2012高考英语 考点解析复习讲义及练习题 阅读理解猜测词义1

2012高考英语考点解析复习讲义与练习题--阅读理解猜测词义1
Haikou: A shark was killed after being dragged to shore at Ya-long Berth beach in Sanya, South China's Hainan Province, on Sunday afternoon.
It was the first time a shark had been caught in the beach area, a popular tourist site in Hainan.
Local fishermen said they caught the 3-meter-long, 1-tonshark by chance when they were fishing in sea water 1,000 me- tres deep near the beach.
Police temporarily (暂时的) protected the shark while oceanographers decided whether it was a species belonging to State protection.
Fishermen later killed and sold the shark after oceanographers confirmed that it was a whale shark and therefore not under State protection.
The shark was believed to have drifted into the area from the deep sea due to strong waves caused last week by Typhoon Imbudo. It had no open injuries but experts said they believed it suffered from internal (内部的) bleeding.
Local police officer Fu Chenggeng said beachgoers should not feel threatened by sharks because the fish never attack human beings on their own initiative. Fu said he had never heard of any shark attacks at the Sanya beach since he first started work there eight years ago.
However, police said they will improve the security system to safeguard tourists' safety on the beach. 1. The underlined word "confirmed "probably means ________.
A. said
B. believed
C. thought
D. made sure
答案: D 指导：关键词oceanographer指“海洋学者〞，所以that从句后的内容是专家确定的内容。

Passage ****************
When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings. Week by week her list grew; I was very thin; I wasn't a good student. I talked too much; I was too proud, and so on. I tried to bear all these as long as I could. At last, I became very angry. I ran to my father with tears in my eyes.
He listened to me quietly. Then he asked, "Are the things she says true or not? Janet, didn't you ever wonder what you are really like? Well, you now have that girl's opinion. Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true. Pay no attention to the other things she said.
I did as he told me. To my great surprise, I discovered that about half the things were true. Some of them I couldn't change like being very thin, but a good number I could and suddenly I wanted to change. For the first time I got a fairly clear picture of myself.
I brought the list back to Daddy. He refused to take it. "That's just for you," he said. "You know better than anyone, the truth about yourself. But you have to learn to listen, not just close your ears in anger and feeling hurt. When something said about you is true, you'll find it will be of help to you. Our world is full of people who think they know your duty. Don't shut your ears. Listen to them all, but bear the truth and do what you know is the right thing to ~to."
Daddy's advice has returned to me at many important moments. In my life, I've never had a better piece of advice.
1. What does "Week by week her list grew"mean?
A. Week by week, my shortcomings grew more serious
B. She made a list of my shortcomings and kept on adding new ones to it.
C. I was having more and more shortcomings as time went on.
D. She discovered more shortcomings of mine and pointed them out to me.
答案: D指导：从文中第一句话和"Weekbyweekherlistgrow〞后的一句话知D选项为最优选项。

Passage ****************
Bond had walked for only a few minutes when it suddenlyoccurred to him that he was being followed. There was no evidence for it except a slight headache and a little knowing the people near him but believed in his sixth sense and he at once stopped in front of the shop window he was passing and looked occasionally back along 46th street. Nothing but a lot of miscellaneous people moving slowly on the sidewalks, mostly on the same side as himself, the side that was back from the sun. There was no sudden movement into a doorway, nobody wiping his face with a handkerchief to avoid recognition, nobody bending down to tie a shoelace.
He went on and turned into the Avenue of the Americans, stopping in the-first doorway, the entrance to a woman's un-derwear store where a man in a blue hat with his back to him was examining the black face paints on a particularly realistic dummy (模型)
And then something grasped his arm and a voice came, "All right, Limey. Take it easy unless you want lead for lunch. "and he felt something press into his back just above the kidney. There was a tap as his fist was caught in the other man's left hand, and at the same time as the contact telegraphed to Bond's mind that there could have been no gun,
there came the well remembered laughter and the lazy voice saying, "No good, James. The angles have got you. '
Bond straightened himself slowly and for a moment he could only gaze into the
smiling face of Felix Leiter with bland disbelief, his built-up tension (紧张) slowly relaxing.
"So you were doing a front tail, you bastard? ' he finally said.
1. What did the man mean by saying "Take it easy unless you want lead for lunch"?
A. Put up your hands.
B. Don't move or I'll shoot you.
C. If you want to have lunch, you must listen to me.
D. You go first slowly and we'll have lunch together.
答案:B 指导：从上下文知，Bond当时以为是枪顶着他的后背，故推知本句决非本义。

lead 指子弹。

Passage ****************
Plagiarism is one of the most serious problems in schools and colleges. It has occurred as long as there have been teachers and students, but the recent growth of the Intemet has made it much worse. Recent studies show 30% of all students may be plagiarizing on every written homework they' ve done. What is plagiarism? It is using others' ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
The ways to avoid plagiarism are.
* Put in quotations(引号) everything that comes directly from the text.
* Paraphrase (转述) ,but be sure you aren't just rearranging or replacing a few words. Instead, read over what you'll paraphrase carefully; close the text so that you can' t see any of it; and write out the idea quickly in your own words. Then check your paraphrase to make sure you haven't accidentally used the same expressions. In US and UK universities, plagiarism is considered as cheating or dishonesty
with punishment from a zero for the homework to a failing grade for the subject, to a loss of all grades for that term or an expel(开除)from the university for at least two terms.
Several methods are taken in US universities to stop students' plagiarizing on line, Some colleges are experimenting with a program that can control the computer's operating system during the test. Teachers also go to tumitin, com to catch cheaters. However, students need to be made clear of thereason why plagiarizing is wrong.
1. The word "plagiarism"means________.
A. cheating in the exams
B. putting others' words in quotations
C. rewriting others' articles
D. stealing others' ideas or words
答案: D 指导：由第一段最后一句“Whatisplagiarism?hisusing others'ideasand words without clearly mentioning where the informationisfrom"可知D正确。

Passage ****************
Both warm-blooded and cold-blooded desert animals have ways to escape the desert heat. Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest during the day, often staying in cool underground burrows. At night they search for food. Animals that are out during the day, such as cold-blooded lizards and snakes, are active only for short periods. As their body tem- perature rises, these reptiles move into the shade in order to cool down. In the early evening, when the sun grows weaker, the reptiles become more active and begin their search for food again.
Getting enough water to survive is a major problem for all desert animals. Some
desert animals, like desert birds, manage to find water holes. Other desert animals, such as the kangaroo rat and the related jerboa, get water only from the food that they eat. Because these animals eat mainly dry seeds, they must survive on a tiny amount of water.
Most deserts have only a small number of frogs and toads because these animals must be near water to survive. Yet even these creatures have adapted (适应) to desert conditions. When small amounts of water collect in temporary streams, the desert-living frogs and toads become active. After a rainfall, they lay their eggs. The eggs grow into tadpoles in a few days and into adults in just four weeks, when the puddles (7](t7i;) dry up, the adult frogs or toads dig into the ground. Their metabolism (新陈代谢) slows, and they stay beneath the ground until the next rain, which may be as good as a year away. Until then, their bodily activities continue at a reduced rate.
The camel--often called the ship of the desert--is one of the most successful desert animals. Camels can go for long pe- riods without water, but eventually they must drink. When water becomes available to them after a long drought, they may drink 95 liters of water or more. When water is not available, what helps camels survive the desert heat is the fat stored in their humps (驼峰). A camel's hump contains about 12 kilograms of fat. Fat is rich in hydrogen. As the fat is digested, hydrogen from the fat combines with oxygen in the air that the camel breathes. The result is H20, or water. Each kilogram of fat that a camel digests produces about a liter of water.
1. Desert animals are usually more active at night because.
A. it is cooler at night
B. it is easier to find water
C. they like the dark
D. they are less likely to be attacked at night
答案：A指导：文章的首句：“Bothwarm-bloodedandcold-blooded desert animals have ways
to escape the desert heat．〞A项与此信息吻合。

2. Which of the following desert animals can get water only
from the food?
A. The camel
B. The kangaroo
C. The frog
D. The rat.
答案：B指导：第二段：“Other desert animals，such as the kangatoo rat and related jerboa，get wateronly from the food that theyeat．〞本句明确告知B项是正确的。

注意：D项therat指的是“田鼠〞。

3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. All the desert animals rest during the day.
B. All the desert animals don't rest during the day.
C. Cold blooded desert animals are out most of the day.
D. None of the cold-blooded desert animals go out during the day.
答案：B 指导：注意本句的意思是：并不是所有的沙漠动物都在白天休息。

而不是所有的沙漠动物都不在白天休息。

4. The title for this passage could probably be_________.
A. Hot Deserts
B. Desert Animals
C. How Desert Animals Get Water
D. Ways To Escape the Desert Heat
答案：B 指导：本文正是介绍“沙漠动物〞的。

5. The underlined word "burrows"in the first paragraph can be replaced by _______
A. holes
B. caves
C. rooms
D. openings
答案：A指导：根据常识和burrows之前的underground一词可以作出判断。

*******************************************************
新高考命题探究
******************************************************
Passage ****************
With fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes of the recy cling of waste. The word "rubbish"could lose its meaning be- cause everything which goes into the dumps would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.
The latest project is to take a city of around half a million citizens and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go Out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw ma terials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and rubber as well.
Another new-project is being set up to discover the best way of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: First, it will Pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that founders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken. Finally. the rubbish will pass under magnets (磁铁), which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.
The first full-size giant recycling plants are perhaps fifteen years away. Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.
1. The underlined part "should be well on with"(Para. 1 ) most probably
means__________.
A. complete
B. get ready to start
C. achieve a great deal in
D. put an end to
答案：C 指导：由下文介绍的关于回收利用废品的情况可以推断出来：be well on with sth.的意思是：achieve a greatdeal in sth．在某方面有很大成就。

2. What is not mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in Paragraph 3?
A. Breaking up whatever is breakable.
B. Sharpening metal bars.
C. Separating light elements from the heavy ones.
D. Sorting out small pieces of metal.
答案：B 指导：原文中的信息是：First，讧willpassthroughsharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags．．．而B项提供的信息却是“将铁条弄尖〞。

3. What's the main reason for big cities to build their own recy cling plants?
A. To deal with wastes in a better way.
B. To protect the environment from pollution.
C. To get raw materials locally.
D. To make much money from those plants.
答案：C指导：从最后一段"WiththegrowingCOStoftransporting rubbish tomore distant dumps(随着把垃圾运到遥远的垃圾场的费用增加)〞可以推断出，在大城市当地处理垃圾可以节省运费。

4. The passage is mainly about _______
A. a cheap way to get energy
B. the place of recycling plants
C. new ways of recycling wastes
D. the probability of city environment
答案：B 指导：结合全文和第二段可以作出判断。

Passage ****************
When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are about some of the factors that lead to these different senses.
(1)Each person's senses of others are formed by his or her own cultural condition, education, and personal experiences.
(2)Sometimes senses differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. It is not necessarily true that person sense is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person: or you may center mainly on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same standard to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.
(3)Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don't see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective sense. Selective sense is obviously more dif- ficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽略) the stimulus "He's basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting.
"We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information "All kids get into naughty hehavior. Taking a book from bookstore isn't such a big deal. "We can change the meaning of the contradictory information It wasn't shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later."
l. The first factor given by the author that affects our sense is_________.
A. the abilities of one's hearing and seeing sensors
B. cultural background and personal experiences
C. experiences one learns from others
D. critical measures taken by other people
答案：B指导：由第一因素就是"cultural conditionand personal experiences"可知B为最优选项。

2. While observing a particular person,
A. One ix likely to talk all aspects into consideration
B. Otie pays more attention to }lis , her advantages
C. children often differ from grown ups in sense
D. one tends to choose certain cues(提示)to look for
答案：D 指导：据文中第一段最后一句“有几个因素导致不同的感觉〞，另外，由第二个因素中第三句"controlledbywhatothers have told you about this person"可知D为最优选项。

3. Observation of the same person by two people at the same rime may differ because_______.
A.their measuring standards arc not the same
B. either of them may be slow to catch information
C. the time for observation is not long enough
D. each of them uses different language to express hisher impressions
答案：A 指导：据作者给出的三个因素：①据自己的文化背景和切身经历；②我们所看到的和我们处理所看到东西的方法；③我们自己切身需要。

所以A为正确选项，不同人的不同标准。

4. The underlined word "stimulus" in Paragraph 4 refers to_________.
A. something attractive
B. selective sense
C. contradictory information
D. shoplifting
答案：C 指导：据文中倒数第五句“When contradictory infor mation is particularly obvious，but it can be done"和后面所举的例子，“如果一个好孩子在书店中偷书……〞可知C项为最优选项，无视矛盾性的重要性。

Passage ****************
Technology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in England heginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (制造)of goods, which hanged ide as about work. Onc of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufacture products in less time. People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail. meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass production, ahhough mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks.
Oncc this was done, workers no longer started on the product and lahored to complete it. Instead, they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parls in certain order.
There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by today's standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to com pare with the new produciion techniques, as mass production allowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater num- ber
than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled workers wasn't the only loser, thc common workers lost too. Similar changes forced fanners a way. The increased mechanization (械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from ploughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer possible. Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.
1. In this passage, which of the following is NOT considered as a change caused by tile use of scientific findings in the production of goods?
A. Other forms of energy have taken the place of human power.
B. The increased exploitation of workers in the 19th century.
C. The increased use of machines to make products in less time.
D. The use of machines producing parts of the same stand ard.
答案：B 指导：由文中第一段可知。

2. The underlined word "this" in the first paragraph refersto_________.
A. the use of scientific findings
B. the practice of producing the same parts for a product
C. the human power being replaced by other forms of energy
D. the technology becoming the encouragement ofhistorical change
答案：C 指导：由于其他“能〞代替了“人力〞，从而使“机器〞生产出现。

所以C为正确答案。

3. The underlined word "this"in the second paragraph refers to the change that______.
A. each nail could be taken tile place of by every other nail
B. each nail was exactly like every other nail
C. producing tasks became smaller and smaller
D. goods could lie mass produced
答案：D 指导：由于产品成批生产，所以产生工人只做千分之一的工作。

故D为正确答案。

Passage ****************
We find that bright children are not often held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are improved. We feel that there are many dis advantages in streaming pupils, a way to teach pupils in groupsaccording to their ability. It does not pay attention to the fact that children develop at different speed. It can have a bad effect on bloth the bright and not-so-bright children. After all it can be quite discouraging to be at the hottom of the top grade ! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力的) ability. This is only one aspect (方面) of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic (学术理论的) ability. We also value personal qua[ides (品质)and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching helps improve all these aspects of learning.
In our classroom, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups, this gives them the chances to learn to cc-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They al- sci learn how to deal with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate (分析和评价), and to comunicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual (个人的) tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is right and suitable. We encourage our pu- pils
to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this effectively. An advanced pupil can do advanced work; it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.
1. What's the author's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching"?
A. He agrees to it.
B. He doubts the truth of it.
C. He is very discontent about it.
D. He tries to be objective at)out it.
答案：A 指导：由第一段第二句“On the contrary，both their knowledSe and experience are improved〞可知作者赞同mixed-abilityteaching．
2. By "held back", the author means
A. forced to study in the lower class
B. made to remain in the same class
C. prevented from advancing
D. made to fall behind other students
答案：C 指导：由第一段第二句中的improved可知。

Passage ****************
When we think about people who arc leaders, we often get a mental picture of someone who is older, smarter, and wiser than ourselves. Studies of leadership, though, have usually found that there is almost no relationship between skill as a leader and traditional measures of intelligence.
Some recent research by psychologist Red Fiedle and his colleagues showed that both intelligence and experience may be important but just now how important depends
upon how stressful the work situation is and what kind of task is to be ac- complished. The researchers obtained measures of intelligence, experience, performance, and stress.
Overall, these variables did not relate to one another. Men with high and low intelligence were equally likely to give good performance, as were men with more and less experience, or more and less stress with their bosses. Howevcr, when you look separately at those men who have high stress with their bosses, thc picture changes. In high stress situations, there was no association between intelligence and performance, but there was between experience and performance. In other words, in difficuh situations, it was helpful to "know the ropes". In low stress situations, the find ings were just the opposite. Experience was not related to good performance, but intelligence was. That is. when things are going well, intelligence is very useful in leadership.
A study of fire fighters' performance under high and low stress conditions also found the experienced officers performed best under situations of stress. None of this is really very surprising. If you have ever had a supervisory job you probably found that at least as much energy went into handling (管理) people as went into handling the job itself. Tests of intelligence at least the ones we have now do not predict success in handling people.
1. What kind of people can do the best job in stress situation?
A. intelligent people
B. experienced people
C. calm people
D. skilled people
2. In the third sentence of the last paragraph. "a supervisory job "refers to_______.
A. a management job
B. an advisory job
C. a teaching job
D. an organizing job
3. Which of the following statements is true according to thepassage.'?
A. In stress situations, there are no association between experience and
performance.
B. Some recent research suggests that most leaders arc lack of intelligence.
C. In low stress situations, intelligence plays an important role in leadership.
D. Generally speaking, leaders are likely to be cleverer than ordinary people.
4. In the second sentence of the fourth paragraph, to "know the ropes"most probably means________.
A. to understand the situation
B. to control the situation
C. to get rid of the situation
D. to make sure what to do about thc situation
答案：D 指导：根据上下文可以推断本句意思是：换句话说，在困难的情况下经验有利于控制局势。