经济学原理(上)大纲(英语)

微观经济学课程教学大纲
一、课程概况
英文名：Microeconomics
开课单位：管理学院
课程编码：107203
学分学时：56学时，3.5学分
授课对象：管理学院各专业本科生
先修课程：高等数学
课程目的和主要内容：通过微观经济学的学习，使学生掌握微观经济学的基本原理和分析方法，了解价格形成的机理、决定价格的主要因素、价格机制的作用和市场运行的原理，理解资源配置有效性的含义及其条件，以及价格机制作用的局限性。

主要内容包含市场供求和均衡及弹性的基本概念和原理；从消费者行为出发的需求影响因素及分析；从生产者行为出发的生产与成本分析；不同市场的结构特征和相应的企业产量决策；市场失灵以及政府的微观经济政策等。

二、课程教学内容及要求
第一章：Ten Principles of Economics
1．1：How People Make Decisions
1．2：How People Interact
1．3：How the Economy as a Whole Works
KEY POINTS:
1. People face tradeoffs .The cost of any action is measured in terms
of forgone opportunities. Rational people think at the marginal. People respond to incentives.
2. Trade can be mutually beneficial. Markets are usually a good way
of coordinating trades among people. The government can potentially improve market outcomes.
3. Productivity is the ultimate source of living standards. Money
growth is the ultimate source of inflation. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
第二章：Thinking Like an Economist
2．1：The Economist as Scientist
2．2：The Economist as Policy Adviser
2．3：Why Economists Disagree
KEY POINTS:
1. Like all scientists, Economists make appropriate assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them.
2. The field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
3. A positive statement is an assertion about how the world is. A normative statement is an assertion about how the world ought to be.
4. Economists who advise policymakers offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in values.
第三章：Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3．1：A Parable for the Modern Economy
3．2：The Principle of Comparative Advantage
3．3：Applications of Comparative Advantage
KEY POINTS:
1. Interdependence and trade are desirable because they allow everyone to enjoy
a greater quantity and variety of goods and services.
2. There are two ways to compare the ability of two people in producing a good: absolute advantage and comparative advantage. The gains from trade are based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage.
3. Trade makes everyone better off because it allows people to specialize in those activities in which they have a comparative advantage.
第四章：The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
4．1：Demand
4．2：Supply
4. 3: Supply and Demand Together
KEY POINTS:
1. The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good demanded depends on the price. In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, the prices of substitutes and complements, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers.
2. The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends on the price. In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell
include input prices, technology, expectations, and the number of sellers.
3. The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the market equilibrium. At the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium.
第五章：Elasticity and Its Application
5．1：The Elasticity of Demand
5．2：The Elasticity of Supply
5．3：Applications of Supply, Demand, and Elasticity
KEY POINTS:
1. The price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in the price. The price elasticity of demand is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
2. For inelastic demand curves, total revenue rises as price rises. For elastic demand curves, total revenue falls as price rises.
3. The income elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in consumers’ income. The cross-price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to the price of another good.
4. The price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. The price elasticity of supply is calculated as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.
第六章：Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
6．1：Controls on Prices
6．2：Taxes
KEY POINTS:
1. A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price of a good or service. A price floor is a legal minimum on the price of a good or service.
2. When the government levies a tax on a good, the equilibrium quantity of the good falls. A tax on a good places a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers.
3. The incidence of a tax depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand. The burden tends to fall on the side of the market that is less elastic because that side of the market can respond less easily to the tax by changing the quantity bought or sold.
第七章：Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
7．1：Consumer Surplus
7．2：Producer Surplus
7．3：Markets Efficiency
KEY POINTS:
1. Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, and it measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market.
2. Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production, and it measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market.
3. An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. The equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities.
第八章：Applications: The Costs of Taxation
8．1：The Deadweight Loss of Taxation
8．2：The Determinants of the Deadweight Loss
8．3：Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxes Vary
KEY POINTS:
1. A tax on a good reduces the welfare of buyers and sellers of the good, and the reduction in consumer and producer surplus usually exceeds the revenue raised by the government.
2. Taxes have deadweight losses because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less. Larger elasticities imply larger deadweight losses.
3. As a tax grows larger, it distorts incentives more, and its deadweight loss grows larger.
第九章：Application: International Trade
9．1：The Determinants of Trade
9．2：The Winners and Losers from Trade
9．3：The Arguments for Restricting Trade
KEY POINTS:
1. The effects of free trade can be determined by comparing the domestic price without trade to the world price.
2. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, producers of the good are better off, and consumers of the good are worse off. When a country allows trade and becomes an importer of a good, consumers are better off, and producers are worse off. In both cases, the gains from trade exceed the losses.
3. A tariff moves a market closer to the equilibrium that would exist without trade and, therefore, reduces the gains from trade.
4. There are various arguments for restricting trade, although some of these arguments have some merit in some cases, economists believe that free trade is usually the better policy.
第十章：Externalities
10．1：Externalities and Market Inefficiency
10．2：Private Solutions to Externalities
10．3：Public Policies toward Externalities
KEY POINTS:
1. Negative externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be less than the equilibrium quantity. Positive externalities cause the socially optimal quantity to be greater than the equilibrium quantity.
2. Those affected by externalities can sometimes solve the problem privately. According to the Coase theorem, if people can bargain without cost, then they can always reach an agreement in which resources are allocated efficiently.
3. Sometimes the government prevents socially inefficient activity by regulating behavior. Other times it internalizes an externality using Pigouvian taxes. Another way to protect the environment is for the government to issue a limited number of pollution permits.
第十一章：Public Goods and Common Resources
11．1：The Different Kinds of Goods
11．2：Public Goods
11．3：Common Resources
KEY POINTS:
1. Goods differ in whether they are excludable and whether they are rival.
2. Public goods are neither rival nor excludable. Because people are not charged for their use of the public good, they have an incentive to free ride when the good is provided privately. Therefore, governments provide public goods, making their decision about the quantity based on cost–benefit analysis.
3. Common resources are rival but not excludable. Because people are not charged for their use of common resources, they tend to use them excessively. Therefore, governments try to limit the use of common resources.
第十二章：The Costs of Production
12．1：Production and Costs
12．2：The Various Measures of Cost
12．3：Costs in the Short Run and in the Long Run
KEY POINTS:
1. A firm’s costs reflect its production process. A typical firm’s production function gets flatter as the quantity of an input increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product.
2. A firm’s total costs can be divided between fixed costs and variable costs. From a firm’s total cost, two related measures of cost are derived. Average total co st is total cost divided by the quantity of output. Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost rises if output increases by one unit.
3. For a typical firm, marginal cost rises with the quantity of output. Average total cost first falls as output increases and then rises as output increases further. The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of average total cost.
4. A firm’s costs often depend on the time horizon being considered. In particular, many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run. As a result, when the firm changes its level of production, average total cost may rise more in the short run than in the long run.
第十三章：Firms in Competitive Markets
13．1：What Is a Competitive Market
13．2：Profit Maximization and the Competitive Firm's Supply Curve
13．3：The Supply Curve in a Competitive Market
KEY POINTS:
1. Because a competitive firm is a price taker, its revenue is proportional to the amount of output it produces. The price of the good equals both the firm’s average revenue and its marginal revenue.
2. To maximize profit, a firm chooses a quantity of output such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Because marginal revenue for a competitive firm equals the market price, the firm chooses quantity so that price equals marginal cost. Thus,
the firm’s marginal cost curve is its supply curve.
3. In the short run when a firm cannot recover its fixed costs, the firm will choose to shut down temporarily if the price of the good is less than average variable cost. In the long run when the firm can recover both fixed and variable costs, it will choose to exit if the price is less than average total cost.
4. In a market with free entry and exit, profits are driven to zero in the long run. In this long-run equilibrium, all firms produce at the efficient scale, price equals minimum average total cost, and the number of firms adjusts to satisfy the quantity demanded at this price.
5. Changes in demand have different effects over different time horizons. In the short run, an increase in demand raises prices and leads to profits, and a decrease in demand lowers prices and leads to losses. But if firms can freely enter and exit the market, then in the long run the number of firms adjusts to drive the market back to the zero-profit equilibrium.
第十四章：Monopoly
14．1：Why Monopolies Arise
14．2：How Monopolies Make Production and Pricing Decisions
14．3：The Welfare Cost of Monopoly and Public Policies toward Monopolies
KEY POINTS:
1. A monopoly arises when a single firm owns a key resource, when the government gives a firm the exclusive right to produce a good, or when a single firm can supply the entire market at a smaller cost than many firms could.
2. A monopoly firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The monopoly then chooses the price at which that quantity is demanded.
3. A monopolist’s profit-maximizing level of output is below the level that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. As a result, monopoly causes deadweight losses similar to the deadweight losses caused by taxes. Policymakers can respond to the inefficiency of monopoly behavior in different ways.
第十五章：Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition
15．1：Oligopoly
15．2：Monopolistic Competition
KEY POINTS:
1. Oligopolists maximize their total profits by forming a cartel and acting like a
monopolist. If oligopolists make decisions about production levels individually, the
result is a greater quantity and a lower price than under the monopoly outcome.
2. A monopolistically competitive market is characterized by three attributes:
many firms, differentiated products, and free entry.The equilibrium in a monopolistically
competitive market differs from perfect competition in that each firm has excess
capacity and each firm charges a price above marginal cost.
三、实践环节
无
五、附录
参考教材：Essentials of Economics, 3e, N. Gregory Mankiw（经济学原理，第三版，曼昆），高等教育出版社，2005.4
参考和阅读书目：
1. 萨缪尔森《经济学》(Economics)
2. 斯蒂格利茨《经济学》(Economics)
3. 高鸿业《西方经济学》（微观部分）
4. 卢锋《经济学原理—中国版》
制定者：张健威
审校者：
批准者：
微观经济学课程简介
英文名：Microeconomics
开课单位：管理学院
课程编码：
学时学分：56学时，3.5学分
授课对象：管理学院各专业本科生
先修课程：高等数学
课程目的和主要内容：通过微观经济学的学习，使学生掌握微观经济学的基本原理和分析方法，了解价格形成的机理、决定价格的主要因素、价格机制的作用和市场运行的原理，理解资源配置有效性的含义及其条件，以及价格机制作用的局限性。

主要内容包含市场供求和均衡及弹性的基本概念和原理；从消费者行为出发的需求影响因素及分析；从生产者行为出发的生产与成本分析；不同市场的结构特征和相应的企业产量决策；市场失灵以及政府的微观经济政策等。

参考教材：Essentials of Economics, 3e, N. Gregory Mankiw（经济学原理，第三版，曼昆），高等教育出版社，2005.4
参考和阅读书目：
1. 萨缪尔森《经济学》(Economics)
2. 斯蒂格利茨《经济学》(Economics)
3. 高鸿业《西方经济学》（微观部分）
4. 卢锋《经济学原理—中国版》。