人民大2023医学院校研究生英语读与写(第四版)教学课件Unit 10 Text A
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首都医科大学应用语言学系
Department of Applied Linguistics Capital Medical University
Text A Personality changes associated with aging
Outline
Background information Global analysis of the text Detailed study of the text Text structure analysis Reference answers to the exercises
Background information
Sigmund Freud
(born May 6, 1856—died September 23, 1939), Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
Regarded as one of the most important thinkers of the last century, Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. He revolutionized the study of dreams with his magnum opus book “The Interpretation of Dreams”.
He refined the concepts of unconscious state, juvenile sexuality, and subjugation, and also proposed a three-way theory pertaining to the structure of the mind. Notwithstanding the multiple facets of psychoanalysis as it exists today, it can, in almost all fundamental respects, be traced directly to Freud’s early works.
Meaning: Personality such as neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience has been found unchanged over periods of ten years or more in the Baltimore Longitudinal Studies.
Background information
Sigmund Freud
His theories about the mind and the mysteries locked within, transformed the world of psychology and the way people looked at the complex-energy system known as the brain.
Background information
Introduction to the topic
Further research has revealed that people also grow to become more altruistic and trusting, their willpower increases, and they develop a better sense of humor. Moreover, they gain better control over their emotions. Meanwhile, narcissism and psychopathy are also decreased with age.
Background information
Meta-analysis
The process or technique of synthesizing research results by using various statistical methods to retrieve, select, and combine results from previous separate but related studies.
A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.
Background information
Introduction to the author
Andrew E. Scharlach is Professor of Social Welfare at the University of California at Berkeley, where he holds the Eugene and Rose Kleiner Chair in Aging and directs the Gerontology specialization in the School of Social Welfare. He also serves as Director of the Center for the Advanced Study of Aging Services, which conducts research designed to inform development of innovative and effective services for older adults.
Detailed study of the text
1) The Baltimore Longitudinal Studies, for example, found remarkable stability over periods of ten years or more on personality inventories measuring traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience. (paragraph 2)
Background information
Introduction to the topic
Many people believe that no matter what they experience throughout their entire life and even if the world around them changes, their personality is static. However, their personality changes as they grow old. People’s personality tends to be better with age which is called by scientists the “maturity principle”, meaning, as people grow older, they become more emotionally stable, agreeable, conscientious, and extroverted.
Background information
Longitudinal studies
A type of correlational research in which researchers observe and collect data on a number of variables without trying to influence those variables. While they are most commonly used in medicine, economics, and epidemiology, longitudinal studies can also be found in the other social or medical sciences.
inventory: n. a written list of all the objects, furniture, etc. in a particular building
Example: Before starting, he made an inventory of
Background information
Introduction to the author • Professor Scharlach has published extensively on issues
pertaining to the well-being of older adults and their families, including aging-friendly communities, longterm care services, work and family responsibilities, bereavement, and gerontological social work education.
Background information
Sigmund Freud
His works related to the treatment of human actions and dreams have been considered paramount in the world of science and proved to be extremely fruitful in the field of psychology. A freethinker, an ambitious rebel, and an atheist, Freud’s outlook was a result of his Jewish upbringing, love for Shakespeare’s narratives, and solitary life. Although many critics disowned Freud’s work for being highly sexist and unrealistic, there were many positive remarks on his discoveries and some even compared his works to those of Aquinas and Plato.
Personality changes also occur due to illness. A sudden change in personality is one of the most common signs of dementia.
Background information
Dementia
Global analysis of the text
The article presents two schools of thought on personality development. It elaborates separately with sufficient scientific support on personality stability and personality change.
Department of Applied Linguistics Capital Medical University
Text A Personality changes associated with aging
Outline
Background information Global analysis of the text Detailed study of the text Text structure analysis Reference answers to the exercises
Background information
Sigmund Freud
(born May 6, 1856—died September 23, 1939), Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
Regarded as one of the most important thinkers of the last century, Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. He revolutionized the study of dreams with his magnum opus book “The Interpretation of Dreams”.
He refined the concepts of unconscious state, juvenile sexuality, and subjugation, and also proposed a three-way theory pertaining to the structure of the mind. Notwithstanding the multiple facets of psychoanalysis as it exists today, it can, in almost all fundamental respects, be traced directly to Freud’s early works.
Meaning: Personality such as neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience has been found unchanged over periods of ten years or more in the Baltimore Longitudinal Studies.
Background information
Sigmund Freud
His theories about the mind and the mysteries locked within, transformed the world of psychology and the way people looked at the complex-energy system known as the brain.
Background information
Introduction to the topic
Further research has revealed that people also grow to become more altruistic and trusting, their willpower increases, and they develop a better sense of humor. Moreover, they gain better control over their emotions. Meanwhile, narcissism and psychopathy are also decreased with age.
Background information
Meta-analysis
The process or technique of synthesizing research results by using various statistical methods to retrieve, select, and combine results from previous separate but related studies.
A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.
Background information
Introduction to the author
Andrew E. Scharlach is Professor of Social Welfare at the University of California at Berkeley, where he holds the Eugene and Rose Kleiner Chair in Aging and directs the Gerontology specialization in the School of Social Welfare. He also serves as Director of the Center for the Advanced Study of Aging Services, which conducts research designed to inform development of innovative and effective services for older adults.
Detailed study of the text
1) The Baltimore Longitudinal Studies, for example, found remarkable stability over periods of ten years or more on personality inventories measuring traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience. (paragraph 2)
Background information
Introduction to the topic
Many people believe that no matter what they experience throughout their entire life and even if the world around them changes, their personality is static. However, their personality changes as they grow old. People’s personality tends to be better with age which is called by scientists the “maturity principle”, meaning, as people grow older, they become more emotionally stable, agreeable, conscientious, and extroverted.
Background information
Longitudinal studies
A type of correlational research in which researchers observe and collect data on a number of variables without trying to influence those variables. While they are most commonly used in medicine, economics, and epidemiology, longitudinal studies can also be found in the other social or medical sciences.
inventory: n. a written list of all the objects, furniture, etc. in a particular building
Example: Before starting, he made an inventory of
Background information
Introduction to the author • Professor Scharlach has published extensively on issues
pertaining to the well-being of older adults and their families, including aging-friendly communities, longterm care services, work and family responsibilities, bereavement, and gerontological social work education.
Background information
Sigmund Freud
His works related to the treatment of human actions and dreams have been considered paramount in the world of science and proved to be extremely fruitful in the field of psychology. A freethinker, an ambitious rebel, and an atheist, Freud’s outlook was a result of his Jewish upbringing, love for Shakespeare’s narratives, and solitary life. Although many critics disowned Freud’s work for being highly sexist and unrealistic, there were many positive remarks on his discoveries and some even compared his works to those of Aquinas and Plato.
Personality changes also occur due to illness. A sudden change in personality is one of the most common signs of dementia.
Background information
Dementia
Global analysis of the text
The article presents two schools of thought on personality development. It elaborates separately with sufficient scientific support on personality stability and personality change.