人教版初中英语九年级全一册unit5--6单元综合测试(含答案)

人教版初中英语9年级全一册unit5单元综合测试
满分：100分
I.单项选择(每小题1分，共15分)
1.Eating dumplings at the Spring Festival is_____ in China.
A. patient
B. lucky
C. possible
D. traditional
2._____ you eat, you should make sure that it is clean.
A. However
B. Whenever
C. No matter
D. No matter what
3. Retelling our experiences to our friends is something we all do as part of our_____life.
A. everyday
B. every day
C. day and day
D. day by day
4. This kind of pot_____ keeping tea hot.
A. is used in
B.is used for
C. used in
D. used for
5. ---Do you know anything about Chinese knots(中国结)？
---Yes. They are usually seen_____ symbols of good luck.
A. for
B. by
C. with
D. as
6. ---China is getting better and better at making high-technology products.
---That's right. People around the world can hardly avoid _____ products made in China.
A. not buying
B. not to buy
C. to buy
D. buying
7.Teenagers have to be18 years old before they______ to drive a car.
A. are allowed
B. allowed
C. will be allowed
D. allow
8. Look at the chair. It is made______ bamboo. It looks comfortable.
A.in
B. of
C.into
D. by
9. These old newspapers can be_____ some beautiful and creative clothes. That sounds really interesting.
A. turned on
B. turned off
C. turned in
D. turned into
10.---______ paper cutting used during the Spring Festival?
--- People usually cut pictures and put them on doors and windows.
A. Why did
B. Why is
C. How is
D. How did
11.It_____ me half an hour to finish it.
A. takes
B. pays
C. spends
D. costs
12. They went to the open air and______ sky lanterns.
A. sent out
B. came out
C. put out
D. looked out
13. You can't wear shoes in the house. It______.
A. doesn't allow
B. isn't allowed
C. hasn't allowed
D. wasn't allowed
14. A baby’s first month birthday is a special event in China and______ with a special party.
A. is celebrated
B. is celebrating
C. was celebrated
D. celebrates
15. Kunming is famous______ its nice weather. I will go there to spend the summer holiday.
A. in
B. as
C. for
D.with
II.完形填空(每小题1分，共10分)
A famous designer(设计师) and a university student produce a new cup called Vessyl. They have spent several years16______ it. The smart cup can not only tell Coca Cola from Pepsi Cola, 17 _______also tell people whether they should drink water or not.
When people18_______ liquid(液体) into this smart cup, a few seconds(秒) later, it can check this kind of liquid and tell them what it is. Then it gives 19______ information of the drink such as sugar, fat and calorie. When people put the cup in their 20______,it can also show them the condition of their bodies. If they are 21______, Vessyl can tell them to drink water.
“My partner and I want people to 22 _____healthy. In modern society, people are usually 23 ______busy to do exercise, or even to drink enough water every day. They have much 24 ______.We produce this smart cup so that people can make a choice 25______, "the designer said.
16. A. in B.on C. at D. of
17. A. and B. or C. nor D. but
18. A. pour B. pull C. lift D. regard
19. A. a few B. a lot C. lots of D. many
20. A. desks B. hands C. bags D. mouths
21. A. full B. hungry C. thirsty D. awful
22. A. carry B. have C. touch D. keep
23. A too B. to C. so D. very
24. A. danger B. pressure C. power D. laughter
25. A. quietly B. hardly C. wisely D. recently
Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2分，共20分)
Here are three pieces of information about summer camps in 2016.
Kids’ Fleet Camp 2016
Kids Fleet Camp is exciting with rock climbing, golfing, swimming and creative activities.
Camp Dates: June 20-24
Age: 6-16 years old
Cost: $135
More information:
Please call (619)238-1233 for any question. See more at: http: / / www . rh fleet .org / events / summer-camp.
Art It Out Social Skills Camp 2016
We use art to teach children social skills in groups，such as listening and following instructions, making and keeping friends, improving self-confidence, etc.
Camp Dates: June 13-17
Call770-726-9589
For pricing information and details visit our website.
1640 Powers Ferry Rd, Atlanta, GA 30067
Gwinnett Young Singers Music Camp 2016
Summer camp is a lot of fun! Come and join in new and fun musical activities! Children can learn so many kinds of musical instruments here.
Camp Dates: July 18-29
Camp hours are 10: 00 a m. to 4: 00 p. m.
＄150 each week
Please call 770-935-6657 or visit our website.
26. If you like sports, you can join______.
A. Art It Out Social Skills Camp 2016
B. Kids' fleet Camp 2016
C. Gwinnett Young Singers Music Camp 2016
27. In Art It Out Social Skills Camp 2016, kids can learn how to_____.
A. get on with others
B.climb rocks, swim and play golf
C. improve their language skills
28. To spend one week learning music in the camp, you’ll pay______.
A.＄150
B.＄135
C.$300
29. You can visit their websites or call them up to______.
A. make and keep friends
B. see the manager in person
C. get further information about the camps
30. Kids will probably find summer camps______.
A. safe and cheap
B. boring and dangerous
C. exciting and enjoyable
B
What should we do if one of our classmates suddenly falls ill or gets hurt? Here are some steps you should follow. But always remember to look for medical care after first aid( 急救)if the wound is serious.
Broken bones( 骨头): Take away clothing from the wound. Use an ice pack. Don’t move the hurt body part while waiting for the doctor to arrive.
Animal bites(咬伤): Wash the bitten area with soap and water. Pack the wound with a piece of clean cloth if it is bleeding. If the bleeding has stopped, cover the area with a bandage and take
the person to the hospital. Make sure you remember what kind of animal it is so the doctor can find the right way to treat him or her at once.
Fainting(昏厥): Have him or her lie with the feet lifted a little. Don't move the body if you think there might be wounds from the fall. Make sure he or she can breathe and let in fresh air. Clean the person’s face with a piece of cool cloth.
Nosebleeds: Have the person sit up with his or her head tilted(倾斜) forward a little. Do not have the person tilt his or her head back because this may cause heavy breathing or coughing. Pinch(捏) the lower part of the nose for at least 10 minutes.
31. What should we do first when an animal bite happens?
A. Put an ice pack on the wound.
B. Wash the bitten area with soap and water.
C. Try to stop the bleeding with a clean cloth.
D. Take the hurt person to the hospital.
32.When dealing with the problems of______,we shouldn’t move the hurt part.
A. broken bones and animal bites
B. animal bites and nosebleeds
C. broken bones and fainting
D. fainting and nosebleeds
33. Which of the following is not right when a boy's nose bleeds?
A. Let his head not tilt back
B. Let his head tilt forward a little
C. Let him sit up.
D. Pinch his nose for less than 10 minutes
34. Which part of a magazine may the passage come from?
A. Lifestyle
B. Health
C. Sports.
D. Education
35. What's the main idea of the passage?
A. First aid for some accidental wounds
B. Steps of looking for medical care
C. Advice on ways not to get hurt.
D. Ways to ask for help when getting hurt
Ⅲ.词汇运用(每小题1分，共5分)
36. The word “OK”,is one of the most_________(广泛地)spoken expressions in the world.
37. There are some green________(叶子) on the tree.
38. The quilt is made of c________ and cloth.
39. ---What m________ is it made of?
---Bamboo and paper.
40. Paper cutting is a form of t_________ Chinese art.
41.你知道那些村衫是用什么制成的吗?
Did you know what those blouses_________ _________ ________?
42.为了避免浪费资源，我们必须尽可能多地循环利用
In order to________ _______ resources, we must recycle them as much as possible.
43.最普通的东西也能被变成美好的东西。

The most_______ things can be_______ _______ ______ of beauty, too.
44.按照礼节你应该站起来接待客人。

_______ _______etiquette, you should stand up to meet a guest.
45.如果在国外遇到困难，你应该去找领事。

If you are_______ ________ abroad, you should see a consul.
Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1分，共10分)
阅读下面的材料，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号内所给单词的正确形式(每空最多不超过三个单词)。

Nowadays we can see more and more electric bikes in the street. Electric bikes 46________
(be)easy to ride. They run fast and make no 47_______( pollute). They become very popular, 48________ the electric bikes also cause more traffic accidents. So China plans 49._________ (make )a new rule for the electric bike riders. If an electric bike is 50.________ (heavy) than 40
kilos and can go faster than 20 kilometers an hour, its rider must get a license. It means riders have to pass driving tests before they ride 51_________ (them) electric bikes on the road.
People have different ideas after 52.________ (hear) the plan. Some welcome the plan.
A bus driver said happily，“53________ a good plan! I think it will make the street much safer."Some are not happy with the new rules at all. One rider said 54________(sad)，“I don’t want to get a license. That's not convenient 55_________ me to get one. Some don’t care about it.
A young rider said calmly，“I prefer to use shared bikes which are popular in many big cities of China now. I hope they can come to Loudi earlier!”
Nowadays bike-sharing has been very popular in China. Mobike(摩拜单车) is one of
the market leaders in the bike-sharing business.
What is Mobike?
Mobike was founded in January，2015. It is supported by Tencent(腾讯). People in many cities, such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Jinan as well as Shanghai, have a chance of using the app(软件). The total number of Mobike app users is larger than that of any other bike-sharing app users.
Who uses Mobike?
According to a survey, 53. 23% of the Mobike users are men, while 46. 77% are women. Mobike is not only popular with young people, but also wins the hearts of the old. It shows that retired men traveled the longest distances（距离) by shared bikes.
Why do people use Mobike?
Chinese people use Mobike for different reasons. Users can rent(租借) a bike at a low price, usually about one yuan an hour. It also offers people a better choice for short journeys in cities, especially when people can't find a bus or the underground to take. What's more, it s helpful for traffic. And the most important is that it can help improve the environment.
56. When was Mobike founded?
________________________________
57. True or false.(“T”代表正确，“F”代表错误)
( )According to the passage, Mobike app has the largest number of users among all the bike-sharing apps.
58. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
_____________________________________
59. Why do Chinese people use Mobike? (At least 2 reasons)
__________________________________
60. Give a proper title(题目) to the passage.
____________________________
从方框中选择最佳选项完成对话，有两项多余。

A: What beautiful pictures! 61__________
B. No, they were cut by my grandma. She is good at paper cutting. A: Sounds good. But do you know about the history of paper cutting? B:62________
A: What color is the paper usually?
B. Red. 63_______
A: Where are the pictures usually put on?
B: They are usually put on windows, doors and walls.
A:64___________
B: On some important festivals like the Spring Festival.
A: Great. 65________
B. Good idea. Let s go.
IX.书面表达(共15分)
手机是现代人必备的通信工具之一。

它不仅可以用来打电话，还可以用来做很多其他事情。

例如:听歌、玩游戏、上网聊天、发邮件，看电影等。

它一般是用塑料( plastic)和金属( metal)制造的。

请根据以上提示写一篇短文，介绍一下手机。

80词左右。

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参考答案：
I.1-5DDABD 6-10DABDC 11-15AABAC
II.16-20BDACB 21-25CDABC
III.26-30BAACC 31-35BCDBA
IV. 36. widely 37. leaves 38. cotton 39. material(s) 40. traditional
V. 41. were made of 42. avoid wasting
43. common: turned into things 44. According to
45. in trouble
VI. 46. are 47.pollution 48. but 49. to make
50. heavier 51. their 52. hearing 53. What
54. sadly 55. for
VII. 56. Mobike/It was founded in January, 2015
57.T
58.摩拜单车不仅受年轻人的欢迎，而且也受到老年人的青睐。

59. (1)Users can rent a bike at a low price.
(2)Mobike/It offers people a better choice for short journeys in cities,
(3)Mobike/It is helpful for traffic.
(4)Mobike/It can help improve the environment.
(回答其中任意两条即可得分)
60. Mobike (in China)
Ⅲ.61-65 DCGAF
IX.
Mobile phones are becoming more and more important in our life. Almost everyone has his or her own mobile phone. They are not only used for making a phone call, but also for doing many things, such as listening to music, playing games, chatting online, sending emails and watching movies. They are usually made of plastic and metal. I think mobile phones will become better and better and bring us more 人教版初中英语9年级全一册unit6单元综合测试
满分：100分
I.单项选择(每小题1分，共15分)
1.It is said that the tea trade from China to foreign countries______ centuries ago.
A. has taken place
B. took place
C. was taken place
2. The mixture smelt terrible but Tom_____ taste it.
A. was made to
B. was made
C. made to
D. made
3. To plan your time better, you can make a_____of the things you need to do first.
A. list
B. project
C. number
D. lot
4. ---How dangerous!
---Yeah. The bus_____ hit the car just now.
A. clearly
B. normally
C. nearly
D. mostly
5. ---Can we pick some oranges to eat?
---Can't you see that they are green? They must be_____.
A. sweet
B. salty
C. hot
D. sour
6. --- If the Japanese football team had a match with the German football team, which team do you think would win?
--- The German team would win without any______. It's a much better team.
A. hope
B. secret
C. interest
D. doubt
7. ----How nice the fish______!
---Really? I am sure you'll like it better if you try some.
A. smells
B. feels
C. tastes
D. sounds
8. The number of teachers in our school______ 60 and a number of them_____ male teachers.
A. is; are
B. are; is
C. are; are
D. is: is
9. ---Michael Jackson was called the King of Pop, wasn’t he?
---Of course. He_____ by people all over the world.
A. was looked up
B. was looked up to
C. looked up
D. looked up to
10. ---Do you know_____ in ancient China?
---I have no idea. But I know people once used tree leaves to make paper,
A. how paper was made
B. how was paper made
C. what paper was made
D. what was paper made
11.I_____ little time to get ready for the test, so I wasn’t confident at that time.
A. gave
B. was given
C. didn't give
D. wasn't given
12. --Did you go to Jim’s birthday party?
--- No, I______.
A. haven't invited
B. didn't invite
C. am not invited
D. wasn't invited
13. Horses used______ be used______ carrying things for people.
A. to: to
B. for: for
C. to: for
D. for; to
14.________ riding shared bikes(共享单车) is an environmentally friendly way to travel, many of the bikes are thrown everywhere.
A. Although
B. As
C. Unless
D. Until
15. The glass_______.It_____ by little Tom this morning.
A. broke: is broken
B. is broken; was broken
C. was broken; broke
D. has been broken; broken
II.完形填空(每小题1分，共10分)
You and your family are planning a picnic for tomorrow, But you want to 16______ the weather forecaste(预报) first to see whether there will be rain or not.Your father turns on the television and the family listens to the 17______ mke the weather report.
“It will be partly cloudy tomorrow morning, 18______ clearing by early afternoon. The high tomorrow will be 85.”
As there will be no rain, the whole family feels 19_____. Without the weather forecast, you would not know this, and you would just have to take your chances. But now you can plan your picnic 20 _______worrying whether it will rain or not.
The man you can thank for this is Cleveland Abbe. He is known as the father of the weather bureau. He was the first person to publish 21 _______weather forecasts in the United States.
Abbe began his daily weather bulletins(简报)in 1869. They were based on weather 22 _____he drew from telegraphed reports of weather conditions. Because of their accuracy(准确)，the reports were 23_______.
Congress(国会) became24 _______in Abbe’s weather reports. They made Abbe a meteorologist(someone who studies weather conditions), and he 25_____ issuing(发布) forecasts three times a day. He was the first official forecaster of the U. S. Weather Service. Because he often forecast probable storms, Abbe earned the nickname of "Old Probabilities”.
16. A. produce B. spread C. check D. organize
17. A. fireman B.postman C. fisherman D. weatherman
18. A. so B. but C. after D. because
19. A. happy B. worried C. stressed D. curious
20. A. about B. without C. against D. from
21. A. online B. polluted C. daily D. indoor
22. A. maps B. stations C. space D. centres
23. A. strange B. popular C. terrible D. useless
24. A. successful B. similar C. bored D. interested
25. A. avoided B. began C. minded D. risked
Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2分，共30分)
A
In your schoolbags, most of you may have a pencil, some kinds of pens, a ruler and some books. None of these things grow in the fields. They were all made in factories and invented by someone. They have not always been pencils, pens, rulers or books. Thousands of years ago, no one knew about these things. Even the simple production has the greatest technological advance at its time.
Who invented them? We don’t always know. There have been many thousands of inventions, large and small, in human history. Some of these inventions have changed the world, such as paper, printing and radio, and we know the inventions. But we have forgotten most of the other inventions. Who invented the clock, for example, or the lock to the door? We don't know. There
have been thousands of inventors and we should thank them for their clever ideas. Will you be one of them when you grow up?
根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正(T)误(F)
( )26. Inventors made most of the school things in your schoolbag.
( )27. People didn't have such things as pens and pencils thousands of years ago.
( )28. There have been a few inventions, large and small, in human history.
( )29. Some of these inventions have changed the world, such as paper, printing and radio.
( )30. We know all the inventions and the inventors in human history.
B
Today，roller skating(滑旱冰)is easy and fun. But many years ago, it wasn’t easy at all. Before 1750, people never tried skating on wheels. That changed because of a man named Hoseph
Merlin. Merlin’s work was making instruments. In his free time he liked to play the violin. Merlin was a man with many ideas and many dreams. People called him a dreamer.
One day Merlin received an invitation to go to an important party. He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think. He wanted to find a way to make a wonderful entrance at the party. Merlin had an idea. He thought that he would attract a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.
Merlin tried different ways to make the roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skate shoes, Merlin was very proud of them. He dreamed of arriving at the party and skating into the room while playing the violin. He was sure that everyone would be very surprised.
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room, playing his violin. Everyone was really surprised to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skating. He rolled on, playing the violin. Then, with all eyes on him, Merlin hit into a huge mirror on the wall. The mirror broke into many pieces with a very loud noise. But nobody forgot Merlin’s wonderful
entrance after that.
31. What's Merlin's job?
A. Making instruments.
B. Playing the violin.
C. A roller skater.
D. Making roller skate shoes.
32. People called Merlin a dreamer because_______.
A. he slept and dreamed a lot
B. he always made people's dreams come true
C. he invented the first roller skate shoes
D. he was full of many different ideas
33. Why did Merlin think of skating on wheels?
A. Because he loved his work
B. Because he wanted to make a wonderful entrance at a party
C. Because he wanted to play the violin better.
D. Because there was a huge mirror.
34. What was Merlin's problem after he rolled into the room?
A. He couldnt stop his roller skating
B. He couldn't attract a lot of attention.
C. Everyone was surprised at him
D. He couldn't play the violin while rolling
35. What does the passage talk about?
A. How to use the roller skate shoes.
B. How people enjoyed themselves in the 18th century
C. How the roller skating was invented
D. How people made instruments.
C
A scientist named Charles had a strange idea. He wanted to invent a new kind of car
which could go without a driver. It could also be used at a living room. That means you can go anywhere on your sofa in the car. You might say that it's impossible. But Charles succeeded in making it in a factory and named it Tridika.
Tridika has no wheels and it starts working when it reaches the magnetic levitation tracks(磁悬浮轨道).It takes its energy from the tracks. And it works in the same way as a magnetic train. It moves very fast. As everyone knows, cities are developing rapidly. There are more and more cars running on the road. So parking space is limited. Sometimes it's hard to find a place to park(停车). Tridika can solve this problem easily because it needn’t park on the ground. Actually, it can park on the outside wall of the building with the help of an elevator system(电梯系统). In this way，much parking space can be saved. When Tridika parks itself in front of your apartment, you can get into your room directly. Of course, there must be a side door in the outside wall. Then Tridika becomes another living room. It's really amazing, isn’t it?
Tridika can hold six passengers. So you can go on vacation in it with your family in your free time. Of course it can also be used at an office while you are traveling on the road. That is to say, you can travel and work at the same time.
36. Who invented the new kind of car?
A. Charles
B. A driver
C. A factory worker.
D. A passenger
37. When does Tridika start working?
A. When it gets into your room.
B. Before it parks on the outside wall
C. After it takes its energy from the wheels
D. When it reaches the magnetic levitation tracks
38. What's probably the meaning of the word "limited" in Para. 2?
A封闭的 B.有限的 C.开放的 D.无限的
39. Why can Tridika help save the parking space?
A. Because it can move very fast
B. Because it can hold six passengers
C. Because it needn't park on the ground
D. Because it could be used as a living room
40. Which is the best title(题目) for this passage?
A. Tridika: A free parking place
B. Tridika: A fast magnetic train
C. Tridika: A strange side door
D. Tridika: A new driverless car
IV.词汇运用(每小题1分，共5分)
4l. He likes sports. Watching sports gives him great_________( please).
42. The reporter interviewed one of the country’s national_______ (hero).
43. The little inventions have helped me a lot in my________ (day)life.
44. The fish was too__________( salt) because my mom put too much salt on it.
45. My son is a_______( music) boy. He can sing many songs beautifully.
V.根据括号中的要求改写句子，每空一词(每小题1分，共5分)
46. This kind of food has a good smell.(改为同义句)
This kind of food________ _________.
47. The electric slippers were made two days ago. ( 对画线部分提问)
________ _______the electric slippers made?
48. Tom saw many seals in the zoo.(改为被动语态)
Many seals________ ______ by Tom in the zoo.
49. She was given a new coat by her mother.(改为主动语态)
Her mother________ ______ a new coat.
50. A truck ran to the building suddenly.(改为同义句)
A truck ran to the building________ _________ ________ ________.
Ⅲ.短文填空(每小题1分，共10分)
根据短文内容和括号内所给汉语意思，写出空白处各单词的正确形式(每空一词)。

Pizza has a long history. The ancient Greeks(希腊人) first had the idea of putting51.________(蔬菜) on pieces of bread，and＂Pizza ovens"have been found in Roman cities. But for centuries one important ingredient was 52.________(找不到的，失踪的)---the first tomatoes were not brought to Europe until the sixteenth century, from South America. It was the nineteenth century before Rafacla Esposito, a baker from Naples, began to sell the first 53________(现代的) pizzas. He was asked to bake a special pizza for a54.________(拜访) by the Italian King and Queen in 1889, and so the first pizza Margarita was 55________(创造)，named after the Queen.
Pizza became a favorite dish in Italy, but pizza really became an 56________(国际的) dish after the Second World War, when 57__________(千) of American soldiers went home from Europe. 58_________(不久) there were pizzerias all over the USA, and American chains(连锁店) like Pizza Hut59._________(传播)the idea around the world. Today the average American eats
over ten kilograms of pizza in a year, and the world's 60_________(最大的) pizza was baked out not in Italy，but in Cuba!
Ⅲ.任务型阅读(每小题2分，共10分)
Do you know Laszlo Biro? Maybe you do not, but you probably use his invention every day, and you may even have(A)it in your hand right now!
Biro (1899-1985) was the inventor of the ballpoint pen. He was born in Budapest, Hungary. In the 1930s, when he worked as a newspaper editor( 编辑), he used a fountain pen (B)almost every day. However, he had to refill it all the time. The ink also did not dry easily, and
it sometimes made a mess on the paper.Biro(C)想要更好的笔. His brother，George，helped him develop a special ink. The ink dried easily. Then they developed a new type of pen. There was a (D)tiny ball at the tip of the pen. The ball rolled ink onto the paper as it moved. They call it the “ballpoint”pen.
The ballpoint pen was a great success. Everyone loves it. Now(E)millions of people use it all over the world every day.
People will always remember Biro for his invention. Today in many English-speaking countries, people still use the word“biro "to refer to any kind of ballpoint pen.
61.文中画线部分(A)指代的是:
________________________
62.写出文中画线部分(B)和(D)的近义词或同义词:
______________________
63.将文中画线部分(C)译成英语:
_______________________
64.将文中画线部分(E)改写为
several_______ people use it_______in the world every day
65.从文中找出圆珠笔的两种表达法:
______________; ________
Ⅲ.情景交际(每小题1分，共5分)
根据对话内容，在空白处填入一个适当的句子，使对话完整、通顺。

A: What beautiful lanterns! 66.___________________
B: They are made of steel and cloth.
A:67_______________________
B: They are used for celebrating festivals.
A:68.____________________
B: They are made in my home.
A:69._______________________
B: They are made by my father. He is good at making.
A:70_______________________ I want to make a lantern by myself, too.
B. Of course.
IX.书面表达(共10分)
发明能改变世界，也能改变我们的生活。

我们生活中的很多东西都是前人偶然或特意发明的。

仔细阅读表格内容，介绍表中的三项发明。

80词左右，开头已给出，不计入总词数。

Do you know much about any inventions in our life?__________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________。