提纲挈领寻主句,凝练转换成华章——高考概要写作提分技巧

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的关键词过于丰富,“学习、探索、创造”都纳入其中,造 成重心不突出。根据当年的评卷标准,没有紧扣“大学的门 与路”而写的作文,都做偏题处理,分数上降一个等级。
审题没有审好,再好的写作水平也无用武之地。审题、 文体、思想深度、语言是高考作文的评分标准,审题是否 偏差,是作文评分的起始点。所以,一定要做好审题工作, 为我们的作文开一个好头。
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate ( 相称的 ) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,”says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“ One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”
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提纲挈领寻主句,凝练转换成华章
——高考概要写作提分技巧
●山东省临沂国际学校 杨春吉
为深化考试内容改革,高考英语综合写作题型在高考 综合改革试点省份首先使用。新题型包括两种形式 : 概要写 作和读后续写。概要写作是 2016 年浙江省高考英语首次采 用的书面表达新题型,该题型旨在考查考生的概括文章主 旨大意能力、精准获取关键词能力、重构主要信息能力以 及灵活创新的表达能力。
之间的关系后,考生要 依此提炼出每段的关键词(组)。关键词(组)是本段大意 的浓缩和简化。每个要点都要围绕关键词(组)展开。凝练 关键词考查考生深层次的信息概括及整合能力。
第一段:overpraise 第二段:inadequate praise 第三段:the effort is more important than the result 第 四 段:Parents’praise should have something in speech and match the effort of their children.
段落实到“大学的”这个定语上,讲“大学的门与路”,要 求考生以此为具体内容,展现自己对如何进大学之门和如 何走大学之路的思考和想象。第二段材料对第一段材料是限 制而非补充也非举例。因此,本作文的关键词是“大学的门 与路”,这贴近高考考生的现实。但在高考实际中,不少考 生认为这两段是主次关系,第二段是为具体解说第一段而 存在的,因此将关键词确定为“门与路”,且不少同学找到
author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says,“We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.”By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.
概要写作把阅读理解和书面表达有机结合起来,要求 考生运用语篇的相关信息,进行控制性写作。概要写作与常 规写作所不同的是:考生作品的相关信息要从目标语篇中汲 取,通过提取、浓缩、精炼、创新、整合等手段,速成一 篇 60 词左右,同时符合其他写作要求的短文。
概要写作把考生作品用语的精炼性、语言知识的准确 性及高级性、语篇结构的衔接性提到了新高度,是对考生 写作水平的新挑战。考生作品常见的错误主要有对文章大意 把握不到位;抓不住文章重点;句式、句型转换不当;替换 词运用不当;衔接词运用失误;篇幅太长,等等。究其原因,
四、运用“变式”表达手法,改写要点句
《考试要求》中对概要写作的阅卷要求之一是考生应用 语法结构和词汇的准确性。这就要求考生用自己的语言进行 改写。同时,时态、语态、语法、词汇等要准确无误。大致 可以从以下三个方面进行转换、改写。
1. 语态转换 主要指根据字数需要把主动句转换为被动句或者把被 动句转换为主动句。转换时,考生要注意四点:同义转换; 时态正确;形式多样;简短为宜。如:短文最后一句“But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate ( 相称的 ) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.”可以转换为主动句“parents should be aware that praise needs to be task-specific and match the amount of efforts of their children have made.”。 2. 句型转换 英语中有许多高级、实用的句型,如 it 句型、there be 句型、名词性从句句型,等等。考生若运用合理,不仅能 “简化”篇章,省词约句,行文整齐划一,整体感强,而且 还凸显出考生雄厚的写作功底,值得阅卷教师“点赞”。如
二、结合段落主题句,厘清段落之间的关系
这篇文章的总主题句比较难以确定,原因是外文作者 在构思、行文、阐述观点时与中国人有所不同。加之生词较 多,阻碍了考生对段落主题句的理解和把握。通过仔细理解 后,我们确定各段落主题句为:
1.Parents everywhere always praise their kids(. 启) ① when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.(分) ② Still, don’t go too far in the other direction.(分) 2.Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.(转)
考生主要是在解题技巧、英语知识的积累运用等方面存在 不足。本文拟从六个方面谈谈概要写作的提分技巧,希望对 同学们有所帮助。
一、提纲挈领,确定语篇主题句
这是解题的首要环节。一篇英语短文,不论是说明文、 议论文、夹叙夹议文,还是记叙文,作者在构思、写作时 总是先围绕一个主题,然后运用写作提纲,逐步充实,使 其丰盈成文。因此,考生首先要快速浏览全文,掌握文章 大意。然后找出短文的主题句及每段的分主题句。主题句 一般位于篇首或篇末,分主题句一般散布于各段落的段首, 便于读者阅读和理解文意。此外,诸如 so、thus、therefore、 however 之类的信息标志词,它们后面的句子往往是作者对 前文的总结、概括或引出话题中心,很可能也是主题句。考 生只要抓准了主题句,也就大致确定了概要写作的要点和 框架,为下一步写作奠定必要的概要基础。以 2019 年浙江
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卷为例,下文黑体部分即为语篇的主 / 分题句。 Parents everywhere always praise their kids. Jenn Berman,
通过理解分析上述各段落主题句的关系可推断出:第一 句从数量过多和数量不够两个方面说明“不恰当表扬孩子” 的坏处。第二句阐述的是专家的观点,进而引出作者的观 点。第三句话综述上文,阐述了作者自己的观点。通过分 析,我们可以确定短文的脉络架构关系为:启(①②)―― 转(2)――总(3)式。
厘清段落之间的关系是进行提炼、浓缩写作信息的前 提,同时为下一步概要写作确定写作基调。
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“when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.”的前后句根据句意 可改写为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句“Nowadays parents tend to overpraise their children, which may have bad effects.”。 而“Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. ” 可 以 改 写 为“Experts suggest that parents pay their attention to the quality of their praise and focus on the efforts rather than the result.”。
3.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate ( 相称的 ) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.(总)
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