英语语法学习:自然语序和倒装语序2大语序区分知识点归纳
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英语语法:自然语序和倒装语序2大语序区分知识点归纳NO.1 英语语序
英语语序可分为两种类型:
①自然语序:所谓自然语序就是主语在前,谓语在后-------也可理解为常见语句
②倒装语序:分为全部倒装和部分倒装,就是谓语在前,主语在后
③全部倒装和部分倒装区别之处:全部倒装把谓语全部放在主语前面,而部分倒装只是谓语一部分(助动词、情态动词)放在主语之前
Eg:(1)I can fly. (自然语序)
(2)Here are some registered letters for you.(全部倒装)
(3)Only this way can I achieve my goal. (部分倒装)
注意:例句3里Only引导的普遍为部分倒装
NO.2 全部倒装和部分倒装区分
那什么时候用全部倒装?什么时候用部分倒装?
个人总结如下:
全部倒装普遍用法:(人称代词为主语时,不需要倒装)
1. 以here、there、now、then 等副词开头的句子里普遍用全部倒装
Eg: (1)Here is the seat for you.
(2)There are some apples in the desk.
(3)Now comes your turn.
2. 在There be句型中----全部倒装
Eg:(1)There is some food for you.
3. 在以out、in、up、down、away 等副词开头的句子里
Eg: (1)Out rushed the children.
4. 表示地点介词词组在句首时
Eg:(1)At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
(2)Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.
5.“形容词+as / though ”引导的让步状语从句, (从句在前,可全部倒装)
Eg:Pretty as she is , she is not clever. 如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词
部分倒装用法:(最明显的词就是Only)
1. Only位于句首,修饰副词、介词词组或状语从句时(时态不变)
Eg:(1)Only in this way can we make great progress.
(2)Only then did he find it important to get along with others.
注意:Only引导词组不是状语,是主语,不需要倒装
Only the teacher are allowed to use this room.
2. 以Not only....but also....的句子或者分句(前倒后不倒)Not until 除外
Eg:(1)Not only did they break into his office and steal his books, but also they tore up his manuscripts.
注意:Not only 和but also 作连接词的时候,后面跟主语,则不倒装:
Not only I but also you
Not until I began to work did I know it. (主句倒从句不倒)
3. 以否定词或带否定含义的词:not, never,seldom,hardly,no sooner,...than, not....until, hardly....when 等
Eg: (1)Seldom had I seen such a beautiful picture.
(2)Hardly had I arrived home when my dad came back.
注意:Neither... no...引导并列句,位于句首,则前后都要倒装:
Neither do I know her name, nor does he.
No matter 引导的状语从句不倒装:
No matter how busy he is, he always comes to help us.
4. 省去if的虚拟语气条件从句
Eg:(1)Were I you, I would not to do it.
(2)Should I be free this afternoon, I would help you with your homework.
注意:否定形式:Were I not , 不可以写成Weren’t I
Be 只能用Were,不能用was, 无论是第几人称(虚拟语气)
5. 在So...that, to /in such... that 的句型中
Eg:(1)So excited was he that he couldn’t say a word.
(2)To such a hurry did the man rush out that he almost knocked me down.
6. So位于句首,表达赞同上一句所说的内容并且适用于另一个人(物)
Eg:(1)So does he.( 他也是)
注意区分:So it is 表达意思为:的确如此
加以强调的效果则不倒装
而So is it (它也是)
同理所得:
7. neither nor位于句首,否定内容也适适用于另一个人(物)
Eg:I don’t know. Neither (Nor) do I.
综上所述,一句话总结:自然语序可理解为主语+谓语-----常见的普通语句,而倒装语序分为部分倒装和全部倒装,部分倒装通常助动词提前,主语在后,全部倒装则是全部谓语放在前面,后面主语。
只要理清思路,总结技巧,自然语序和倒装语序没那么难区分。
一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前分句中相同的成分。
如:
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
二、主从复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:
1) 由when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句;
2) 由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;
3) 由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4) 由as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句;
5) 由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句
上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
(1) 连词(as, as if , once)+ 名词;
(2) 连词( though, whether , when)+形容词;
(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语;
(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词;
(5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词;
(6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。
Eg:
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
注意:
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,也有这样的省略,如:
Her father told her to be careful when (she
was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。
此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。
如:
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定语从句中的省略
1) 一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that ,which , whom 可以省略;如:
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which , whom 不可以省略。
试比较:
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when ,where , 和why 经常用that 来代替,甚至还可省略。
如:
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的the way 时,从句不能用how 来引导,应该用that 或in which ,或将它们全部省略。
如:
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3.宾语从句中的省略
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that 一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。
如:
a) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2)由which , when ,where , how,和why 引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。
如:
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4.在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”,should 可以省略。
如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5.主句省略多用于句首。
如:
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6.在回答语句中,主句可全部省略。
如:
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学? —因为我妈妈病了。
三、简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略如:
(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如:
a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如:
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗?
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗?
3.省略宾语如:
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗?—I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他
4.省略表语如:
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗? Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5.同时省略几个成分如:
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、其他一些省略结构
1.名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。
如:
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2.What和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it 和be 动词如:
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom 来说是个多么大的胜利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。