America’s Consequences for the Trade War
The-One-Against-the-Many-原文+译文教学内容
T h e-O n e-A g a i n s t-t h e-M a n y-原文+译文The One against the Many课文原文+译文In an epoch dominated by the aspirations of new states for national development, it is instructive to recall that the United States itself began as an underdeveloped country.Every country, of course, has its distinctive development problems and must solve them according to its own traditions, capacities, and values. The American experience was unique in a number of ways. The country was blessed by notable advantages—above all, by the fact that population and resources was obviously not the only factor in American development. Had that been so, the Indians, for whom the ratio was even more favorable, would have developed the country long before the first settlers arrived from over the seas. What mattered equally was the spirit in which these settlers approached the economic and social challenges offered by the environment. Several elements seemed fundamental to the philosophy which facilitated the rapid social and economic development of the American continent.One factor was the deep faith in education. The belief that investment in people is the most essential way for a society to devote its resources existed from the earliest days of the American colonies. It arose originally from a philosophical rather than an economic commitment—from a faith in the dignity of man and from the resulting belief that it is the responsibility of society to offer man the opportunity to develop his highest potentialities. But, at the same time, it also helped produce the conditions essential to successful modernization.Modern industrial society must be above all a literate society. Economic historians attribute two-third of the growth in American output over the centuries of American development to increases on productivity. And increases in productivity, of course, come directly from the size of national investment in education and in research. J. K. Galbraith had rightly observed that “a dollar or a rupee invested in the intellectual improvement of human beings will regularly bring a greater increase in national income than a dollar or a rupee devoted to railways, dams, machine tools, or other tangible capital goods.” These words accurately report the American national experience.Another factor in the process of American development has been the commitment to self-government and representative institutions. We have found no better way than democracy to fulfill man’s talents and release his energies. A related factor had been the conviction of the importance of personal freedom and personal initiative—the feeling that the individual is the source of creativity. Another has been the understanding of the role of cooperative activity, public as well as voluntary.But fundamental to all of these, and perhaps the single most important explanation of the comparative speed of American development, had been the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social and economic order. America has had the good fortune not to be an ideological society.By ideology I mean a body of systematic and rigid dogma by which people seek to understand the world—and to preserve or transform in. the conflict between ideology and empiricism has, of course, been old in human history. In the record ofthis conflict, ideology has attracted some of the strongest intelligences mankind has produced—those whom Sir Isaiah Berlin, termed the “hedgehogs”, who knows one big thing, as against the “foxes”, who know many small things.Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently immune to the ideological temptation—to the temptation, that is, to define national goals in an ordered, comprehensive, and permanent way. After all, the American mind was conditioned by one of the noblest and most formidable structures of analysis ever devised, Calvinist theology, and any intellect so shaped was bound to have certain vulnerability to secular ideology ever after. There have been hedgehogs throughout American history who have attempted to endow America with an all-inclusive creed, to translate Americanism into a set of binding propositions, and to construe the national tradition in terms of one or another ultimate law.Yet most of the time Americans have foxily mistrusted abstract rationalism and rigid a priori doctrine. Our national faith has been not in propositions but in processes. In its finest hours, the Unite States has, so to speak, risen above ideology. It has not permitted dogma to falsify reality, imprison experience, or narrow the spectrum of choice. This skepticism about ideology has been a primary source of the social inventiveness which has marked so much of development. The most vital American social thought has been empirical, practical, pragmatic. America, in consequence, has been at its most characteristic a nation of innovation and experiment.Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid of abstractions than ideology is wholly devoid of experience. The dividing line comes when abstractions and experience collide and one must give way to the other. At this point the pragmatist rejects abstractions and, the ideologist rejects experience. The early history of the republic illustrates the difference. The American Revolution was a pragmatic effort conducted in terms of certain general values. The colonists fought for independence in terms of British ideals of civil freedom and representative government; they rebelled against British rule essentially for British reasons. The ideals of American independence found expression in the classical documents which accompanied the birth of the nation: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.But it is important here to insist on the distinction between ideals and ideology. Ideals refer to the long-run goals of a nation and the spirit in which these goals are pursued. Ideology is something different, more systematic, more detailed, more comprehensive, more dogmatic. The case of one of the Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, emphasizes the distinction. Jefferson was an expounder both of ideals and of ideology. As an expounder of ideals, he remains a vivid and fertile figure—alive, not only for Americans but, I believe, for all those interested in human dignity and human liberty. As an ideologist, however, Jefferson is today remote—a figure not of present concern but of historical curiosity. As an ideologist, he believe, for example, that agriculture was the only basis of a good society; that the small freehold system was the only foundation for freedom; that the honest and virtuous cultivator was the only reliable citizen for a democratic state; that an economy based on agriculture was self-regulating and, therefore, required a minimum of government; that that government was best which governed least; and that the great enemies of a free statewere, on the one hand, urbanization, industry, banking, a landless working class, and on the other hand, a strong national government with power to give direction to national development. This was Jefferson’s ideology, and had the United States responded to it, we would be today a feeble and impotent nation. By responding to Jefferson’s ideals rather than to his ideology, the United States has become a strong modern state.Fortunately, Jefferson himself preferred his ideals to his ideology. In case of conflict he chose what helped people rather than what conformed to principle. Indeed, the whole ideological enterprise contradicted Jefferson’s temper, which was basically flexible and experimental. The true Jefferson is not the ideological Jefferson but the Jefferson who said that one generation could not commit the next to its view of public policy or human destiny.What is wrong with faith in ideology? The trouble is this. An ideology is not a picture of actuality; it is a model derived from actuality, a model designed to isolate certain salient features of actuality which the model builder, the ideologist, regards as of crucial importance. An ideology, in other words, is an abstraction from reality. There is nothing wrong with abstraction or models per se. In fact, we could not conduct discourse without them. There is nothing wrong with them—so long, that is, as people remember they are only models. The ideological fallacy is to forger that ideology is an abstraction from reality and to regard it as reality itself.The besetting sin of the ideologist, in short, is to confuse his own tidy models with the vast, turbulent, unpredictable, and untidy reality which is the stuff of human experience. And this confusion has at least two bad results—it commits those who believe in ideology to a fatalistic view of history, and it misleads them about concrete choices of public policy.Consider for a moment the ideologist’s view of history. The ideologist contends that the mysteries of history can be understood in terms of a clear-cut, absolute, social creed which explains the past and forecasts the future. Ideology thus presupposes a closed universe whose history is determined, whose principles are fixed, whose values and objectives are deducible from a central body of social dogma and often whose central dogma is confided to the custody of an infallible priesthood. In the old philosophic debates between the one and the many, the ideologist stands with the one. It is his belief that the world as a whole can be understood from a single viewpoint that everything in the abundant and streaming life of man is reducible to a single abstract system of interpretation.The American tradition has found this view of human history repugnant and false. This tradition sees the world as many, not as one. These empirical instincts, the preference for fact over logic, for deed over dogma, have found their most brilliant expression in the writings of William James and in the approach to philosophical problems which James called “radical empiricism”. Aga inst the belief in the all-encompassing power of a single explanation, against the commitment to the absolutism of ideology, against the notion that all answers to political and social problems can be found in the back of some sacred book, against the deterministic interpretation of history, against the closed universe, James stood for what he calledthe unfinished universe—a universe marked by growth, variety, ambiguity, mystery, and contingency—a universe where free men may find partial truths, but where no mortal man will ever get an absolute grip on Absolute Truth, a universe where social progress depends not on capitulation to a single, all-consuming body of doctrine, but on the unforced intercourse of unconstrained minds.Thus ideology and pragmatism differ radically in their views of history. They differ just as radically in their approach to issues of public policy. The ideologist, by mistaking models for reality, always misleads as to the possibilities and consequences of public decision. The history of the twentieth century is a record of the manifold ways in which humanity has been betrayed by ideology.Let us take an example from contemporary history. It is evident now, for example, that the choice between private and public means, that choice which has obsessed so much recent political and economic discussion in underdeveloped countries, is not a matter of religious principle. It is not a moral issue to be decided on absolutist grounds, either by those on the right who regard the use of public means as wicked and sinful, or by those on the left who regard the use of private means wicked and sinful. It is simply a practical question as to which means can best achieve the desired end. It is a problem to be answered not by theology but by experience and experiment. Indeed, I would suggest that we might well banish some overloaded words from intellectual discourse. They belong to the vocabulary of demagoguery, not to the vocabulary of analysis.So, with the invention of the mixed society, pragmatism has triumphed over absolutism. As a consequence, the world is coming to understand that the mixed economy offered the instrumentalities through which one can unite social control with individual freedom. But ideology is a drug; no matter how much it is exposed by experience, the craving for it still persists. That craving will, no doubt, always persists, so long as there is human hunger for an all-embracing, all-explanatory system, so long indeed as political philosophy is shaped by the compulsion to return to the womb.The oldest philosophical problem, we have noted, is the relationship between the one and the one and the many. Surely the basic conflict of our times is precisely the conflict between those who would reduce the world to one and those who see the world as many—between those who believe that the world is evolving in a single direction, along a single predestined line, toward a single predestined conclusion, and those who think that humanity in the future, as in the past, will continue to evolve in divers directions, toward diverse conclusions, according to the diverse traditions, values, and purposes of divers peoples. It is a choice, in short, between dogmatism and pragmatism, between the theological society and the experimental society.Ideologists are afraid of the free flow of ideas, even of deviant ideas within their own ideology. They are convinced they have a monopoly on the Truth. Therefore they always feel that they are only saving the world when they slaughter the heretics. Their objective remains that of making the world over in the image of their dogmatic ideology. The goal is a monolithic world, organized on the principle of infallibility—but the only certainty in an absolute system is the certainty of absolute abuse.The goal of free men is quite different. Free men know many truths, but the doubt whether any mortal man knows the Truth. Their religious and their intellectual heritage join in leading them to suspect fellow men who lay claim to infallibility. They believe that there is no greater delusion than for man to mistake himself for God. They accept the limitations of the human intellect and the infirmity of the human spirit. The distinctive human triumph, in their judgment, lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of human striving but to strive nonetheless.。
课文-6MarkTwain--MirrorofAmerica
课文-6MarkTwain--MirrorofAmericaLesson Six Mark Twain --- Mirror of AmericaNoel Grove1 Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined.I found another Twain as well –one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.2 Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.3 The geographic core, in Twain’s early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nation’s h eart. Keelboats ，flatboats , and large rafts carried the first major commerce. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses, cotton, and whiskey t raveled north. In the 1850’s, before the climax of westward expansion, the vast basin drainedthree-quarters of the settled United States.4 Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied a cosmos. He participated abundantly in this life, listening to pilothouse talk of feuds, piracies, lynchings, medicine shows, and savage waterside slums. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic5 Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity,but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half years in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later life Twain acknowledged that the river had acquainted him with every possible type of human nature. Those acquaintanceships strengthened all his writing, but he never wrote better than when he wrote of the people a-long the great stream.6 When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley and of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, “... I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. “7 He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada’s Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available tothe lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, heaccepted a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, to literature’s enduring gratitude.8 From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. In the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers.9 Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks on the city government, concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, so angered officials that he fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. His descriptions of the rough-country settlers there ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast. “It was a sp lendid population –for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home... It was that population that gave to Californiaa name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she bears unto this day –and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says ‘Well, that is California all over.’”10 In the dreary winter of 1864-65 in Angels Camp, he kepta notebook. Scattered among notations about the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals lies an entry noting a story hehad heard that day –an entry that would determine his course forever: “Coleman with his jumping frog – bet stranger $50 –stranger had no frog, and C. got him one –in the meantime stranger filled C.’s frog full of shot and he couldn’t jump. The stranger’s frog won.”11 Retold with his descriptive genius, the story was printed in newspapers across the United States and became known as “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” Mark Twain’s national reputation was now well established as “the wild humorist of the Pacific slope.”12 Two years later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly Americanlook at the Old World. In New York City the steamship Quaker City prepared to sail on a pleasure cruise to Europe and the Holy Land. For the first time, a sizable group of United States citizens planned to journey as tourists -- a milestone, of sorts, in a country’s development. Twain was assigned to a ccompany them, as correspondent 工for a California newspaper. If readers expected the usual glowing travelogue, they were sorely surprised.13 Unimpressed by the Sultan of Turk ey, for example, he reported, “... one could set a trap anywhere and catch a doz en abler men in a night.” Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasures, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. Back home, more newspapers began printing his articles. America laughed with him. Upon his return to the States the book version of his travels, The Innocents Abroad, became an instant best-seller.14 At the age of 36 Twain settled in Hartford, Connecticut. His best books were published while he lived there.15 As early as 1870 Twain had experimented with a story about the boyhoodadventures of a lad he named Billy Rogers. Two years later, he changed the name to Tom, and began shaping his adventures into a stage play. Not until 1874 did the story begin developing in ear nest. After publication in 1876, Tom Sawyer quickly became a c lassic tale of American boyhood. Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity , and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools to-day as is the Declaration of Independence.16 Mark Twain’s own declar ation of independence came from another character. Six chapters into Tom Sawyer, he drags in “the juvenile pariah of the village, Huckleberry Finn, son of the town drunka rd.” Fleeing a respectable life with the puritanical Widow Douglas, Huck protests to his friend, Tom Sawyer: “I’ve tried it, and it don’t work; it don’t work, T om. It ain’t for me ... The widder eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell –everything’s so awful reg’lar a body can’t stand it.”17 Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation, Huck was given a life of his own, in a book often considered the best ever written about Americans. His raft flightdown the Mississippi with a runaway slave presents a moving panorama for exploration of American society.18 On the river, and especially with Huck Finn, Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from the pace he lived by and often deplored, from life’s regularities and the energy-sapping clamor for success.19 Mark Twain suggested that an ingredient was missing in t he American ambition when he said: “What a robust people,what a nation of thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves on the shelf occasionally and renew our edges.”20 Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12; his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion; the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months. His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis, Mrs. Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter., Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub .21 Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. The moralizing of his earlier writing had been well padded with humor. Now the gloves came off withbiting satire. He pretended to praise the U. S. military for the massacre of 600 Philippine Moros in the bowl of a volcanic, crater. In The Mysterious Stranger, he insisted that man drop his religious illusions and depend upon himself, not Providence, to make a better world.22 The last of his own illusions seemed to have crumbled near the end. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men’s final release from earthly struggles: “... they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed –a world which will lament them a day and for-get them forever.”(from National Geographic, Sept., 1975)。
美国经济大萧条英文
美国经济大萧条英文The Great Depression: A Dark Period in American Economic HistoryIntroduction:The Great Depression was one of the most devastating economic crises in American history. It occurred during the 1930s and had a profound impact on the lives of millions of Americans. This article will explore the causes, consequences, and the government's response to the Great Depression.Causes of the Great Depression:1. Stock Market Crash: The stock market crash of 1929 is often cited as the trigger for the Great Depression. On October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, stock prices plummeted, leading to a collapse in confidence among investors. This event marked the beginning of the economic downturn.2. Overproduction and Underconsumption: The 1920s saw an era of excess, with rapid industrialization and mass production of goods. However, many ordinary Americans did not have the purchasing power to keep up with the pace, resulting in a surplus of goods and a decline in demand.3. Credit Expansion and Speculation: During the 1920s, there was a rapid expansion of credit, enabling people to borrow more money. This encouraged speculation, particularly in the stock market and real estate. When the market crashed, many people were left with substantial debts and no means to repay them.Consequences of the Great Depression:1. Massive Unemployment: As businesses went bankrupt and factories shut down, millions of Americans lost their jobs. Unemployment rates skyrocketed, reaching nearly 25% at the height of the depression. Many families faced severe poverty and struggled to provide for their basic needs.2. Bank Failures: The economic downturn took a toll on the banking sector as well. Lack of confidence led to a wave of bank runs, where panicked customers withdrew their deposits. Consequently, many banks failed, wiping out the savings of countless individuals and exacerbating the economic crisis.3. Dust Bowl: The Great Depression coincided with a severe drought in the Midwest known as the Dust Bowl. Widespread soil erosion and dust storms destroyed crops and caused mass migration from rural farming areas to cities, adding to the already high levels of unemployment and poverty.Government Response:1. New Deal: In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of economic stimulus programs. It aimed to create jobs, provide relief to the poor, and reform the financial system. Programs such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Social Security Administration (SSA) were established under the New Deal.2. Bank and Financial Reforms: The government implemented measures to stabilize the financial sector and restore public confidence. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured bank deposits and prevented future bank runs.3. Regulation and Expansion of Government Power: The Great Depression prompted a significant expansion of government intervention in the economy. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to regulate the stock market, and the Federal Reserve was given greater authority to manage monetary policy to prevent future economic crises.Conclusion:The Great Depression was a period of immense hardship and suffering for the American people. It resulted from a combination of factors, including the stock market crash, overproduction, and excessive credit expansion. The consequences of the Great Depression were far-reaching, leading to high unemployment rates, bank failures, and mass poverty. However, it also sparked significant government intervention and the implementation of programs that aimed to alleviate economic distress. The lessons learned from this dark period in American economic history continue to shape economic policies today.。
the freedom givers翻译
新版大学英语综合教程3Unit 2 The Freedom Givers翻译In 2004 a center in honor of the "underground railroad" opens in Cincinnati. The railroad was unusual. It sold no tickets and had no trains. Yet it carried thousands of passengers to the destination of their dreams.2004年，一个纪念“地下铁路”的中心将在辛辛那提州成立。
这条铁路不同寻常，它不出售车票，也无火车行驶。
然而，它将成千上万的乘客送往他们梦想中的目的地。
The Freedom GiversFergus M. Bordewich1 A gentle breeze swept the Canadian plains as I stepped outside the small two-story house. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history. As we walked toward a plain gray church, Barbara Carter spoke proudly of hergreat-great-grandfather, Josiah Henson. "He was confident that the Creator intended all men to be created equal. And he never gave up struggling for that freedom."给人以自由者弗格斯·M·博得威奇我步出这幢两层小屋，加拿大平原上轻风微拂。
英语作文跳蚤市场
Flea markets,also known as brocantes in French,are a unique and vibrant part of the cultural landscape in many countries around the world.They offer a treasure trove of items,from vintage clothing to antique furniture,often at a fraction of the price you would find in a traditional store.Heres a detailed look at what makes a flea market experience so special.History and OriginFlea markets have a rich history,dating back to the17th century in France.The term flea market is believed to have originated from the French marchéaux puces,which refers to the market at the Place de la République in Paris,where secondhand goods were sold. The name is thought to have been inspired by the flealike nature of the goods being sold, or possibly by the actual fleas that might have infested some of the items.The Appeal of Flea Markets1.Bargain Hunting:One of the main attractions of flea markets is the opportunity to find great deals.Shoppers can often negotiate prices with sellers,making it a fun and interactive experience.2.Variety:The range of items available at flea markets is incredibly diverse,from old books and vinyl records to unique jewelry and handmade crafts.This variety caters to a wide array of tastes and interests.3.Cultural Experience:Flea markets are not just about shopping they are also a cultural experience.They often reflect the history and character of the local community,offering insights into the areas past and present.4.Sustainability:Buying secondhand items at flea markets is an ecofriendly choice,as it promotes recycling and reduces waste.How to Navigate a Flea Market1.Arrive Early:The best items are often sold early,so arriving at the start of the market can give you the best selection.2.Bring Cash:While some vendors may accept cards,many prefer cash.Its always a good idea to have some on hand.3.Inspect Items:Before making a purchase,check the condition of the item carefully. Look for any damage or signs of wear.4.Negotiate:Dont be afraid to haggle.Many sellers are open to negotiation,especially ifyoure buying multiple items.5.Enjoy the Atmosphere:Take the time to explore and enjoy the atmosphere.Listen to the stories of the sellers and the history behind the items.Popular Flea Markets Around the WorldParis,France:The Clignancourt market is one of the largest and most famous flea markets in the world.New York,USA:The Brooklyn Flea is a modern take on the traditional flea market, featuring a curated selection of vintage and handmade goods.London,UK:Portobello Road Market in Notting Hill is a historic market known for its antiques and secondhand goods.Tokyo,Japan:The Shimokitazawa Flea Market is a popular spot for vintage clothing and unique Japanese items.ConclusionFlea markets offer a unique shopping experience that combines the thrill of the hunt with the joy of discovery.They are not just places to buy things they are places to connect with history,culture,and the stories behind the items.Whether youre a collector,a bargain hunter,or simply someone looking for a unique experience,flea markets are well worth a visit.。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题考研英语一
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。
组织行为学经典案例群体行为与决策
群体行为与决策五年前，我开始在Petroco公司的加油站里当服务员。
在那里有两名完全不同的管理者。
第一个是Maria Theresa，在我去那家公司之前已经在那里工作了几个月了，直到在五月中旬她被调离了那里。
第二个管理者是Vincent MacMurdo，在那时接手一直到我离开那个加油站。
两位管理者都有学士学位和一些管理经验。
他们被指派到这个特殊的加油站是因为他们在以前工作中的出色表现，因为高的销售额使得加油站成为了一个能让管理者证明自己能力的地方。
然而，尽管他们两个有些相同的管理能力，但这两个管理者还是有很大的不同。
Maria在不违反规范的情况下，放弃操作手册的规定。
她寻找能够建立一种同事间的友谊，而不是把注意力放在各种规范上。
她希望能够忽视各种规定的想法被许多人欣赏，所以她想要在同事间建立友谊的努力取得了极大的成功。
这种建立友谊的感觉通过四个渠道传播：在职员之间，在职员和Maria之间，在职员和顾客之间。
而当每天工作时在职员之间，Maria和区域执行官之间的交流是用一种特殊的方法。
比如说，在四月的某一天，当我的电池跳电而我们修理时，我们使其它汽车的电子系统短路了。
当时实在晚上工作人员较少的时候，他们放弃了修理。
而在白天换班之后，日间工作人员修理了短路，开始打电话和在违反规定的情况下去了废旧汽车场。
最后他们换了一个耐用的电池，新的电路系统也被连接好了。
第二个传播友谊的渠道是在职员和Maria之间，这个渠道的成功大多数要归因于Maria对职员们的关心。
她经常在早上很早的时候到办公室，带着咖啡和油炸圈饼给职员，或者在晚上带上匹萨给上夜班的员工。
当Maria需要一个额外的人员的时候，Maria在员工身上的努力就获得了回报。
一个事实可以证明员工的忠诚，当Maria急需人手时，有许多员工自愿在工作8个小时之后在为她工作8小时。
第三个传播友谊的渠道是在员工和顾客之间。
也有一个事实可以说明这一点。
有一次一对夫妇的汽车在离加油站1/4英里的地方突然没有汽油了。
America Culture test 美国文化考试题目
.
29) ______ How were farmers affected by The Great Depression?
a)They lost their farms and homes.
b)They made greater profits.
b)False
.
7) ______ Most of the Spanish Armada sank in a sudden storm off the coast of
England.
a)True
b)False
.
8) ______ Elizabeth dressed in a suit of armor and declared she had the stomach of a
a)True
b)False
.
19) ______ Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a novel about the Puritains called "The Scarlet
Letter"
a)True
b)False
.
20) ______ Mary Tudor was known as "Bloody Mary."
Catholicism from England helped create the United States of America. Do this in
your own words individually. Your essay answer is worth 25 points. You will be
【听力原文+精校译文】THE MAKING OF A NATION #016 - Transition to Constitution
THE MAKING OF A NATION #16 - Transition to Constitution (THEME)VOICE ONE:This is Frank Oliver.VOICE TWO:And this is Tony Riggs with the Special English history program THE MAKING OF A NATION.(THEME)VOICE ONE:Change has always been part of the history of the United States. Yet there has been very little national conflict. In more than two-hundred years, only one civil war was fought.变化一直是美国历史的一部分。
然而国家冲突很少。
在二百多年的时间里，只有一场内战爆发了。
In that war, during the Eighteen-Sixties, Northern states and Southern states fought against each other. Their bitter argument involved the right of the South to leave the Union and to deal with issues -- especially the issue of slavery -- in its own way.在那次战争中，十八世纪六十年代，北方各州和南方各州相互争斗。
他们激烈的争论涉及南方脱离联邦和以自己的方式处理问题——特别是奴隶制问题的权利。
VOICE TWO:America's civil war lasted four years. Six-hundred-thousand men were killed or wounded. In the end, the slaves were freed, and the Union was saved.美国内战持续了四年。
新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A学生用书第二版-Unit9-14选词填空
第九单元2. He had hurt his parents, but he showed no sign of repentance on his face.他伤害了他的父母，但他脸上没有表现出悔改的迹象。
3. The heavy rain had penetrated right through her coat, so she caught a bad cold and had to stay at home.大雨湿透了她的外套，所以她患了重感冒，不得不呆在家里。
4. The comedian acted in monkey-like imitation, which made all the audience laugh.那位喜剧演员模仿得惟妙惟肖，把观众都逗笑了。
5. She had almost failed the exam, but her twin sister, by contrast , had done very well.她差点考试不及格，但她的孪生妹妹却相反地考得很好。
6. The manager impressed on his office staff the importance of keeping accurate records.经理让办公室职员记住做准确记录的重要性。
7. We are really grateful to you for your passionate support for our cause.非常感谢您对我们事业的热情支持。
8. The English teacher's funny story awakened the students' interest and they began to listen more attentively to her.英语老师的滑稽故事引起了学生们的兴趣，他们开始更专心地听她讲。
economist(经济学人)精品文章中英对照
Whopper to go至尊汉堡，打包带走Will Burger King be gobbled up by private equity?汉堡王是否会被私人股本吞并？Sep 2nd 2010 | NEW YORKSHARES in Burger King (BK) soared on September 1st on reports that the fast-food company was talking to several private-equity firms interested in buying it. How much beef was behind these stories was unclear. But lately the company famous for the slogan “Have It Your Way” has certainly not been having it its own way. There may be arguments about whether BK or McDonald’s serves the best fries, but there is no doubt which is more popular with stockmarket investors: the maker of the Big Mac has supersized its lead in the past two years.有报道披露，快餐企业汉堡王（BK）正在与数个有收购意向的私人股本接洽，9月1日，汉堡王的股值随之飙升。
这些报道究竟有多少真材实料不得而知。
汉堡王的著名口号是“我选我味”，但如今显然它身不由己，心中五味杂陈。
汉堡王和麦当劳哪家薯条最好吃，食客们一直争论不休，但股票投资人更喜欢哪家股票，却一目了然：过去两年里，巨无霸麦当劳一直在扩大自己的优势。
《间谍之桥(2015)》完整中英文对照剧本
1957年冷战高峰期美国与苏联担忧彼此的核武能力与意图双方派遣并追捕间谍根据真人真事改编布鲁克林下一站是布洛德街The next stop is Broad Street.下一站布洛德街Broad Street will be next.上去这边Upstairs. This way.他没从这里上来He didn't come up this way?他不在上面回去He's not up here. Go back down.-抱歉-抱歉-Excuse me. -Excuse me.在转角停车Go ahead and park around the corner.美国政♥府♥访客Visitors.你介意我拿假牙吗Do you mind if I fetch my teeth?上校请转身Colonel, would you turn around, please?-在床上坐下-过去-Sit down on the bed. -Let's go.假牙在...在水槽里They're in the... The teeth are on the sink.看着我我们是联邦调查局的探员Look at me. We are agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.看着我Look at me!我在跟你说话I'm talking to you.我们收到关于你从事间谍行动的情报We've received information concerning your involvement in espionage.你可以跟我们合作否则就会被逮捕You can either cooperate with us right now, or you'll be under arrest.你懂吗上校Do you understand, Colonel?不不太懂你懂吗上校No, not really. Do you understand, Colonel?不不太懂No, not really.你为什么一直叫我"上校"Why do you keep calling me "Colonel"?你得穿好衣服You need to get dressed.我们必须搜查你的公♥寓♥We have to search your apartment.你们介意我清洗调色板吗Would you mind if I cleaned my palette?不然颜料会坏掉的The paints, it'll get ruined otherwise.就在你后面It's just behind you there.我自己有布I have a cloth myself.谢谢你Thank you.开始搜Start searching the place.谢谢你Thank you.好了搜床单床铺地板椅子All right, search the mattress, the bed, the floorboards, his chair.放烟灰缸里好吗Would you put that in the ashtray...-在窗台那里-仔细搜那张桌子-on the windowsill there? -Take a good look at that desk.来看看桌子Let's see the desk.我不想弄脏Wouldn't want to get this ruined.别说"我的人"Don't say "my guy."他不是"我的人"He's not "my guy."他就是"你的人" 我们到底在说谁Yes, he's "your guy." Who are we talking about?我们说的是我的客户承保的人We're talking about a guy who was insured by my client.所以不要把他当成"我的人"So, don't make him "my guy."好好吧Okay, fine.我要说的是你的客户承保的人My point is, the guy insured by your client...对于发生过的这些事并不否认he doesn't deny that any of these things happened."这些事""These things"?对五件事Yes, these five things.等等慢着Wait, hold it.不是五件事Not five things.是一件事One thing.明明就是五件事Clearly, it's five things.抱歉我不觉得很明显Well, I'm sorry, it's not clear to me.五件事解释给我听Five things? Explain it to me.事实不辩自明It's self-evident.好那就告诉我发生什么事Okay, then tell me what happened.告诉我怎么会变成五件事Tell me the story in a way that makes sense for five things.好当然你的人...Fine, absolutely. Your guy is...不是我的人我的客户承保的人Not my guy. Insured by my client.你客户承保的人在19号♥州立公路开车The guy insured by your client is driving down State Highway 19...失控撞到我的五个人when he loses control of his car and hits my five guys...这五个人雇用我代表他们the five guys who hired me to represent them...因为你不支付赔偿金because you're not honoring your claim.你是说我的保险公♥司♥客户不支付赔偿金You mean my client is not honoring the claim, the insurance company?唐纳文先生我们都知道谁是谁Mr. Donovan, we're all clear on who's who, here.不过我的客户有支付赔偿金Except my client honors every claim.他们有贝兹先生They do, Mr. Bates.这人的保单每次合法赔偿Every single legitimate claim, up to the limit of their liability...责任限额为每次意外三百万元which is $100,000 per accident, in the case of this man's policy.这算一次赔偿And this is one claim.根据你的描述"他撞我的五个人"According to your description, "He hit my five guys".我客户承保的这个人出了一次意外The guy insured by my client had one accident.一次一次一次One, one, one.开车失控撞五名摩托骑手Losing control of the car and hitting five motorcyclists.在他们看来出了五件事From their point of view, five things happened.听着巴伯我可以叫你巴伯吗Well, look, Bob. May I? Bob?我是吉姆"Jim."如果我打保龄球击出全倒就只算一件事If I go bowling and I throw a strike, one thing happened.不是十件事10 things didn't happen.吉姆我的人不是保龄球瓶Jim, my guys aren't bowling pins...就算你的人是那样对他们的as much as your guy may have treated them as such.让我说完Let me finish.如果你替房♥子保了三百万的险龙♥卷♥风♥把它卷走了If your house is insured for $100,000 and a tornado carries it away...它卷走的是一栋房♥子it carried away one house.不是每一样家具It didn't pick up every stick of furniture...再另行摧毁and destroy it in a separate incident.如果照你那样说If that is what you're saying...责任赔偿就永远没有上限well, then there is never any limit to our liability...保险业也做不下去了and that is the end of the insurance business.这样的话巴伯没有人是安全的And then, Bob, nobody is safe.瓦特斯考文唐纳文律师事务所瓦特斯考文唐纳文事务所请问要转接给哪位Watters, Cowan and Donovan. How may I direct your call?早安唐纳文先生Morning, Mr. Donovan.早安艾莉森Good morning, Alison.先生我将您九点与保德信人寿的会议改期了I moved your 9 a.m. with Prudential, sir.为什么Why did you do that?是我叫她改的I asked her to.没事吧汤姆Is everything all right, Tom?东西交给艾莉森进来吧Why don't you leave your stuff with Alison. Come on inside.有要事发生有人来见我们Something pretty important has come up. Somebody's here to see us.娜塔莉会帮你倒咖啡Natalie's getting your coffee.雀巢咖啡奶精两颗糖对吧Nescafé, cream, two lumps, right?没错谢谢That's right. Thanks.-林恩-吉姆-Lynn! -Jim!很高兴又见面了家人都好吗Nice to see you again. How's the family?好很好谢谢安妮好吗Great, good. Thanks. How's Annie?她都要杀人了因为公公婆婆要来过节Homicidal. We had the in-laws for the holiday.如果她真要干会有个好律师的If she acts on it, she'll have good representation.有什么事Now, what's up?好是这样的Okay, here's the thing.我们要你替他们抓到的苏联间谍辩护The Soviet spy they caught, we want you to defend him.这是起诉内容Here's the indictment.我不确定我想不想看I'm not sure I wanna pick that up.被告不认识任何律师The accused doesn't know any lawyers.联邦法庭丢给我们The federal court tossed it into our lap.律师委员会投票The Bar Committee took a vote.全体一致通过选你You're the unanimous choice.这对我们很重要...It was important to us...对我们的国家很重要吉姆It's important to our country, Jim...让这个人公开获得公平审判that this man is seen as getting a fair shake.美国的司法将受到检视American justice will be on trial.当然照你的说法能被委托是一种荣幸Of course, when you put it that way, it's an honor to be asked.可是林恩我是保险律师好几年没碰刑法了But, Lynn, I'm an insurance lawyer. I haven't done criminal work in years.这就像骑车学过就不会忘It's like riding a bike, isn't it?你在纽伦堡的审判表现出色You distinguished yourself at Nuremberg.我那时是检方I was on the prosecution team.那不是重点Not the point.你对刑法也不是不熟You're no stranger to criminal law.吉姆看看这个情况Jim, look at the situation.这个人千夫所指The man is publicly reviled.我也会被唾弃And I will be, too.那是因为那群人无知Yes, in more ignorant quarters.但这就是非做不可的原因而且要做得好But that's exactly why this has to be done, and capably done.不能让我们的司法系统看起来像是在草菅人命It can't look like our justice system tosses people on the ash heap.假设我接了证据情况怎样Suppose I did, what's the evidence look like?铁证如山Pretty overwhelming.好极了Great. Great.大家都会恨我但至少我会输Everyone will hate me but at least I'll lose.你怎么想汤姆What do you think, Tom?事务所会受影响我还有很多案子The firm will suffer. I have work here.我认为是爱国的义务I think it's a patriotic duty.这是重要的任务It's an important mission.我告诉林恩事务所无法拒绝I told Lynn, the firm can't say no...你也无法拒绝and you'd have a tough time saying no, too.我认为你必须为那王八蛋辩护I think you have to defend the son of a bitch.所以你要做吗So, you're doing it?做什么Doing what?替阿贝尔那个苏联间谍辩护Defending Abel, the Soviet spy.我可能会我得找...I may. I have to speak to...等等你怎么会知道他们发布告了么Wait, how do you know? Did they post it on the bulletin board?不是我和李察厄尔在谈话...No, I was talking to Richard Earl...听着如果我接受我会需要你帮忙Look, if I do this, I'm going to need your help.你今晚能工作吗Can you work tonight?我晚餐有约先生I have a dinner date, sir.今天是星期二吧好我没事闲得很It's Tuesday, right? Yeah, I'm free, completely free.谢谢你先生Thank you, sir.但这也是种荣誉But it's also an honor.律师公会要求我...And the Bar Association asked me...因为他们要表示即便是间谍也应有好的辩护律师because they want to show that even a spy gets a capable advocate.这种荣誉不要也罢Maybe it's the kind of honor we could do without.嘿亲爱的你怎么回来了Hey, honey, what are you doing home?他失约了I got stood up.真是卑鄙Well, that's despicable.这个愚蠢的家伙是谁Who is this knot-head?我不想说I'd rather not say.坐下吧我们正要开始用餐Well, sit down. We just started.人们很害怕People are scared.他们在盖防空避难所保护自己不被这种人伤害They're building bomb shelters to protect themselves from people like this man.我去店里I go to the store...人们在店里买♥♥罐头食品和钾片people are buying canned food and potassium tablets.都是因为这个人和他的行为It's all about this man and what he represents.他对所有人是威胁是卖♥♥♥国♥♥贼♥He's a threat to all of us. A traitor.-谁是卖♥♥♥国♥♥贼♥ -罗森堡夫妇才是卖♥♥♥国♥♥贼♥-Who's a traitor? -The Rosenbergs were traitors.他们是谁Who were they?他们把原♥子♥弹♥机密交给苏俄They gave atomic secrets to the Russians.他们是美国人背叛了国家They were Americans. They betrayed their country.你不能指控阿贝尔是卖♥♥♥国♥♥贼♥ You can't accuse Abel of being a traitor.他不是美国人He's not an American.听听你自己说的话Listen to yourself.你已经在替他辩护了You're defending him already.你在对我练习你说你只是在考虑You're rehearsing it on me. You said you were just thinking about taking it.我只是在考虑非常认真地考虑I am just thinking about it, just very hard.每个人都有辩护的权利每个人都应受到尊重Everyone deserves a defense. Every person matters.吉姆那我们呢Jim, what do we deserve?你知道别人会怎么看我们吗Do you know how people will look at us?试图释放卖♥♥♥国♥♥贼♥的人的家庭The family of a man trying to free a traitor?-他不是卖♥♥♥国♥♥贼♥ 玛丽-对-He's not a traitor, Mary. -Yes, yes.-罗杰去开门-为什么总是我去-Roger, get that! -Why do I have to do all the work?-做完祷告再吃-我饿了嘛-Wait till we say grace. -I'm hungry!他根本是这个国家最不受欢迎的人He's about the most unpopular man in this country...而你想成为第二名and you're trying to take second place!对而我是第三名Yeah, and I'm third.卡萝你只是找错约会对象了Carol, you just dated the wrong guy.玛丽不要没事找事Mary, don't make this an argument when we're not having an argument.你是反对他难道我会支持他You're against him, I'm for him?不我不支持他我不赞成苏俄监视我们No, I'm not for him. I'm not for the Russians spying on us.我赞成他在法庭里有辩护的权利I'm for his right to have a defense in a court of law...这样才叫法庭which is why they call it a court of law.我无意打扰你们用餐I didn't mean to interrupt dinner.嘿道格Hey, Doug.不一点也不会No, not at all.哈罗道格吉姆只是在强词夺理Hello, Doug. Jim was just flailing.我没有强词夺理来吧道格和我们一起吃I'm not flailing. Go ahead, Doug, join us for dinner.我们今晚吃肉饼We're having meatloaf tonight.所以你来帮吉姆考虑是否要接那个案子So, you came over to help Jim think about whether he's taking the case?我们已经接了很令人兴奋吧Oh, we're taking it! It's exciting, isn't it?天主降福我等暨所将受于主普施之恩惠Lord, we thank thee for thy blessings we are about to receive.为我等主耶稣基♥督♥ 阿门Thy bounty through Christ, our Lord. Amen.先生早安我是吉姆唐纳文Good morning, sir. My name is Jim Donovan.这是我的资格证明These are my credentials.我是瓦特斯考文唐纳文律师事务所的合伙人I am a partner in Watters, Cowan and Donovan.我在1941年正式开始在纽约执业I was admitted to the New York Bar in 1941.你因三项罪行与19项公然行为被起诉You have been charged with 3 counts and 19 overt acts.共谋将美国国防与原子机密Conspiracy to transmit United States defense and atomic secrets交给苏联to the Soviet Union...共谋搜集机密conspiracy to gather secrets...且未登记外国政♥府♥代表身份and failing to register as a foreign agent.有很多外国政♥府♥代表登记吗Do many foreign agents register?如果你不介意我问先生...If you don't mind my asking, sir...你被逮捕之后到过哪些地方since your arrest, where have you been?我说不上来I couldn't say for certain.你不知道You don't know?他们载我去机场带我上飞机带我下飞机They drove me to an airport and put me on a plane, took me off the plane.某个很热的地方Somewhere hot.这里就很热It's hot here.又热又潮湿Hot and very humid.他们把我关在一个房♥间里They put me in a room.他们有打你吗Were you beaten?没有No.有人跟我谈过I was talked to.提出条件Offers were made.什么意思What do you mean?给我工作为你的政♥府♥工作Offers of employment, to work for your government.他们说如果我合作...I was told if I cooperated...就不会对我继续提出控告no further charges would be made against me.也会给我钱And I would be given money.而你拒绝了And you declined?正如你所见As you see.当然我不能赞同你那么做Well, of course I can't endorse that.鼓励你与美国政♥府♥合作我责无旁贷I feel duty-bound to urge you to cooperate with the U.S. government.我婉拒了Well, I said no.也许你可以传达给你中情局的朋友我是认真的Perhaps you could relay to your friends at the CIA that I meant it.不不不No, no, no.我不是中情局的人I don't work for the agency.我不为政♥府♥工作I don't work for the government.我是来为你提供法律谘询的I am here to offer my services as your legal counsel.如果你接受If you accept them as such...我就为你工作I work for you.如果我接受你If I accept you?你厉害吗Are you good at what you do?是啊我挺不错的Yeah. I'm pretty good.你为很多间谍嫌疑人辩护过吗Have you represented many accused spies?不还没有No, not yet.这对我们来说都是第一次This will be a first for the both of us.好Yes.美国律师公会好吧All right."好吧" 你接受吗"All right"? You accept?对好Yes, all right.好很好Good, okay.首先Let's start here.如果你坚决不与美国政♥府♥合作If you are firm in your resolve not to cooperate with the U.S. government...我确定I am.好Yeah.那就不要与政♥府♥内外的任何人谈论你的案子Then do not talk to anybody else about your case, inside of government or out.除了我前提是你信任我Except to me, to the extent that you trust me.只有我受托为你服务I have a mandate to serve you. Nobody else does.坦白说Quite frankly,其他人都想送你上电椅everybody else has an interest in sending you to the electric chair.好All right.你似乎不担心You don't seem alarmed.那样有帮助吗Would it help?我想要画画的用具I would like materials to draw with.那是不可能的That's not possible.一枝铅笔一张纸A pencil, a piece of paper.香烟Cigarettes.麻烦你了Please?唐纳文先生你们也有像我这种人Mr. Donovan, you have men like me...在为你们国家做一样的事doing the same for your country.如果他们被抓If they were caught...我相信你会希望他们被善待I'm sure that you would wish them to be treated well.你叫什么名字What's your name?法兰西斯盖瑞鲍尔Francis Gary Powers.军种阶级Rank, service?美国空军中尉First Lieutenant, United States Air Force.鲍尔中尉你和苏联有没有任何关联Do you have any association with the Soviet Union, Lieutenant Powers?开什么玩笑Kidding?回答问题中尉Just answer the questions, Lieutenant.有没有尽可能简单Yes, no, or as simply as you can.你和苏联有没有任何关联Do you have any association with the Soviet Union?死也不会Hell, no.你知道为什么来这里吗Do you know why you're here?你的意思是不知道吗Is that a no?知道我是说...Yes. I mean...不知道No, it's just "no."我完全不知道为什么来这里Yes, I have absolutely no idea why I'm here.-看前方中尉-是长官-Eyes front, Lieutenant. -Yes, sir.你在里面表现如何盖瑞How'd you do in there, Gary?很不错我想我把名字说对了Pretty good. Think I got my name right.那你可能比西恩的成绩还好You probably outscored Shinn, then.-谁赢了-我-Who's winning? -That would be me.我要加入Deal me in.那这些都是我的了So, these are all mine, then.我告诉过你们别跟他玩I told you boys not to play with him.好了飞行员们是这样的Okay, drivers, here's the deal.你们获选执行一项任务You've been selected for a mission...离开这里后不准与任何人提起which you are not to discuss with anyone outside of this room.任何人都不行No one.我不管你相信谁I don't care who you trust.老婆老妈女友晚上祈祷的神圣上帝Wife, mother, sweetheart. The good Lord when you pray at night.我即将告诉你们的事一个字都不准透露You don't tell any of them anything of what I'm about to tell you.你们每一位都已符合特殊要求Each of you drivers has met certain qualifications.高级安全权限High level security clearance.驾驶单人飞机...Exceptional pilot ratings...超越规定飞行时数成绩优异in excess of the required hours flight time in a single-seat aircraft.我们在打仗We are engaged in a war.目前这场仗不派兵打This war does not, for the moment, involve men-at-arms.而是资讯战It involves information.你们要搜集资讯You will be collecting information.你们要搜集敌军情资You will be gathering intelligence about the enemy.你们搜集到的情资可以使我们...The intelligence you gather could give us the upper hand...在与苏联的全面核战冲突中占上风in a full thermonuclear exchange with the Soviet Union.或者可能阻止战争爆发Or it could prevent one.为了保密For public purposes...对你的老婆老妈女友或上帝来说as far as your wife or mother or sweetheart or the good Lord above...你们的任务不存在your mission does not exist.任务不存在你们也就不存在If it does not exist, you do not exist.你们不能被打下来不能被俘虏You cannot be shot down. You cannot be captured.你们现在为中情局工作You work for the CIA now.吉姆我听说你的人用假口音说话So, Jim, I heard your guy is speaking with a phony accent.他整段时间都维持着口音吗Does he keep that up all the time?其实我很确定他说话就是那样Actually, I'm pretty sure that's just the way he talks.他有俄文名字但持英国护照He's got the Russian name but a British passport.我猜那护照是假的Well, I doubt that that's genuine.吉姆我们说到哪里了我看看So, Jim, where are we? I see here...是这样的Yes, judge, you see...我认为三个星期的准备时间不够用I just don't think that three weeks is going to do it, here.你知道的我们有大量的证据We got a massive amount of evidence, as you know.-你想延期-六星期-You wanna postpone? -Six weeks.人手只有我和同事There's just myself and my associate, basically.吉姆你是认真的吗Jim, is this serious?先生Sir?你是认真的吗Is this serious?是的确是Yes, indeed, it is.你可以看到延期申请...You can see in the filing...吉姆这个人是苏联间谍Jim, this man is a Soviet spy.-据说是-拜托大律师-Allegedly. -Come on, Counselor!阁下Your Honor.当然我向你致敬Of course, I salute you.你接受这吃力不讨好的工作这很伟大We all salute you for taking on a thankless task.这人必须要有正当法律程序但我们别自欺欺人了This man has to have due process. But let's not kid each other.他会获得好的辩护He'll receive a capable defense.要是老天有眼他会被判刑And, God willing, he'll be convicted.拜托大律师Come on, Counselor.不准在我的法庭里耍花招Let's not play games with this. Not in my courtroom.我们订了日期We have a date...就要进行审理and we're going to trial.出租车Taxi!出租车Taxi!明明是空车王八蛋I see your light on! Son of a bitch.等不及回曼哈顿了Can't wait to get back to Manhattan.他没载人对吧His light was on, right?王八蛋Son of a bitch.他们不高兴但法规并没有改变Against their level of comfort. The statute hasn't changed.抱歉先生Excuse me, sir.不好意思抱歉Pardon me. Sorry.唐纳文先生Mr. Donovan.怎样What?干嘛What?中情局CIA.对Yeah.我只是想聊聊天I just wanted to chat.案子进行得怎么样How's the case going?案子进行得很顺利最佳状态Case is going great. Couldn't be better.你的客户招了吗Has your guy talked?你说什么Excuse me.你见过他他招了吗他说了什么You met him. Has he talked? Has he said anything yet?我们不会谈这些We're not having this conversation.当然没有No, of course not.不我是说我不会跟你谈No, I mean, we really are not having it.你是要我违反为客户保密的原则You're asking me to violate attorney-client privilege.喔拜托大律师Oh, come on, Counselor.我真希望你们这些人别再说"喔拜托大律师"I wish people like you would quit saying "Oh, come on, Counselor."今天第一次听到时我就不喜欢了I didn't like it the first time it happened today.一位法官对我说了两次A judge said it to me twice.我越听越不喜欢And the more I hear it, the more I don't like it.好听着我懂律师的客户保密权Okay, listen, I understand attorney-client privilege.我懂这些法律花招I understand all the legal gamesmanship.我也懂这是你的生财之道And I understand that's how you make a living.但我要跟你谈别的事But I'm talking to you about something else.国♥家♥安♥全♥The security of your country.要是我的说法让你不高兴我很抱歉I'm sorry if the way I put it offends you.但我们需要知道阿贝尔告诉你什么But we need to know what Abel is telling you.你懂吗唐纳文You understand me, Donovan?我们需要知道We need to know.别一副童子军的样子Don't go "Boy Scout" on me.这件事不受规则约束We don't have a rule book, here.你是霍夫曼探员对吧You're Agent Hoffman, yeah?对Yeah.德国血统German extraction.对所以呢Yeah, so?我的名字是唐纳文爱尔兰裔My name's Donovan. Irish.父母亲都是Both sides, mother and father.我是爱尔兰裔你是德裔I'm Irish, you're German.但让我们成为美国人的是什么But what makes us both Americans?就一个东西Just one thing.一个一个一个One, one, one.规则The rule book.我们称作宪法We call it the Constitution...我们遵守规则才成为美国人and we agree to the rules, and that's what makes us Americans.只有这样我们才成为美国人It's all that makes us Americans所以不要告诉我没有规则so don't tell me there's no rule book...不要那样对我点头你这个王八蛋and don't nod at me like that, you son of a bitch.我们需要担心你吗Do we need to worry about you?只要能让我尽责就不需要Not if I'm left alone to do my job.白沙瓦空军基地巴基斯坦从现在起From this moment forward...不要将U-2称为间谍机...you will not refer to the U-2 as a spy plane...或侦察机or reconnaissance aircraft.而是称作"家伙"You will refer to it as "The Article."这家伙的翼幅24米The Article has an 80-foot wingspan.以普惠J57 P-37单引擎做动力It's powered by a single Pratt and Whitney J57 P-37 engine.推力4500公斤10,000 pounds of thrust...最高时速每小时690公里and a maximum speed of 430 miles an hour.也许并不快但飞行高度可达两万一千米She may not be quick, but at your cruising altitude of 70,000 feet...任何东西都接近不了你nothing will come close to you.两万一千70,000?重点就是敌人根本不会知道你去过The idea is the enemy doesn't even know you're there.看起来有点薄It looks kind of flimsy.每增加一公斤重量升限就会下降半米Every extra pound of weight costs a foot in altitude...我们需要安装照相机and we need to accommodate the cameras.三个4500厘米镜头That's a 4,500-millimeter lens, times three.画质清晰的全景相机A pin-sharp panoramic camera...比以前的空中侦察相机强4倍four times as powerful as any aerial reconnaissance cameras we've ever used.你们要拍照很多照片You're gonna be taking pictures, lots of pictures.在两万一千米高空...At 70,000 feet...这家伙飞行一次可以拍摄约五千平方公里的范围The Article can photograph 2,000 square miles of territory in one pass.现在飞行员注意听桑纳探员Now, drivers, give Agent Sumner your undivided attention.你们的任务需要的物品在这里The items you will need on your mission are over here.B Revere 8 40型底片机B camera, Revere 8 model 40 magazine...Keystone Capri K25 银色款Keystone Capri K-25, silver.空心把手修胡刷Hollow-handle shaving brush.印在可食用银箔上的全套密♥码♥表Complete set of cipher tables on edible silver foil.专业摄影器材Specialist photographic equipment.好我们懂了谢谢你Yeah, we get the idea. Thank you.抱歉巴斯...布拉斯克探员Excuse me, Agent Bosco. "Blasco."请说Sir.清单上似乎有分项There seems to be a subsection to this list here.这些东西大多来自他的工作室Most of this stuff came from his studio...其它的他藏在旅馆房♥间里but the rest is from the hotel room he was holed up in.就是我们找到他的地方Where we found him.你们搜查了旅馆房♥间The hotel room you searched?对Well, yeah.我可以看搜查令吗Can I see the warrant?什么令The what?解释一下不是有逮捕令吗Yeah, explain this to me. There was a warrant.有逮捕令There was a warrant.逮捕外国人的法定拘留令A civil detention writ for the arrest of an alien...但没有怀疑犯罪行为而核发的搜查令but there was no search warrant for suspicion of criminal activity.所以此次搜查及搜出的证据So, the search and the evidence that is the fruit of that search...都是有污点的不该被认可that's all tainted and should not be admitted.庭上他应有何种合法权What protections is he due, Your Honor? The man is not...这人是谁鲁道夫伊凡诺维奇阿贝尔The man is what? He's Rudolf Ivanovich Abel.他是苏联公民He is a Soviet citizen.他不是美国人He's not an American.1886年益和控告霍普金斯1886, Yick Wo v. Hopkins.法♥院♥判决即使是外国人The court held that even aliens,也就是该案中的中国移♥民♥...in that case Chinese immigrants...若无正当法律程序不能为罪行抗辩could not be held to answer for a crime without due process of law...包括所有非法入境的外国人including any alien that entered the country illegally.司法部的首要效忠对象是美国The Department of Justice has its first allegiance to the United States.我看不出来一个非法入境的外国人I don't see how an alien, if he's here illegally...怎么会有权利被剥夺的问题how he suffered deprivation of rights.身为谁的权利Rights as what?美国人吗An American?身为谁的权利律师Rights as what, Counselor?这是文明之战We're in a battle for civilization.这个苏联间谍来这里威胁我们的生活This Russian spy came here to threaten our way of life.有一整间法庭的人在等我Now, I have a courtroom of people waiting.出去坐在那苏联人旁边Get out there, sit beside the Russian.把这场审判结束Let's get this over and done with.我驳回你的申请And your motion is denied.他应该去为自己买♥♥保险He should take some insurance out on himself.我们的情况如何How did we do?。
Unit6Give_Me_Liberty_or_Give_Me_Death中文翻译
不自由，毋宁死作者简介(Patrick Henry,1736～1799),苏格兰裔美国人。
他生于弗吉尼亚，是弗吉尼亚殖民地最成功的律师之一，以机敏和演说技巧而着称。
1763年，他被选入弗吉尼亚议会，勇敢地为殖民地的权利进行辩护。
1765年，在反对《印花税法》的演说中，他说：“凯撒有他的布鲁图，查理一世有他的克伦威尔，乔治三世有……”(这时，他被一片“大逆不道!大逆不道!大逆不道!”的叫喊声打断。
) “…但愿我们能从他们的例子中获益，如果这是大逆不道，那就让它大逆不道吧！,独立战争时期的自由主义者，美国革命时期杰出的演说家和政治家。
著名的<<独立宣言>>的主要执笔者之一,曾任弗吉尼亚州州长.深受爱戴,被誉为"弗吉尼亚之父".在反英斗争中发表过许多著名演说。
被普遍传诵的警句“不自由,毋宁死”就出自他的演说。
晚年政治上趋于保守。
《不自由，毋宁死》这篇脍炙人口的演说在美国革命文献史上占有特殊地位。
其时，北美殖民地正面临历史性抉择——要么拿起武器，争取独立；要么妥协让步，甘受奴役。
亨利以敏锐的政治家眼光，饱满的爱国激情，以铁的事实驳斥了主和派的种种谬误，阐述了武装斗争的必要性和可能性。
从此，“不自由，毋宁死”的口号激励了千百万北美人为自由独立而战，这篇演说也成为世界演说名篇。
文章翻译议长先生：我比任何人更钦佩刚刚在议会上发言的先生们的爱国精神和才能。
但是，对同一事物的看法往往因人而异。
因此，尽管我的观点与他们截然不同，我还是要毫无保留地、自由地予以阐述，并且希望不要因此而被视作对先生们的不敬。
现在不是讲客气的时候。
摆在会议代表们面前的问题关系到国家的存亡。
我认为，这是关系到享受自由还是蒙受奴役的大问题，而且正由于它事关重大，我们的辩论就必须做到各抒己见。
只有这样，我们才有可能弄清事实真相，才能不辜负上帝和祖国赋予我们的重任。
在这种时刻，如果怕冒犯别人而闭口不言，我认为就是叛国，就是对比世间所有国君更为神圣的上帝的不忠。
权利法案_美国__中英文_
权利法案（美国）（中英文）1787年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。
因此，《宪法》补充了10条修正案，统一称为《权利法案》，英文叫The Bill of Rights.由于补充了《权利法案》，《宪法》在13个州均获批准，并于1789年生效。
第一条 Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion， or prohibiting the free exercise thereof； or abridging the freedom of speech， or of the press； or the right of the people peaceably to assemble， and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
第二条 Amendment IIA well regulated Militia， being necessary to the security of a free State， the right of the people to keep and bear Arms，shall not be infringed.译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
第三条 Amendment IIINo Soldier shall， in time of peace be quartered in any house， without the consent of the Owner， nor in time of war，but in a manner to be prescribed by law.译文：未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。
Goodbye, Free Trade
reignite: to make sth. start burning again. e.g. The spat is set to reignite speculation over the future of Yahoo’s investments in Asia. 此次争吵势将重燃有关雅虎在亚洲投资未来走向的猜测。 drag on: you say that an event or process drags on when you disapprove of the fact that it lasts for longer than necessary. 不必要地拖延 ；拖得过久。 e.g. The war may drag on. 战争可能要拖延下去。 How much longer is this going to drag on? 这 事还要拖多久？ The conflict with James has dragged on for two years. 与詹姆斯的冲突拖了两年。
Competitive devaluation has been rare through most of history as countries have generally preferred to maintain a high value for their currency. Countries have allowed market forces to work or have participated in systems of managed exchanges rates. An important episode of currency war occurred in the 1930s. As countries abondoned the Gold Standard during the Great Depression, they used currency devaluations to simulate their economies. Since this effectively pushes unemployment overseas, trading partners quickly retaliated with their own devaluations. The period is considered to have been an adverse situation for all concerned as unpredictable changes in exchange rates reduced overall international trade.
America president persuade WTO
America president persuade WTO The American-led trade order is in danger. But it may yet be saved美国领导的贸易秩序正陷入危机，但它还有获得拯救的可能THE headquarters of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), on the banks of Lake Geneva, once belonged to the League of Nations. That ill-fated body was crippled by American isolationism. The building’s occupant today is also at the mercy of decisions taken in Washington.ill-fated: 不幸的; 恶运的; 薄命;cripple: 使跛; 受伤致残; 严重削弱; 使陷于瘫痪isolationism: 孤立主义;occupant: 居住者; 占有人;坐落于日内瓦河畔的世界贸易组织总部，曾一度属国联所有。
由于美国的独立主义，这具命运多舛的身躯陷入了瘫痪。
如今，这幢大楼的使用者也要受华盛顿做出的决定摆布。
写作： That ill-fated body was crippled by American isolationism. 这里用了拟人的修辞手法，用body cripple 形像表现了WTO的艰难处境，比起用damaged要生动得多。
President Donald Trump has circumvented the WTO to impose tariffs on steel and aluminium imports, including those from America’s allies. Complaining of unfair treatment, theadministration is blocking nominations to seats on the WTO’s appellate body, whi ch could leave it unable to hear cases after 2019. Most ominously, America is embroiled in a trade war with China. Both sides have imposed tariffs on goods worth tens of billions of dollars and are threatening worse.circumvent:回避；绕过，绕行，绕道旅行;the administration：政府appellate: （尤指法庭）上诉的，受理上诉的; ~ body: 上诉机构;hear cases: 审理案件,审问案例ominously:恶兆地，不吉利地; 预示地;emboilded: 卷入的; 纠缠不清的唐纳德·特朗普总统绕过了WTO，对包括美国盟友在内的国家征收钢铝进口关税。
欧洲探险和殖民了哪些地方呢英语作文
欧洲探险和殖民了哪些地方呢英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery had a significant impact on the world. From the late 15th century to the early 17th century, European countries such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England began exploring and claiming territories in different parts of the world. The main motives for these expeditions were to find new trade routes, spread Christianity, and expand their empires.One of the first areas to be explored and colonized by Europeans was the Americas. Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492 marked the beginning of European colonization in the Americas. Spain and Portugal were the first to establish colonies in the region, with Spain colonizing Central and South America, and Portugal colonizing Brazil. The Spanish conquistadors, such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, played a major role in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, bringing vast territories under Spanish control.In addition to the Americas, European explorers also ventured into Africa and Asia. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish trading posts along the coast of Africa, with the goal of gaining access to the lucrative spice trade in Asia. Vasco da Gama's successful voyage to India in 1498 opened up new trade routes for European merchants and led to the establishment of Portuguese colonies in India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.Meanwhile, European nations were also competing for control of territories in Southeast Asia. The Dutch East India Company, established in the early 17th century, played a dominant role in the colonization of the Indonesian archipelago, while the British East India Company established trading posts in India and Ceylon. These colonial powers exploited the resources of these regions and established control over local populations through military force and economic dominance.In Africa, European powers such as Britain, France, and Germany began colonizing the continent in the late 19th century. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 divided Africa into colonies and spheres of influence among European powers, leading to the brutal exploitation of African people and resources. European colonialism in Africa had lasting effects on thecontinent, including the displacement of indigenous populations, the imposition of European languages and customs, and the creation of artificial borders that continue to cause conflict to this day.Overall, European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery had far-reaching consequences for the world. While it led to the spread of European culture, language, and technology, it also resulted in the displacement and exploitation of indigenous peoples, the destruction of local cultures and economies, and the perpetuation of inequality and injustice. The legacy of European colonization continues to shape global politics and economics, highlighting the need for understanding and reconciliation in the post-colonial era.篇2Exploration and Colonization in EuropeThroughout history, European explorers set sail to discover new lands, establish colonies, and expand territories. Their voyages not only opened up trade routes but also led to the spread of European culture and influence across the globe. Let's take a look at some of the regions that were explored and colonized by European powers.1. The Americas: Perhaps the most well-known example of European exploration and colonization is the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Following his voyage, other European powers such as Spain, Portugal, England, and France sent expeditions to colonize the New World. This led to the establishment of colonies in North and South America, with Spain and Portugal dominating much of the region.2. Africa: European exploration of Africa began in the 15th century, with Portuguese explorers venturing down the coast in search of new trade routes. The colonization of Africa accelerated in the late 19th century, known as the "Scramble for Africa," where European powers partitioned the continent among themselves. This period saw the establishment of colonies in regions such as South Africa, Algeria, and Nigeria.3. Asia: European exploration and colonization of Asia were driven by the desire for spices, silk, and other valuable goods. Countries like Portugal, the Netherlands, and England established trading posts and colonies in regions such as India, Indonesia, and China. The colonization of Asia had a lasting impact on the region, with European powers exerting influence over local governments and economies.4. Oceania: European exploration of Oceania began in the 16th century, with Spanish explorers sailing to the Pacific Islands. The colonization of Oceania was largely carried out by countries such as Australia and New Zealand. European powers established colonies in these regions, leading to the displacement and marginalization of indigenous populations.Overall, European exploration and colonization hadfar-reaching consequences for the regions they encountered. While it brought new technologies, languages, and ideas, it also led to the exploitation and subjugation of indigenous peoples. Today, many countries are still grappling with the legacy of colonization and its impact on their societies.In conclusion, European exploration and colonization played a significant role in shaping the modern world. It is essential to understand the history of these encounters and their consequences in order to build a more inclusive and equitable future.篇3Exploration and colonization were significant aspects of European history, particularly during the Age of Discovery in the 15th to 17th centuries. During this time, European nationsembarked on voyages of exploration to discover new lands, establish trade routes, and expand their empires. The exploration and colonization of new territories had a profound impact on the world, shaping the course of history and influencing the development of global relations.One of the first regions to be explored and colonized by Europeans was the Americas. Christopher Columbus' voyages in 1492 opened the way for Spanish exploration and colonization of the New World. Spanish conquistadors, such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, conquered vast empires in Central and South America, bringing about the downfall of powerful indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs and the Incas. The Spanish also established colonies in North America, such as Florida and California, and laid claim to territories in the Caribbean.Another major player in European exploration and colonization was Portugal. The Portuguese were pioneers in the Age of Discovery, setting up trading posts and colonies along the coasts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. They established a trading empire in the Indian Ocean, dominated the spice trade, and were the first Europeans to reach India and China by sea. Portuguese explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and BartolomeuDias, played a crucial role in opening up sea routes to Asia and Africa, expanding the reach of European empires.The Dutch also played a significant role in European exploration and colonization, particularly in the East Indies. The Dutch East India Company was established in the early 17th century and became a major force in the spice trade, establishing colonies in modern-day Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. The Dutch also founded New Amsterdam (modern-day New York) in North America, before ceding it to the British in the 17th century.The British Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, with colonies and territories across the globe. British explorers, such as Sir Walter Raleigh and Captain James Cook, charted new lands and claimed them for the British crown. The British established colonies in North America, Australia, India, Africa, and the Caribbean, creating a vast empire that spanned continents and controlled a quarter of the world's population at its height.French explorers, such as Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, also played a role in European exploration and colonization. The French established colonies in North America, including Quebec and Louisiana, and competed with the Britishfor control of the fur trade and territory in the New World. The French also established a trading empire in Africa and Asia, seeking to expand their influence and resources.Overall, European exploration and colonization had a profound impact on the world, shaping the course of history and influencing the development of global relations. The discovery of new lands, the establishment of trade routes, and the spread of European culture and technology transformed societies and economies around the globe. While the age of exploration brought about great advancements in science, technology, and commerce, it also led to the exploitation and displacement of indigenous peoples, the spread of diseases, and the perpetuation of slavery. The legacy of European exploration and colonization continues to be felt today, as nations grapple with the consequences of this pivotal period in history.。
马克思《关于自由贸易问题的演说》的英文
马克思《关于自由贸易问题的演说》的英文English:"Marx's speech on the issue of free trade delves into the complexities and contradictions inherent in the capitalist system. He argues that while free trade appears to promote competition and benefit all parties involved, it ultimately serves the interests of the bourgeoisie by exploiting the proletariat and perpetuating class inequalities. Marx critiques the notion of free trade as a means of achieving universal prosperity, highlighting instead its role in intensifying economic exploitation and exacerbating social divisions. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying economic mechanisms driving free trade, particularly the ways in which it concentrates wealth and power in the hands of the few while disenfranchising the many. Moreover, Marx points out the role of the state in regulating and protecting the interests of the ruling class, demonstrating how free trade policies are often implemented to maintain their dominance. In essence, Marx's speech challenges the prevailing narrative of free trade as a force for progress and equality, revealing its true nature as a tool of capitalist exploitation and domination."中文翻译:"马克思关于自由贸易问题的演讲深入探讨了资本主义制度固有的复杂性和矛盾。
对于野生动物及其产品贸易的看法英语作文
对于野生动物及其产品贸易的看法英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Wild World of Animal TradeHave you ever seen a beautiful elephant tusk or a colorful parrot feather? They're so pretty, aren't they? But did you know that many animals had to suffer for those products? It's called the wildlife trade, and it's a big problem in our world.What is the Wildlife Trade?The wildlife trade is when people catch, kill, or sell wild animals or the things that come from them, like fur, ivory, or feathers. It's a huge business that makes lots of money for some people, but it's really bad for the animals.Why is it a Problem?There are a few reasons why the wildlife trade is a problem. First, it's hurting the animals themselves. Imagine if someone came into your home, took you away from your family, and kept you in a tiny cage. That's what happens to many animals caught for the trade. They're taken from their natural homes, kept interrible conditions, and sometimes even killed for their body parts.Second, the wildlife trade is making some animals go extinct. That means they're disappearing from the planet forever. Can you imagine a world without elephants, rhinos, or tigers? That's what could happen if we don't stop the trade.Third, the wildlife trade can spread diseases. When animals are kept close together in bad conditions, it's easy for diseases to spread from one to another, and even to humans.What's Being Traded?All kinds of animals and their products are part of the wildlife trade. Here are some examples:Ivory: Ivory comes from the tusks of elephants and other animals. Poachers (people who illegally hunt animals) kill elephants just for their ivory, which is used to make things like jewelry and decorations.Rhino Horn: Rhino horns are made of keratin, the same material as our fingernails. But some people think they have special powers, so they're willing to pay a lot of money for them. This has led to a lot of rhinos being poached.Live Animals: Many animals, like birds, monkeys, and reptiles, are caught and sold as pets. But these wild animals often die when they're kept in people's homes because they need special care.Fur: Fur coats and other fur products come from animals like foxes, minks, and even dogs and cats. These animals are often kept in small, dirty cages on fur farms.Who's Involved?The wildlife trade involves a lot of different people. There are the poachers who illegally hunt the animals, the traders who buy and sell the products, and the people who buy them for things like traditional medicine, decorations, or pets.But there are also people trying to stop the wildlife trade. Rangers protect animals in national parks, scientists study how to help endangered species, and organizations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) work to raise awareness and change laws.What Can We Do?Even though the wildlife trade is a big problem, there are things we can do to help:Learn about it: The more you know about the wildlife trade and how it hurts animals, the better you can understand why it's important to stop it.Don't buy products from wildlife: If people stop buying things like ivory, fur, or exotic pets, there will be less demand for the wildlife trade.Support organizations: Groups like the WWF, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), and others work hard to protect animals and stop the wildlife trade. You can help by donating or volunteering.Be a voice for animals: You can write letters, start petitions, or even make art or videos to raise awareness about the wildlife trade and why it needs to stop.Take care of nature: When we take care of the environment and protect natural habitats, we're helping to keep animals safe and healthy in the wild.The wildlife trade is a big issue, but we all have a part to play in solving it. By learning about it, making smart choices, and speaking up for animals, we can help protect the amazing creatures that share our planet. It's up to us to give them a voice and a chance to live freely in the wild, where they belong.篇2The Amazing World of Wild Animals and Why We Need to Protect ThemHave you ever seen a majestic elephant walking through the jungle, using its long trunk to grab leaves from the tallest trees? Or a sneaky tiger, stalking its prey with incredible stealth and power? The world of wild animals is truly incredible, full of fascinating creatures that are beautiful, intelligent, and play vital roles in the environment.Unfortunately, many wild animal species are in danger because of human activities like poaching, habitat loss, and the illegal trade of wildlife products. It's important that we learn about these issues and do what we can to protect the amazing creatures that share our planet.What is the wildlife trade?The wildlife trade refers to the sale and exchange of wild animals or products made from their bodies, like ivory, fur, or traditional medicines. Some of this trade is legal and regulated, but a big portion of it is illegal and very harmful to animals.Poachers are people who hunt animals illegally, often killing endangered species and catching them in cruel ways. They capture animals to sell them as pets, hunting trophies, or for their body parts on the black market. The parts they sell include things like:• Ivory from ele phant tusks• Rhino horns• Tiger bones and skin• Pangolin scales• Turtle shells• Exotic birds and reptilesWhy is the illegal wildlife trade a problem?The illegal wildlife trade is causing many species to go extinct, which means they completely disappear from the earth forever. Can you imagine a world with no more elephants, rhinos, or tigers? That could actually happen if we don't stop poaching and wildlife trafficking.Poaching is not only cruel to the animals, but it also hurts local communities and economies that depend on wildlifetourism. Rangers and park workers who try to stop poachers sometimes lose their lives in dangerous confrontations.The wildlife trade can also spread diseases that are harmful to humans. Many diseases affecting humans actually started from viruses that spread from animals. So keeping wild animals wild and separate from humans is safest for everyone.What can we do about it?The good news is that there are many people and organizations working hard to put an end to illegal poaching and the wildlife trade. Here are some of the things being done to help:• Stronger laws against poaching, trafficking, and selling wildlife products• Better enforcement and anti-poaching patrols in parks• Cracking down on smuggling routes and black markets• Reducing demand for wildlife products through education• Protecting natural habitats so species can thrive• Offering a lternatives to local communities instead of poachingBut they can't do it alone - they need everyone's help to protect wild animals! Even kids can get involved by learning about the issues, sharing what they know with friends and family, and thinking twice before buying products made from wild animals or plants.What can I do?There are lots of little things you can do that together make a big difference! Here are some ideas:• Use your voice - Speak up when you see something involving cruelty to wildlife, like circus acts with animals.• Watch what you buy - Avoid products made from animals like ivory, tortoiseshell, or fur. It's often hard to tell legal from illegal.• Visit responsibly - If you go on safaris or to zoos, make sure they are responsible and ethical in how they care for animals.• Learn more - Read books, watch documentaries, and talk to experts to understand more about amazing animals and how to help them.• Get involved - Join a club or raise funds for wildlife protection groups. You can make a difference!Imagine how incredible it would be if future generations could experience the natural world with iconic species like gorillas, polar bears, and blue whales still roaming free. Every animal deserves a chance to live safe and wild in its natural habitat.By working together, we can ensure that the awesome diversity of life on our planet is preserved for kids today and for years to come. We're all part of one world, and it's up to us to take care of it and the incredible wildlife that call it home. What an adventure it is to explore and learn about all the different animals out there! Let's make sure they'll still be around for many more adventures ahead.篇3The Wild Wonders of Our WorldHave you ever seen a majestic tiger prowling through the jungle? Or a graceful giraffe munching on leaves high up in the trees? The wild animals of our planet are truly amazing! But sadly, many of these incredible creatures are in danger because of poaching and the illegal trade of wild animal products.Let me tell you about some of the most awesome animals affected by this problem. Tigers are at the top of my list – theyare the biggest cats on Earth and they look so powerful with their striped fur and massive paws. Can you imagine coming across one in the wild? I'd be shaking in my boots! Tigers are poached mainly for their skin, bones and other body parts used in traditional medicine. Because of poaching, there are only around 3,900 tigers left in the wild.Another magnificent animal is the elephant. These giant creatures are incredibly smart and they have excellent memories. Elephants are very caring family members – the females live together in herds and take care of each other's young. Isn't that sweet? But elephant herds are being slaughtered for their ivory tusks, which are used to make carvings and ornaments. It's so sad that up to 35,000 elephants are killed by poachers every single year.Then there are the rhinos – another animal with an iconic horn. Can you believe that rhino horn is made of the same material as human fingernails? Yet criminals pay huge sums of money for rhino horns to use in traditional medicines, even though they have no proven medicinal value. With so much poaching happening, rhinos like the black rhino are perilously close to going extinct.Other awesome animals are also hunted and traded illegally, like the pangolin (an adorable scaly creature), sea turtles, exotic birds and so many more. Their meat, shells, scales or feathers are sold for food, traditional medicines, pets and souvenirs. Some animals are even captured alive and sold in markets for folks to keep as pets. That's not right at all!This wildlife trade is causing so many problems. Not only are animals being cruelly killed or captured, but it also spreads diseases and leads to more crimes like firearms trafficking. Most importantly, it's driving numerous species towards extinction. Once an animal goes extinct, it can never come back!I get really sad and angry knowing that greedy poachers are wiping out these incredible animals for money. Don't these criminals know that animals have as much right to live on this planet as we do? The animals were here first! We're supposed to be the smart humans, but killing off wildlife is just senseless.What's even more maddening is that there are solutions to stop this wildlife crime! We need stronger laws and enforcement to punish poachers and traffickers. We need more rangers and security to protect animals, especially in vulnerable areas. Educating people is key too – we have to reduce the demand for wildlife products by changing attitudes and traditions. There arealways alternatives to using animal parts for food, clothes, medicine and ornaments.I really hope the adults start taking this issue more seriously and do whatever it takes to end wildlife trafficking. Every species is important for healthy ecosystems, and it would be an incredible loss if iconic animals like tigers, elephants and rhinos went extinct because of human greed. We need to cherish the wild wonders of our world!As kids, there's plenty we can do to help too. We can raise awareness by talking to family and friends about why poaching is wrong. Writing letters to politicians and organizations is a great way to voice our opinions. And we can be responsible consumers by refusing to buy any products made from wild animals or plants. Every little bit makes a difference!Our planet is filled with the most incredible animals. From the king of the jungle to the giants of the savanna, these wild creatures deserve to thrive, not be slaughtered for profit. I dream of a world where future generations can experience the same sense of amazement I feel when seeing wildlife documentaries or reading about tigers, elephants and rhinos. But to keep that dream alive, we must take a stand against poaching and wildlifetrafficking. The animals need us to be their voice and their champions for survival!篇4The Wild World of Animal TradeHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about something really important - the trade of wild animals and products made from them. It's a big issue that affects tons of amazing creatures all over the world. Lots of adults argue about it, but I think us kids should understand it too since it impacts the future of our planet.First, let me explain what the wildlife trade actually is. It means capturing animals from the wild and selling them, or using parts of their bodies to make things like food, clothing, medicines and souvenirs. Some animals get taken from their homes in the forests, jungles or oceans to be sold as pets. Others get hunted down just for their fur, ivory tusks, or other body parts.Now, I totally get why people would want a cool exotic pet like a parrot or monkey. They seem really fun and interesting to have around. And I can understand why some folks in very poor areas might need to hunt animals for food just to survive. But alot of the wildlife trade happens for meanings and greedy reasons that are totally unfair to the animals.Imagine how you'd feel if someone came into your house, grabbed your dog or cat, and sold them to a complete stranger! Or if somebody killed your pet just to make a wallet out of their skin. It's an awful thought, right? Well that's basically what happens to millions of wild animals every single year because of the illegal wildlife trade.Hunters and traffickers don't care about the animals' feelings or families. All they think about is making money, even if it means driving an entire species to extinction. Can you believe that more than 8,000 different animals and plants are legally protected from trade because they're so rare and endangered? Rhinos, elephants, tigers, pangolins, turtles, parrots - the list goes on and on.It's a horrible cycle. When an animal gets really rare from being over-hunted, its body parts become even more valuable to traffickers. That makes poachers want to kill off the last few even more so they can get rich! Unless we do something, future generations might grow up in a world with no rhinos, tigers or elephants left in the wild. How crazy is that?I think part of the problem is that a lot of people are just uneducated about wildlife trafficking and its impacts. They buy products without realizing they're contributing to animal cruelty and extinction. Other folks know it's wrong but still buy things like ivory because it's seen as a status symbol. In some countries, there are even traditional medicines that use endangered animal parts even though modern science shows they don't actually work as cures.Thankfully, there are amazing people and groups working hard to protect wildlife. Rangers risk their lives patrolling forests to stop poachers. Conservationists run shelters and rehabilitation centers for trafficked animals. Charities educate the public and push governments to pass stronger anti-poaching laws. Even celebs like wrestlers, actors and princes have gotten involved to save iconic species!Still, we're losing the fight against extinction in many ways. Do you know what became extinct just last year? The Bahama Nuthatch - a tiny bird that lost its battle because its forest habitat kept shrinking from development. And get this - one out of every four mammals is at risk of vanishing from our planet forever alongside it.So what can us kids do to help? Well for starters, we can be smart consumers and never buy products made from endangered animals or plants. Always check where souvenirs and pets come from and avoid anything illegal or unethical. But we can go even further by raising awareness about conservation at home and school.Write letters to political leaders urging them to crack down on traffickers. Organize fundraisers for wildlife charities. Or join an activist club to learn more and promote protection for our world's precious species. Every little act makes a difference when it comes to preserving the wild places and animals we love.At the end of the day, the篇5Wild Animals and Their Products Shouldn't Be TradedHave you ever seen a tiger or an elephant in real life? They are such amazing creatures, aren't they? With their stripes and powerful bodies, tigers are one of the most beautiful big cats in the world. Elephants are gentle giants that are highly intelligent and live in close family groups. Unfortunately, many wild animals like tigers and elephants are in danger because of something called the "wildlife trade."The wildlife trade is when people capture wild animals or collect things made from their bodies, like ivory from elephant tusks or fur from tigers, and sell them illegally. Can you imagine how scary it must be for a tiger to be trapped in a cage or for a baby elephant to be taken away from its mother? It makes me really sad to think about it.There are some very bad people out there who don't care about animals at all. They only want to make money by selling wild animal products. In some countries, people buy things like elephant ivory or rhino horns because they think it will bring them good luck or make them look rich and important. But killing elephants and rhinos for their tusks and horns is just plain wrong!Many animals that are traded are endangered, which means there are not many of them left in the wild. If we keep capturing and killing them, they could become extinct, which means they would disappear from the Earth forever. How awful would that be? I can't imagine a world without tigers, elephants, rhinos and so many other amazing wild animals.The wildlife trade doesn't just hurt the animals themselves, but also damages their habitats like forests and jungles where they live. When animals are taken from the wild, the environmentthey leave behind becomes unhealthy. Plants and trees can't grow properly, and other animals that depend on them start to disappear too. It's like a terrible chain reaction that ruins entire ecosystems.I think the wildlife trade is really cruel and needs to be stopped. Animals belong in the wild, not in cages or having their body parts cut off to be sold as products. No one should buy things made from wild animals because it only encourages poachers (people who illegally hunt animals) to kill more. If there is no demand, the wildlife trade will shrink and shrink until it stops completely.Instead of buying elephant ivory or tiger skins, we should appreciate these magnificent animals by watching them on TV shows, reading books about them, or even going on safari trips to national parks and reserves where they are protected. That way we can learn about how important they are to the environment and why we need to conserve them.I really hope that when I grow up, the wildlife trade will be just a terrible memory and all wild animals can live freely and safely in their natural homes. We should treat all living creatures on Earth with kindness and respect. After all, we're all sharing this planet together as one big global family. Let's make sure thetiger, elephant, rhino and every other wild animal has a place in our world for generations to come.篇6The Sad Truth About Trading Wild Animals and Their PartsHi friends! I want to talk to you today about something that makes me really sad. It's the trading and selling of wild animals and products made from their bodies, like fur, ivory, or traditional medicine. A lot of adults don't understand how bad this is for the animals and the environment.You might have seen pictures or videos of cute baby monkeys, exotic birds with bright feathers, or majestic elephants. Well, many of those animals were taken from the wild to be sold as pets or for their body parts. Can you imagine how scared they must feel being ripped away from their families and homes in the forests and jungles?The traders who capture these animals don't care that they are living creatures with feelings. All they care about is making money. They use cruel methods like setting traps or even killing the adult animals so they can take the babies to sell. Just thinking about it breaks my heart.Not only is it mean to the animals, but this trading is also one of the biggest threats to endangered species today. You see, when too many animals are taken from the wild, their populations keep going down until they become extinct, which means there are none left on the entire planet! Creatures like tigers, rhinos, gorillas, and so many others are endangered and could disappear forever because of poaching and the illegal wildlife trade.Some of these animals are killed just for their body parts, which are used for things like jewelry, decorations, or ingredients in traditional medicines. But many scientists say that plant-based medicines work just as well and are much safer and more ethical to use instead.Elephants are in huge trouble because of the illegal ivory trade. Ivory comes from the elephants' tusks, which are actually really big teeth. Poachers kill the elephants just to cut off their tusks and sell the ivory. It's so cruel and greedy. At this rate, elephants could be extinct in some parts of Africa in just a few decades if we don't stop the ivory trade.Even if the animals aren't officially endangered, taking too many from their homes can damage their ecosystems and food chains. Animals are all connected to their environments and toeach other in ways we might not fully understand. Removing too many species could disrupt the balance of nature in ways that are hard to predict but could be catastrophic.I get really mad when I think about how much animals suffer from this trade. They get wounded, starved, dehydrated, and crammed into tiny cages during transport, sometimes for days or weeks with no food or water. Millions of animals die just on the journey after being captured, even before reaching their final destinations. It's absolutely heartbreaking!Not only is the wild animal trade cruel to the animals, but it also threatens the livelihoods of people living in poorer countries where this activity happens the most. Tourists don't want to travel somewhere and see animals trapped in cages or landscapes stripped bare by poachers. No one wants to see that!I wish everyone could see how intelligent and emotional wild animals really are and how capable they are of experiencing joy, fear, and pain, just like humans and our pets at home. I'm convinced that if people could walk in the footsteps of these animals, they would never want to participate in anything that causes them harm.The good news is, there are lots of amazing charities and organizations working super hard to stop the illegal wildlifetrade and protect animals and their habitats. You can donate, attend protests and awareness events, write letters to lawmakers, and use your voice in any way you can to speak up for the animals. We all need to be their heroes!Some countries have already banned the sale of ivory, rhino horns, and other wildlife products. More nations need to crack down on poachers and smugglers who keep this awful trade going. We should only be allowed to appreciate animals from a distance, observing them in the wild through things like safaris or wildlife photography. Exploiting them for money is just plain wrong.In the end, we're all part of nature, including us humans. Mistreating animals is like mistreating a part of ourselves. Indigenous people have known this for centuries, living in harmony with the land and animals around them. I wish more people saw it that way today. We need to be better friends to the animals!I don't want to see any more species disappear from our planet. Every animal deserves to be free, safe, and protected, doing what they were meant to do in their natural habitats. By learning about this issue and speaking out against it, we can make a difference. I dream of a world where wildlife trafficking iscompletely eliminated and all living creatures are respected. Let's work together to make that dream come true! The animals are counting on us.。
The American Crisis by Thomas Paine 中英对照
The American Crisis by Thomas Paine :THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Britain, with an army to enforce her tyranny, has declared that she has a right (not only to TAX) but "to BIND us in ALL CASES WHA TSOEVER," and if being bound in that manner, is not slavery, then is there not such a thing as slavery upon earth. Even the expression is impious; for so unlimited a power can belong only to God. Whether the independence of the continent was declared too soon, or delayed too long, I will not now enter into as an argument; my own simple opinion is, that had it been eight months earlier, it would have been much better. We did not make a proper use of last winter, neither could we, while we were in a dependent state. However, the fault, if it were one, was all our own *(1) ; we have none to blame but ourselves. But no great deal is lost yet. All that Howe has been doing for this month past, is rather a ravage than a conquest, which the spirit of the Jerseys, a year ago, would have quickly repulsed, and which time and a little resolution will soon recover.I have as little superstition in me as any man living, but my secret opinion has ever been, and still is, that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who have so earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which wisdom could invent. Neither have I so much of the infidel in me, as to suppose that He has relinquished the government of the world, and given us up to the care of devils; and as I do not, I cannot see on what grounds the king of Britain can look up to heaven for help against us: a common murderer, a highwayman, or a house-breaker, has as good a pretence as he.'Tis surprising to see how rapidly a panic will sometimes run through a country. All nations and ages have been subject to them. Britain has trembled like an ague at the report of a French fleet of flat-bottomed boats; and in the fourteenth [fifteenth] century the whole English army, after ravaging the kingdom of France, was driven back like men petrified with fear; and this brave exploit was performed by a few broken forces collected and headed by a woman, Joan of Arc. Would that heaven might inspire some Jersey maid to spirit up her countrymen, and save her fair fellow sufferers from ravage and ravishment! Yet panics, in some cases, have their uses; they produce as much good as hurt. Their duration is always short; the mind soon grows through them, and acquires a firmer habit than before. But their peculiar advantage is, that they are the touchstones of sincerity and hypocrisy, and bring things and men to light, which might otherwise have lain forever undiscovered. In fact, they have the same effect on secret traitors, which an imaginary apparition would have upon a private murderer. They sift out the hidden thoughts of man, and hold them up in public to the world. Many a disguised Tory has lately shown his head, that shall penitentially solemnize with curses the day on which Howe arrived upon the Delaware. As I was with the troops at Fort Lee, and marched with them to the edge of Pennsylvania, I am well acquainted with many circumstances, which those who live at a distance know but little or nothing of. Our situation there was exceedingly cramped, the place being a narrow neck of landbetween the North River and the Hackensack. Our force was inconsiderable, being not one-fourth so great as Howe could bring against us. We had no army at hand to have relieved the garrison, had we shut ourselves up and stood on our defence. Our ammunition, light artillery, and the best part of our stores, had been removed, on the apprehension that Howe would endeavor to penetrate the Jerseys, in which case Fort Lee could be of no use to us; for it must occur to every thinking man, whether in the army or not, that these kind of field forts are only for temporary purposes, and last in use no longer than the enemy directs his force against the particular object which such forts are raised to defend. Such was our situation and condition at Fort Lee on the morning of the 20th of November, when an officer arrived with information that the enemy with 200 boats had landed about seven miles above; Major General [Nathaniel] Green, who commanded the garrison, immediately ordered them under arms, and sent express to General Washington at the town of Hackensack, distant by the way of the ferry = six miles. Our first object was to secure the bridge over the Hackensack, which laid up the river between the enemy and us, about six miles from us, and three from them. General Washington arrived in about three-quarters of an hour, and marched at the head of the troops towards the bridge, which place I expected we should have a brush for; however, they did not choose to dispute it with us, and the greatest part of our troops went over the bridge, the rest over the ferry, except some which passed at a mill on a small creek, between the bridge and the ferry, and made their way through some marshy grounds up to the town of Hackensack, and there passed the river. We brought off as much baggage as the wagons could contain, the rest was lost. The simple object was to bring off the garrison, and march them on till they could be strengthened by the Jersey or Pennsylvania militia, so as to be enabled to make a stand. We staid four days at Newark, collected our out-posts with some of the Jersey militia, and marched out twice to meet the enemy, on being informed that they were advancing, though our numbers were greatly inferior to theirs. Howe, in my little opinion, committed a great error in generalship in not throwing a body of forces off from Staten Island through Amboy, by which means he might have seized all our stores at Brunswick, and intercepted our march into Pennsylvania; but if we believe the power of hell to be limited, we must likewise believe that their agents are under some providential control.I shall not now attempt to give all the particulars of our retreat to the Delaware; suffice it for the present to say, that both officers and men, though greatly harassed and fatigued, frequently without rest, covering, or provision, the inevitable consequences of a long retreat, bore it with a manly and martial spirit. All their wishes centred in one, which was, that the country would turn out and help them to drive the enemy back. V oltaire has remarked that King William never appeared to full advantage but in difficulties and in action; the same remark may be made on General Washington, for the character fits him. There is a natural firmness in some minds which cannot be unlocked by trifles, but which, when unlocked, discovers a cabinet of fortitude; and I reckon it among those kind of public blessings, which we do not immediately see, that God hath blessed him with uninterrupted health, and given him a mind that can even flourish upon care.I shall conclude this paper with some miscellaneous remarks on the state of our affairs; and shall begin with asking the following question, Why is it that the enemy have left the New England provinces, and made these middle ones the seat of war? The answer is easy: New England is not infested with Tories, and we are. I have been tender in raising the cry against these men, and used numberless arguments to show them their danger, but it will not do to sacrifice a world either to their folly or their baseness. The period is now arrived, in which either they or we must change oursentiments, or one or both must fall. And what is a Tory? Good God! what is he? I should not be afraid to go with a hundred Whigs against a thousand Tories, were they to attempt to get into arms. Every Tory is a coward; for servile, slavish, self-interested fear is the foundation of Toryism; and a man under such influence, though he may be cruel, never can be brave.But, before the line of irrecoverable separation be drawn between us, let us reason the matter together: Your conduct is an invitation to the enemy, yet not one in a thousand of you has heart enough to join him. Howe is as much deceived by you as the American cause is injured by you. He expects you will all take up arms, and flock to his standard, with muskets on your shoulders. Your opinions are of no use to him, unless you support him personally, for 'tis soldiers, and not Tories, that he wants.I once felt all that kind of anger, which a man ought to feel, against the mean principles that are held by the Tories: a noted one, who kept a tavern at Amboy, was standing at his door, with as pretty a child in his hand, about eight or nine years old, as I ever saw, and after speaking his mind as freely as he thought was prudent, finished with this unfatherly expression, "Well! give me peace in my day." Not a man lives on the continent but fully believes that a separation must some time or other finally take place, and a generous parent should have said, "If there must be trouble, let it be in my day, that my child may have peace;" and this single reflection, well applied, is sufficient to awaken every man to duty. Not a place upon earth might be so happy as America. Her situation is remote from all the wrangling world, and she has nothing to do but to trade with them. A man can distinguish himself between temper and principle, and I am as confident, as I am that God governs the world, that America will never be happy till she gets clear of foreign dominion. Wars, without ceasing, will break out till that period arrives, and the continent must in the end be conqueror; for though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease to shine, the coal can never expire.America did not, nor does not want force; but she wanted a proper application of that force. Wisdom is not the purchase of a day, and it is no wonder that we should err at the first setting off. From an excess of tenderness, we were unwilling to raise an army, and trusted our cause to the temporary defence of a well-meaning militia. A summer's experience has now taught us better; yet with those troops, while they were collected, we were able to set bounds to the progress of the enemy, and, thank God! they are again assembling. I always considered militia as the best troops in the world for a sudden exertion, but they will not do for a long campaign. Howe, it is probable, will make an attempt on this city [Philadelphia]; should he fail on this side the Delaware, he is ruined. If he succeeds, our cause is not ruined. He stakes all on his side against a part on ours; admitting he succeeds, the consequence will be, that armies from both ends of the continent will march to assist their suffering friends in the middle states; for he cannot go everywhere, it is impossible. I consider Howe as the greatest enemy the Tories have; he is bringing a war into their country, which, had it not been for him and partly for themselves, they had been clear of. Should he now be expelled, I wish with all the devotion of a Christian, that the names of Whig and Tory may never more be mentioned; but should the Tories give him encouragement to come, or assistance if he come, I as sincerely wish that our next year's arms may expel them from the continent, and the Congress appropriate their possessions to the relief of those who have suffered in well-doing. A single successful battle next year will settle the whole. America could carry on a two years' war by the confiscation of the property of disaffected persons, and be made happy by their expulsion. Say not that this is revenge, call it rather the soft resentment of a suffering people, who, having no object in view but the good of all, have staked their own all upon a seeminglydoubtful event. Yet it is folly to argue against determined hardness; eloquence may strike the ear, and the language of sorrow draw forth the tear of compassion, but nothing can reach the heart that is steeled with prejudice.Quitting this class of men, I turn with the warm ardor of a friend to those who have nobly stood, and are yet determined to stand the matter out: I call not upon a few, but upon all: not on this state or that state, but on every state: up and help us; lay your shoulders to the wheel; better have too much force than too little, when so great an object is at stake. Let it be told to the future world, that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet and to repulse it. Say not that thousands are gone, turn out your tens of thousands; throw not the burden of the day upon Providence, but "show your faith by your works," that God may bless you. It matters not where you live, or what rank of life you hold, the evil or the blessing will reach you all. The far and the near, the home counties and the back, the rich and the poor, will suffer or rejoice alike. The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. 'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to "bind me in all cases whatsoever" to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other. Let them call me rebel and welcome, I feel no concern from it; but I should suffer the misery of devils, were I to make a whore of my soul by swearing allegiance to one whose character is that of a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man. I conceive likewise a horrid idea in receiving mercy from a being, who at the last day shall be shrieking to the rocks and mountains to cover him, and fleeing with terror from the orphan, the widow, and the slain of America.There are cases which cannot be overdone by language, and this is one. There are persons, too, who see not the full extent of the evil which threatens them; they solace themselves with hopes that the enemy, if he succeed, will be merciful. It is the madness of folly, to expect mercy from those who have refused to do justice; and even mercy, where conquest is the object, is only a trick of war; the cunning of the fox is as murderous as the violence of the wolf, and we ought to guard equally against both. Howe's first object is, partly by threats and partly by promises, to terrify or seduce the people to deliver up their arms and receive mercy. The ministry recommended the same plan to Gage, and this is what the tories call making their peace, "a peace which passeth all understanding" indeed! A peace which would be the immediate forerunner of a worse ruin than any we have yet thought of. Ye men of Pennsylvania, do reason upon these things! Were the back counties to give up their arms, they would fall an easy prey to the Indians, who are all armed: this perhaps is what some Tories would not be sorry for. Were the home counties to deliver up their arms, they would be exposed to the resentment of the back counties who would then have it intheir power to chastise their defection at pleasure. And were any one state to give up its arms, that state must be garrisoned by all Howe's army of Britons and Hessians to preserve it from the anger of the rest. Mutual fear is the principal link in the chain of mutual love, and woe be to that state that breaks the compact. Howe is mercifully inviting you to barbarous destruction, and men must be either rogues or fools that will not see it. I dwell not upon the vapors of imagination; I bring reason to your ears, and, in language as plain as A, B, C, hold up truth to your eyes.I thank God, that I fear not. I see no real cause for fear. I know our situation well, and can see the way out of it. While our army was collected, Howe dared not risk a battle; and it is no credit to him that he decamped from the White Plains, and waited a mean opportunity to ravage the defenceless Jerseys; but it is great credit to us, that, with a handful of men, we sustained an orderly retreat for near an hundred miles, brought off our ammunition, all our field pieces, the greatest part of our stores, and had four rivers to pass. None can say that our retreat was precipitate, for we were near three weeks in performing it, that the country might have time to come in. Twice we marched back to meet the enemy, and remained out till dark. The sign of fear was not seen in our camp, and had not some of the cowardly and disaffected inhabitants spread false alarms through the country, the Jerseys had never been ravaged. Once more we are again collected and collecting; our new army at both ends of the continent is recruiting fast, and we shall be able to open the next campaign with sixty thousand men, well armed and clothed. This is our situation, and who will may know it. By perseverance and fortitude we have the prospect of a glorious issue; by cowardice and submission, the sad choice of a variety of evils- a ravaged country- a depopulated city- habitations without safety, and slavery without hope- our homes turned into barracks and bawdy-houses for Hessians, and a future race to provide for, whose fathers we shall doubt of. Look on this picture and weep over it! and if there yet remains one thoughtless wretch who believes it not, let him suffer it unlamented.COMMON SENSE.December 23, 1776.________________________________________Notes*(1) The present winter is worth an age, if rightly employed; but, if lost or neglected, the whole continent will partake of the evil; and there is no punishment that man does not deserve, be he who, or what, or where he will, that may be the means of sacrificing a season so precious and useful.Back to the Text3 Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?4 What do you think of the language?3 Paine is praising those who stand “it”, it referring to “the service of their country”. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.4 The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand. … and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.这是考验人的灵魂的时代。
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America’s Consequences for the Trade War
In pursuit of trade protectionism，the United States has launched a series of trade wars around the world which will not only prove adverse to the long-term development of the U.S. economy，but also leave a serious negative impact and cause destruction to the recovering global economy. The U.S. has become a challenge and threat to the existing rulebased multilateral trading system. U.S. hegemony has raised opposition and criticism from other major countries. For starters，this policy choice of the U.S. is a backpedal. Opening and free trade are trends of the times and the goal of international multilateral trade organizations，and the principle of fair competition is generally accepted by all countries. Considering the development of international trade in the wake of World War II，the U.S.’tariffs on products on the Section 301 list from China and steel imports from the European Union and other countries oppose the basic principles of free trade. They reflect Trump’s unconventional style and the adventurous behaviors of the administration. This move is bound to receive condemnation and opposition from other major economies and consequently cause the U.S. to suffer economic losses as well as
being forced into isolation.
Moreover，the policy of trade protectionism benefits none but hurts America itself. The U.S. should have learned from its disastrously trade protectionist policy of 1930―taxing steel and aluminum alone directly led to a sharp rise in domestic steel prices in the country，which caused an acrossthe-board rise in production costs and prices. After the introduction of counter measures from other countries，affected exporting industries of the U.S. will face even worse conditions. Once Sino-American bilateral taxation is imposed，a single sanction against American agricultural products could decimate the economies of any number of specific U.S. states.
The U.S.’choice to restrict imports will damage American exports and additional import tariffs will lead to a rise in domestic prices and affect domestic consumer spending. With the rise in domestic prices in the U.S.，the Federal Reserve will be forced to raise interest rates to appreciate the dollar. Appreciation will result in a large deficit in the U.S. currency account，which will in turn suck the life out of the recovery process of the U.S. economy. When a new round of crises arrives，Trump’s confidence will likely evaporate quickly.
At the end of the day，the U.S. will inevitably be caught in
more troubles. If Trump re-raises on his conventional thinking as the self-proclaimed master negotiator has been prone to do，the available moves will soon devolve from call or raise to fold and cash out.。