公共管理系统英语各单元全文翻译

Unit 1
Opening Administration to the Public
Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunity to be a visitor at municipal(市政的) government meetings, thanks to the government's recent efforts to open its administration-adopting t he Measures for Inviting Citizens to listen to the Administrative Mee ting, which （生效，实施）on December 16, 2001. 安徽省蚌埠市的群众现在有机会出席旁听市政府的召开的会议了，这主要是得益于市政府最近采用并制定的开放式行政管理的措施而邀请市民出席旁听政府的一些行政管理方面的会议。

Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on adminis trative affairs行政事务. The number of citizen listeners invited to very important meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies（代表） to the city's people's congress, members of the local committee of t he Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, personages（要人，名流） of democratic parties, members of the Association of Indus try and Commerce and others. They must be at least 18 years of age, a nd willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.邀请出席每一次行政事务会议旁听的市民，受邀旁听市民的人数是根据会议的重要程度而定的。

旁听者可能是市人大代表、政协委员、民主党派成员、工商企业协会的成员和其他人士等等。

应邀旁听人员必须年满18岁，并且愿意出席旁听。

Listeners can （通过??发表意见）the government office in a writte n form.旁听者可以以书面的方式向政府的有关部门反映他们的意见。

Increasing Transparency增加透明度
On the basis of （饮水工程） carried out in some cities and count ries, Guangdong Province has asked its governments at or above county level to open their administrative affairs during the first half of this year.在一些城市和国家落实贯彻解决群众饮水的问题，广东省要求县以上的各级政府在今年上半年里落实让群众旁听政府组织召开的行政事务会议的制度。

All affairs relating to laws and regulations and to administrativ e decisions that people must follow, as long as they do not involve s ecrets of the Party or the Central Government, should be open to the public. Contents are as follows: 只要不涉及到党和政府的机密，所有要求老百姓遵照执行的法律法规、行政决定等事务性会议，都应该向老百姓公开。

具体可以公开的会议如下：
--Strategy of social and economic development, work targets and t heir accomplishment政绩 ;
--Process for making big decisions and policies;
--Financial budgets财政预算 and implementation实施、实行
--Distribution and use of special funds and the purchase of impor tant materials ;
--Major capital construction projects and their bidding;（重大资金建设项目）
--Items of public welfare invested by the government;
--Projects examined and approved by the government and their acco mplishments;
--The accomplishments of work the government promised to do for t he public;
--Law enforcement in relation to the interests and rights of citi zens, legal persons and organizations;(与各种机构与法人、市民的利益与权利相关法律的颁布)
--Handling of major incidents;（重大事件的处理）
--Selecting and appointing officials, employing public servants a nd appraising of model workers, transferring workers and staff member s in institutional reforms and other issues of public concern; 推选与委任政府官员、录用公务员与评选先进人物，体制改革过程中人员的调动以及其他公众所关心的事件；
--Administrative functions and the official duties; 管理职能以及官方的责任
--Working content, conditions, procedures and timetable as well a s the result;
--Working principles, commitment and the way to 讼） activities, as well as the investigation results of the cases.
Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various dep artments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required to open their internal system construction, work operations and managem ent, specifically the self-discipline(自律) of officials; income and expenditure of the department; management of human resources, distrib ution of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.
Knowing government administration is one of people's fundamental rights, and the opening of administrative affairs is the obligation 义务、责任 of the government. The rule to open administrative informa tion has become an indispensable part in the government's administrat ion. In the meantime, opening government administration is also a mai n principle of the WTO, listed on most of its documents. After China' s entry into the WTO, it was required to do better in this field. Chi na's transformation of government functions that of its economic grow th.
A fresh move, the opening of government administration still need s improvement. Experts the state to place great importance on the iss ue by setting up special department to handle related affairs, and de vising （制定）a law on opening government administrations. 第一篇：开放式的公众管理
感谢政府日前的开放其行政管理的努力，邀请市民旁听行政会议的建议被采纳并且在2001年12月16日得到落实，安徽省蚌埠市的公民现在有机会出席参
加市政府会议。

十位公民受邀请参加出席了公众管理事务的每一次会议。

受邀参加这些重要会议的公民旁听者的数目是不同的。

这些旁听者可以是市人民代表大会的代表，中国人民政治协商会议当地委员会的成员，民主党派人士，工商联合会的成员和其他人员。

他们必须年满18周岁并且愿意出席此种会议。

这些旁听者可以以书面形式向市政府办公室提出自己的见解。

越来越高的透明度
在某些城市和乡村开展的飞行员计划的基础上，广东省要求县级及县级以上政府在今年前半年开放其行政事务的管理。

只要无关党和中央政府的国家机密，有关法律、规章制度和要求所有人遵守的行政决议的每一事务都应该向公众开放。

具体如下：
-社会、经济发展、工作目标及其具体实施的策略；
-制定重大方针政策的程序；
-财政预算及其执行；
-特别基金和重要物资购买的分配和使用；
-主要建设工程的资本和招标；
-政府向公众的承诺及其执行实施；
-有关公民、法人和组织的利益及权利的法律执行；
-主要事件的处理情况；
-官员的选举和任命，人民公仆的任职和模范工人的评价，机构改革中工人和职员的调任和其他公众关注的内容；
-行政功能和公务职责；
-工作内容、条件、程序、时间表以及结果；
-工作原则、承诺和对违背承诺的上诉以及案件的调查结果。

除了向社会开放行政管理事务，广东省政府的各个机构部门也被要求开放其内部运作体系，工作的实施和管理，特别是官员的自律、机构的收入和支出、人力资源的管理、工人和职员收入的分配及其福利待遇和其他事务。

熟悉政府的管理是公民的基本权利，开放其行政管理事务是政府的职责。

开放行政管理信息的规则已成为政府管理中不可或缺的一部分。

同时，被书写在大部分的文件中的开放式行政管理也是WTO的主要规则。

在中国加入WTO之后，对这一领域的要求也更高了。

中国的政府职能的转换滞后于其经济增长。

作为一项新举措，开放式的政府行政管理还有待很大的提高。

专家呼吁我们应该并且给予特别重视来建立专门机构来处理相关事务，并且出台开放政府管理的相关法律。

Red-Title Document Open to the Public （红头文件（内参）对老百姓开放）
At the end of last year, the Beijing municipal（市政的、地方的）government, located on Zhengyilu Road, placed a reception desk at the entrance of its west gate from Monday to Friday to receive citizens who come to subscribe（捐款，签署）to the Beijing Municipal Governmen t Bulletin（公告，公报）. Since the bulletin opened to the public in
early 2002, the telephone at the editorial office has kept ringing. M any of the calls come from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang （捐款程序）.
The bulletin, which contains government regulations, administrati ve orders and decisions, is popularly known as a "red-title document" and is a mystery to most people, because it only reached leaders abo ve bureau（局） level in the past.
Wei Guiqin, director of the Beijing Huiyuan Law Office, is among the first to subscribe to the bulletin. "The public distribution of t he bulletin helps us a lot in our job," he said.
The governments of many other provinces and cities have also open ed their bulletins to the public, including Henan and Shanxi province s, and cities such as Guangzhou, Wuhan, Qingdao and Yinchuan. The gov ernment bulletins公报 are functionally(职能上) the same as other off icial documents.
Shanghai was the first city to open its bulletin to the public. S ince the beginning of last year, the bulletins have been sent not onl y to major institutions and enterprises under the jurisdiction（权限） of the municipal government, but also to 100 selected newspaper and magazine booths（售货亭）, 50 postal zones and 50 Xinhua bookstores, where citizens can get them for free. The bulletins have attracted th e attention of many people, most of whom are lawyers and accountants.对公众开放的红头文件
在去年年末，坐落于正义路的北京市政府在其西门入口设置了一个接待处，从周一到周五接待订阅了北京市政府公告的市民。

从2002年早期政府公告向公众开放以来，社论办公室的电话就不断响起。

其中一部分来自于广东省、浙江省、黑龙江省和香港特别行政区，这些人来电咨询订阅手续。

作为被大众普遍认为是“红头文件”的政府公告，包括了政府规章制度、行政命令和决议这些内容，对大多数人来说是很神秘的，因为在过去只有局级以上的干部才能接触到。

北京汇远法律事物所主任魏贵钦是首批订阅政府公告者之一。

他说：“公告对公众的发行对
我们的工作不无裨益”。

许多其他省市的政府也对公众开放其公告，其中包括河南省、陕西省和广州市、武汉市、青岛市和银川市。

政府公告和其他政府文件在本质上是相同的。

上海是第一个对公众开放其政府公告的城市。

从去年一开始，除了市政府管理下的机构和企业，政府公告也在100个选出的报纸杂志销售亭、50个邮政区和50个新华书店发放，市民可以免费索取。

公告吸引了很多人的注意力，他们中大部分是律师和会计。

"Supermarket" of Administrative Affairs Five years ago, Huang Songji, a laid-off(下岗) female employee in Nanjing, invested 50，000 yuan to set up a kindergarten. However, sh e was soon asked to close down, as she failed to follow relevant proc edures. She sought assistance at the Supermarket of Administrative Af fairs, and with guidance by the staff, Huang quickly obtained all nec essary procedures.
What is the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs and how effecti ve is it? The first supermarket was launched by the government of Xia guan District, Nanjing City, in the residential communities of Xiaosh i and Rehenanlu（热河南路） on October 16, 2000. The government set u p its offices in a big hall to handle various administrative affairs, including more than 40 services related to 国内事务, employment, mun icipal construction, economy, handling of complaints and 法律执行). I t indeed has supermarket features of openness, efficiency and a varie ty of choice, hence the name, Supermarket of Administrative Affairs. Five other residential quarters followed suit a year later.
The supermarket practices实施 a responsibility system to solve p roblems, and serve clients. In addition, supervision监督 and feedbac k procedures have also been adopted. The system, which enables citize ns to learn about government administrative affairs, contributes to t he government's efforts to open administrative affairs. Sun Wei, a "s upermarket" staff member, said that in the past, policies were locked in the office drawer. Now they are placed on the wall, clearly indic ating problems and possible timelines for their solution. Furthermore, the telephone number to contact in cases of complaint against the be havior of "supermarket" employees is also available to the public. Em ployees subject to customer complaints 收到顾客投诉达三次的雇员are g iven three chances, and penalties罚款 include criticism the first ti me, bonus奖金，红利 deduction the second time, and dismissal the thir d time.
Since district government powers have been transferred to the "su permarket", the service items are wider than those formerly offered b y the residential community, such as the approval of small loans to h elp the poor and victims of natural disasters; handling applications for subsidies津贴，补助 if their living standards is below the povert y line; granting licenses颁发许可证 to small restaurants; leasing ne wspaper booths and registering the unemployed. Apart from these servi ces, the "supermarket" has also set up a training room培训场所, a lo w consultation room and a suggestion box, as well as a telephone hotl ine to answer questions. In addition, government leaders regularly vi sit the "supermarket" to interact with the public in person.
Many citizens have expressed their satisfaction with the "superma rket".
"It quickly solves problems, and shortens the psychological dista nce between leaders and the masses. Surveys recently conducted in fiv e 'supermarkets' indicated that citizens are satisfied with the measu res," said Xu Xueqin, who the publicity of the Xiaguan residential co mmunity.
The "supermarket" of administrative service in Nanjing has exerte d a positive influence to the entire country. Similar supermarkets ha ve opened in Shenyang, Shanghai and Fuzhou.
The "supermarket" in Shanghai, known as the Center of Residential Affairs, now has 80 branches in the entire city, offering more than
50 services. A civil affairs国内事务 official said that in the next three years, every community and town would set up such a "supermarke t" to form a network covering the entire area.
Media reports recently stated that relevant departments have plan ned to set up a multi-functional and multi-level service system throu ghout the country, which offers services on personnel matters, domici le registration居民登记, matrimonial registration婚姻登记, enterpris e registration, tax payment, license 执照distribution and the approv al of land utilization. Service centers and related ranches will be s et up in densely populated communities. Meanwhile, a standardized ser vice network and unified regulations will also be established, and re lated workers （服务人员佩戴的标牌）for the benefit of customers.
行政事务“超市”
五年前，黄松姬，一个南京的下岗女工，投资了50，000元建起了一个幼儿园。

但是不久，因为没有遵守相关的手续，她被要求关闭该幼儿园。

于是她到行政事务“超市”寻求援助，在相关工作人员的帮助指导下，黄松姬很快就获得了全部必须的手续。

什么是行政事务“超市”？它在多大范围内有效？第一个“超市”是南京下官区政府在2000年10月16日开办的，位于小市和热河南路的居住区内。

政府在某一个大厅里建立了它的办公室来处理各种各样的行政事务，包括有关公民事务、招聘、市政建设、经济、解决牢骚、法律执行情况的40多项服务。

它确实具备诸如开办者、效率、多重选择这些超市的特征，因此得名：行政事务“超市”。

紧接着的其他五个住宅区第二年也合适进行了。

这种超市把一种解决问题和服
务客户的责任体系落到实处。

此外，监督管理和反馈程序也被采纳。

这个体系可以使公民了解到政府的行政管理事务，为政府开放其管理的努力做出了很大贡献。

孙威，一个“超市”工作人员，说在过去政治是被锁在办公室的抽屉里的，现在它们则被张贴到墙上，清晰地反映了问题以及解决问题的可能时机。

此外，如对“超市”工作职员的行为不满而设的电话号码也是对公众开放的。

遭到顾客抱怨的职员有三次机会，第一次批评和罚款，第二次扣除奖金，第三次解雇。

因为地区政府的权力被转移到“超市”，服务项目和过去那些由居住区提供的相比更加宽泛了许多，例如用于帮助贫民和自然灾害的受灾者的小额贷款的批准、生活水平低于贫困线的补助金的应用处理、小餐馆执照的发放、报亭的租借和失业者的登记等。

除了这些服务以外，“超市”还设置了一个培训室、一个咨询室、一个意见箱和一部电话热线来回答问题。

此外，政府领导人还会有规律地来参观“超市”以个人身份和大众交流。

许多居民都表达了他们对于政府的便民“超市”的服务满意。

“它解决问题很快捷，并且拉近了领导和大众的心理距离。

目前在五个‘超市’进行的调查表明了公众对于这一举措都感到非常满意。

”负责下关居住区的公开事务的许雪琴说。

南京的这一行政便民“超市”服务对全国产生了非常积极的影响。

沈阳、上海和福州都开办了类似的超市。

上海的“超市”，即小区事务中心，现在在全市有80个分支，提供50多种服务。

一位民政局的官员说在以后三年，每一个社区和城镇都要建立这样一个“超市”来形成一个覆盖整个地区的“超市”网络。

目前的媒体报道说相关部门计划建立一个辐射全国的多功能、多层次的服务系统，可以提供许多服务诸如个人事件、住宿登记、结婚登记、企业登记、税款支付、执照发放和土地利用批准。

服务中心和相关机构也将会在人口密集的社区建立。

同时，为了顾客的利益，一个标准化的服务网络和统一的规章制度也会建立，相关的工作人员会佩带姓名标签。

"E-Government"电子政府
Placing government administrative affairs on the Internet appears to be a growing world trend for governments working toward open admi nistration. Resources on government work available on the Internet ca n he effectively utilized. Furthermore, this practice will enhance th e transparency of the government, reduce administrative expenses, imp rove work efficiency and facilitate使更容易 the construction of a di ligent and honest government.
China has a long way to go before it can develop an online govern ment. However, beginning in the mid-1980s when China first called for office automation, up until 1998 when China began to develop e-gover nment project, it has promoted e-commerce in government departments, using the Internet to release information, handling day-to-day office business and offering other services.
In recent years, China has rapidly developed the e-government. Fi rst, departments of industry and commerce, customs and taxation税款, and public security have taken the lead in accelerating the pace of e-commerce development and implementation. Second, many government we
b sites with increasingly rich content and sophisticated functions ha ve appeared. A recent survey stated that more than 2, 200 government web sites currently exist in the entire country, and have played a ma jor role in driving the construction of the information industry.
A bilingual能说双语的 web site, Chinashanghai, in both English a nd Chinese, was launched on September 28, 2001. It serves as a platfo rm for government information dissemination for the benefit of the ci tizens.
Chinashanghai 专门经营the establishment of an "e-government. " I ts home page, entitled Today's Events, provides information on major activities and events, and reports on various hot topics of discussio n. Pages containing government bulletins, government documents, regul ations and other information have also been released. The Laws and Re gulations page introduces various rules and regulations, the Shanghai Brief page provides information on the latest development trends in the city, and the Investment page offers information on the investmen t environment and various investment policies, explaining the urban c onstruction plan, the development of the Pudong New Area, the develop ment of development zones and investment projects. The Services page, on the other hand, provides information on topics more closely relat ed to people's lives, such as weather, transport, healthcare医疗卫生, education and tourism. This page also offers 对贫困群体的法律援助. T he Business 清楚Guidance page provides useful information on compete nt有能力的 institutions, as well as their addresses, contact details,
procedures for handling certain affairs, and channels for 在线事务办理主页 enables users to inquire on certain items, and download online forms and applications.
Chinashanghai will also connect with its affiliated附属的 statio ns to establish a better government network by the end of this year. In addition, Shanghai plans to set up a large porta入口 within the n ext five years, which will be among China's first-class ones and matc h international advanced level. By the end of the 10th Five-Year Plan period (2001-05), all the government departments related to social m anagement and services will be on the network. “电子政府”
将政府行政事务展示在因特网上似乎是一个持续增长的世界趋势，对于开放式的管理的政府工作来说。

在因特网上关于政府工作的可获得资源能得到有效的利用。

而且，这项实践将提高政府的透明度，降低行政费用，提高工作效率，促进建设一个勤奋诚实的政府。

在有能力建立一个网上政府之前，中国还有很长的一段路要走。

但是，从2 0世纪80年代中期开始中国开始提倡办公自动化，直到1998年中国开始发展电子政府计划，利用因特网来发布信息、处理日常的办公事务和提供其他服务都促进了政府部门中电子商务的发展。

近些年来，中国迅速发展起了电子政府。

首先，工业部、商业部、海关税收部和公共安全部在加速电子商务的发展和执行的步伐中起了领导作用。

第二，出现了许多内容日益丰富、功能日益完善的政府网址。

日前的一项调查显示了全国目前有2200多个政府网址，在推进信息产业的建设上起了举足轻重的作用。

中国上海，一个双语网址，英语和汉语，在2001年9月28日开办。

出于公民的利益考虑，该网址为政府信息的发布提供了平台。

中国上海致力于建立一个“电子政府”。

它的本国网页上记载了今日事件，为主要活动和事件提供信息，并且有各种各样热点话题讨论的报道。

网页内容包括了政府公告，政府文件，规章制度，其他信息也会发布。

法律和规章的页面上介绍了各种规则和制度，上海摘要网页提供了城市最新发展潮流的信息，投资网页上提供了关于投资环境的信息和各种投资政策、介绍了市区建设计划、浦东新区的发展、发展区的发展和投资计划。

另一方面，服务网页提供了关于更接近人们生活的话题的信息，例如天气、交通、保健、教育和旅游。

这一网页也为弱势群体提供法律援助。

商业指导网页上提供了关于可胜任的机构的有用信息及他们的地址和联系细节、解决某些问题的程序和处理诉讼的渠道。

最后，网上事务处理网页可以使用户询问某些情况并且下载网上表格和应用软件。

今年年末，中国上海也和其附属机构联系来建立一个更好的政府网络。

此外，上海计划在未来五年内建立一个宽敞的入口，这样它将是中国第一等的政府网站之一，并达到国际先进水平。

在第10个五年计划（2001-05）的末期，所有的和社会管理和公众服务的政府部门都将会在因特网上出现。

Open Urban Planning
Over the past two years, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin have made public their city construction plan, a change from their former clos ed-door working style. The procedures and timetable for the examinati on and approval of projects, regulations and laws, and technological indexes指数 in relation to the projects are now also out in the open, much to the great enthusiasm of the citizens.
Last October, Beijing held an exhibition on the overall city plan ning. During holidays and weekends, the 3000-square-meter hall receiv ed about 1500 people each day. "We have not expected so many citizens to be so interested in city planning," said Qiu Yue, a member of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee.
Many visitors filled thick suggestion books with feedback, provid ing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center i n the north; retaining保留 the lay-out展示 of the narrow alleys小巷and the courtyard homes; and informing citizens on city construction projects on time. The exhibition organizers then sorted the suggestio ns and delivered them to the decision-making departments.
"Bringing city planning to the public shows the government's dete rmination to promote the opening up of administration affairs, and th is is a significant development," said a visitor.
Zhou Chang, Secretary general of the China Architectural Society, agreed. "The opening up of the urban planning process can improve th ings greatly, as major decisions will go through the approval of expe rts, the suggestions of citizens and the supervision监督 of the medi a," said Zhou.
Shan Qixiang, director of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Com mittee, said the opinions of both experts and the masses will be pool ed together把??汇聚在一起 before a decision on any important plans f or urban construction are reached.
(Source: The article was written by Wu Cong Wen, Beijing Review, May 30, 2002) 开放城市计划
在过去的两年内，北京、上海和天津制定公布了它们的城市建设计划，和他们以往不公开的工作方式不同。

工程检验和批准的程序和时间表、法律和规章制度、有关计划的科技索引现在也同样公诸于世，引起了市民的极大热情。

去年十月，北京举行了一个关于所有城市计划的展览。

在假日和周末期间，3000平方米的展览大厅每天要接待大约1500名参观者。

“我们没有料到有如此多的市民对城市计划如此感兴趣。

”北京市城市计划委员会成员邱悦说。

许多参观者在厚厚的建议簿上写满了他们的反馈，提供建设性的创意，例如在北部建另外一座世界贸易中心、保留狭窄小巷和庭院式住宅的规划、及时通知市民城市建设计划。

然后展览组织者把这些建议分类并且送到了决议制定部门。

“将城市计划面向大众显示了政府促进开放式行政管理的果断决心，这是一个重大的进步。

”一个参观者说。

周畅，中国建筑协会的总会长，赞同以上说法。

“开放城市计划进程可以极大地改善事态，因为主要的决定将接受专家的正式批准、市民的建议和媒体的监督。

”他说。

单奇翔，北京市城市计划委员会主任，说专家和公众的看法在每一个关于城市建设的重要计划达成一致以前都将汇集起来。

Unit 2
Why Public Management Reform?
Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an e nd手段, not an end . To be more precise we should perhaps say that i t potentially a means to multiple ends. These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality if public se rvices, making the operation of government more efficient and increas ing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented wi ll be effective. On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy官僚作风/机构, public officials bureaucratic constrains
官僚式约束 which inhibit限制 their opportunities to manage and enhan ce the government's accountability有责任 to the legislature立法机构and the citizenry市民 for its policies and programs. Last but not le ast最后, one should mention the symbolic and legitimacy合法，合理 be nefits of management reform. For politicians these benefits consist p artly of being seem to be doing something. Announcing reforms, critic izing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising impr oved services for the future, 改组部门 and agencies-all these activit ies help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espous e信奉 them. A cynic愤世嫉俗者 might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governments to act independently is increasi ngly called into questions by a complex interplay相互影响 of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers u sually can do--with the appearance of dynamism but at little immediat e
直接的 cost--is to announce changes in their own machinery of gov ernance. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一个结束的方式，并不是它本身要结束。

更准确地说，也许我们应该说潜在地它是多样化结束的一个方式。

这些包括节省公众支出、提高公共服务质量、使政府运作更加高效、增加被选择和被执行的政策会有效的机遇。

在实现这些重要目标的征途上，公共管理改革也许会帮助实现许多中间的结果，包括那些增强政治家对于官僚机构的控制管理、从官僚制度的抑制中解除公共官员，由于政策和纲要这种约束抑制了他们管理和增强政府对于立法机关和市民的责任的机会。

最后，应该提一下管理改革的象征性的和合法的利益。

对于政治家来说，这些利益部分地由好象做点什么事情组成。

宣布改革、责备官僚作风、赞扬新的管理方式、允诺为将来的改良的服务、调整部门和机构。

对于支持这些的政治家来说，所有这些活动都有益于吸引赞扬的目光。

一个愤世嫉俗的人也许会注意到在那些当个人独裁政府的权力显示出独立姿态的日子里，问题总是被一个由当地的、国家的和国际的约束组成的并且相互影响的复杂体不断持续地创造出来。

大臣们通常能做的一件事情是用他们自己的国家管辖机器，以物力论的姿态但极少的直接成本来宣布变革。

There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably不变地, shaping and implementing such initiatives
革新. They may gain in reputation by association with "modernizing" a nd "streamlining使简化" activities. 对于那些几乎总是在对于主动的整修和执行中起着重要作用的高级官员来说也有其合法的利益。

通过和“现代化的”和“流线型的”活动相结合，他们可能得到名望。

If management reform really does produce 约型、高效的 government, with higher-quality services and more effective programs, and if it w ill simultaneously同时地 enhance political control, free丰富的 manag。