考研英语一阅读理解专项强化真题试卷12(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语一阅读理解专项强化真题试卷12(题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1.
For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service(NHS)as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.”It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship. At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties. The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis”equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones? Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
1．Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
A．has brought much benefit to the NHS.
B．is fully backed by the royal family.
C．didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.
D．is not well reflected in politics.
正确答案：D
解析：细节推断题。

首先，这道题的题干和选项中的关键词包括public sentiment，politics，the royal family，和theNHS。

这几个关键词分别出现在第一段、第二段和第三段。

第一段强调的是英国人的乡村情怀。

尽管在事实上居住在城市里的人多于居住在乡村里的人，民意测试却表明乡村仍是他们最骄傲的四大事情之一。

第三段中提到的this sentiment应指第二段中叙述的National Trust的内容。

而对于这个public sentiment about the coun—tryside，“none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment．”似乎没有一个政党赞同这种乡村情怀“on —ly sensing its chance，has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land．”只有Ukip希望能慎重地使用绿地。

因此推断英国政党在政治方面没大关注公民的关于乡村的情怀，故D项正确。

2．According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being
A．largely overshadowed.
B．properly protected.
C．effectively reinforced.
D．gradually destroyed.
正确答案：A
解析：事实细节题。

题目问及“英国的国家遗产基金的成就现在处于什么状态?”第二段提到最早这个机构的目的是保障居民享受良好的自然环境和新鲜空气，但现在他们已不再打造乡村，日趋走向建造更多的公园和城市绿化带，水泥的消耗逐年增多。

言下之意指机构已经偏离了最初设立的初衷，失去了原本好的出发点。

B、C意思相反，以赞美为主，D用词destroyed指毁坏，用词过重。

3．Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A．Labour is under attack for opposing development.
B．The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.
C．Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.
D．The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.
正确答案：C
解析：推断题。

根据题干定位至第三段。

该段主要讲大党都不赞同这一情绪。

倒数第二句，“Only Ukip，sensingits chance，has sided with those pleading for a more approach to using green land．”意为：只有独立党，支持那些恳求使用更为妥当的途径利用绿地的民众。

这说明该党要保护乡村，由此可知，C项正确。

4．The author holds that George Osborne’s preference
A．shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
B．stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.
C．highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.
D．reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
正确答案：B
解析：在这一段中，George Osborne倾向于重建而并非改造或者更新，他提出更希望在远离城区的地方建设购物中心。

并在该段最后提到乡村已经发展并将继续发展，并肯定了其作用更应当尊重其特征。

最后一句反问，人们尚且不去破坏城市中的传统部分，为何要破坏郊区原有的特征。

A选项disregard态度恰好相反，C选项的lobby pressure原文并未指明倾向哪一方。

D选项strong prejudice 并未涉及。

5．In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of
A．the size of population in Britain.
B．the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.
C．the town-and-country planning in Britain.
D．the political life in today’s Britain.
正确答案：C
解析：观点态度题。

最后一段作者认为发展重在计划，不宜破坏。

在第二句更是提到，过去的半个世纪以来，良好的城乡规划已经使得整个国家保持了一个良好的coherence一致性。

其他没有提及。

由此可知，C项正确。

That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliche. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There’s never any time to read. What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read; “Give up TV”or”Carry a book with you at all times. “But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes,”is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication... It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption. “Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient. In fact “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximized means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it in as a to-do list item, and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt, “writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them. “No mind-set could be worse for
losing yourself in a book. So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behavior helps us “ step outside time’s flow” into “soul time. “You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers,” carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too —providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read “ , but just reading, and making time for everything else.
6．The usual time management techniques don’t work because______.
A．what they can offer does not case the modern mind
B．what people often forget is carrying a book with them
C．what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
D．what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
正确答案：D
解析：原因题。

根据题目定位到第二段，答案出自第三、四句：But in my experience，usingsuch methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work．Sit down to read and the flywheel ofwork-related thoughts keeps spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s thelast thing you need．但是以我的经验来看，使用这种方法争取来的30分钟并不起太大的作用。

虽然坐下来阅读，但跟工作相关的想法依旧不停地在你脑袋里盘旋，又或者你太累了，这时一本具有挑战性的书是你最不需要的东西了。

所以答案为D项：无法保证沉浸式阅读所需要的条件。

7．The “empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to______.
A．update their to-do lists
B．make passing time fulfilling
C．carry their plans through
D．pursue carefree reading
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。

根据第三段倒数第三行：“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days，hours，minutes)as they pass，for if they get by without being filled，we will havewasted them．”No mind—set could be worse for losing yourself in a book．“当这些瓶子经过时，我们对于填满这些不同大小的空瓶子有压力，因为如果它们还未被填满就流逝，我们将会浪费它们。

”没有什么比迷失在书中更糟糕的了。

可以确定答案为B项：make passing timefulfilling。

8．Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps______.
A．promote ritualistic reading
B．encourage the efficiency mind-set
C．develop online reading habits
D．achieve immersive reading
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。

根据最后一段第二句和第三句：Perhaps surprisingly，scheduling regulartimes for reading．You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind—set，but in fact，Eberle notes，such ritualistic behavior helps us“step outside time’s flow”into “soul time．”那么我们到底应该怎么做?或许答案会让你有些惊讶，这就是形成习惯性阅读。

你会认为这样可能需要高效的心态，但是事实上，Eberle指出，这种宗教仪式性的行为会使我们从“时间的流动”中解脱出来，进而转变为“精神时间”。

以及第三段中的：Immersive reading，by contrast，depends on being willing to risk inefficiency，goallessness，even time—wasting．相反，沉浸式阅读有赖于愿意冒着毫无效率、没有目标，甚至浪费时间的风险。

所以规律的阅读时间就会帮助我们实现沉浸式阅读，故选D。

9．“Carry a book with you at all times” can work if______.
A．reading becomes your primary business of the day
B．all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
C．you are able to drop back to business after reading
D．time can be evenly split for reading and business
正确答案：A
解析：推断题。

根据题目定位到最后一段第四句，故选D。

答案出处为：“…providing youdip in often enough，so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surfaceto take care of business，before dropping back down．”如果你能足够频繁地阅读，让阅读成为你的默认状态，关注工作将成为你重新回到阅读状态前的临时情形。

10．The best title for this text could be______.
A．How to Enjoy Easy Reading
B．How to Set Reading Goals
C．How to Find Time to Read
D．How to Read Extensively
正确答案：C
解析：主旨题。

文章主要讨论的就是阅读与时间的问题，故选C。

“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are
prosecuted for corruption. The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $ 15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others. Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines. In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
11．The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with
A．tolerance.
B．skepticism.
C．approval.
D．uncertainty.
正确答案：B
解析：态度题。

根据题干定位至第一段，Milton Friedman’s认为：企业有且只有一种社会责任，即利用自身资源参与旨在提高利益的活动。

接着作者提出自己的观点：即使你接受Friedman的前提以及认为企业社会责任政策只是浪费股东的钱，情况并不是完全明确。

由此推断，作者对Friedman的观点持怀疑态度，故B正确。

12．According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by
A．guarding it against malpractices.
B．protecting it from being defamed.
C．winning trust from consumers.
D．raising the quality of its products.
正确答案：C
解析：推理题。

根据题干定位至第二段，该段指出：这可能以三种方式为公司带来利益。

一，消费者也许把企业社会责任花费作为公司生产高质量产品的“信号”。

二，消费者乐意把购买公司的产品作为间接方式，向该公司资助的慈善事业捐款。

三，通过普遍的“晕轮效应”，凭借其善行来赢得消费者和其他人的关心。

可知，这三种方式都是围绕消费者展开的，故C项正确。

13．The expression “more lenient”(Line 2, Para. 4)is closest in meaning to
A．less controversial.
B．more effective.
C．more lasting.
D．less severe.
正确答案：D
解析：词义题。

根据题干定位至第四段，可见题干的more lenient是作为修饰penalties(惩罚)的，由第二句：他们的分析排除了如下可能性一一宽大处理是因为公司的政治影响而非其企业社会责任。

隐含意思是：由于有企业社会责任方案而获得宽大的惩罚。

因此与less severe(更不严重)意思相近，故D项正确。

14．When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record
A．comes across as reliable evidence.
B．has an impact on their decision.
C．increases the chance of being penalized.
D．constitutes part of the investigation.
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。

根据题干定位至第五段第一句。

该句提到：检察官在评估一个案件时，应只基于案件本身，他们似乎还受到公司企业社会责任的记录的影响。

由此可知B项正确。

15．Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
A．The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.
B．Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
C．Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
D．It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
正确答案：A
解析：细节题。

根据题干定位至最后一段。

该段提到：研究人员承认他们的研究并没有解决企业应该在企业社会责任支出多少的问题。

也没有透露当公司决定其行善政策时。

他们对晕轮效应，而是其他可能的好处，有多大的依赖。

unknown对应文中does not answer the question，由此可知A项正确。

Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found. Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it. Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found. From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining pro and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics. Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life “face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt,and finding affordable housing. Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said, “I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen. “Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees, “Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore. “
16．One cross-generation mark of a successful life is______.
A．having a family with children
B．trying out different lifestyles
C．working beyond retirement age
D．setting up a profitable business
正确答案：A
解析：细节题。

根据题干关键词One cross-generation以及mark of a successful life可定位到原文第二段第一句：Across generational lines，Americans continue to
prize many of the sametraditional milestones of a successful life，including getting married，having children，owning ahome，and retiring in their sixties．世代更替，时至今日，美国人仍然视结婚、生子、家有恒产、在60岁的时候退休这些传统意义上的里程碑为衡量人生是否成功的标准，可以确定答案为A。

其中题干中的“One cross—generation”与原文中的“Across generational lines”对应，“mark of a successful life”与“continue to prize…of a successful life”对应正确选项A中“having a family”与“owning a home”对应，“with children”与“having children”对应，正确答案是二者的叠加，高度吻合。

错误选项B，文中并没有提及，是无关选项。

错误选项C，与原文相悖，文中指出标志之一为在60岁时退休，并不是选项中的超过60岁。

错误选项D，无中生有，是无关选项。

17．It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to______.
A．favor a slower life pace
B．hold an occupation longer
C．attach importance to pre-marital finance
D．give priority to childcare outside the home
正确答案：C
解析：细节题。

根据题干直接定位到第三段，存在5个to do并列的结构，其中第四个todo处“to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children”夫妻在婚前或生子之前应该有充足的财务保障，可以确定答案为C。

其中“shouldbe financially secure before”与“attach importance to pre—marital finance”对应。

错误选项A与原文to favor a faster pace of life相悖，错误选项B与原文regularly changing jobs相悖。

错误选项D偷换概念。

18．The priorities and expectations defined by the young will______.
A．depend largely on political preferences
B．reach almost all aspects of American life
C．focus on materialistic issues
D．become increasingly clear
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。

根据题目定位到第四段第二行“…those just starting out in life are defining priorities pro and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects ofAmerican life，from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics．”……刚开始人生的美国年轻人在为他们的生活重心和期许下注解，这些变化将会快速传播并渗透到美国人生活的各个方面。

由此可确定答案为B，基本属于原文再现。

错误选项A属于偷换概念。

错误选项C和D无中生有，是无关选项。

19．both young and old agree that______.
A．good paying jobs are less available
B．the old made more life achievements
C．housing loans today are easy to obtain
D．getting established is harder for the young
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。

根据题目定位到第五段第一句：Young and old converge on one key point：Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today toget started in life than it was for earlier generations．老年人和年轻人也有看法一致的地方：老青两代人中绝大多数都认为现在的年轻人想要起步比上一代人更难了。

由此可以确定答案为选项D。

错误选项A和C为无关选项。

错误选项B错在范围，原文是as，意思为如老年人达到的人生标志性成就一般，近似等量，而选项为more，扩大了范围。

20．Which of the following is true about Schneider?
A．He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
B．His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.
C．His parents’ believe working steadily is a must for success.
D．He found a dream job after graduating from college.
正确答案：B
解析：细节题。

根据人名定位到最后一段第四句：Looking back，he is struck that his parentscould provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college whenhe was young．回顾过去，在他小时候，即使他的父母都没有读过大学，但他们还是能提供给自己的孩子舒适的生活。

由此可以确定正确选项为B。

错误选项A和C属于无中生有，无关选项。

错误选项D与原文he struggled to find a job after graduating from college相悖。