iPhone手机。
苹果公司拒绝提供帮助,认为此举会破坏用户的隐私和数据安全。
这场较量引起了全球范围内的关注,也激起了对于数据加密和反恐行动之间的平衡问题的争议。
3. 奇虎360爆出用户隐私泄露:2015年,中国知名互联网安全公司奇虎360被曝出将用户个人信息出售给第三方,引起了广泛的公众关注。
用户隐私保护问题成为了中国互联网安全的重要议题,也对奇虎360公司的信誉和业务带来了重大打击。
4. 网络黑客攻击法国新闻媒体:2015年初,法国主要新闻网站Le Monde和L'Obs遭到网络黑客攻击,导致网站服务暂时瘫痪。
攻击者身份尚未被确认,但这一事件引发了法国政府对网络安全威胁的更多关注,并促使其采取了更严格的网络安全措施。
5. 德国政府要求关闭微软Windows 8:2015年,德国政府要求关闭使用微软Windows 8操作系统的计算机,原因是该操作系统存在严重的安全漏洞,可能被黑客利用攻击。
这一事件引发了全球对于操作系统安全性的关注,同时也提醒了各国政府和组织加强对于网络安全的重视。
6. 匿名者攻击ISIS网络宣传:2015年,国际黑客组织匿名者(Anonymous)宣布对ISIS(伊斯兰国)的在线宣传活动发起了网络攻击,导致多个ISIS支持者的社交媒体账号和网站被关闭。
这一事件引起了全球媒体和公众的广泛关注,也展示了网络安全攻防战的新形态。
7. 美国办公设备遭到黑客攻击:2015年,美国国防部、邮政局等多家政府机构的办公设备遭到了大规模的黑客攻击。
美联英语短新闻 中国女子冰球运动有了一个国家俱乐部
小编给你一个美联英语官方免费试听课申请链接:/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供:英语短新闻中国女子冰球运动有了一个国家俱乐部The Canadian Women’s Hockey League announced on Monday that it would expand to China, beginning next season, becoming one of the first North American professional sports leagues to field a team in Asia.周一,加拿大女子冰球联盟(Canadian Women’s Hockey League,以下简称CWHL)宣布,它将从下一季开始扩展到中国,成为第一批在亚洲组建球队的北美职业体育联盟之一。
Beijing’s Kunlun Red Star hockey club, which began its first season in the Russian-based Kontinental Hockey League last year, will have a women’s team in the C.W.H.L.去年,北京的昆仑鸿星冰球俱乐部开始了在俄罗斯大陆冰球联赛(Kontinental Hockey League)的第一个赛季,该俱乐部将拥有一支CWHL女子球队。
The women’s league, founded in 2007, has teams in Boston; Brampton, Ontario; Toronto; Montreal; and Calgary, Alberta. The C.W.H.L. has not yet offered salaries to its players —unlike the National Women’s Hockey League, which consists of four teams, all in the United States —but it is expected to begin paying players next season. An investment from China would help make that happen.该女子联盟成立于2007年,在波士顿、安大略省布兰普顿、多伦多、蒙特利尔以及艾伯塔省卡尔加里拥有球队。
美联英语短新闻 科技公司不能拿网络自由作挡箭牌
小编给你一个美联英语官方免费试听课申请链接:/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供:英语短新闻科技公司不能拿网络自由作挡箭牌In the beginning —and by that I mean, say, 20 years ago —all was simple. The internet belonged to everyone and no one. It was a space free of state interference, a place for individuals to make their voices heard. The billions upon billions of digital connections defied national borders or crusty arguments about competing systems of political organisation. Oh, and the web promised untold riches for the technology geeks of Silicon Valley and beyond.起初(我的意思是说,比如,20年前),一切都很简单。
互联网属于每一个人,又不属于任何人。
它是一个不受政府干预的空间,是一个让个人的声音得到聆听的地方。
数不清的数字化连接打破了国家之间的边界,也化解了关于不同政治组织体系的持久争论。
还有,互联网还曾为硅谷和硅谷以外的科技极客们许下数不清的财富。
This idealised story of cyber space as an independent, anarchic realm still has great resonance. To suggest there might be a need for national regulation is to be accused of “Balkanisation”of the one truly global community. To blame Google or Facebook for publishing vile propaganda soliciting the murder of innocents is to challenge the liberties of everyone with a smartphone or a tablet.这种将网络空间视为独立的无政府王国的理想化说辞,仍能引起很多人共鸣。
跨国公司十大在华危机事件
跨国公司十大在华危机事件近年来,随着经济全球化的加深和跨国公司在华布局的不断扩大,跨国公司在华危机事件也逐渐增多。
这些危机事件对于跨国公司在中国市场的声誉和业务发展造成了不小的冲击。
在本文中,将会列举出十大在华危机事件,并对其发展及其对跨国公司在华业务的影响进行梳理和分析。
1. 高朋酒店集团食品安全危机。
高朋酒店集团曾因供应商提供的问题食品导致多名客人食物中毒事件,引发了公众对酒店食品安全的关注。
该事件导致高朋酒店集团在中国市场的声誉受损,客流量减少,业务受到了一定影响。
2. 雀巢婴儿奶粉事件。
雀巢公司曾因旗下婴儿奶粉含有过高的铅含量而引发了公众的担忧和愤怒。
该事件导致雀巢在中国的销售额大幅下降,市场份额受到严重冲击。
3. 苹果手机退换货事件。
苹果公司在中国市场上出现了大量的问题手机,导致消费者要求退换货。
苹果公司在处理此事时的态度和措施被认为是不当和不尊重消费者,给公司形象带来了负面影响。
4. 大众汽车尾气排放丑闻事件。
大众汽车公司被曝出在中国市场销售的柴油车存在尾气排放造假问题。
该事件导致大众汽车在中国市场的销量大幅下降,市场份额大幅缩水。
5. 联想电脑质量问题事件。
联想公司曾因旗下电脑存在多种质量问题,如电池爆炸、屏幕发黄等,导致消费者对联想品牌的信任受到严重动摇。
联想在中国市场的销量和市场份额遭受了重大打击。
6. 天猫假货事件。
天猫作为中国最大的电商平台之一,曾多次被曝光销售假冒伪劣产品的问题。
天猫因此受到了广大消费者和品牌方的质疑,公司在中国市场的声誉受到了一定的损害。
7. 麦当劳食品安全事件。
麦当劳在中国市场的多家门店被曝光使用过期食材、做法不卫生等问题,引发了公众的广泛关注和不满。
这一事件对麦当劳在中国市场的形象和业务产生了不小的影响。
8. 谷歌退出中国市场事件。
谷歌曾因网络审查和安全问题宣布暂停在中国市场的服务,这一举动引发了广泛的争议和不满。
谷歌退出中国市场后,其在中国的市场份额被其他竞争对手填补,对公司的发展造成了一定影响。
中美 网络安全
中美网络安全
随着互联网的快速发展,网络安全问题已经成为中美两国互联网发展中面临的共同挑战。
中美两国在网络安全领域有着广泛的合作与交流,共同努力应对网络安全威胁,保护用户数据和网络基础设施的安全。
首先,中美两国都高度重视网络安全问题,并制定了相关的政策法规。
美国成立了网络安全和基础设施局(NCISA),并通过《网络安全法》等法律法规来规范网络安全行为。
中国也颁布了《中华人民共和国网络安全法》,明确了网络运营商的责任和义务。
这些政策的出台为保护网络安全提供了法律基础。
其次,中美两国政府在网络安全领域进行了广泛的合作与交流。
双方举行了多次高层对话和研讨会,分享经验,深入探讨网络安全的挑战与解决方案。
中美两国在打击网络犯罪、信息共享等方面加强合作,共同提高网络安全能力。
此外,中美两国企业也积极参与网络安全合作。
许多中美企业在信息技术领域有着广泛的合作,共同研发网络安全产品和解决方案。
例如,中国的华为和美国的思科合作开发网络安全产品,以保护用户数据的安全。
然而,中美两国在网络安全领域也存在一些分歧与挑战。
一个重要的问题是网络间谍活动的指责。
双方都曾互相指责对方进行网络间谍活动,这给中美两国的网络安全合作带来了一定的困难。
同时,中美两国的网络安全标准和法律体系也存在差异,需要进一步的协调与合作。
总之,中美两国在网络安全领域有着广泛的合作与交流,共同应对网络安全挑战。
通过政府、企业和民间的各方合作,中美两国可以携手合作,共同保护用户数据和网络基础设施的安全,实现网络空间的和平与稳定。
跨国公司十大在华危机事件
跨国公司十大在华危机事件跨国公司在中国开展业务是非常常见的现象,然而,他们在中国所面临的危机事件也是非常多的。
在过去的几十年里,许多跨国公司在中国遭遇了各种各样的危机事件,这对于他们的声誉和业务发展都带来了巨大的冲击。
下面将介绍一些跨国公司在华危机事件的十大案例。
1. 美国百事可乐公司的污染事件2004年,百事可乐公司曾被曝光在中国市场出售含有农药成分的产品。
这一事件引起了广泛的关注和抵制,对百事可乐公司的品牌声誉造成了严重的损害。
2. 韩国三星电子公司的手机爆炸事件2016年,三星电子公司的部分手机在中国市场出现了爆炸的情况,引起了广泛的关注和恐慌。
这一事件严重损害了三星电子在中国市场的销售和声誉。
3. 德国大众汽车公司的排放门事件2015年,大众汽车公司被曝光在中国市场销售的柴油车辆存在排放造假问题,这一事件引发了广泛的关注和抵制。
大众汽车在中国市场的销售和声誉受到了严重的打击。
4. 英国荣誉出版集团的敏感书籍事件2009年,荣誉出版集团出版了一本敏感的书籍,引发了中国政府的愤怒和抵制。
该事件导致荣誉出版集团的图书在中国市场无法销售,对其业务发展造成了严重的影响。
5. 美国苹果公司的劳工问题近年来,苹果公司在中国的劳工条件和待遇问题一直备受争议。
有报道称,苹果公司的供应链中存在着违法劳工条件的问题,这对于苹果公司的声誉和品牌形象造成了负面影响。
6. 日本东芝公司的财务丑闻2015年,东芝公司被曝光存在财务造假问题,这一事件对于东芝在中国市场的声誉造成了严重的损害。
东芝在中国市场的销售额大幅下滑,公司的业务发展受到了重创。
7. 法国路易威登公司的价格歧视2015年,路易威登公司在中国市场被曝光存在价格歧视问题,对于同样的产品在中国市场和其他市场的定价不同。
这一事件引发了中国消费者的抵制和抨击,对于路易威登公司的品牌形象造成了负面影响。
8. 德国西门子公司的贿赂事件2008年,西门子公司被曝光在中国市场存在贿赂问题。
中美网络安全问题
中美网络安全问题
中美网络安全问题一直以来都备受关注。
中美两国在网络安全领域存在一系列的争议和摩擦。
其中最突出的问题之一是网络窃听和间谍活动的指责。
据报道,美国政府曾多次指责中国政府和军方参与了大规模的网络间谍活动。
美国方面声称中国黑客组织在网络上进行了大量的盗窃行为,并试图获取美国政府和企业的机密信息,包括军事、商业和技术方面的机密。
中国政府对这些指责一直坚决否认,并称自己也是网络攻击的受害者。
中国政府表示,中国已经采取了严格的网络安全法规,并对网络攻击行为采取了打击和防御措施。
中国政府还强调,网络安全是全球性问题,需要国际社会共同努力。
除了网络间谍活动,中美网络安全问题还涉及到相关技术的竞争和合作。
例如,华为和中兴等中国科技公司的设备在美国市场遭到了限制。
美国政府担忧这些设备可能被用于网络窃听或攻击,因此禁止了它们的使用。
此外,中美之间还存在着对网络信息安全标准和规范的争议。
中国政府推动的《网络安全法》等法规被认为可能限制了外国公司在中国市场的发展,并引发了贸易争端。
为了解决这些争议,中美两国在网络安全领域进行了一系列的对话和合作。
例如,2015年,中美两国就网络安全签署了一
份共识,取消了对互相进行网络窃听的指控,并同意在网络安
全领域加强合作。
然而,中美网络安全问题仍然存在一定的不确定性和争议。
随着技术的不断发展和网络的日益全球化,解决中美网络安全问题需要更多的合作努力和建立互信机制。
只有通过合作和对话,中美两国才能够共同应对网络安全挑战,维护网络空间的稳定与安全。
度跨国公司在华十大公关危机案例
度跨国公司在华十大公关危机案例在经济全球化的浪潮中,越来越多的跨国公司进入中国市场,然而,在其发展过程中,也不可避免地遭遇了各种公关危机。
以下是十个具有代表性的案例:案例一:_____汽车召回事件_____汽车曾因质量问题在全球范围内大规模召回车辆,但在处理中国市场的召回时,其态度和措施引发了公众的强烈不满。
中国消费者认为_____汽车对中国市场存在歧视,召回不及时且解决方案不合理。
这一事件严重损害了_____汽车的品牌形象,导致其在中国市场的销量大幅下滑。
案例二:_____快餐食品安全问题_____快餐曾被曝光使用过期食材、卫生条件不达标等严重的食品安全问题。
这一事件引起了社会的广泛关注和消费者的恐慌,对_____快餐的声誉造成了极大的冲击。
尽管_____快餐采取了一系列的公关措施,但消费者对其信任度大幅降低,品牌形象一落千丈。
案例三:_____电子产品电池爆炸事件_____电子产品的某款热门产品频繁出现电池爆炸的情况,引发了消费者对产品质量和安全的担忧。
_____公司在危机初期反应迟缓,未能及时给出有效的解决方案,导致舆论持续发酵,不仅影响了该产品的销售,还对整个品牌的口碑产生了负面影响。
案例四:_____化妆品虚假宣传事件_____化妆品品牌夸大产品功效,进行虚假宣传,被消费者举报和媒体曝光。
这一行为违反了中国的相关法律法规和广告准则,使得消费者对该品牌的诚信度产生质疑,市场份额也受到了一定程度的挤压。
案例五:_____服装品牌文化歧视事件_____服装品牌在其产品设计或宣传中涉嫌文化歧视,引发了中国消费者的强烈抵制。
该品牌未能及时认识到问题的严重性,也没有采取积极有效的公关措施来挽回局面,最终导致其在中国市场的业务受到重创。
案例六:_____超市价格欺诈事件_____超市被发现存在价格欺诈行为,标价与实际结算价格不符。
这一事件引起了消费者的愤怒和投诉,相关部门也介入调查。
_____超市的形象受损,消费者对其信任度急剧下降。
一篇关于中国目前网暴现象及原因的英语作文
一篇关于中国目前网暴现象及原因的英语作文Title: The Phenomenon and Causes of Online Harassment in China.In recent years, online harassment has become a prevalent issue in China, with individuals facing cyberbullying, trolling, and other forms of online abuse. This phenomenon has raised concerns about the impact of such behavior on individuals' mental health and well-being.There are several reasons contributing to the rise of online harassment in China. One key factor is the anonymity provided by the internet, which allows individuals to engage in harmful behavior without fear of consequences. This anonymity emboldens perpetrators to target others with impunity.Furthermore, the prevalence of social media platforms and online forums has created an environment where misinformation and hate speech can spread rapidly. Disagreements or differing opinions can quickly escalate into online harassment campaigns, fueled by group dynamics and mob mentality.Additionally, the lack of effective regulation andenforcement of online behavior has allowed online harassment to flourish unchecked. Without clear consequences for perpetrators, there is little deterrent to prevent such behavior from occurring.In conclusion, the phenomenon of online harassment in China is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors. Addressing this issue requires amulti-faceted approach, including promoting digital literacy, fostering a culture of online civility, and implementing stricter regulations to combat online harassment.标题:中国网络暴力现象及原因。
中国网络暴力英语作文初三
中国网络暴力英语作文初三As the internet becomes an increasingly important part of our lives, the issue of online violence has become a growing concern in China. Known as "网络暴力" or "internet violence," this phenomenon refers to the use of online platforms to harass, intimidate, and threaten others.The problem of internet violence is particularly acute in China, where social media platforms like WeChat and Weibo have become a primary source of news and information. While these platforms have provided a valuable outlet for free expression and social activism, they have also become breeding grounds for hate speech, cyberbullying, and other forms of online violence.One of the most common forms of internet violence in China is the use of "human flesh searches" or "人肉搜索." This involves using online platforms to publicly shame and harass individuals who are perceived to have violatedsocial norms or committed crimes. In some cases, thesesearches have led to vigilante justice and even physical violence.Another form of internet violence in China is the use of "50 cent armies" or "五毛党." These are groups of individuals who are paid by the government or other organizations to post comments and articles online that support a particular political agenda. While these armies are often used to promote positive messages and counteract negative publicity, they can also be used to attack and discredit individuals who are critical of the government.The effects of internet violence in China can be devastating. Victims of cyberbullying and online harassment can suffer from anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems. In extreme cases, internet violence has even led to suicide.To address the problem of internet violence in China,it is important for individuals, organizations, and the government to work together. This could involve creating new laws and regulations to protect victims of onlineviolence, as well as providing resources and support for those who have been affected.In addition, it is important for individuals to be mindful of their own online behavior and to avoid engaging in cyberbullying or other forms of internet violence. By promoting a culture of respect and civility online, we can help to create a safer and more positive online environment for everyone.In conclusion, internet violence is a serious issue in China that requires attention and action from all stakeholders. By working together and promoting positive online behavior, we can help to create a more inclusive and compassionate society both online and offline.。
描述中国的网络欺凌问题的英语作文
描述中国的网络欺凌问题的英语作文Cyberbullying is Super Scary!I'm just a kid, but I know that bullying online is a huge problem, especially here in China. The internet is everywhere - we use it for school, for games, for talking to friends, you name it. But there's a dark side to being online that gives me the shivers.Cyberbullies are real-life bullies, but even more cowardly because they can hide behind a screen. They might seem brave when they're typing mean messages from their bedroom, but they're just making life miserable for other kids. And in China, with so many people using the internet, the problem is just getting bigger and bigger.What Does Cyberbullying Look Like?Cyberbullying can take lots of different forms, but they're all horrible. Sometimes bullies will post embarrassing photos or videos of someone online to humiliate them. They might make fun of how someone looks, how they dress, or spread nasty rumors about them. Bullies loooove to insult people and call them names over texting apps or social media.Some bullies take it even further by sending threats, whether it's threatening to beat someone up or even kill them. That's justso scary and wrong! Bullies might also hack into someone's accounts, impersonate them online, or share their personal information for everyone to see. I can't imagine how awful that would feel.Basically, if someone is using digital technology to purposefully hurt, harass, or intimidate someone else repeatedly, that's cyberbullying. And it doesn't just happen to individuals - bullies might go after entire groups of people too, like making racist or sexist comments. It's all about trying to make others feel small, scared, and left out.Why is it Such a Big Deal?For kids my age, cyberbullying is one of the biggest issues we face online. We're just little kids, but we have to deal with people being mean to us over things that are totally out of our control, like how we look or where we're from. Childhood is tough enough without jerks trying to make you feel awful about yourself constantly.The effects of cyberbullying can be really serious too. Kids who get bullied online often feel depressed, anxious, and lose self-esteem. Their grades can slip because they're too distracted and sad to focus on school. Some bullied kids even start skippingclass because they're afraid of being harassed in the halls or lunchroom.In extreme cases, victims of cyberbullying can hurt themselves or even have thoughts of suicide because the emotional pain gets to be too much. That just breaks my heart. No kid should have to go through that - we're supposed to be having fun, running around outside, and enjoying our childhoods!Cyberbullying in ChinaHere in China, we have some of the highest cyberbullying rates in the whole world. Maybe it's because we have so many internet users and most kids have smartphones from an early age. Technology makes it easy for bullies to spread hate online without adults noticing right away.According to research studies, over 1 in 3 Chinese kids experience cyberbullying regularly. That's a huge number! The bullying happens most often on video platforms, social media, and messaging apps that are popular here. Bullies will gang up on victims, take unflattering videos of them, and share them everywhere until they go viral.Sometimes the bullying crosses over from the internet into real life too. There have been cases of bullied kids getting physically assaulted or harassed at school by the same people tormenting them online. Imagine how terrifying that must feel - being bullied online is bad enough, but then you can't even escape the meanness at school either. It's a nightmare.Boys are more likely to get bullied than girls, but it happens to kids of any gender. The bullies often pick on kids for their appearance, family income level, grades, or social status. In a country with over 1.3 billion people, there's a huge diversity that bullies seem to want to stigmatize and attack.What Can We Do?I'll be honest - I don't have all the answers for how to stop cyberbullying. Even adults are struggling to get a handle on this massive issue. But I do know that every person, kid or grown-up, has a role to play in making the internet a safer, kinder place.First off, we need adults to take cyberbullying seriously and have a zero tolerance policy. Teachers should be trained on recognizing the signs that a student is being bullied online. Parents need to closely monitor their kids' internet and social media usage from an early age. Schools should have up-to-date cyberbullying prevention programs that actually work.Next, internet companies need to do more to cut down on bullying and harassment on their platforms. They should have better content filters, stricter enforcement against abusive users, and easy ways for people to report harmful behavior. Some責任感(responsibility)would be nice!For those of us kids, the best thing we can do is treat others with kindness and respect online. Don't share anything that could embarrass someone else, even if you think it's just a harmless joke. Stick up for victims of cyberbullying when you see it happening and report any abuse to the proper authorities. Having each other's backs is the best way to beat the bullies.At the end of the day, we're all human and deserve to feel safe, both online and off. The internet should be a place for making friends, learning, and having fun - not for making people feel terrorized and depressed. Cyberbullying is a huge issue here in China that can't be ignored any longer. But if we work together and value kindness over cruelty, we can start making the internet, and the whole world, a better place.。
网络安全法外资
网络安全法外资
网络安全法对外资企业的影响及应对措施
随着互联网的快速发展,网络安全问题日益凸显。
为了保障国家的网络安全,我国制定了《中华人民共和国网络安全法》,该法于2017年6月1日正式生效。
网络安全法针对所有企事
业单位、公民以及其他组织在网络空间的活动进行规范,旨在保障网络信息安全,维护国家安全和社会公共利益。
对于外资企业来说,网络安全法同样适用。
外资企业在我国运营必须遵守该法规定,承担相应的网络安全责任。
网络安全法要求外资企业加强网络安全保护,采取技术措施保护网络安全,防止网络攻击、入侵和泄露。
此外,外资企业要配合相关机构进行网络安全检查和应急响应工作。
为了应对网络安全法的要求,外资企业可以采取以下措施:
1. 加强网络安全意识培训:提高员工的网络安全意识,教育员工如何防范网络攻击,学习应对网络安全事件的应急措施。
2. 建立完善的网络安全管理制度:制定和完善企业的网络安全管理制度,明确各岗位的责任和义务。
3. 定期进行网络安全演练和评估:定期组织网络安全演练,检验企业的网络安全防护能力;同时进行网络安全评估,及时发现和解决潜在的安全隐患。
4. 与专业安全服务机构合作:外资企业可以与专业的网络安全服务机构合作,共同提升网络安全防护水平。
总之,外资企业应认真遵守中国的网络安全法,加强网络安全建设,做好网络安全防护工作,保护企业的信息安全和业务连续性。
网络安全不仅是一个法律问题,更是企业自身的利益和社会责任。
网络安全事件的跨国协作应对
网络安全事件的跨国协作应对在当今数字化高速发展的时代,网络已经如同空气和水一样,成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
从日常的社交娱乐到关键的金融交易,从企业的运营管理到国家的政务服务,几乎所有的领域都深度依赖网络。
然而,随着网络的普及和深化应用,网络安全问题也日益凸显,尤其是那些影响范围广泛、危害严重的网络安全事件,往往需要跨国协作来共同应对。
网络安全事件的跨国特性日益明显。
在全球化的大背景下,信息和数据的流动不再受到国界的限制,黑客组织、网络犯罪团伙等也利用这一特点,在全球范围内展开攻击活动。
例如,一次针对大型跨国企业的网络攻击,可能同时影响到多个国家的分支机构和用户;一种新型的网络病毒,可能在短时间内传遍世界各地。
这些事件的影响往往超越了单个国家的范畴,需要各国携手合作才能有效解决。
跨国协作应对网络安全事件面临诸多挑战。
首先是法律制度的差异。
不同国家的法律对于网络犯罪的定义、处罚标准以及执法程序都不尽相同。
这就可能导致在跨国协作中出现法律适用的难题,影响对犯罪分子的有效打击。
其次是技术标准和能力的不均衡。
一些国家在网络安全技术方面具有较高的水平,而另一些国家则相对落后,这使得在信息共享、技术合作等方面存在障碍。
再者,语言和文化的差异也会对协作造成一定的困扰,可能导致沟通不畅、理解有误等问题。
为了实现有效的跨国协作应对网络安全事件,建立健全的国际合作机制至关重要。
各国需要在平等、互利、尊重主权的基础上,共同制定相关的国际规则和标准。
例如,通过国际组织推动各国就网络安全事件的定义、分类、应对流程等达成共识,建立统一的应急响应机制。
同时,加强信息共享平台的建设也是关键。
各国应建立安全可靠的信息共享渠道,及时交流网络威胁情报、攻击手段、防范措施等信息,以便共同提高防范和应对能力。
在技术层面,各国应加强技术研发和创新合作。
共同攻克网络安全领域的难题,如加密技术、漏洞检测与修复、恶意软件防范等。
通过技术交流和合作项目,促进各国网络安全技术水平的整体提升。
网络安全法 外企
网络安全法外企网络安全法对于外企的要求随着信息技术的快速发展和互联网的普及应用,网络安全问题也日益突出。
为了保护国家的网络安全,维护社会秩序,保护个人的合法权益,各国纷纷出台了相关的网络安全法律法规。
在中国,网络安全法是国家重要法律法规之一,适用于所有在中国境内从事互联网和信息服务相关业务的企业,包括外企。
首先,网络安全法要求外企应依法履行网络安全保护义务。
外企在从事网络业务时,必须按照相关法律法规规定,采取必要的技术和管理措施,保护网络安全。
网络安全法明确了外企应当建立健全网络安全管理制度,制定网络安全管理规定,对网络安全进行风险评估,采取相应的技术措施,进行网络安全防护和安全事件处置等。
这些措施能够有效减少安全风险,保护企业和用户的信息安全。
其次,网络安全法要求外企应加强对员工的网络安全教育与培训。
企业员工是网络安全的重要防线,他们的安全意识和能力直接影响企业的网络安全。
网络安全法要求外企应定期对员工进行网络安全培训,提高员工的网络安全意识和技能,教育员工遵循网络安全规定,注意个人信息的保护,防范网络钓鱼、网络诈骗等网络安全风险。
此外,网络安全法还要求外企加强对第三方服务提供商的管理。
外企在从事网络业务时,常常需要与第三方服务提供商合作,共同为用户提供服务。
网络安全法要求外企应对第三方服务提供商进行安全评估,确保其具备必要的网络安全保护能力。
外企还应与第三方服务提供商签订合同,明确网络安全责任,并及时与其共享安全事件信息,共同应对网络安全风险。
最后,网络安全法对外企违法违规行为进行了明确的处罚规定。
对于违反网络安全法的外企,相关部门有权采取相应的惩罚措施,有可能面临停业整顿、吊销许可证、罚款等处罚。
同时,网络安全法明确了对于网络安全事件的报告和协助调查的义务,外企必须积极配合相关部门进行调查,并提供有关资料和信息。
如有拒绝或者故意隐瞒,将面临相应的处罚。
综上所述,网络安全法对于外企提出了一系列的要求,从网络安全保护措施的建立到员工安全教育培训,从第三方服务提供商的管理到违法违规行为的处罚,都要求外企遵守相关法律法规,承担网络安全的责任。
网络安全法外资
网络安全法外资网络安全法是中华人民共和国最新的一部网络法律法规,目的是保护我国网络安全和信息化发展。
这部法律的发布对于保障国家网络安全和维护公民权益具有重要意义,对于外资企业在中国的发展也有一定影响。
首先,网络安全法对外资企业的影响主要体现在数据存储和传输方面。
根据该法的规定,网络运营者需要在中国境内存储我国公民的个人信息。
对于外资企业来说,这意味着需要在中国境内建立数据中心,来存储和处理中国用户的数据。
这对于一些互联网企业可能带来一定的成本压力,尤其是对于那些已经在其他地方建立了数据中心的企业。
然而,这样的规定也有助于保障用户隐私和数据安全,加强数据的国内安全管控。
其次,网络安全法规定了对网络产品和服务的安全审查制度。
对于涉及国家安全的网络产品和服务,必须进行安全审查。
外资企业涉及到的网络产品和服务也需要经过相应的安全审查。
这对于一些外资企业来说,可能意味着在市场准入和产品上市等方面会面临一定的时间和成本压力。
然而,这样的安全审查制度对于保障我国网络安全和国家利益具有重要意义。
另外,网络安全法还规定了网络运营者的管理责任和违法违规行为惩处等方面的要求。
对于外资企业来说,他们在网络运营和信息服务中也需要遵守相关法律法规,加强自身的安全管理和保护用户隐私等方面的工作。
网络安全法的发布也将加强网络安全法律法规的执行和监管力度,对于加强网络安全和保障用户权益具有重要意义。
综上所述,网络安全法对于外资企业在中国的发展具有一定的影响。
虽然一些规定可能对外资企业带来一定的成本和压力,但也有助于保障国家网络安全和维护用户权益。
在实施过程中,相关政府部门和外资企业需要加强沟通和合作,共同推动网络安全和信息化发展。
同时,外资企业也应加强自身的安全管理,提升自身的网络安全水平,积极依法合规经营。
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小编给你一个美联英语官方免费试听课申请链接:/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供:英语短新闻中国《网络安全法》冲击跨国公司China’s first cyber security law will increase costs for multinationals, leave them vulnerable to industrial espionage and give Chinese companies an unfair advantage, business representatives and analysts have warned.企业代表和分析人士警告称,中国首部《网络安全法》将加大跨国公司的成本,使它们易遭商业间谍活动侵害,并赋予中国企业不公平的竞争优势。
Aspects of the measure, which comes into force on Thursday, have been widely welcomed as a milestone in introducing much needed data privacy. But analysts have expressed fears it could help Beijing steal trade secrets or intellectual property from foreign companies.这部将于本周四起施行的法律的某些方面受到了广泛欢迎,很多人认为它在引入急需的数据隐私保护方面是一座里程碑。
但分析人士担心,该法可能有助于中国政府从外国公司窃取商业机密或知识产权。
“The law is both extremely vague and exceptionally wide in scope, potentially putting companies at risk of regulatory enforcement that is not related to cyber security,”said Carly Ramsey, associate director at Control Risks, a risk-management consultancy.风险管理咨询公司“化险咨询”(Control Risks)副总监卡莉?拉姆齐(Carly Ramsey)说:“这部法律管辖的范围非常模糊、又特别广泛,有可能让企业面临与网络安全无关的监管执法风险。
”Foreign companies had petitioned Beijing to delay the legislation. “It is vitally important that [these measures are] proportionate, consistent, non-discriminatory and formulated in a transparent manner. Regretfully, this is not yet the case,”said Michael Chang, vice-president of the European Chamber of Commerce in Beijing. 外国公司曾请求中国政府推迟此项立法。
中国欧盟商会(EU Chamber of Commerce in China)在北京的副主席常疆(Michael Chang)说:“至关重要的是,(这些法律应当是)适当的、自洽的、非歧视的,制定过程要透明。
遗憾的是,它还达不到这样的标准。
”The law is part of a drive by Beijing to shield Chinese data from the eyes of foreign governments after US whistleblower Edward Snowden revealed that the US was spying on communications from multinationals, say analysts.分析人士表示,在美国告密者爱德华?斯诺登(Edward Snowden)爆料称美国监听跨国公司通信之后,这部法律是中国政府为防止中国数据被外国政府窥探而作出的努力的一部分。
“The message is clear that the government will encourage more domestic development of technology, and that it now sees privacy and cyber security as vital national concerns,”said Xun Yang, a lawyer at Simmons & Simmons in Shanghai.西盟斯律师事务所(Simmons & Simmons)驻上海律师杨迅表示:“此举传达的信息很明确,中国政府将鼓励加大本土科技开发,而且中国如今将隐私和网络安全视为至关重要的国家关切。
”Under the new law, companies must introduce data protection measures —anovelty for many Chinese businesses —and data relating to the country’s citizens or national security must be held on Chinese servers. Companies will have to submit to a review by regulators before transferring large amounts of personal data abroad.根据这部新颁布的法律,企业必须采取措施保护数据(这对许多中国企业来说都是一件新鲜事),而且与中国公民或国家安全有关的数据必须存储在中国境内的服务器上。
在将大量个人数据转移至境外之前,企业必须接受监管机构评估。
However, “critical”companies —a widely drawn definition that encompasses sensitive entities such as power companies or banks but also any company holding data that, if breached, could “harm people’s livelihoods”—will have to store all data collected in China within the country.然而,“关键”企业——一个宽泛的定义,不仅包括电力公司、银行等敏感实体,任何持有一旦泄露就可能“危害国计民生”的数据的企业也被包括在内——必须将在中国收集的所有数据存储在中国境内。
These companies, and any services bought by them, must go through a “national security review”to ensure they and their data systems are “secure and controllable”.这些企业及其购买的所有服务都必须通过“国家安全审查”,以确保企业及其数据系统“安全、可控”。
The measure allows Beijing to request computer program source code, which is usually known only by the software developer.该法让中国政府能够要求获得计算机程序源代码,源代码通常只有软件开发者知晓。
National security reviews may also allow Beijing to delve into companies’intellectual property, analysts warn.分析人士警告称,国家安全审查还可能让中国政府得以深入接触企业的知识产权。
Even fast-food delivery companies could be considered critical infrastructure, Shanghai regulators ruled during a pilot run for the law —presumably, analysts suggest, because they hold information on millions of users.上海的监管机构在试行该法期间判定,连快餐配送公司也可能被视为关键基础设施——分析师认为,这大概是因为这类公司掌握了数百万用户的信息。
Multinationals will be hardest hit, as the data localisation measures prevent them pooling client data in cloud storage databases across the world. The need to store some data on China-based servers and the rest elsewhere will add to fragmentation and cost. ”It’s huge work for foreign companies to restructure their business,”said Mr Yang.跨国公司受到的冲击将最大,因为数据本地化举措使它们无法将客户数据集中存储在全球各地的云存储数据库中。
它们需要将一些数据存储在中国境内服务器上,将其他数据存储在别处,这将加剧割裂,增加成本。
“对外资企业来说,重构业务是一项浩大工程,”杨迅说。
Cloud storage companies are also affected. One lawyer said his foreign clients were switching data from Amazon Web Services in Singapore to Alibaba’s China cloud service.云存储公司也受到了影响。