跨文化交际 space课堂
Spacelanguage跨文化交际之空间语 PPT
大家好
3
Proxemics
the study of personal space for the purpose of communication (近体
学,空间关系学)
the study of set measurable distances between people as they interact
大家好
Intimate space Personal space Social space Public space
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1. Proximity（体距
Intimate distance 0-46 centimeters
Personal distance 46-120 centimeters
Social distance 120-360meters
大家好
15
Western View of Privacy
“A man’s home is his castle.”
大家好
16
Japanese View of Privacy
Shoji Screen Doors
Fusuma Sliding Doors 大家好
Tatami Floors 17
3. 空间取向
The Navajo（美国印第安人部落） always build their hogan facing east, in order to face the rising sun.
Islamic people believe that the main entrance of important buildings should face in the direction of Mecca.
Spacelanguage---跨文化交际之空间语 (课堂PPT)
Chinese
a sense of “togetherness”
Englishspeaking
people
a sense of “apartness”
Concept of body itself Body Territory
body + territory around the body
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2.2 Privacy
Latins
Americans
Japanese
Mediterranean Arabs
Northern Europeans
Mediterranean Europeans
7
Culture & Space
Japanese
Culture
German
American
Arab
French
Latin American
3
Proxemics
the study of personal space for the purpose of communication (近体
学,空间关系学)
the study of set measurable distances between people as they interact
10
2. Territoriality（领域性
the pattern behavior associated with the defense of a territory
The way people perceive territoriality is strongly influenced by culture.
Space language
1
跨文化交际上课ppt1
Edward Sapir: “Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. Language is a particular how of thought.”
“Culture is the socially inherited assemblage of practices and beliefs that determines the texture of our lives.”(1921)
International communication:
Japanese Prime Minister----American president
Interracial Communication:
Afro-American---white American
Inter-ethnic communication:
Intercultural communication in China Initial interest in IC Publications Organizations Conferences Scholars involved
Books on intercultural communication published in China 关世杰： 跨文化交流》 关世杰：《跨文化交流》 贾玉新： 跨文化交际学》 贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》 林大津：《跨文化交际研究》 林大津： 跨文化交际研究》 胡文仲： 跨文化交际学概论》 胡文仲：《跨文化交际学概论》 胡文仲、高一虹： 跨文化交际与外语教学》 胡文仲、高一虹：《跨文化交际与外语教学》
Intercultural communication started as a discipline in the US: A land of immigrants Millions of new immigrants every year Large numbers of foreign students and tourists American involvement in global economy
跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲课程名称：英语教学论课程类别：专业必修课考核类别：考试适用对象：本科适用专业：英语总学时、学分：36学时2学分一、课程教学目的该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。
在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。
近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。
1二、课程教学要求该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。
三、先修课程跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。
因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。
四、课程教学重、难点该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文2化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。
教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。
中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。
东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。
五、课程教学方法（或手段）教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。
六、课程教学内容Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时）3一、教学内容（一）Reading I Intercultural Communication: An Introduction（二）Discovering Problems: Slim Is Beautiful?（三）Debate（四）Reading II The Challenge of Globalization（五）Writing二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：Identifying Difference: How We Address Each Other（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication2. Further Reading II Communication in the Global VillageUnit 2 Culture and Communication（4学时）一、教学内容4（一）Reading I What Is Culture.（二）Fill-in Task（三）Sharing Knowledge: More About Culture（四）Writing（五）Reading II Elements of Communication（六）Discovering Problems: Misreading Commercial Signs二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：Identifying Difference Communicating Effectively（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Understanding Culture2. Further Reading II Essentials of Human CommunicationUnit 3 Cultural Diverse（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Different Lands, Different5Friendships（二）Cultural n formation: American Friendship（三）Survey（四）Identifying Difference :Family Structure（五）Reading II Comparing and Contrasting Cultures（六）Interview（七）Sharing Knowledge: Confucian Cultural Patterns二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Intercultural insight2. Translation（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Cultural Dimensions2. Further Reading II High-Context and Low-Context Cultures6Unit 4 Language and Culture（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture（二）Fill-in Task（三）Group Work（四）Identifying difference: Kinship Terms and Mores.（五）Reading II Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin（六）Survey二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1.Discovering Problems: Translating Across Languages2. Translation3. Case Study: Cases 13-16（二）教学难点：71. Further Reading the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis2. Further Reading II Language, Thought, and CultureUnit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Understanding the Culture of Conversation（二）Fill-in Task（三）Identifying Difference: Compliment Response（四）Interview（五）Reading II The Way People Speak（六）Group Work（七）Cultural Information: Making Telephone Calls二、重、难点提示8（一）教学重点：1. Intercultural insight2. Translation3. Case Study: Cases 17-20（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Cross-Cultural Verbal Communication Styles2. Further Reading II Preferences in the Organization of Verbal CodesUnit 6 Culture and Nonverbal Communication（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I An Overview of Nonverbal Communication（二）Matching Task（三）Observation Task（四）Sharing Knowledge: Factors That Influence 9Touch（五）Reading II Gender and Nonverbal Communication二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Identifying Difference: Posture and Sitting Habits2. Cultural information: How the Japanese Communicate Nonverbally3. Translation4. Case Study: Cases 21-24（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Functions of NonverbalCommunication2. Further Reading II Sounds and SilencesUnit 7 Time and Space Across Cultures （4学时）一、教学内容10（一）Reading I The Heartbeat of Culture（二）Identifying Difference: What's the Rush?（三）Group Work（四）Intercultural insight（五）Reading II The Language of Space二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Cultural information: Home in Various Cultures2. Sharing Knowledge: Cultures Built Into the Landscape3. Translation4. Case Study: Cases 25-28（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Cultural Conceptions of Time2. Further Reading II German Use of Space11Unit 8 Cross-Cultural Perception（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I French Leave and Dutch Courage（二）Fill-in Task（三）Cultural information: Who Is Gaijin?（四）Survey（五）Reading II Ethnocentrism and Ethno relativism（六）Discovering Problems: Tile Image（七）Group Work二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Sharing Knowledge: Culture and Perception2. Translation3. Case Study: Cases 29-32（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Behaviors That Separate Us122. Further Reading |1Stereotype and PrejudiceUnit 9 Intercultural Adaptation（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Adapting to a New Culture（二）Discovering Problems: Chinese Students Abroad（三）Reading II Overcoming Ethnocentrism inCommunication（四）Group Work二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Identifying Difference: Little Things Where They Differ2. Debate3. Translation4. Case Study: Cases 33-36（二）教学难点：131. Further Reading I Sojourner Adaptation2. Further Reading II Developing Mindfulness七、学时分配14八、课程考核方式1.考核方式：考试2.成绩评定：笔试占70%，平时考核（出勤、作业，测验，课堂表现）占30% 。
Spacelanguage跨文化交际之空间语 ppt课件
3. 空间取向
The Navajo（美国印第安人部落） always build their hogan facing east, in order to face the rising sun.
Islamic people believe that the main entrance of important buildings should face in the direction of Mecca.
Space language
PPT课件
1
Space
Proximity（体距 Territoriality（领域性
空间取向
PPT课件
2
Space
Space talks. -- Edward Hall
When you invade my space, I will… feel troubled get defensive become aggressive retaliate
PPT课件
3
Proxemics
the study of personal space for the purpose of communication (近体
学,空间关系学)
the study of set measurable distances between people as they interact
Social distance 120-360meters
Public distance farther than360meters
PPT课件
5
Northern American Zones of Space
PPT课件
6
利用新媒体资源探索国际中文教育的跨文化“第三空间”
Advances in Education教育进展, 2023, 13(10), 7692-7697Published Online October 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/aehttps:///10.12677/ae.2023.13101194利用新媒体资源探索国际中文教育的跨文化“第三空间”张君陶四川大学文学与新闻学院，四川成都收稿日期：2023年9月13日；录用日期：2023年10月11日；发布日期：2023年10月18日摘要众多新媒体资源已经成为国际中文教育中的重要教学资源。
当前，国际中文课堂中的中国文化跨文化传播思路已经由单向的传播转向双向的交流。
跨文化“第三空间”应运而生，这是一个内部关系平等、交流自由的文化空间。
利用相关新媒体资源，为国际中文课堂搭建跨文化“第三空间”提供思路，使拥有不同文化身份的中文学习者更加自由平等地进行文化交流，从而培养具有更高跨文化意识和能力的学习者。
在这个“第三空间”中，“中国故事”得以更好地展示给世界。
关键词“第三空间”，新媒体，国际中文教育Exploring the Cross-Cultural “Third Space”of International Chinese LanguageEducation through New Media ResourcesJuntao ZhangThe College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu SichuanReceived: Sep. 13th, 2023; accepted: Oct. 11th, 2023; published: Oct. 18th, 2023AbstractA large number of new media resources have become important teaching resources in Interna-tional Chinese Language Education. How to tell the “Chinese story” in daily life in the new media environment is an urgent problem to be solved. At this stage, the idea of cross-cultural communi-张君陶cation of Chinese culture in the international Chinese classes has changed from one-way diffusion to two-way communication. On this basis, we should strive to build a cross-cultural “Third place”, so that Chinese learners with different cultural identities can conduct cultural exchanges more freely and equally, and cultivate learners with higher cross-cultural awareness and ability. In the “Third place”, “Chinese stories” can be better displayed to the world.KeywordsThird Place, New Media, International Chinese Language EducationThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言在“百年未有之大变局”与新冠疫情双重影响叠加下，国际中文教育处于发展的关键期，必定要经历重重挑战。
跨文化交际课程第一单元(课堂PPT)
敬请光临。 We would like to have you come.
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《笑林·寒喧》曾有一则笑话，说明汉语中 “称呼语”之复杂：
甲：你家父今年几岁？近来可安然无恙？ 乙：我令尊大人今年六十有二，虽是妙龄，
5
The term “multicultural” is more frequently used in two ways. In a societal sense, it indicates the coexistence of people from many different backgrounds and ethnicities, as in “multicultural societies”. In an individual sense, it characterizes persons who belong to various discourse communities, and who therefore have the linguistic resources and social strategies to affiliate and identify with many different cultures and ways of using language.
了。
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3．敬语和谦词
英语中有自己的表示尊重和礼貌的形式，但没有 汉语那么多的专用敬语和谦词。因此，汉语中的 “请教”、“高见”、“光临”、“久仰”、 “拜读”、“大作”、“贵校”、“敝人”、 “拙见”、“愚见”、“寒舍”、“薄酒”、 “便饭”等等敬语和谦词，很难在英语中找到等 同的表达方式，同样，英语中表示尊重、礼貌的 情态范畴，如：will、would、may、might、can、 could等等，在汉语中也没有等同的表达方式。
跨文化交际__space
personal space
Two people not affecting each other's personal space
Reaction of two people whose personal space are in conflict
Public Space
The size of the space bubble we try to create around us will also change according to circumstance.
Culture space
People from china and Japan are usually much more reserved, and will stand considerably farther away from the other person with whom they are having a conversation .
We tend to view this as our personal space, even if we never really think about it.
• If we invade too close into someone else’s personal space before they are ready to be close to us, they will fell very uncomfortable. And if someone gets too physically close to us during a conversation, we can also fell uncomfortable with them.
跨文化交际上课内容unit7
Unit Seven Time and Space Across CulturesI.Warm Up1. Please read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?2. Go to answer the questions on Group Work (p235-236) and find out your sense of time?Supplement: Additional materialsII.ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.(i) The sense of time:1) Time is linear线形. Western cultures think time is linear — aflow from the past to the present to the future.2) Time is cyclical周期的. Life on earth evolved in response to thecycles of day and night and the ebb and flow潮涨潮落of thetides.(ii) Monochronic出现一次and Polychronic Time (p256-257)1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is thedominating time system in our culture?1) Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only onething at a time – events scheduled as separate items.2) Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.2. What is the philosophy哲学underlying each of the time system?1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion完成oftransactions事务rather than adherence to遵守present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible有形地than M-time.Weakness: Matters in a polychromic多彩的culture seem in a constant state 恒定常态of flux. Appointments are frequently broken.2) In M-time system, social and business life is commonly schedule-dominated. By scheduling, we compartmentalize划分; this makes it possible to concentrate on 集中注意one thing at a time, but it also reduces the context. M-time is also tangible. M-time scheduling is used as a classification system that orders life.Weakness: Life in general is at times unpredictable. M-time reduces the context and alienate使疏远people from themselves and from others.(iii) The Heartbeat of Culture (p229-232)1.What does the author want to tell us from his experience in Braziland the questionnaire between students in Niteroi and those in Fresno?In Brazil, people seem to be very flexible in their concepts of time and punctuality. Brazilians are likely to attribute lateness for appointments to unforeseen circumstances 意外情况that the person couldn’t control. They seem less inclined to倾向于feel personallyresponsible for being late. So they express less regret for their own lateness and blame others less when others are late.The Brazilian students believed that a person who is consistently late is probably more successful than one who is consistently on time.They seemed to accept the idea that someone of status is expected to arrive late. Lack of punctuality is a badge标记of success.2.There aren’t unanimous全体一致perceptions of time时间知觉among culturally different people. Even within one country, ideas of time and punctuality vary considerably from place to place.Different regions and even cities have their own distinct rhythms and rules.3.Appreciating cultural differences in time sense becomes increasinglyimportant as modern communications put more and more people in daily contact. If we are to avoid misreading issues that involve time perceptions, we need to understand better our own cultural biases偏见and those of others.※American Concept of Time: (See Case 25)III.Proxemics人际距离学A fascinating area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships空间关系, or proxemics, the study of man's appreciation and use of space. As a species, man is highly territorial but we are rarely aware of it unless our space is somehow violated. Spatialrelationships and territorial boundaries directly influence our daily encounters. Maintaining control over such space is a key factor in personal satisfaction; observing spatial interactions in everyday life is a key to personal awareness.(i)The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space(a) fixed features of spaceFixed feature space is characterized by unmovable boundaries, like divisions within an office building. Architecture and spacing of buildings also belong to this aspect of space.For example, a person in the United States can drive on a highway for miles and never see a sign of people or dwellings民居. Therefore, he may be amazed at the closeness of people in China.Intercultural communicators need to realize that cultures have alternative approaches变换方法to space and ways of using it.(b) semifixed 半固定features of spaceSemifixed features of space refer to spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture arrangement and seating.1. furniture arrangement :French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized集中的, and spatially the entire country is laid outaround centers.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically分等级的in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy,feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health.2. seatingIn the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them.The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone.(c) personal space or private space (p239-241)1. Behavioral study indicates that individuals perceive a distance that is appropriate for different types of messages; they also establish a comfortable distance for personal interaction and nonverbally define this as their personal space. Research supports the hypothesis 假设that the violation违反侵害of this personal space can have serious adverse effects不利影响on communication. Thus, if an individual is to be mutually 互相satisfied in a communication encounter his/herpersonal space must be respected. Should an intruder侵入者invade 侵略干扰this personal space while also trespassing 擅自进入within territorial boundaries he placed himself in double jeopardy双重负担and must compensate 弥补for the other's increased anxiety.2. The differences among Americans, the India, the Japanese and the ArabIn the United States, Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone亲密区, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.The study of spatial territory for the purpose of communication uses four categories for informal space: the intimate distance for embracing or whispering (6-18 inches), the personal distance for conversations among good friends (1.5-4 feet), social distance for conversations among acquaintances (4-12 feet), and public distance used for public speaking (12 feet or more).intimate distance ranging from direct contact to about 45cm, which applies to the closest relationships such as husband and wifepersonal distance ranging from 45 to 80cm, which is usually maintained for conversations between friends & relativessocial distanceranging from 1.3to 2 meters, which covers peoplewho work together or are meeting at social gatheringspublic distance such as that kept between a lecturer and his audienceIn India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste印度的社会等级may approach other castes.In Japan, the private bubble and the personal space are more a creation of the mind than an actual existence真实存在. The Japanese connect privacy with mental space. In crowds each Japanese becomes an island and he is alone as long as he does not acknowledge any of the other people.In Arab, Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.(ii) TerritorialityTerritoriality refers to how space can be used to communicate messages. Territorial claims differ from personal space in that the personal zone accompanies the individual while territoriality is relatively stationary固定的. Semi-fixed feature space is often the criteria标准used to establish a territory within any environment; it becomes a man's safety zone where he rests from the rigors严格of defending personal space from invasion, thedramatic or sudden entry into another's personal zone. Humans, like animals, indicate their ownership of this established territory and will consequently defend it against all invasions. Territoriality is established so rapidly that even the second session 会话in a series of lectures讲座is sufficient to find most of the audience returning to their same seats. And if one has been sitting in a particular seat and someone else occupies it, one can notice a fleeting 短暂的irritation.Compare the differences among the cultures of the countries mentioned in “Home in Various Cultures” (p244-247).America: showing visitors around home; people are not allowed to lock doors except the bathroom door; kitchen is the place for negotiation between the mother and the children; the parents’ bedroom is mostly off-limits.Germany: requires a wide area of privacy, formal and regimented; doors are firmly shut between rooms; an entrance hall 门廊to lead visitors into the house without showing specific rooms and spoiling the family’s privacy.Northern European countries: rude if not call in advance; not to expect the tour of the host’s home.France: never drop in unannounced; no tour of the house; guests are usually received in the living room, with the doors to the other rooms closed.Italy: you can drop in anytime without calling first, except for the resting hours of 2:00 to 4:00 pm.Spain: call ahead; normal visiting hours are 4:00 to 6:00 pm.Latin American countries: guests, even dropping in without warning, are greeted warmly, often with hugs and kisses; to communicate in the dining room.The Middle Eastern countries: the layout of the salon;IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际导论课件 第5章
Young Yun Kim’s Intercultural Communication Competence Model
Young Yun Kim’s Intercultural Communication Competence Model
Five elements of intercultural effectiveness: message skills, interaction management, behavioral flexibility, identity management, and relationship cultivation
U-curve for Culture Shock
2. Long-term Cultural Adaptation
Adaptation involves survival skills Adaptation and change Stress-Adaptation Growth Model
Roles and Adapting
– Can sometimes work against CQ when one is in an unfamiliar culture
Motivation alone can’t predict CQ
– Being “up for” cultural success and “energized” isn’t enough
In other words, interculturally sensitive persons are capable of projecting and receiving positive emotional responses in the process of interaction.
跨文化交际 课件4
Cultural differences in the use of personal space
• Southern Europeans (French, Italians, Greek, Spaniards etc.) vs. Northern Europeans (German, Scandinavian, British etc.)
• Chinese vs. native English-speakers
• Southern Americans vs. Northern Americans
• Low-contact cultures vs. high-contact cultures
• Generally, people from colder climates use large physical distances when they communicate, whereas those from warm climates prefer close distances.
avoid ignoring them. person could imply to meet the eye
a number of things of someone
(fear, guilt…)
accusing them of
eye movements in conversation means of ordering turn
4)Public distance: farther than 2 or 3 meters (generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms)
Zones of spatial distance
unit7TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures跨文化交际大学教学课件-PPT精选文档
Time systems (Hall, 1976):
1) Monochronic Time (M-Time) 2) Polychronic Time (P-Time) 美国人类学家霍尔（Edward Hall）在《 超越文化》（Beyond Culture）一书中 首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计 时制”（monochronic time）和“多向 计时制”（polychronic time)
Men take up more space than women in their use of gestures, body posture and movements: Legs spread apart when standing Wide use of arms when speaking And legs crossed at the ankles when sitting
Time
1) perceptions of past, present, and future 2) Hall’s monochronic and polychronic classifications
Past-oriented cultures
People regard previous experiences and events as most important. They place a primary emphasis on tradition. They show great respect for parents and the elderly. Country: ________ (P255)
Unit 7
Time and Space Across Cultures
跨文化交际教程课件
Prevention of Stereotypes
• Pay attention to individual differences.
• Reserve the space for independent exploring.
• Be tolerant.
Ethnocentrism
To be ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one’s own culture and negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own，including the behaviors, communication modes, social customs, managing methods and social values.
Barriers in Intercultural Communication
• Cultural Assumptions • Stereotypes • Ethnocentrism • Cultural Shock •…
LaRay Barna (a famous scholar in intercultural communication) believes that the main barrier in intercultural communication is to assume the cultural norms of one’s own are accepted by other cultures.
跨文化交际之空间领域感优秀课件
that the personal space distance is much shorter which makes us accustomed to the crowded situation,especially in park and other densely populated place and weaken our territory desire to let us share space
Physical space, such as why desks face the front of a classroomrather than towards a center isle
Persomal space that we carry with us, the "bubble" of space that you keepbetween yourself and the person ahead of you in a line.
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The reasons for different Proxemics
1、Chinese culture is colony culture and clustering culture so Chinese
culture is more emphasis on cooperation English-speaking countries’ culture is distributed so Americans are
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Questions
跨文化交际上课内容unit4
Review1. What is the Hofstede model of cultural pattern?2. What is high-context communication and what is low-context communication? How about the major differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Unit Four Language and CultureI.Warm UpPlease read the humorous dialogues on page 118, then try to translate them into Chinese. Can they be rendered in Chinese as humorous as the original?nguage and Culture1.Read the article of ―How Is Language Related to Culture‖. What do youthink is the relationship between language and culture?1)the relationship between language and culture: Culture andlanguage are intertwined相互交错and shape each other. It is impossible to separate the two. Language is not a matter of neutral codes and grammatical rules. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a message, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices. Thus, we have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase if we want to avoid attributing a very different meaning to it or interpret解释it literally.2)Functions of language:e.g. questions: asking for information – information questionsa lubricant 润滑剂to move the conversation forward –social questionsExamples: How are you? 吃了吗?3)The meaning of the words comes out of the context, the culturalusage用法.①Language reflects the environment in which we live.Example: self-introduction of Germans and Americans②Language reflects cultural values.4)Problems:①There are no such equivalents between languages, and wetranslate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our priorities优先顺序. Therefore to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.Examples: manana/tomorrow kinship terms 亲属称谓(E &C)p125-126②Sometimes different cultures use identical完全相同words thathave rather different meanings.Examples: administration, director, force majeure5)Language changes over time. Words and phrases that are usedcommonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.6) A language, if spoken in different parts of the globe, ultimately willdevelop differently.Examples; pidgin Englishes2.Read the article of ―Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the SameCoin‖. How does language reflect the culture?1)Language and culture are clearly fused混合; one reflects the other.2)Language-and-Culture: It is coined创造by Byram and Morgan in1994 in order to reflect the relationship between language and culture – both unification 同一and separation.3)Language embodies体现the products, perspectives, communities,and persons of a culture. Members of the culture have created the language to carry out all their cultural practices, to identify and organize all their cultural products, and to name the underlying cultural perspectives in all the various communities that comprise their culture.①Language and cultural products:Many cultural products – literature, tax codes, telephone directories, operating instructions, passports – consist entirely of language.Language is a cultural product in and of itself.②Language and cultural practices:Cultural practices almost always require language, the language of participation, such as speaking, listening, reading and writing.The social circumstances, the people involved, the topic, and a number of other factors influence the nature of the language used.③Language and cultural perspectives:We use language to name and understand the perceptions, values, attitudes, and beliefs that govern our way of life. Though language, we make tacit perspectives explicit.④Language and cultural communities:Communities develop distinct language to describe and carry out the particular practices and products associated with their group and its activities.⑤Language and persons:Language, like culture, is not only collective but also personal. Each of us uses language in an idiosyncratic manner, based upon our background, experiences, social groups, our personal outlook, and our identity.3.Conclusion:(i) Language and Environment1) Language is an instrument. Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, in Chinese, we live in a 房子. In English, we live in a house.2) Language is even more an environment. It has as much to do with the philosophical哲学的and political conditioning of a society as geography or climate. So, we can see that absolute color designations –white, black, red, yellow – are not merely inaccurate错误的不精确; they have become symbolic rather than descriptive.✐Homework: Finish the exercises on page 124, try to analyse the different perceptions of colour terms.1. green;2. brown;3. blue;4. white;5. black;6. yellow;7. green;8. red;9. black; 10. blue, blue; 11. white; 12. red; 13. blue; 14. green; 15. yellow. (ii) Language and Culture✐Homework: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (p146-149)Supplement: Word MeaningsWe know that words represent meaning. The problem is that they may represent several types of meanings simultaneously.(i) Denotation 符号and Connotation内涵What is denotation? What is connotation? Give examples to show their difference?(p126-127)(ii) Seven categories 类别of lexical meanings词汇意义The study of word meaning is lexical semantics词汇语义学. The lexical meanings could be classified into seven categories: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflectedmeaning, collocative meaning and thematic meaning.1. Conceptual Meaning (概念意义)Words may refer to objects in the real world (e. g. dog, book, river, etc.) or abstract concepts (e. g. life, friendship, hatred, etc.) in our mind. The relationship between a word and an object in the real world or a concept in our mind to which the world refers is the conceptual meaning of the word.2. Connotative Meaning (内涵意义)It is the communicative value 交际价值an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. The word ―woman‖ can be defined conceptually as an adult female who is biped两足and has a womb子宫, which is the physical features of a woman. But several other psychological and social features can be attributed to her, such as ―capable of speech‖, ―experienced in cookery‖ and ―skirt or dress wearing‖. These additional features are its connotative meaning, which may include such features as ―frail‖脆弱的, ―prone to tears‖, ―emotional‖, etc. and such good qualities as ―gentle‖, ―compassionate‖慈悲, ―sensitive‖, ―hard-working‖, and so on.A high government official: (1) politician: engaging in polities for personal gain; (2) statesman政治家3. Social Meaning (社会意义)It is what a piece of language conveys 表达about the social circumstances of its use, which includes at least language users (who are using language), settings (where is language used), and topics (what are thelanguage users talking or writing about).家: (1) domicile: used in official or legal documents or between people who are involved in official or legal affairs. (2) residence: used in formal or administrative行政、管理的circumstances. (3) abode: a poetic诗意word, used in creation and appreciation of poems. (4) home: used in everyday speech between classmates, colleagues, friends or family members.4. Affective Meaning (情感意义)It is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language. Such interjections感叹词as ―aha‖, ―my God‖, ―oh‖, and ―dear‖ are chiefly used to convey传达affective meaning.5. Reflected Meaning (反映意义)It arises in words of multiple多重的conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. For example, ―the Comforter‖ and ―the Holy Ghost‖ both refer to God in religious English, but the former sounds warm and comforting, while the latter sounds awesome because these are the reflected meanings of these two terms.6.Collocative Meaning (搭配意义)It consists of association a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.Nice-looking : (1) pretty: girl, woman, flower, garden, color, village(2) handsome: boy, man, car, overcoat, airliner7. Thematic Meaning (主题意义)It is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organization a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis.e. g. the same conceptual content: (1) Mr. Smith donated the first prize.(2) The first prize was donated by Mr.Smith.The active sentence seems to be an answer to the question ―What did Mr. Smith donate?‖, while the passive sentence appears to answer ―Who was the first prize donated by?‖ or ―Who donated the first prize?‖. The active sentence suggests that we know who Mr. Smith is while the passive one does not.Meanings 2—7 are called associative meanings.关联意义nguage and Translation(i) Problems in translation to achieve equivalence between languages Please read over the article on pages 138-142, and answer the following question:How many types of equivalence in translation are mentioned?1. Lexical equivalence:2. Idiomatic[′ɪdi:ə`mætɪk] equivalence: like idioms3. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence:4. Experiential equivalence:5. Conceptual equivalence(ii) Words and Meaning1.W ords and Culture-specific 文化特异性Conceptual Meaning1)Words and geography: The Mississippi; the Channel; koala,kangaroo2)Words and history: The May Flower; scalp (剥带发头皮); lynch私刑; cowboy; hippie; duke; castle3)Words and politics: President; congress; Democratic Party民主党;Governor-General总督4)Words and Christianity: Trinity; Bible; Catholic; Protestant; Puritan5)Words and holidays: Christmas box (圣诞节礼); Christmastide (圣诞节节期); Easter6)Words and living styles: Hot dog; hamburger; pudding; cocktail;drive-ins (drive-in cinemas; drive-in banks; drive-in restaurants);motels, diners (餐车式饭馆); baseball (垒球), striptease (脱衣舞);love store (色情商店); late-late TV shows (深夜放映的色情电视片) 2.W ords with Partial局部的Equivalence1.young, middle-aged and oldEnglish: 18--------------40----------------60---------------Chinese: 18---------35--------------55----------------------2.intellectuals3.(1) social sciences: political science, economics, sociology, etc.,branches of learning that are concerned with human society, esp. its organization and the relationship of individual members to it.(1)社会科学: all the academic fields not included in the natural自然科学and applied sciences应用科学.2.(1) yard: a small open space completely or partially enclosed andadjoining 紧邻a building(2) 院子: 房屋前后用墙或栅栏围起来的空地.3.(1) d rugstore /a chemist’s shop: where medicines, toiletries化妆品, andvarious other small articles including food, are sold, but where one can buy only a few kinds of medicine without a prescription药方.(2)药店: where medicines and some kinds of medical apparatus医疗设备are sold, most of which are sold without a doctor’s prescription.4.kinship terms亲属称谓(p125-126)Summarize总结the major differences between English and Chinese kinship terms:3.W ords Often Mistakengreenhouse (温室) ≠绿色的房屋busywork (耗时又无价值的工作) ≠忙碌的工作busman’s hol iday (消磨于与日常工作类似之活动的假日)≠公共汽车驾驶员/乘务员的假日busybody (爱管闲事的人)≠大忙人housewarming (乔迁喜宴)≠房屋供暖donkeywork (苦役；单调的日常工作)≠驴活儿police action (未经正式宣战，对破坏国际和平与秩序的叛乱者采取的镇压行动)≠警察行动lowbody (矮脚抽屉柜)≠矮个子男孩free love (公开同居)≠自由恋爱equalitarianism (favorable term)≠平均主义disinterested (公正的)≠无兴趣wester (西风)≠西方人first lady; high school; lover; restroom4.W ords and Connotative Meanings1)dog and狗(p127)2)peasant and农民3)landlord and地主4)comrade and同志5)self-made man (successful persons from humble origin) and 白手起家的人(经济基础不是很好)6)propaganda and宣传7)do-gooder (stupid persons earnestly bent on doing good withoutknowing the harmful result) and作好事的人8)spiritual (religious connotation) and 精神的IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际9SpaceCulture
friendly vs. don’t like you order vs. disorganized
trust you vs. exclude you in control vs. chaotic
sociable vs. conceited
structured vs. amateur
helpful vs. bossy
Environmental issues such as overfishing of the oceans, global warming, deforestation, endangered species of plants and animals, waste disposal, and
air and water pollution
2. Do you think there is some relationship bt. space and privacy?
3. Are you familiar with some crowded situations? How do you feel?
4. When you speak to a person, what do you think is the proper distance bt. you and your listener?
Different Housing Styles
United States cultural event open doors
Germany closed doors
meaning (value): friendliness
order
constructs: (what does this value mean to an American? to a German?)
跨文化交际上课内容unit7
Unit Seven Time and Space Across CulturesI.Warm Up1. Please read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?2. Go to answer the questions on Group Work (p235-236) and find out your sense of time?Supplement: Additional materialsII.ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.(i) The sense of time:1) Time is linear线形. Western cultures think time is linear — a flowfrom the past to the present to the future.2) Time is cyclical周期的. Life on earth evolved in response to thecycles of day and night and the ebb and flow潮涨潮落of thetides.(ii) Monochronic出现一次and Polychronic Time (p256-257)1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is the dominatingtime system in our culture?1) Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only onething at a time – events scheduled as separate items.2) Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.2. What is the philosophy哲学underlying each of the time system?1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion完成oftransactions事务rather than adherence to遵守present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible有形地than M-time.Weakness: Matters in a polychromic多彩的culture seem in a constant state 恒定常态of flux. Appointments are frequently broken.2) In M-time system, social and business life is commonly schedule-dominated. By scheduling, we compartmentalize划分; this makes it possible to concentrate on 集中注意one thing at a time, but it also reduces the context. M-time is also tangible. M-time scheduling is used as a classification system that orders life.Weakness: Life in general is at times unpredictable. M-time reduces the context and alienate使疏远people from themselves and from others.(iii) The Heartbeat of Culture (p229-232)1.What does the author want to tell us from his experience in Braziland the questionnaire between students in Niteroi and those in Fresno?➢In Brazil, people seem to be very flexible in their concepts of time and punctuality. Brazilians are likely to attribute lateness for appointments to unforeseen circumstances 意外情况that the person couldn’t control. They seem less inclined to倾向于feel personallyresponsible for being late. So they express less regret for their own lateness and blame others less when others are late.➢The Brazilian students believed that a person who is consistently late is probably more successful than one who is consistently on time.They seemed to accept the idea that someone of status is expected to arrive late. Lack of punctuality is a badge标记of success.2.There aren’t unanimous全体一致perceptions of time时间知觉among culturally different people. Even within one country, ideas of time and punctuality vary considerably from place to place.Different regions and even cities have their own distinct rhythms and rules.3.Appreciating cultural differences in time sense becomes increasinglyimportant as modern communications put more and more people in daily contact. If we are to avoid misreading issues that involve time perceptions, we need to understand better our own cultural biases偏见and those of others.※American Concept of Time: (See Case 25)III.Proxemics人际距离学A fascinating area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships空间关系, or proxemics, the study of man's appreciation and use of space. As a species, man is highly territorial but we are rarely aware of it unless our space is somehow violated. Spatialrelationships and territorial boundaries directly influence our daily encounters. Maintaining control over such space is a key factor in personal satisfaction; observing spatial interactions in everyday life is a key to personal awareness.(i)The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space(a) fixed features of spaceFixed feature space is characterized by unmovable boundaries, like divisions within an office building. Architecture and spacing of buildings also belong to this aspect of space.For example, a person in the United States can drive on a highway for miles and never see a sign of people or dwellings民居. Therefore, he may be amazed at the closeness of people in China.Intercultural communicators need to realize that cultures have alternative approaches变换方法to space and ways of using it.(b) semifixed 半固定features of spaceSemifixed features of space refer to spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture arrangement and seating.1. furniture arrangement :French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized集中的, and spatially the entire country is laid out aroundcenters.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically分等级的in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy,feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health.2. seatingIn the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them.The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone.(c) personal space or private space (p239-241)1. Behavioral study indicates that individuals perceive a distance that is appropriate for different types of messages; they also establish a comfortable distance for personal interaction and nonverbally define this as their personal space. Research supports the hypothesis 假设that the violation违反侵害of this personal space can have serious adverse effects不利影响on communication. Thus, if an individual is to be mutually 互相satisfied in a communication encounter his/herpersonal space must be respected. Should an intruder侵入者invade 侵略干扰this personal space while also trespassing 擅自进入within territorial boundaries he placed himself in double jeopardy双重负担and must compensate 弥补for the other's increased anxiety.2. The differences among Americans, the India, the Japanese and the Arab➢In the United States, Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone亲密区, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.The study of spatial territory for the purpose of communication uses four categories for informal space: the intimate distance for embracing or whispering (6-18 inches), the personal distance for conversations among good friends (1.5-4 feet), social distance for conversations among acquaintances (4-12 feet), and public distance used for public speaking (12 feet or more).➢In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste印度的社会等级may approach other castes.➢In Japan, the private bubble and the personal space are more a creation of the mind than an actual existence真实存在. The Japanese connect privacy with mental space. In crowds each Japanese becomes an island and he is alone as long as he does not acknowledge any of the other people.➢In Arab, Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.(ii) TerritorialityTerritoriality refers to how space can be used to communicate messages. Territorial claims differ from personal space in that the personal zone accompanies the individual while territoriality is relatively stationary固定的. Semi-fixed feature space is often the criteria标准used to establish a territory within any environment; it becomes a man's safety zone where he rests from the rigors严格of defending personal space from invasion, thedramatic or sudden entry into another's personal zone. Humans, like animals, indicate their ownership of this established territory and will consequently defend it against all invasions. Territoriality is established so rapidly that even the second session 会话in a series of lectures讲座is sufficient to find most of the audience returning to their same seats. And if one has been sitting in a particular seat and someone else occupies it, one can notice a fleeting 短暂的irritation.Compare the differences among the cultures of the countries mentioned in “Home in Various Cultures” (p244-247).America: showing visitors around home; people are not allowed to lock doors except the bathroom door; kitchen is the place for negotiation between the mother and the children; the parents’ bedroom is mostly off-limits.Germany: requires a wide area of privacy, formal and regimented; doors are firmly shut between rooms; an entrance hall 门廊to lead visitors into the house without showing specific rooms and spoiling the family’s privacy.Northern European countries: rude if not call in advance; not to expect the tour of the host’s home.France: never drop in unannounced; no tour of the house; guests are usually received in the living room, with the doors to the other rooms closed.Italy: you can drop in anytime without calling first, except for the resting hours of 2:00 to 4:00 pm.Spain: call ahead; normal visiting hours are 4:00 to 6:00 pm.Latin American countries: guests, even dropping in without warning, are greeted warmly, often with hugs and kisses; to communicate in the dining room.The Middle Eastern countries: the layout of the salon;IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际 space
personal space
• The size of the personal space • A person's personal space (and the corresponding physical comfort zone) is highly variable and difficult to measure. Estimates for an average Westerner, for example, place it at about 60 centimeters on either side, 70 centimeters in front and 40 centimeters behind.
But city like Paris, is laid out with the main streets radiating from centers.
但是，巴黎的街 道是从中央辐射 开来的。
3. In some cultures a significant aspect of spatial perception is shown by the amount of "personal space" people need between themselves and others to feel comfortable and not crowded.
爱斯基摩人的环境是一片 辽阔的雪原，几乎终年见 不到什么陆标，于是他们 的空间感就得到了极大的 发展。
The Eskimos must learn to make careful distinctions among different spatial elements, as their lives may literally depend on these distinctions when they are hunting far from home.
跨文化交际上课内容(09-10下)01-02
Week 1 & 2A Brief Introduction to Intercultural CommunicationCourse: Intercultural CommunicationTeaching aim of this term:To make students understand the relationship between language and culture to foster intercultural communication awareness and develop intercultural communicative competence and to comprehensively improve the overall quality.Requirements for the course:before class, prepare the lesson;during the class, take notes very carefully;after class, finish the exercises.Your final score:homework + class performance + midterm exam = 40%term exam = 60%Introduction:Intercultural Communication & Cross-culturalUnit One & Two Communication, Culture and Intercultural CommunicationI. What Is Communication?Decide whether the following are examples of communications or not? Why?1.You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone.2. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille.3. A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter, with his Chinese counterpart.4. A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow.5. A programmer issues commands to a computer.6. Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.7. You send an e-mail message to an American friend.8. Jane lies in bed reading a novel.The Basics of Communication:Communication occurs if: 1. two or more people; 2. contact; 3. a shared language; 4.an exchange of information.Please read over the article on pages 50-59. What are the elements of communication?Context: four aspects (the physical setting, historical aspect, psychological aspect, culture aspect)Participants: three variables (relationship, gender, culture)Messages: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.Channels: the method used to deliver a message (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these)Noise (干扰): a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, internal noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.Feedback: the response of a receiver to a sender‟s messageDefinition:“Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.”---- L. A. Samovar, et al Key points:①The behavior includes verbal behavior and non-verbal behavior.②the meaning of “behavior residue": simultaneous communication and non-simultaneous communication.③ A behavior, whether intentional or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, once is received, communication occurs.④Feedback is not a prerequisite of communication. So there may be one-way communication.2. Factors Affecting CommunicationEight specific ingredients of communication:①the source (行为源): a person who has a need to communicate②encoding (编码): an internal activity in which a source creates a message through the selection of verbal and non-verbal symbols (行为源组织信息的内心活动).③message (信息): the result of encoding, once spoken out and received, becomes a message.④channel (渠道): the physical means by which the message is transmitted.⑤the responder (反应者): the person who intercepts the message and as a consequence becomes linked to the source.⑥decoding (译码): the internal activity of the receiver‟s information processing.⑦response (反应): what a receiver decides to do about the message.⑧feedback (反馈): feedback and response are clearly related. Response becomes feedback when received by the source.Of the eight ingredients, the source and the responder, encoding and decoding, are themost important because they are related to persons.Some personal factors: sex, age, temperament, occupation, social status,knowledgestructure,life experience, etc.Uncertain factors, varying at different time: intention, mood, status at that time, etc. Objective factors: time, place,occasion.3. Communication Types①based on symbols used: verbal and non-verbal②based on media: direct and indirect③based on feedback: two-way and one-way④based on numbers of the sources and responders: one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group⑤based on set responder: directed and non-directed⑥based on the source‟s intention: intentional and unintentional⑦based on the responder‟s activeness: active and passive⑧based on time: simultaneous and non-simultaneous*Further Explanations:Two-way communication: Communicators can see each other and monitor each other’s behaviour-- direct communication.One-way communication: communicators cannot see each other, and hence cannot monitor each other’s behaviour -- indirect communication.4. Characteristics of Communication (P68-72)①Communication is dynamic. It is an on-going, ever-changing activity. We are sure to be influenced by other‟s message, whether gradually or radically.②It is interactive (interpersonal communication).③It is irreversible.④It is contextual.More:Communication is systematic:Communication does not occur inisolation or in a vacuum, but rather ispart of a larger system. We send andreceive messages not in isolation, but ina specific setting. Setting andenvironment help determine the wordsand actions we generate. Dress,language, topic selection, and the likeare all adapted to context.Communication is symbolic: Symbols are central to the communication processbecause they represent the shared meaningsthat are communicated. A symbol is a word,action, or object that stands for orrepresents a unit of meaning. People'sbehaviors are frequently interpretedsymbolically, as an external representationof feelings, emotions, and internal states.Communication is self-reflective: Human beings have a unique ability to think aboutthemselves, to watch how they define theworld, and to reflect on their past, present,and future.II. What Is Culture?Please read over the article on pages 40-44. What can you learn about culture from it?1.People who know about art, musicand literature are cultured….2. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community; they are not something that the people in the group are born with.1.O rigins of culture in English and Chinese (1)“Culture” is a loan word from Latin meaning “cultivating or tilling the land”. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained.(2)“文化” is a native word in Chinese. “文” and “化”were used together in the Warring States. “人文” in “观乎人文，以化成天下” refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and “化”means “changing and/or cultivating”. When used together, “文” and “化” mean “以文教化”. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with “nature” on one hand and “primitiveness”and “savage”on the other hand. So “文化” was originally associated with mental activities.2.D efinitionWhat really binds men together is their culture--- the ideas and the standards they have in common.— R. BenedictAccording to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective:♦“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.-----Kroeber and KluckhohnDefining Culture from the Psychological Perspective♦culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another".----Geert HofstedeDefining Culture from the SociologicalPerspective♦“Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception —including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior”.Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective♦“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”[Bates and Plog]A. Culture in its broad senseCulture is the attribute of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from the rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart definition: 文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征. It may include the following components:①Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including science and technology, such as space shuttles, airplanes, and cars;②Social institutions and organizations man has established, including socioeconomic institutions, politico-legal institutions, and religious organizations;③Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development, including various subjects such as mathematics and education, and artistic forms such as literature, painting, music and dance;④Language and other communication systems such as gestures and facial expressions;⑤Customs, habits and behavioral patterns;⑥Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns.Culture in this sense is also called “large C culture” or academic culture or culture with a big C(大写字母的文化). It‟s culture in general, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups. Butwe know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, specific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any section of people) of people from another (一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).﹡Dominant culture and subculture/co-culture ♦Culture is subdivided into dominant culture, mainstream culture, and subculture(s), which coexist within each culture.♦A subculture resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation of generations of human striving. However, subcultures have some important differences: they exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Today the tendency is to say …co-culture‟ and sub-groups to avoid prejudice.B. Culture in its narrow senseIt's called “small c culture” or anthropological culture or culture with a small c (小写字母的文化). It can be defined as life way of a population, Culture in this sense emphasizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components ②, ③, ④, ⑤and ⑥, with components ②, ④, ⑤and ⑥as the central part.Some scholars are interested in “large C culture”while others in “small c culture”, depending on the purpose of investigation. We shall focus on culture in its narrow sense.﹡Cultural Identity♦Cultural identity refers to one‟s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.3.P roperties of culture(1)It is human specific.(2)It is a social phenomenon (contrast between society and nature). It is the embodiment of human knowledge, skill and cooperative labor. (3)It is a national phenomenon for each nation has its own culture.(4)It is a historical phenomenon. Each culture has some history and each generation contributes to it. But culture won‟t necessarily remain the same.(5)It is general and abstract.III. Intercultural CommunicationPlease read over the article on pages 4-7. What can you learn about intercultural communication from this article?Please read over the article on pages 12-15. How is IC different from communication within the same culture?1.D efinitionIC is concerned with communication among people from different cultural backgrounds. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.2.F orms of IC(1) International Communication: International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化) .(2) Interethnic Communication: Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like.(3) Interracial Communication: Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.(4) Intracultural Communication: It is defined ascommunication between or among members of the same culture.3.F eatures(1)It is a branch of communication.(2)It mainly deals with verbal and nonverbal interaction and related factors in intercultural communication.(3)Its verbal medium is language while its nonverbal communication systems include body language, facial expressions, etc.IV. History and Present State of IC Studies1.I C and IC studiesIC studies are rather new while IC (activities) is almost as long as our human history:2.I C Studies in USA and ChinaAlthough the beginnings of the field of intercultural communication as a field can be traced back to the 1920s in the teaching of linguistics and in various academic and youth-oriented programs, communication scholars commonly recognize E. T. Hall as the father of the field of intercultural communication study (Condon, 1981; Dodd, 1982; Gudykunst, 1985; Singer, 1987). Hall introduced terms such as "intercultural tensions" and "intercultural problems" in 1950.①The Burgeoning PeriodIn 1958, Lederer and Burdick's The Ugly American first raised mass awareness of intercultural issues, but the term "intercultural communication" itself did not appear until Hall's The Silent Language was published in 1959. The same book paved the way for the study of intercultural communication. Hall continued his theorizing about intercultural communication in other books, including The Hidden Dimension (1966), Beyond Culture (1976), The Dance of Life (1984), and Understanding Cultural Differences (Hall & Hall, 1989). His works continue to influence the development of the field of inter-cultural communication.②From 1960 to 1970Hall's influence on the study of intercultural communication is far-reaching. His writings have attracted numerous scholars to the study of intercultural communication. In addition to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's (1961) discourse on cultural value orientations, which provides an important conceptual contribution to the field, two representative books reflect the continuous efforts made by scholars in the field in the 1960s: Oliver's Culture and Communication (1962) and Smith's Communication and Culture (1966). Oliver's study focuses on Asian philosophy and communication behaviors, especially from a rhetorical perspective. His book establishes a model for the comparative study of communication behaviors between cultures. Smith's book is a collection of essays on human communication covering thirteen types of communication studies. Although only four articles on intercultural communication are included in the book, their presence confirms the status of intercultural communication as a field of study. The first college class in this field taught in 1966 at the University of Pittsburgh.③From 1971 to 1980The 1970s witnessed rapid development in the field of intercultural communication. In 1972, after three years of refining his model of intercultural communication, Stewart published his American Cultural Patterns. In 1973, Samovar and Porter published Intercultural Communication: A Reader, and Indiana University awarded the first doctoral degree in intercultural communication. Many books on intercultural communication became available in the years that followed.The publication of Asante, Blake, and Newmark's The Handbook of Intercultural Communication in 1979 highlighted the achieve-ments of intercultural communication scholars in the 1970s. In addition, The International Journal of Intercultural Relations began publication in1977. The journal influenced research in the field of intercultural communication in the years that followed. Disorder characterizes the initial development of the field. Intercultural communication scholars pursued their own directions and definitions, with few attempts at integration. It was not until the 1980s that the field began to move from disarray to a more coherent focus.④From 1981 to the Present TimeTheory building and methodological refinement characterize intercultural communication study during this decade. The book Theories in Intercultural Communication by Kim and Gudykunst (1988) features two approaches to theory building. First, the study of intercultural communication draws from existing communication theories in constructivism, coordinated management of meaning, uncertainty reduction theory, communication accommodation theory, network theory, and convergence theory. Second, most intercultural communication theories focus on the interpersonal communication level with a brief mention of rhetoric. These two characteristics served to define the mainstream study of intercultural communication in the 1980s. Methodologically, the traditional quantitative and rhetorical-interpretive research methods used in the communication discipline were also applied to the study of intercultural communication.This course was introduced to the Chinese scholars in 1980s. According to Hu Wenzhong in 1995 there were only Beijing Foreign Studies University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin Industrial University, Shanghai Foreign Studies University and Fujian Teachers University. It is rather new in China.。
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Spatial perceptions may be adaptations to specific environments: the degree of population density; the amount of arable land; the absence or existence of natural barriers such as the sea or mountains; the amount of distinguishing landmarks in a region.
他们得学会区分各空间元素之间 的细微差别，因为这是他们远离 家园外出打猎时赖以生存的技能 。
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Chinese Culture
China ia a great country with a history of 5000 years.Chinese culture is Extensive and profound . Chinese traditional culture, such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as well as Words, painting, architecture, sculpture, has a profound impact on the world.
美国人被教导在空间中感 知物体的排列和做出反应 ，会认为除非空间中充满 物体，否则就是“被浪费 了”，而日本人却被训练 为对空间本身赋予意义， 对“空旷”的空间赋于价 值。
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2.We can also see cross-cultural varieties of spatial perception when we look at arrangements of urban space in different Western cultures.
当我们观察西方不同文化中城市规划的时候，还体会
各种各样跨文化空间的感觉。
In the United States, cities are usually laid out along a grid, with
西方许多国家对空间的意识基 于对物体在空间的感觉，而不 是对空间本身的感觉。而亚洲 和非欧洲文化却把内在经验看 成是对有形的实体感觉的基础 。
non-European cultures
view inner experience
as the basis for one's
perceptions of physical
2The CulturalPatterning Of Space
1.Spatial perceptions 2.Eskimo culture 3.Chinese Culture 4.Differences 5.Different Housing Styles
Space is perceived(认知） differently in different cultures.
中国是一个有五千 年历史的国家。中 国文化博大精深。 中国传统文化，包 括儒释道思想以及 文字、绘画、建筑 、雕刻对世界有着 深远的影响。
The Great Wall The Imperial Palace
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Differences
Spatial consciousness in many Western cultures is based on a perception of objects in space, rather than of space itself.But many Asian and other
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The concepts of Space
Space, as one important concept in proxemics, and one element of nonverbal communication is regarded as one part of environmental language. Different concepts of space can affect people's communication, interpersonal feeling and emotion.
空间观也许是对特 定环境的适应：人 口稠密的程度、耕 地的多少、像海与 山这样的天然屏障 的有无以及一个地 区特征性陆标的多 少。
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Eskimo culture
Eskimo peoples, whose environment is a vast snow plain with few landmarks visible for most of the year, spatial perception is highly developed.
reality.
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1. The East and the West are different in their patterning of space.
Americans are taught to perceive and react to the arrangement of objects in space and to think of space as being wasted unless it is filled with objects, the Japanese are trained to give meaning to space itself and to value empty space.
爱斯基摩人的环境是一片 辽阔的雪原，几乎终年见 不到什么陆标，于是他们 的空间感就得到了极大的 发展。
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? The Eskimos must learn to make careful distinctions among different spatial elements, as their lives may literally depend on these distinctions when they are hunting far from home.