定语从句TheAttributiveClause

定语从句TheAttributiveClause
The Attributive Clause
一、基本概念：在主从复合句中，放在某一名词，代词后面，对
名词，代词起修饰，限制，补充说明的句子，也被称为形容词性从句，其中被修饰的名词，代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能，分为关系代词，关系副词，关系词一方面引导从句，把主句与从句联接起来，另一方面它们代替先行词在句中充当一定的成分。

关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as
关系副词：when, where, why
限制性定语从句译为“…的…”
非限制性定语从句译为并列句
I、限制性定语从句
关系代词：
1.作主语：指人（who, that）; 指物（which, that）
A plane is a machine that/which can fly.
The girl that/who is sitting by the window is my sister.
The person that/who leaves the room last should turn off the lights.
Notice : 1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语，关系代词不能省略。

2）The students who are singing belong to Class Two.
关系代词在定语从句中作主语，从句中谓语动词应和先行词保持一致。

Eg: I, who_____ your teacher, will try my best to help you. (be) The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that______ lots
of visitors. (draw)
The Great wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that_______ seen from the moon. (be)
3）one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句结构中，如果先行词在定语从句中作主语，从句谓语动词用复数；如果其前有the 或the only 修饰，从句谓语动词用单数。

2．作宾语：关系代词可作动词或介词的宾语，如果先行词是人，可以用who, that, whom, 而且可以省略；如果先行词是物，可以用which, that, 也可以省略，但是如果作介词宾语，介词提前的话，指人只能用whom, 指物只能用which.
e.g. The professor whom you want to see is in the lab.
I still remember the place that/which we visited last year.
The house which/that he lives in is very beautiful.
The house in which he lives is very beautiful.
有些固定搭配，介词不能提前look after , look for 等。

3. 作表语：先行词在定语从句中作表语，不管是人，是物都用that, 而且可以省略。

e.g. My hometown is no longer the place (that) it used to be.
Helen looks like the girl (that) she was ten years ago.
4.作定语：whose(指人或指物，后面直接加名词，且名词前不能有
冠词)
e.g. This is the lab whose windows face south.
He is the man whose car was stolen last year.
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.
A. its price
B. which price
C. the price of whom
D. whose the price
E. of which the price
5. 关系代词as可以指人，也可以指物，在句中可以作主语，宾语，表语，先行词常有such, the same 修饰或者先行词本身就是such, the
same.
1)先行词前有such修饰或such 本身为先行词。

e.g. Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
The book is not such as I expect.
He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.
Notice:区分such…as…定语从句与such…that…结果状语从句。

2)先行词前有the same修饰或the same本身为先行词，关系代词用as.
e.g. This is the same pen that/as I lost yesterday.
He is no longer the same man as he was ten years ago.
He is no longer the man tha t he was ten years ago.
如果先行词前有the same修饰，且先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that或as引导都可以，但含义不同，that指同一个事物，as 指同一类事物；如果先行词在从句中作表语，只能用as引导，如果先行
词前无such 或the same修饰，并且该先行词在定语从句中作表语，只能用that引导。

只能用that 的情况：
(1) 当先行词是表示物的不定代词，如:all, much, few, little, anyone, the one, what, everything, nothing, everything, none等。

e.g. That’s al l that I want to know.
Is there anything that I can do for you.
The book contains none that interests me.
Is this factory the one that we visited last year.
(2) 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，常用that.
e.g. She talked about the teachers and the school that she had
visited.
(3) 当先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词修饰时，常用that.
e.g. The first (thing) that we should do is to study hard.
e.g. The train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
(4) 先行词为数词时，常用that.
e.g. Y esterday I caught five fish. Now you can see the five that are still
alive.
(5) 当先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时，常用that.
e.g. This is the best (book) I’ve ever read.
(6) 当先行词前有all, little, much, no, few, any 等修饰时.
e.g. There is no difficulty that they cannot overcome.
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.
This is one of the books that I have finished writing this year.
(7) 当先行词前有the very, the only 修饰时，常有that.
e.g.This is the very book that I am looking for.
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
(8) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，常用that.
e.g.Which of us that knows something about physics can join electric
wires?
Which is the car that was made in Beijing.
(9) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已经用了which, 另一
个宜用that, 反之也一样.
e.g.They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.
(10) 先行词在定语从句中作表语，应用that.
My hometown is no longer the place that it was ten years ago.
关系副词：
1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，并且在定语从句中作状语，
可以用介词+关系代词引导，关系代词不能省略。

He was born in the year when/in which the Second World War ended. Can you tell me the day when/on which he was born?
I shall never forget the days that/which/- we spent together.
Notice: 1)不是所有表示时间的先行词都用关系副词when, 要看先行词在从句中作什么成分。

2)一些用time作先行词的定语从句。

It/This/That is the first time (that)
e.g. This is the third time that he has gone to Beijing.
It is (high) time (that)… should + v.原或动词过去式
e.g.It is high time that we went./should go.
There was a time when …曾经有一个时候
There are times when …有时…
It was/is a time when…当时是一个时代
当先行词是表示地点的名词，并且先行词在从句中作状语，常有where引导定语从句。

当然，也可以用介词+关系代词来替换。

e.g. This is the university where/at which he works.
This is the university which/that he works at.
Notice: 1.只有表示地点的先行词在从句中作状语时，才能用关系副词where引导定语从句。

2.当先行词是situation, case, point(地步)，meeting, class,
position, stage这些词时, 并且在句中作状语，定语从句应该
用where引导。

e.g. I have come to the point where I can not stand her complaining. We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money.
The situation which/that you had got into was very dangerous.
当先行词是the reason时，而且在从句中作原因状语时，常用why 来引导，也可用for which来替换。

e.g. That is the reason why we must study hard.
This is the reason that he told me.
4. 1) 当先行词为way且在从句中作状语时，不能用how来引导，常用in which, that 引导，that 可以省略。

e.g. The way in which/that/--- he explained the sentence to us was
not difficult to understand.
The way that/which he told me is very good.
2) that: 当先行词是表示时间，地点，方式，原因等名词且在从句中作状语，可以用关系副词that代替when, where, why及in which, 这时，that也常省略。

非限制性定语从句：
对先行词附加说明的，一般主从句关系不十分密切，如果去掉定语从句，主句的意思仍然清楚，这类从句往往会用逗号与主句分开，它既可以修饰一个词也可以说明整个句子或句子的一部分，翻译成并列句或状语从句。

e.g. As you know, the earth is round.
She has eight children, three of whom are girls.
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
关系代词：which, who, whom, as, whose
关系副词：when, where, 介词+关系代词
如何使用关系词：
1.that, why 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。

2.when, where, whose的用与限制性定语从句中的用法相同。

3.who与whom在引导非限制性定语从句中不能替换，who只能作
主语，whom只能作宾语。

e.g. He has gone to America, where/in which he will spend 2 years. We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
The queen’s last visit was in May, when/in which she opened the new hospital.
The house, whose windows were broken, is his.
My little cat, who is sleeping, is ill.
Her employer, whom she dislikes, says he is not satisfied with her work.
(一)which引导非限制性定语从句比较特殊，它不但可以代替单个词，整个句子或句子的一部分，在句中常作主语，宾语，表语，定语。

e.g. His new house, which lies at the foot of the mountain, cost him nearly ten thousand dollars.
I cannot find my glasses, without which I cannot do anything.
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
The boss praised her, which I found strange.
(一)as 和which引导非限制性定语从句，注意用法异同。

1.which 引导的非限定性定从只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从
句位置相对灵活，可出现在句首，句中或句末。

2.which的先行词可以是单个词，整个句子或句子的一部分，而as
不能用单独的词充当先行词。

3.as引导的定语从句中常有感知性动词。

Eg. see, hear, know.
4.as常有“正如”“正象”含义。

5.另外，as还多用于很多习惯用语中
As we all know 众所周知，
= As is known to us all
As we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样，As often happens 正如经常发生的那样，
As has been said before 正如前文所述，
As has been pointed out 正如已指出的，
As is mentioned above 正如上面提到的，
As you may remember 像你记得的，
As is often the case 这是常有的事，
As it turned out 结果，
As everybody can see 正如大家能看到的那样，As you can see 如你所见。