2021高考英语典型技巧11 文章大意的概括策略(原卷版)

备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧11 文章大意的概括策略
【考情角度】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but togeth er, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A. Food variety.
B. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.
D. Restaurant service.
2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A. To meet with her coworkers.
B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own.
D. To collect data for her report.
3.What do we know about Mazoleny?
A. He makes videos for the bar.
B. He's fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar.
D. He's familiar with the barkeeper.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
答案与解析： 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A
1.根据题干中的关键词statistics可观察原文第二段数据，三个数据涉及早、午、晚三餐独自就餐的数据，与人们就餐习惯有关。

2.由第三段最后一句中的“wanted some time to myself”，比对选项确定答案。

3.该题解题关键是理解on a first-name basis的意思，first name意为“名”，如两个人称名不称姓，说明已很熟悉。

4.文章是总分结构，文章中多次出现eat alone，由此可判断文章主要的说明对象。

【技巧释义】定位关键词知文章大意
►速读首段，确定要说明的现象
越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，争取独处的时间
►通读全文确定文章结构
第2段：用数据说明独自就餐很普遍
第3、4段：举例说明独自用餐的趋势
第5段：分析独自用餐的原因
►确定全文关键词，词中应有与“alone”相关的表达，概括主旨
【词汇积累】
statistics n.统计
awkward adj.令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
energized adj.精力充沛的
recharge vt.恢复精力
escape n.解脱，消遣
tap vt.轻拍
chat up与……搭讪
reflect on沉思；认真考虑
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Growing up in a city, a vast global survey has found, has a lifelong negative impact on a personas ability to navigate. When looking for a half-remembered restaurant in a poorly-lit side street, it seems a countryman would be a more useful companion.
In the new study, scientists led by Antoine Coutrot at the University of Nantes and Hugo Spiers at University College London describe how they used a data set gathered from players of a computer game called "Sea Hero Quest", which tests way-finding skills by asking players to memorise a map showing the location of checkpoints and then measuring how well players can guide a boat to find them. The game was released in 2016 and all players have since been asked for basic information about themselves, including their age, gender, home country, and whether or not they grew up in a city.
From that database, Dr Spiers and his colleagues examined a subset of 442,000 players from 38 countries. They found that the strongest indicator of a high score was a player's age, older people performed relatively poorly. But the benefit of rural living was strong enough to offset some of that. Data showed that a 70-year-old who grew up in the countryside had the navigational abilities of an average 60-year-old across the data set.
The gap between the navigation skills of rural and city people was the largest in America, and the researchers think they know why. They gave each country a complexity score by analysing how the streets were laid out in its largest cities. And they found that countries dominated by simple layouts of grid-based (基于网格的) cities (most common in America and Argentina) dragged down navigation skills more than growing up in a city based around more complicated networks of streets, such as Prague.
Dr Spiers says that the brain's navigational abilities probably weaken in the less challenging city environment because they are not being used as much. Although cities may appear more complicated, they also feature more clues to help residents find their way, such as numbered streets. As many city people on a visit to the countryside say, one field tends to look much the same as another, so there are fewer external landmarks to help guide the way.
1.What did the players have to do when playing "Sea Hero Quest" ?
A.Draw the right way to checkpoints on a map.
B.Find out the right map of checkpoints as fast as possible.
C.Choose the proper locations for checkpoints on a map.
D.Find checkpoints relying on their mental map.
2.What does the underlined word "offset" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Worsen.
B.Display.
C.Confirm.
D.Balance.
3.What may help improve the navigation skills of people in Prague?
A.The grid of streets.
B.The clear street signs.
C.The complex layout of streets.
D.The similar street views.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A.Differences between city streets and country roads.
B. A possible explanation for the findings.
C.Effective ways to improve navigational abilities.
D.A practical application of the findings.
2
Bill Gates said his three children understand why he has promised to leave his £70 billion fortune to charity when he dies.
In a revealing insight into his private life, the Microsoft founder, 60, said his children are “proud” of his decision to devote his money to helping the world's poorest.
Gates said that instead of billion-dollar trust funds, his two da ughters and son will be given a “great education” to help kick-start their own careers.
But the business mogul did say there would still be a financial safety net in place, adding, “They are never going to be poorly off”.
Gates and his wife Melinda, 52, have three children together, Jennifer, 20, Rory, 17, and Phoebe, 14.
Jennifer is in her second year at prestigious Stanford University, California, where her father donated
£5million to the construction of a computer science building in his name. She is also an accomplished equestrian, riding in national competitions.
The Gates will only pass on a fraction of their vast wealth to their children. The rest will go to their charity, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which funds health and education projects around the world.
He said, “This money is dedicated to helping the poorest. They know that, they are proud of that, they go on trips with us to see the work that's being done.”
5.What will Bill Gates' children be given?
A.billion-dollar trust funds
B.good education
C.vast wealth
D.nothing
6.What may be the name of the computer science building Bill Gates donated £5 million to construct?
A.Bill Gates
B.Jennifer
C.Rory
D.Phoebe
7.What's the main idea of this passage?
A.Bill Gates experience
B.How Bill Gates allocates his wealth
C.Bill Gates and his children
D.Bill Gates fortune
3
In the fall of 2017, when Naomi needed to get a job, she found herself at a crossroads. The 50-year-old wasn’t sure she would ever work again, due to health issues.
But Naomi’s life and career journey started to turn around after she connected with Bestwill of Central Iowa’s skills training programs. These programs are tailored to help people develop the kind of specific, real-world skills they need to get or keep a job, through a combination of detailed instructions and hands-on experience.
When Naomi first connected with Bestwill in September 2017, she was dealing with several barriers to immediate employment. Transportation was challenging, as she didn’t have a driver’s license or own a car. Naomi also had a limited work history with long employment gaps, meaning she missed out on learning important skills, such as working a credit card machine. On top of that, her physical health issues were also a problem.
According to Duff, a career specialist at Bestwill of Central Iowa, the biggest barrier Naomi had to overcome was from within. “She said outwardly that she had all of this confidence and that she knew how strong a worker she was, but I don’t think she truly believed it herself.”
Thankfully, Naomi had plenty of people on her side to provide motivation and guidance. She originally started off in the food service training program but was eager to enter the retail skills program, since she had previously worked at the Salvation Army and Subway. When Naomi mentioned her interest in retail, Duff recognized that her go-getting attitude would be a perfect match for the program.
The seven-week retail skills training is a systematic program combining classroom instructions with
on-the-job experience at a Goodwill store. As Naomi progressed and graduated from the program, she became more confident in her abilities.
Duff said it was great to see how Naomi grew into the devoted, driven worker she is today. “She has this strong desire, this longi ng to succeed. And she knows that she’s able to do that, although she has fallen short in the past.”
8.What can be learned about Bestwill’s training programs?
A.They were established in the autumn of 2017.
B.They guarantee a good job for participants.
C.They are designed only for the unemployed.
D.They combine directions with practice.
9.What was the biggest problem Naomi faced according to Duff?
A.Poor health.
B.Poor working skills.
C.A lack of confidence.
D.A lack of a driver’s license.
10.Why did Naomi change her training program?
A.She followed Duff’s advice.
B.She was more interested in retail.
C.She wanted to gain some hands-on experience.
D.She wanted to attend a more systematic program.
11.What’s the main idea of the text?
A.Bestwill springs up around the world.
B.A 50-year-old devotes herself to Bestwill.
C.Success is linked to appropriate training programs.
D.Bestwill helps a 50-year-old turn her life around.
4
We’ve known that sitting for long periods of time every day has countless health conseque nces, like a higher risk of heart disease. But now a new study has found that sitting is also bad for your brain.
A study published last week, conducted by Dr. Prabha Siddarth at the University of California, showed that sedentary (久坐的) behavior is associated with reduced thickness of the medial temporal lobe, a brain area that is critical to learning and memory.
The researchers asked a group of 35 healthy people, ages 45 to 70, about their activity levels and the average number of hours each day spent sitting and then scanned their brains. They found that the subjects who reported sitting for longer periods had the thinnest medial temporal lobes. It means that the more time you spend in a chair, the worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and memory.
What is also interesting is that this study did not find a significant association between the level of physical activity and thickness of this brain area, suggesting that exercise, even severe exercise, may not be enough to protect you from the harmful effects of sitting.
It then surprisingly turned out that you don’t even have to move much to improve cognition; just standing will do the trick. For example, two groups of subjects were asked to complete a test while either sitting or standing. Participants are presented with conflicting stimuli, like the word “green” in blue ink, and asked to name the color.
Subjects thinking on their feet beat those who sat by a 32-millisecond margin.
The cognitive effects of severe physical exercise are well known. But the possibility that standing more and sitting less improves brain health could lower the bar for everyone.
I know, this all runs counter to received ideas about deep thought, from our grade school teachers, who told us to sit do wn and focus, to Rodin’s famous “Thinker,” sitting with chin on hand.
They were wrong. You can now all stand up.
12.What can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A.Severe exercise can lessen the damage of sitting.
B.Severe exercise can greatly improve our brain health.
C.Sedentary behavior will possibly damage our brain.
D.Brain health has nothing to do with sedentary behavior.
13.What does the underlined word “margin” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.Blank.
B.Edge.
C.Increase.
D.Difference.
14.What is the received idea about deep thought?
A.Sitting more is good for our mental health.
B.Sitting is better when we think.
C.Thinking more can improve our cognition.
D.We should stand while thinking.
15.What does the text mainly tells us?
A.People tend to sit while thinking.
B.Standing more can make our brain healthier.
C.Physical exercise can improve our brain health.
D.Sedentary behavior leads to countless health problems.。